MDRO transmission in acute hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic

Risk factors and incidence of peripheral venous catheters-related phlebitis between 2017 and 2021: A multicentre study (Flebitis Zero Project)

BACKGROUND

The peripheral venous catheter is one of the most frequently used devices in inpatient units worldwide. The risk of complications arising from use of peripheral venous catheters is low, but phlebitis frequently develops.

METHODS

A multicentre, prospective cohort study was conducted in 65 Spanish hospitals on 10,247 inpatients who had had a total of 38,430 peripheral venous catheters inserted. Data were collected for 15 consecutive days in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Central tendency and dispersion were measured, cumulative incidence and incidence density were determined and odds ratios (OR) were also calculated using binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

The incidence density of phlebitis, during the period from 2017 to 2021, was 1.82 cases of phlebitis per 100 venous catheter-days. The difference between average cumulative incidence of phlebitis per year was statistically significant as determined by ANOVA test results (F = 10.51; df = 4; p < 0.000). Unequivocal risk factors for phlebitis were revealed to be hospitals with more than 500 beds (OR = 1.507; p < 0.001), patients suffering from neoplastic disease (OR = 1.234; p < 0.001) and the first 3-4 days after insertion (OR = 1.159; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

A correct knowledge of insertion technique and venous catheter maintenance is likely to reduce the incidence of phlebitis and other complications, and hence continuing education of nurses is essential.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Outbreak in a COVID-19 Isolation Ward and Successful Outbreak Control with Infection Control Measures

BACKGROUND

Even amid the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and infection control are still important tasks. After recognizing the carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) outbreak that occurred in the isolation room for COVID-19, we would like to introduce what infection control measures were implemented to eradicate it.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All COVID-19 patients with CRAB in any specimen admitted to the COVID-19 isolation ward of the tertiary hospital in Korea from October to November 2021 were analyzed.

RESULTS

During the outbreak, 23 patients with COVID-19 and CRAB infections were identified. The index case was an 85-year-old female referred from a long-term care facility. CRAB was identified in sputum culture in most patients (91.3%). The CRAB outbreak occurred mainly in the rooms around the index case. Environmental cultures on the floor, air inlet, air outlet, and window frame of the rooms were performed. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of CRAB from patients and the environment were identical; whole-genome sequencing analyses revealed isolated clonality. Infection control measures with enhanced environmental cleaning using 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite and phenolic compounds, enhanced hand hygiene, additional education, and mandatory additional gowning and gloving of COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) were applied on 29 October. No CRAB infection cases occurred from 2 November for two weeks.

CONCLUSION

In addition to applying PPE and COVID-19 precautions in COVID-19 isolation wards, adhering to strict contact precautions along with environmental control can help prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on antimicrobial resistance among major pathogens causing healthcare-associated infection

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused great impact on healthcare systems, including antibiotic usage and multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections at hospitals. We aim to investigate the trends of antimicrobial resistance among the major pathogens causing healthcare-associated infection (HAI) at intensive care units (ICU).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The demographic characteristics of hospitalization, usage of antimicrobial agents, counted by half-an-year DID (defined daily dose per 1000 patient-days), and HAI density of five major MDR bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), of ICU patients at a medical center in Taiwan during January 2017 to December 2021 were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

The total antibiotic usage, counted by DID, had a significant increasing trend, before COVID-19 occurrence in 2017-2019, but no further increase during the pandemic period in 2020-2021. However, comparing the two time periods, antibiotics consumption was significantly increased during pandemic period. There was no significant change of HAI density in MRSA, VRE, CRAB, CRKP, and CRPA, comparing the pandemic to the pre-pandemic period. Although, CRKP and CRPA infection rates were increasing during the pre-pandemic period, there was no further increase of CRKP and CRPA HAI rates during the pandemic period.

CONCLUSION

During COVID-19 pandemic, there was no significant increase in HAI density of five major MDR bacteria at ICU in Taiwan, despite increased antibiotic usage. Strict infection prevention measures for COVID-19 precautions and sustained antimicrobial stewardship probably bring these effects.

Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia in an intensive care unit during a COVID surge: an epidemic within a pandemic

We sought to investigate epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, and outcome of the C. parapsilosis blood stream infection (BSI) outbreaks observed during the first surges of COVID-19 pandemic in our population. Retrospective, monocentric observational study in the 24 bed intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care medical center in northern Italy, from 2019 to 2021 first 5 months. 2030 patients were enrolled, of whom 239 were COVID-19 positive. The total incidence of Candida-BSI was 41.9 per 1000 admissions, with two outbreaks during 2020 spring and winter's COVID surges. The total numbers of C. parapsilosis BSI cases are 94, of which 21 during the first outbreak and 20 during the second. In our population, COVID-19 was strongly associated with C. parapsilosis BSI (OR 4.71, p < 0.001), as well as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (OR 3.44, p = 0.001), prolonged antibiotic therapy (OR 3.19, p = 0.004), and delayed infusion sets replacements (OR 2.76, p = 0.015). No statistically significant association was found between Candida-BSI episodes and mortality, when adjusted for other known outcome risk factors. COVID surges undermined the infectious control measures in our ICU, leading to two outbreak of C. parapsilosis BSI. A stricter, thorough management of intravascular devices and infusion set is crucial in prevention of catheter related BSI, and awareness must be kept high, especially in emergencies circumstances, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Predictors of bacteremia and death, including immune status, in a large single-center cohort of unvaccinated ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

