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Guerra S, LaRock C. Group A Streptococcus interactions with the host across time and space. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 77:102420. [PMID: 38219421 PMCID: PMC10922997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has a fantastically wide tissue tropism in humans, manifesting as different diseases depending on the strain's virulence factor repertoire and the tissue involved. Activation of immune cells and pro-inflammatory signaling has historically been considered an exclusively host-protective response that a pathogen would seek to avoid. However, recent advances in human and animal models suggest that in some tissues, GAS will activate and manipulate specific pro-inflammatory pathways to promote growth, nutrient acquisition, persistence, recurrent infection, competition with other microbial species, dissemination, and transmission. This review discusses molecular interactions between the host and pathogen to summarize how infection varies across tissue and stages of inflammation. A need for inflammation for GAS survival during common, mild infections may drive selection for mechanisms that cause pathological and excess inflammation severe diseases such as toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guerra
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Antimicrobial Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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2
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Ozberk V, Zaman M, Lepletier A, Eskandari S, Kaden J, Mills JL, Calcutt A, Dooley J, Huo Y, Langshaw EL, Ulett GC, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Pandey M. A Glycolipidated-liposomal peptide vaccine confers long-term mucosal protection against Streptococcus pyogenes via IL-17, macrophages and neutrophils. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5963. [PMID: 37749129 PMCID: PMC10520070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosally active subunit vaccines are an unmet clinical need due to lack of licensed immunostimulants suitable for vaccine antigens. Here, we show that intranasal administration of liposomes incorporating: the Streptococcus pyogenes peptide antigen, J8; diphtheria toxoid as a source of T cell help; and the immunostimulatory glycolipid, 3D(6-acyl) PHAD (PHAD), is able to induce long-lived humoral and cellular immunity. Mice genetically deficient in either mucosal antibodies or total antibodies are protected against S. pyogenes respiratory tract infection. Utilizing IL-17-deficient mice or depleting cellular subsets using antibodies, shows that the cellular responses encompassing, CD4+ T cells, IL-17, macrophages and neutrophils have important functions in vaccine-mediated mucosal immunity. Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of a mucosal vaccine platform to deliver multi-pronged protective responses against a highly virulent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharareh Eskandari
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacqualine Kaden
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongbao Huo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma L Langshaw
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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3
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Nookala S, Mukundan S, Grove B, Combs C. Concurrent Brain Subregion Microgliosis in an HLA-II Mouse Model of Group A Streptococcal Skin Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2356. [PMID: 37764200 PMCID: PMC10538044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad range of clinical manifestations and life-threatening infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS), remains a significant concern to public health, with a subset of individuals developing neurological complications. Here, we examined the concurrent neuroimmune effects of subcutaneous GAS infections in an HLA-Class II (HLA) transgenic mouse model of subcutaneous GAS infection. To investigate changes in the skin-brain axis, HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) mice (DQ8) were randomly divided into three groups: uninfected controls (No Inf), GAS infected and untreated (No Tx), and GAS infected with a resolution by clindamycin (CLN) treatment (CLN Tx) (10 mg/kg/5 days) and were monitored for 16 days post-infection. While the skin GAS burden was significantly reduced by CLN, the cortical and hippocampal GAS burden in the male DQ8 mice was not significantly reduced with CLN. Immunoreactivity to anti-GAS antibody revealed the presence of GAS bacteria in the vicinity of the neuronal nucleus in the neocortex of both No Tx and CLN Tx male DQ8 mice. GAS infection-mediated cortical cytokine changes were modest; however, compared to No Inf or No Tx groups, a significant increase in IL-2, IL-13, IL-22, and IL-10 levels was observed in CLN Tx females despite the lack of GAS burden. Western blot analysis of cortical and hippocampal homogenates showed significantly higher ionized calcium-binding adaptor-1 (Iba-1, microglia marker) protein levels in No Tx females and males and CLN Tx males compared to the No Inf group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 and CA1 subregions was significantly higher in the CLN Tx males compared to the No Tx group. Our data support the possibility that the subcutaneous GAS infection communicates to the brain and is characterized by intraneuronal GAS sequestration, brain cytokine changes, Iba-1 protein levels, and concurrent CA3 and CA1 subregion-specific microgliosis, even without bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.M.); (B.G.); (C.C.)
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4
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Alamiri F, André O, De S, Nordenfelt P, Hakansson AP. Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146431. [PMID: 37234777 PMCID: PMC10206268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a multitude of local and systemic infections, the most common being pharyngitis in children. Recurrent pharyngeal infections are common and are thought to be due to the re-emergence of intracellular GAS upon completion of antibiotic treatment. The role of colonizing biofilm bacteria in this process is not fully clear. Here, live respiratory epithelial cells were inoculated with broth-grown or biofilm bacteria of different M-types, as well as with isogenic mutants lacking common virulence factors. All M-types tested adhered to and were internalized into epithelial cells. Interestingly, internalization and persistence of planktonic bacteria varied significantly between strains, whereas biofilm bacteria were internalized in similar and higher numbers, and all strains persisted beyond 44 hours, showing a more homogenous phenotype. The M3 protein, but not the M1 or M5 proteins, was required for optimal uptake and persistence of both planktonic and biofilm bacteria inside cells. Moreover, the high expression of capsule and SLO inhibited cellular uptake and capsule expression was required for intracellular survival. Streptolysin S was required for optimal uptake and persistence of M3 planktonic bacteria, whereas SpeB improved intracellular survival of biofilm bacteria. Microscopy of internalized bacteria showed that planktonic bacteria were internalized in lower numbers as individual or small clumps of bacteria in the cytoplasm, whereas GAS biofilm bacteria displayed a pattern of perinuclear localization of bacterial aggregates that affected actin structure. Using inhibitors targeting cellular uptake pathways, we confirmed that planktonic GAS mainly uses a clathrin-mediated uptake pathway that also required actin and dynamin. Clathrin was not involved in biofilm internalization, but internalization required actin rearrangement and PI3 kinase activity, possibly suggesting macropinocytosis. Together these results provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms of uptake and survival of various phenotypes of GAS bacteria relevant for colonization and recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiruz Alamiri
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Supradipta De
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders P. Hakansson
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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5
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Hurst JR, Shannon BA, Craig HC, Rishi A, Tuffs SW, McCormick JK. The Streptococcus pyogenes hyaluronic acid capsule promotes experimental nasal and skin infection by preventing neutrophil-mediated clearance. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011013. [PMID: 36449535 PMCID: PMC9744330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific pathogen responsible for an enormous burden of human illnesses, including >600 million pharyngeal and >100 million skin infections each year. Despite intensive efforts that focus on invasive indications, much remains unknown about this bacterium in its natural state during colonization of the nasopharynx and skin. Using acute experimental infection models in HLA-transgenic mice, we evaluated how the hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule contributes to S. pyogenes MGAS8232 infection within these limited biological niches. Herein, we demonstrate that HA capsule expression promotes bacterial burden in murine nasal turbinates and skin lesions by resisting neutrophil-mediated killing. HA capsule production is encoded by the hasABC operon and compared to wildtype S. pyogenes infections, mice infected with a ΔhasA mutant exhibited over a 1000-fold CFU reduction at 48-hours post-nasal challenge, and a 10,000-fold CFU reduction from skin lesions 72-hours post-skin challenge. HA capsule expression contributed substantially to skin lesion size development following subdermal inoculations. In the absence of capsule expression, S. pyogenes revealed drastically impeded growth in whole human blood and increased susceptibility to killing by isolated neutrophils ex vivo, highlighting its important role in resisting phagocytosis. Furthermore, we establish that neutrophil depletion in mice recovered the reduced burden by the ΔhasA mutant in both the nasopharynx and skin. Together, this work confirms that the HA capsule is a key virulence determinant during acute infections by S. pyogenes and demonstrates that its predominant function is to protect S. pyogenes against neutrophil-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn R. Hurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake A. Shannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather C. Craig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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6
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Abstract
The nasopharynx and the skin are the major oxygen-rich anatomical sites for colonization by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]). To establish infection, GAS must survive oxidative stress generated during aerobic metabolism and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by host innate immune cells. Glutathione is the major host antioxidant molecule, while GAS is glutathione auxotrophic. Here, we report the molecular characterization of the ABC transporter substrate binding protein GshT in the GAS glutathione salvage pathway. We demonstrate that glutathione uptake is critical for aerobic growth of GAS and that impaired import of glutathione induces oxidative stress that triggers enhanced production of the reducing equivalent NADPH. Our results highlight the interrelationship between glutathione assimilation, carbohydrate metabolism, virulence factor production, and innate immune evasion. Together, these findings suggest an adaptive strategy employed by extracellular bacterial pathogens to exploit host glutathione stores for their own benefit.