BACKGROUND

We investigated the possible role of the immune profile at ICU admission, among other well characterized clinical and laboratory predictors of unfavorable outcome in COVID-19 patients assisted in ICU.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data collected for all consecutive patients admitted to the ICUs of the General Hospital of Pescara (Abruzzo, Italy), between 1^st March 2020 and 30^th April 2021, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 respiratory failure. Logistic regressions were used to identify independent predictors of bacteremia and mortality.

RESULTS

Out of 431 patients included in the study, bacteremia was present in N = 191 (44.3%) and death occurred in N = 210 (48.7%). After multivariate analysis, increased risk of bacteremia was found for viral reactivation (OR = 3.28; 95% CI:1.83-6.08), pronation (3.36; 2.12-5.37) and orotracheal intubation (2.51; 1.58-4.02). Increased mortality was found for bacteremia (2.05; 1.31-3.22), viral reactivation (2.29; 1.29-4.19) and lymphocytes < 0.6 × 10³c/µL (2.32; 1.49-3.64).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that viral reactivation, mostly due to Herpesviridae, was associated with increased risk of both bacteremia and mortality. In addition, pronation and intubation are strong predictors of bacteremia, which in turn together with severe lymphocytopenia due to SARS-CoV2 was associated with increased mortality. Most episodes of bacteremia, even due to Acinetobacter spp, were not predicted by microbiological evidence of colonization.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales Infections: A Scoping Review

Several studies have reported an increased frequency of colonization and/or infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) are a group of bacteria with intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. These pathogens are easy to spread and can cause difficult-to-treat infections. Here, we summarize the available evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infections caused by ESBL-PE. Using specific criteria and keywords, we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for articles published up to 30 March 2023 on potential changes in the epidemiology of ESBL-E since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified eight studies that documented the impact of COVID-19 on ESBL-E. Five studies were focused on assessing the frequency of ESBL-PE in patient-derived specimens, and three studies investigated the epidemiological aspects of ESBL-PE infections in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the studies that were focused on patient specimens reported a decrease in ESBL-PE positivity during the pandemic, whereas the three studies that involved patient data (1829 patients in total) reported a higher incidence of ESBL-PE infections in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 compared with those with other conditions. There are limited data on the real impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of ESBL-PE infections; however, patient-derived data suggest that the pandemic has exacerbated the spread of these pathogens.

Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant organisms before and during COVID-19 in Hong Kong

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has influenced antimicrobial consumption and incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). We aimed to study the epidemiology of MDROs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong.

Methods

With the maintenance of infection control measures, we described the trend of MDRO infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species (CRA), and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-(ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, in a healthcare region with 3100-bed before (1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019, period 1) and during COVID-19 (1 January 2020 to 30 September 2022, period 2), together with the antimicrobial consumption using piecewise Poisson regression. The epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients with or without MDRO infections were analyzed.

Results

Between period 1 and 2, we observed a significant increase in the trend of CRA infections (P<0.001), while there was no significant increase in the trend of MRSA (P=0.742) and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (P=0.061) infections. Meanwhile, a significant increase in the trend of carbapenems (P<0.001), extended-spectrum beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BLBI) (P=0.045), and fluoroquinolones (P=0.009) consumption was observed. The observed opportunity (23,540 ± 3703 vs 26,145 ± 2838, p=0.359) and compliance (81.6% ± 0.5% vs 80.1% ± 0.8%, P=0.209) of hand hygiene per year was maintained. In a multivariable model, older age, male sex, referral from residential care home for the elderly, presence of indwelling device, presence of endotracheal tube, and use of carbapenems, use of BLBI, use of proton pump inhibitors and history of hospitalization in the past 3 months were associated with higher risks of infections by MDROs among COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion

Infection control measures may control the surge of MDROs despite an increasing trend of antimicrobial consumption.

Worsening Spread of Candida auris in the United States, 2019 to 2021

BACKGROUND

Candida auris is an emerging fungal threat that has been spreading in the United States since it was first reported in 2016.

OBJECTIVE

To describe recent changes in the U.S. epidemiology of C auris occurring from 2019 to 2021.

DESIGN

Description of national surveillance data.

SETTING

United States.

PATIENTS

Persons with any specimen that was positive for C auris.

MEASUREMENTS

Case counts reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by health departments, volume of colonization screening, and antifungal susceptibility results were aggregated and compared over time and by geographic region.