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7
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Ron M, Brosh-Nissimov T, Korenman Z, Treygerman O, Sagi O, Valinsky L, Rokney A. Invasive Multidrug-Resistant emm93.0 Streptococcus pyogenes Strain Harboring a Novel Genomic Island, Israel, 2017-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:118-126. [PMID: 34932442 PMCID: PMC8714194 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections have increased in Israel since 2016 as successful lineages have emerged. We report the emergence and outbreak of a multidrug-resistant S. pyogenes emm93.0, sequence type 10, among iGAS infections in Israel since 2017. This type has been observed very rarely in other countries. During this period, emm93.0 was the cause of 116 infections in Israel and became the leading type during 2018. Most of the infections were from bacteremia (75%), and most patients were male (76%). We observed infections across Israel, mainly in adults. Of note, we observed multidrug resistance for clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed clonality among geographically disseminated isolates. The local emm93.0 sequence type 10 clone contained a novel genomic island harboring the resistance genes lsa(E), lnu(B), and ant (6)-Ia aph(3')-III. Further phenotypic and genomic studies are required to determine the prevalence of this resistance element in other iGAS types.
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8
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The RD2 Pathogenicity Island Modifies the Disease Potential of the Group A Streptococcus. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0072220. [PMID: 33820819 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00722-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype M28 isolates of the group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) are nonrandomly associated with cases of puerperal sepsis, a potentially life-threatening infection that can occur in women following childbirth. Previously, we discovered that the 36.3-kb RD2 pathogenicity island, which is present in serotype M28 isolates but lacking from most other isolates, promotes the ability of M28 GAS to colonize the female reproductive tract. Here, we performed a gain-of-function study in which we introduced RD2 into representative serotype M1, M49, and M59 isolates and assessed the phenotypic consequences of RD2 acquisition. All RD2-containing derivatives colonized a higher percentage of mice, and at higher CFU levels, than did the parental isolates in a mouse vaginal colonization model. However, for two additional phenotypes, survival in heparinized whole human blood and adherence to two human vaginal epithelial cell lines, there were serotype-specific differences from RD2 acquisition. Using transcriptomic comparisons, we identified that such differences may be a consequence of RD2 altering the abundance of transcripts from select core genome genes along serotype-specific lines. Our study is the first that interrogates RD2 function in GAS serotypes other than M28 isolates, shedding light on variability in the phenotypic consequences of RD2 acquisition and informing on why this mobile genetic element is not ubiquitous in the GAS population.
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9
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Nakata M, Kreikemeyer B. Genetics, Structure, and Function of Group A Streptococcal Pili. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616508. [PMID: 33633705 PMCID: PMC7900414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is an exclusively human pathogen. This bacterial species is responsible for a large variety of infections, ranging from purulent but mostly self-limiting oropharynx/skin diseases to streptococcal sequelae, including glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, as well as life-threatening streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. GAS displays a wide array of surface proteins, with antigenicity of the M protein and pili utilized for M- and T-serotyping, respectively. Since the discovery of GAS pili in 2005, their genetic features, including regulation of expression, and structural features, including assembly mechanisms and protein conformation, as well as their functional role in GAS pathogenesis have been intensively examined. Moreover, their potential as vaccine antigens has been studied in detail. Pilus biogenesis-related genes are located in a discrete section of the GAS genome encoding fibronectin and collagen binding proteins and trypsin-resistant antigens (FCT region). Based on the heterogeneity of genetic composition and DNA sequences, this region is currently classified into nine distinguishable forms. Pili and fibronectin-binding proteins encoded in the FCT region are known to be correlated with infection sites, such as the skin and throat, possibly contributing to tissue tropism. As also found for pili of other Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, GAS pilin proteins polymerize via isopeptide bonds, while intramolecular isopeptide bonds present in the pilin provide increased resistance to degradation by proteases. As supported by findings showing that the main subunit is primarily responsible for T-serotyping antigenicity, pilus functions and gene expression modes are divergent. GAS pili serve as adhesins for tonsillar tissues and keratinocyte cell lines. Of note, a minor subunit is considered to have a harpoon function by which covalent thioester bonds with host ligands are formed. Additionally, GAS pili participate in biofilm formation and evasion of the immune system in a serotype/strain-specific manner. These multiple functions highlight crucial roles of pili during the onset of GAS infection. This review summarizes the current state of the art regarding GAS pili, including a new mode of host-GAS interaction mediated by pili, along with insights into pilus expression in terms of tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Ly