RESULTS

A total of 3270 clinical cases and 7413 screening cases of C auris were reported in the United States through 31 December 2021. The percentage increase in clinical cases grew each year, from a 44% increase in 2019 to a 95% increase in 2021. Colonization screening volume and screening cases increased in 2021 by more than 80% and more than 200%, respectively. From 2019 to 2021, 17 states identified their first C auris case. The number of C auris cases that were resistant to echinocandins in 2021 was about 3 times that in each of the previous 2 years.

LIMITATION

Identification of screening cases depends on screening that is done on the basis of need and available resources. Screening is not conducted uniformly across the United States, so the true burden of C auris cases may be underestimated.

CONCLUSION

C auris cases and transmission have risen in recent years, with a dramatic increase in 2021. The rise in echinocandin-resistant cases and evidence of transmission is particularly concerning because echinocandins are first-line therapy for invasive Candida infections, including C auris. These findings highlight the need for improved detection and infection control practices to prevent spread of C auris.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE

None.

Genomic Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients and Impact of Infection Control Measures on Reducing CRAB Circulation during the Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Milan, Italy

COVID-19 has significantly affected hospital infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). This frequently caused dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Here, we report the management of a CRAB outbreak in a large ICU COVID-19 hub Hospital in Italy, together with retrospective genotypic analysis by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bacterial strains obtained from severe COVID-19 mechanically ventilated patients diagnosed with CRAB infection or colonization between October 2020 and May 2021 were analyzed by WGS to assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, along with mobile genetic elements. Phylogenetic analysis in combination with epidemiological data was used to identify putative transmission chains. CRAB infections and colonization were diagnosed in 14/40 (35%) and 26/40 (65%) cases, respectively, with isolation within 48 h from admission in 7 cases (17.5%). All CRAB strains belonged to Pasteur sequence type 2 (ST2) and 5 different Oxford STs and presented blaOXA-23 gene-carrying Tn2006 transposons. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of four transmission chains inside and among ICUs, circulating mainly between November and January 2021. A tailored IPC strategy was composed of a 5-point bundle, including ICU modules' temporary conversion to CRAB-ICUs and dynamic reopening, with limited impact on ICU admission rate. After its implementation, no CRAB transmission chains were detected. Our study underlies the potentiality of integrating classical epidemiological studies with genomic investigation to identify transmission routes during outbreaks, which could represent a valuable tool to ensure IPC strategies and prevent the spread of MDROs. IMPORTANCE Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are of paramount importance for preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is seen as a promising tool for IPC, but its employment is currently still limited. COVID-19 pandemics have posed dramatic challenges in IPC practices, causing worldwide several outbreaks of MDROs, including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). We present the management of a CRAB outbreak in a large ICU COVID-19 hub hospital in Italy using a tailored IPC strategy that allowed us to contain CRAB transmission while preventing ICU closure during a critical pandemic period. The analysis of clinical and epidemiological data coupled with retrospective genotypic analysis by WGS identified different putative transmission chains and confirmed the effectiveness of the IPC strategy implemented. This could be a promising approach for future IPC strategies.

Application Effect of Transparent Supervision Based on Informatization in Prevention and Control of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Nosocomial Infection

Objective

To explore the effect of transparent supervision model on the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) nosocomial infection and the value of the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model in predicting the incidence of CRKP infection.

Methods

A total of 46,873 inpatients from Jiawang District People's Hospital of Xuzhou between January 2019 and December 2019 (prior to COVID-19 prevention and control) were selected as the preintervention group and 45,217 inpatients from January 2020 to December 2020 (after the COVID-19 prevention and control) as the postintervention group. We performed transparent supervision on CRKP patients detected by the real-time monitoring system for nosocomial infection. Incidence and detection rate of CRKP, utilization rate of special grade hydrocarbon enzyme alkene antibiotics, hand hygiene compliance rate, qualified rate of ATP tests on surface of environmental objects, and execution rate of CRKP core prevention and control were compared between the two groups.

Results

Transparent supervision of CRKP-infected patients was conducted daily from January to December 2020, which resulted in the following: (a) the infection rate of CRKP decreased in a fluctuating manner, and the actual value of hydrocarbon alkene use rate was basically the same as the predicted value with an overall decreasing trend; (b) after the intervention, hand hygiene compliance rate increased from 53.30% to 70.24% (P < 0.001) and the ATP qualified rate increased from 53.77% to 92.24% (P < 0.001); (c) the fitted value of the ARIMA model was in good agreement with the actual value. The incidence of CRKP infection and the utilization rate of carbene antibiotics were also in good agreement with the predicted value. The average relative errors were 11% and 10.78%.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, the ARIMA model effectively fit and predicted the CRKP infection rate, thereby providing scientific guidance for the prevention and control of CRKP infection. In addition, the transparent supervision intervention model improved the hand hygiene compliance and environmental hygiene qualification rates of medical staff, effectively reducing CRKP cross-infection in the hospital.