D, Kasper KJ, De Oliveira DMP, Rivera-Hernandez T, Cork AJ, McIntyre L, Jespersen MG, Richter J, Schulz BL, Dougan G, Nizet V, Yuen KY, You Y, McCormick JK, Sanderson-Smith ML, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing Streptococcus pyogenes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5018. [PMID: 33024089 PMCID: PMC7538557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of scarlet fever poses a new global public health threat. The capacity of North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage ΦHKU.vir encoding the secreted superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. Here, we report the molecular characterization of ΦHKU.vir-encoded exotoxins. We demonstrate that streptolysin O (SLO)-induced glutathione efflux from host cellular stores is a previously unappreciated GAS virulence mechanism that promotes SSA release and activity, representing the first description of a thiol-activated bacterial superantigen. Spd1 is required for resistance to neutrophil killing. Investigating single, double and triple isogenic knockout mutants of the ΦHKU.vir-encoded exotoxins, we find that SpeC and Spd1 act synergistically to facilitate nasopharyngeal colonization in a mouse model. These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by prophage ΦHKU.vir exotoxins. The pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) causing scarlet fever has been associated with the presence of prophages, such as ΦHKU.vir, and their products. Here, the authors characterize the exotoxins SpeC and Spd1 of ΦHKU.vir and show these to act synergistically to facilitate nasopharyngeal colonization in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Diane Ly
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine J Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cork
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Liam McIntyre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Johanna Richter
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanhai You
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Martina L Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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11
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M-protein based vaccine induces immunogenicity and protection from Streptococcus pyogenes when delivered on a high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP). NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:74. [PMID: 32802413 PMCID: PMC7414110 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated vaccination against Streptococcus pyogenes with the candidate vaccine, J8-DT, delivered by a high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP). We showed that vaccination with J8-DT eluted from a coated HD-MAP (J8-DT/HD-MAP), induced similar total IgG responses to that generated by vaccination with J8-DT adjuvanted with Alum (J8-DT/Alum). We evaluated the effect of dose reduction and the number of vaccinations on the antibody response profile of vaccinated mice. A reduction in the number of vaccinations (from three to two) with J8-DT/HD-MAP induced comparable antibody responses to three vaccinations with intramuscular J8-DT/Alum. Vaccine-induced protection against an S. pyogenes skin challenge was assessed. J8-DT/HD-MAP vaccination led to a significant reduction in the number of S. pyogenes colony forming units in skin (92.9%) and blood (100%) compared to intramuscular vaccination with unadjuvanted J8-DT. The protection profile was comparable to that of intramuscular J8-DT/Alum. J8-DT/HD-MAP induced a shift in the antibody isotype profile, with a bias towards Th1-related isotypes, compared to J8-DT/Alum (Th2 bias). Based on the results of this study, the use of J8-DT/HD-MAP should be considered in future clinical development and control programs against S. pyogenes. Furthermore, the innate characteristics of the technology, such as vaccine stability and increased coverage, ease of use, reduction of sharp waste and the potential reduction of dose may be advantageous compared to current vaccination methods.
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12
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Epidemiological analysis of Group A Streptococcus infections in a hospital in Beijing, China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2361-2371. [PMID: 32676802 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of isolates collected from Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in children in Beijing China during the year 2019. Emm typing, superantigens, and erythromycin resistance genotypes were determined by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A total of 271 GAS isolates were collected. Thirteen different emm types, including 31 subtypes, were identified. The most prevalent emm types were emm12 (52.77%), emm1 (36.9%), emm3.1 (2.95%), and emm75.0 (2.95%). Two variant subtypes, STC36.0 and STG840.2, were identified. There was no difference in the portion of emm12 and emm1 isolates in scarlet fever, impetigo, and psoriasis. The majority of superantigens detected were smeZ (94.46%), speC (91.14%), and ssa (74.91%), followed by speH (56.46%), speI (45.76%), speJ (36.9%), and speA (34.32%). More scarlet fever isolates harbored speA (35.6%) and speJ (38.4%), more psoriasis isolates harbored speI (57.9%), and more impetigo isolates harbored ssa (89.7%). Isolates were universally susceptible to penicillin and resistant to erythromycin (94.83%). Moreover, 89.67% erythromycin resistance isolates harbored the ermB gene. The erythromycin resistance rate of the isolates from the three diseases was different. Scarlet fever is the common streptococcal infectious disease in dermatology. Emm12 and emm1 were the most prevalent emm types. The most prevalent superantigens detected were smeZ, spec, and ssa. There is association between diversity of superantigens and disease manifestation. Hence, continuous surveillance of GAS molecular epidemiological characterizations in different diseases is needed.
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Campbell PT, Tong SYC, Geard N, Davies MR, Worthing KA, Lacey JA, Smeesters PR, Batzloff MR, Kado J, Jenney AWJ, Mcvernon J, Steer AC. Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1429-1437. [PMID: 31748786 PMCID: PMC7137891 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is a pathogen of global importance, but despite the ubiquity of group A Streptococcus infections, the relationship between infection, colonization, and immunity is still not completely understood. The M protein, encoded by the emm gene, is a major virulence factor and vaccine candidate and forms the basis of a number of classification systems. Longitudinal patterns of emm types collected from 457 Fijian schoolchildren over a 10-month period were analyzed. No evidence of tissue tropism was observed, and there was no apparent selective pressure or constraint of emm types. Patterns of emm type acquisition suggest limited, if any, modification of future infection based on infection history. Where impetigo is the dominant mode of transmission, circulating emm types either may not be constrained by ecological niches or population immunity to the M protein, or they may require several infections over a longer period of time to induce such immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Therese Campbell
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Nicholas Geard
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate A Worthing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jake A Lacey
- Doherty Department at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pierre R Smeesters
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joseph Kado
- Department of Paediatrics, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
- Fiji Rheumatic Heart Disease Control Program, Suva, Fiji
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Adam W J Jenney
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jodie Mcvernon
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Sankar S, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Ponnuraj K. Streptococcus pneumoniae Surface Adhesin PfbA Exhibits Host Specificity by Binding to Human Serum Albumin but Not Bovine, Rabbit and Porcine Serum Albumins. Protein J 2019; 39:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Nakata M, Sumitomo T, Patenge N, Kreikemeyer B, Kawabata S. Thermosensitive pilus production by FCT type 3 Streptococcus pyogenes controlled by Nra regulator translational efficiency. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:173-189. [PMID: 31633834 PMCID: PMC7079067 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes produces a diverse variety of pili in a serotype‐dependent manner and thermosensitive expression of pilus biogenesis genes was previously observed in a serotype M49 strain. However, the precise mechanism and biological significance remain unclear. Herein, the pilus expression analysis revealed the thermosensitive pilus production only in strains possessing the transcriptional regulator Nra. Experimental data obtained for nra deletion and conditional nra‐expressing strains in the background of an M49 strain and the Lactococcus heterologous expression system, indicated that Nra is a positive regulator of pilus genes and also highlighted the importance of the level of intracellular Nra for the thermoregulation of pilus expression. While the nra mRNA level was not significantly influenced by a temperature shift, the Nra protein level was concomitantly increased when the culture temperature was decreased. Intriguingly, a putative stem‐loop structure within the coding region of nra mRNA was a factor related to the post‐transcriptional efficiency of nra mRNA translation. Either deletion of the stem‐loop structure or introduction of silent chromosomal mutations designed to melt the structure attenuated Nra levels, resulting in decreased pilus production. Consequently, the temperature‐dependent translational efficacy of nra mRNA influenced pilus thermoregulation, thereby potentially contributing to the fitness of nra‐positive S. pyogenes in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nadja Patenge
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Tissue Tropism in Streptococcal Infection: Wild-Type M1T1 Group A Streptococcus Is Efficiently Cleared by Neutrophils Using an NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Mechanism in the Lung but Not in the Skin. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00527-19. [PMID: 31331954 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00527-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) commonly causes pharyngitis and skin infections. Little is known why streptococcal pharyngitis usually does not lead to pneumonia and why the skin is a favorite niche for GAS. To partially address these questions, the effectiveness of neutrophils in clearing wild-type (wt) M1T1 GAS strain MGAS2221 from the lung and from the skin was examined in murine models of intratracheal pneumonia and subcutaneous infection. Ninety-nine point seven percent of the MGAS2221 inoculum was cleared from the lungs of C57BL/6J mice at 24 h after inoculation, while there was no MGAS2221 clearance from skin infection sites. The bronchial termini had robust neutrophil infiltration, and depletion of neutrophils abolished MGAS2221 clearance from the lung. Phagocyte NADPH oxidase but not myeloperoxidase was required for MGAS2221 clearance. Thus, wt M1T1 GAS can be cleared by neutrophils using an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism in the lung. MGAS2221 induced robust neutrophil infiltration at the edge of skin infection sites and throughout infection sites at 24 h and 48 h after inoculation, respectively. Neutrophils within MGAS2221 infection sites had no nuclear staining. Skin infection sites of streptolysin S-deficient MGAS2221 ΔsagA were full of neutrophils with nuclear staining, whereas MGAS2221 ΔsagA infection was not cleared. Gp91phox knockout (KO) and control mice had similar GAS numbers at skin infection sites and similar abilities to select SpeB activity-negative (SpeBA-) variants. These results indicate that phagocyte NADPH oxidase-mediated GAS killing is compromised in the skin. Our findings support a model for GAS skin tropism in which GAS generates an anoxic niche to evade phagocyte NADPH oxidase-mediated clearance.
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17
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De Oliveira DMP, Everest-Dass A, Hartley-Tassell L, Day CJ, Indraratna A, Brouwer S, Cleary A, Kautto L, Gorman J, Packer NH, Jennings MP, Walker MJ, Sanderson-Smith ML. Human glycan expression patterns influence Group A streptococcal colonization of epithelial cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:10808-10818. [PMID: 31262188 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900559r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of the oropharynx is the initial step in Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngeal infection. We have previously reported that the highly virulent M1T1 GAS clone attaches to oral epithelial cells via M1 protein interaction with blood group antigen carbohydrate structures. Here, we have identified that colonization of human oral epithelial cells by GAS serotypes M3 and M12 is mediated by human blood group antigens [ABO(H)] and Lewis (Le) antigen expression. Removal of linkage-specific fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid modulated GAS colonization, dependent on host ABO(H) blood group and Le expression profile. Furthermore, N-linked glycans from human salivary glycoproteins, when released and purified, were potent inhibitors of M1, M3, and M12 GAS colonization ex vivo. These data highlight the important role played by human protein glycosylation patterns in GAS attachment to oral epithelial cell surfaces.-De Oliveira, D. M. P., Everest-Dass, A., Hartley-Tassell, L., Day, C. J., Indraratna, A., Brouwer, S., Cleary, A., Kautto, L., Gorman, J., Packer, N. H., Jennings, M. P., Walker, M. J., Sanderson-Smith, M. L. Human glycan expression patterns influence Group A streptococcal colonization of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anuk Indraratna
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ailish Cleary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liisa Kautto
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jody Gorman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martina L Sanderson-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Abstract
The clinico-epidemiological features of diseases caused by group A streptococci (GAS) is presented through the lens of the ecology, population genetics, and evolution of the organism. The serological targets of three typing schemes (M, T, SOF) are themselves GAS cell surface proteins that have a myriad of virulence functions and a diverse array of structural forms. Horizontal gene transfer expands the GAS antigenic cell surface repertoire by generating numerous combinations of M, T, and SOF antigens. However, horizontal gene transfer of the serotype determinant genes is not unconstrained, and therein lies a genetic organization that may signify adaptations to a narrow ecological niche, such as the primary tissue reservoirs of the human host. Adaptations may be further shaped by selection pressures such as herd immunity. Understanding the molecular evolution of GAS on multiple levels-short, intermediate, and long term-sheds insight on mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, the emergence and spread of new clones, rational vaccine design, and public health interventions.
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19
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Weckel A, Ahamada D, Bellais S, Méhats C, Plainvert C, Longo M, Poyart C, Fouet A. The N-terminal domain of the R28 protein promotes emm28 group A Streptococcus adhesion to host cells via direct binding to three integrins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16006-16018. [PMID: 30150299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases, ranging from superficial to life-threatening invasive infections, including endometritis, and autoimmune sequelae. GAS strains express a vast repertoire of virulence factors that varies depending on the strain genotype, and many adhesin proteins that enable GAS to adhere to host cells are restricted to some genotypes. GAS emm28 is the third most prevalent genotype in invasive infections in France and is associated with gyneco-obstetrical infections. emm28 strains harbor R28, a cell wall-anchored surface protein that has previously been reported to promote adhesion to cervical epithelial cells. Here, using cellular and biochemical approaches, we sought to determine whether R28 supports adhesion also to other cells and to characterize its cognate receptor. We show that through its N-terminal domain, R28Nt, R28 promotes bacterial adhesion to both endometrial-epithelial and endometrial-stromal cells. R28Nt was further subdivided into two domains, and we found that both are involved in cell binding. R28Nt and both subdomains interacted directly with the laminin-binding α3β1, α6β1, and α6β4 integrins; interestingly, these bindings events did not require divalent cations. R28 is the first GAS adhesin reported to bind directly to integrins that are expressed in most epithelial cells. Finally, R28Nt also promoted binding to keratinocytes and pulmonary epithelial cells, suggesting that it may be involved in supporting the prevalence in invasive infections of the emm28 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Weckel
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Dorian Ahamada
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Samuel Bellais
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Céline Méhats
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Céline Plainvert
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and.,the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Institut Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Magalie Longo
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Claire Poyart
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and.,the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Institut Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Fouet
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, .,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and
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20
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Streptococcal pharyngitis and rheumatic heart disease: the superantigen hypothesis revisited. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018. [PMID: 29530660 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a human-specific and globally prominent bacterial pathogen that despite causing numerous human infections, this bacterium is normally found in an asymptomatic carrier state. This review provides an overview of both bacterial and human factors that likely play an important role in nasopharyngeal colonization and pharyngitis, as well as the development of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Here we highlight a recently described role for bacterial superantigens in promoting acute nasopharyngeal infection, and discuss how these immune system activating toxins could be crucial to initiate the autoimmune process in rheumatic heart disease.
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21
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Rath EC, Pitman S, Cho KH, Bai Y. Identification of streptococcal small RNAs that are putative targets of RNase III through bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:540. [PMID: 29297355 PMCID: PMC5751559 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small noncoding regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators, regulating mRNAs, proteins, and DNA in bacteria. One class of sRNAs, trans-acting sRNAs, are the most abundant sRNAs transcribed from the intergenic regions (IGRs) of the bacterial genome. In Streptococcus pyogenes, a common and potentially deadly pathogen, many sRNAs have been identified, but only a few have been studied. The goal of this study is to identify trans-acting sRNAs that can be substrates of RNase III. The endoribonuclease RNase III cleaves double stranded RNAs, which can be formed during the interaction between an sRNA and target mRNAs. Results For this study, we created an RNase III null mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes and its RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data were analyzed and compared to that of the wild-type. First, we developed a custom script that can detect intergenic regions of the S. pyogenes genome. A differential expression analysis with Cufflinks and Stringtie was then performed to identify the intergenic regions whose expression was influenced by the RNase III gene deletion. Conclusion This analysis yielded 12 differentially expressed regions with >|2| fold change and p ≤ 0.05. Using Artemis and Bamview genome viewers, these regions were visually verified leaving 6 putative sRNAs. This study not only expanded our knowledge on novel sRNAs but would also give us new insight into sRNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Rath
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Stephanie Pitman
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Kyu Hong Cho
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
| | - Yongsheng Bai
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA. .,The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
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Nasopharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes requires superantigen-responsive Vβ-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10226-10231. [PMID: 28794279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700858114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally prominent pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secretes potent immunomodulatory proteins known as superantigens (SAgs), which engage lateral surfaces of major histocompatibility class II molecules and T-cell receptor (TCR) β-chain variable domains (Vβs). These interactions result in the activation of numerous Vβ-specific T cells, which is the defining activity of a SAg. Although streptococcal SAgs are known virulence factors in scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome, mechanisms by how SAgs contribute to the life cycle of S. pyogenes remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that passive immunization against the Vβ8-targeting SAg streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA), or active immunization with either wild-type or a nonfunctional SpeA mutant, protects mice from nasopharyngeal infection; however, only passive immunization, or vaccination with inactive SpeA, resulted in high-titer SpeA-specific antibodies in vivo. Mice vaccinated with wild-type SpeA rendered Vβ8+ T cells poorly responsive, which prevented infection. This phenotype was reproduced with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a heterologous SAg that also targets Vβ8+ T cells, and rendered mice resistant to infection. Furthermore, antibody-mediated depletion of T cells prevented nasopharyngeal infection by S. pyogenes, but not by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium that does not produce SAgs. Remarkably, these observations suggest that S. pyogenes uses SAgs to manipulate Vβ-specific T cells to establish nasopharyngeal infection.
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Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, Gan SH. Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1259510. [PMID: 28814983 PMCID: PMC5549483 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1259510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several health benefits that honeybee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly claim toward various types of diseases in addition to being food. SCOPE AND APPROACH In this paper, the effects of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on different metabolic diseases, cancers, and other diseases have been reviewed. The modes of actions of these products have also been illustrated for purposes of better understanding. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS An overview of honey, propolis, and royal jelly and their biological potentials was highlighted. The potential health benefits of honey, such as microbial inhibition, wound healing, and its effects on other diseases, are described. Propolis has been reported to have various health benefits related to gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, and gynecological, oral, and dermatological problems. Royal jelly is well known for its protective effects on reproductive health, neurodegenerative disorders, wound healing, and aging. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of action of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on the abovementioned diseases and activities have not been not fully elucidated, and further research is warranted to explain their exact contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia
| | - Lakhsmi Sammugam
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia
| | - Nagesvari Ramesh
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
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24
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Ly AT, Noto JP, Walwyn OL, Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Kabat W, Bessen DE. Differences in SpeB protease activity among group A streptococci associated with superficial, invasive, and autoimmune disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177784. [PMID: 28545045 PMCID: PMC5435240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted cysteine proteinase SpeB is an important virulence factor of group A streptococci (GAS), whereby SpeB activity varies widely among strains. To establish the degree to which SpeB activity correlates with disease, GAS organisms were recovered from patients with pharyngitis, impetigo, invasive disease or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), and selected for analysis using rigorous sampling criteria; >300 GAS isolates were tested for SpeB activity by casein digestion assays, and each GAS isolate was scored as a SpeB-producer or non-producer. Highly significant statistical differences (p < 0.01) in SpeB production are observed between GAS recovered from patients with ARF (41.5% SpeB-non-producers) compared to pharyngitis (20.5%), invasive disease (16.7%), and impetigo (5.5%). SpeB activity differences between pharyngitis and impetigo isolates are also significant, whereas pharyngitis versus invasive isolates show no significant difference. The disproportionately greater number of SpeB-non-producers among ARF-associated isolates may indicate an altered transcriptional program for many rheumatogenic strains and/or a protective role for SpeB in GAS-triggered autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhphan T. Ly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - John P. Noto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Odaelys L. Walwyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Tanz
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stanford T. Shulman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William Kabat
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Debra E. Bessen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
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25
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Khare B, V L Narayana S. Pilus biogenesis of Gram-positive bacteria: Roles of sortases and implications for assembly. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1458-1473. [PMID: 28493331 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Successful adherence, colonization, and survival of Gram-positive bacteria require surface proteins, and multiprotein assemblies called pili. These surface appendages are attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets and understanding their assembly mechanisms is essential for identifying a new class of 'anti-infectives' that do not elicit microbial resistance. Molecular details of the Gram-negative pilus assembly are available indepth, but the Gram-positive pilus biogenesis is still an emerging field and investigations continue to reveal novel insights into this process. Pilus biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria is a biphasic process that requires enzymes called pilus-sortases for assembly and a housekeeping sortase for covalent attachment of the assembled pilus to the peptidoglycan cell wall. Emerging structural and functional data indicate that there are at least two groups of Gram-positive pili, which require either the Class C sortase or Class B sortase in conjunction with LepA/SipA protein for major pilin polymerization. This observation suggests two distinct modes of sortase-mediated pilus biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Here we review the structural and functional biology of the pilus-sortases from select streptococcal pilus systems and their role in Gram-positive pilus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep Khare
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sthanam V L Narayana
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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26
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Blanco KC, Inada NM, Carbinatto FM, Giusti AL, Bagnato VS. Treatment of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis by photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:138-139. [PMID: 28189524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Blanco
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Natalia M Inada
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Carbinatto
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Giusti
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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