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Russell-Goldman E, Baranov E, Siegmund S, Yang CS, Laga AC, Hanna J. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated eccrine neoplasm: a rare entity with distinctive clinical and histopathologic features. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:423-427. [PMID: 38483613 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Most tumors are caused by inherited or acquired genetic changes. However, a subset of tumors is driven by viral infection including Kaposi sarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and others. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an especially common cause of epithelial cancers and hyperplasias. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV) is a rare type of HPV infection with characteristic histopathologic features and a unique spectrum of HPV subtypes. We report here a distinctive form of EDV-associated eccrine neoplasia. Seven tumors from two patients were analyzed and show highly uniform features including multiple clustered clinical lesions, multifocal epidermal origin, eccrine differentiation with close association with the acrosyringium, an anastomosing growth pattern, and a bland monotonous poroid-to-basaloid cytomorphology. Clinical follow-up for one patient has been benign to date. These tumors show strong similarity to two previously reported cases, suggesting that this type of EDV-associated eccrine neoplasia may represent a rare but reproducible form of skin adnexal tumor with distinctive clinicopathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Russell-Goldman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Esther Baranov
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Siegmund
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine S Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro C Laga
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Romero-Masters JC, Muehlbauer LK, Hayes M, Grace M, Shishkova E, Coon JJ, Munger K, Lambert PF. MmuPV1 E6 induces cell proliferation and other hallmarks of cancer. mBio 2023; 14:e0245823. [PMID: 37905801 PMCID: PMC10746199 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02458-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The E6 protein encoded by the murine papillomavirus (MmuPV1) is essential for MmuPV1-induced skin disease. Our previous work has identified a number of cellular interacting partners of MmuPV1 E6 and E7 through affinity purification/mass spectrometry analysis. These studies revealed that MmuPV1 E6 potently inhibits keratinocyte differentiation through multiple molecular mechanisms including inhibition of NOTCH and TGF-β signaling. Here, we report that MmuPV1 E6 has additional important oncogenic activities when expressed in its natural host cells, mouse keratinocytes, including increasing proliferation, overcoming density-mediated growth arrest, and proliferation under conditions of limited supply of growth factors. Unbiased proteomic/transcriptomic analyses of mouse keratinocytes expressing MmuPV1 E6 substantiated its effect on these cellular processes and divulged that some of these effects may be mediated in part through it upregulating E2F activity. Our analyses also revealed that MmuPV1 E6 may alter other cancer hallmarks including evasion of growth suppressors, inhibition of immune response, resistance to cell death, and alterations in DNA damage response. Collectively, our results suggest that MmuPV1 E6 is a major driver of multiple hallmarks of cancer in MmuPV1's natural host cells, mouse keratinocytes.IMPORTANCEThe Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) E6 and E7 proteins are required for MmuPV1-induced disease. Our understanding of the activities of MmuPV1 E6 has been based on affinity purification/mass spectrometry studies where cellular interacting partners of MmuPV1 E6 were identified, and these studies revealed that MmuPV1 E6 can inhibit keratinocyte differentiation through multiple mechanisms. We report that MmuPV1 E6 encodes additional activities including the induction of proliferation, resistance to density-mediated growth arrest, and decreased dependence on exogenous growth factors. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses provided evidence that MmuPV1 E6 increases the expression and steady state levels of a number of cellular proteins that promote cellular proliferation and other hallmarks of cancer. These results indicate that MmuPV1 E6 is a major driver of MmuPV1-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Romero-Masters
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura K. Muehlbauer
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miranda Grace
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Romero-Masters JC, Grace M, Lee D, Lei J, DePamphilis M, Buehler D, Hu R, Ward-Shaw E, Blaine-Sauer S, Lavoie N, White EA, Munger K, Lambert PF. MmuPV1 E7's interaction with PTPN14 delays Epithelial differentiation and contributes to virus-induced skin disease. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011215. [PMID: 37036883 PMCID: PMC10085053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) contribute to approximately 5% of all human cancers. Species-specific barriers limit the ability to study HPV pathogenesis in animal models. Murine papillomavirus (MmuPV1) provides a powerful tool to study the roles of papillomavirus genes in pathogenesis arising from a natural infection. We previously identified Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 14 (PTPN14), a tumor suppressor targeted by HPV E7 proteins, as a putative cellular target of MmuPV1 E7. Here, we confirmed the MmuPV1 E7-PTPN14 interaction. Based on the published structure of the HPV18 E7/PTPN14 complex, we generated a MmuPV1 E7 mutant, E7K81S, that was defective for binding PTPN14. Wild-type (WT) and E7K81S mutant viral genomes replicated as extrachromosomal circular DNAs to comparable levels in mouse keratinocytes. E7K81S mutant virus (E7K81S MmuPV1) was generated and used to infect FoxN/Nude mice. E7K81S MmuPV1 caused neoplastic lesions at a frequency similar to that of WT MmuPV1, but the lesions arose later and were smaller than WT-induced lesions. The E7K81S MmuPV1-induced lesions also had a trend towards a less severe grade of neoplastic disease. In the lesions, E7K81S MmuPV1 supported the late (productive) stage of the viral life cycle and promoted E2F activity and cellular DNA synthesis in suprabasal epithelial cells to similar degrees as WT MmuPV1. There was a similar frequency of lateral spread of infections among mice infected with E7K81S or WT MmuPV1. Compared to WT MmuPV1-induced lesions, E7K81S MmuPV1-induced lesions had a significant expansion of cells expressing differentiation markers, Keratin 10 and Involucrin. We conclude that an intact PTPN14 binding site is necessary for MmuPV1 E7's ability to contribute to papillomavirus-induced pathogenesis and this correlates with MmuPV1 E7 causing a delay in epithelial differentiation, which is a hallmark of papillomavirus-induced neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Romero-Masters
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Miranda Grace
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joshua Lei
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melanie DePamphilis
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ella Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Simon Blaine-Sauer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Lavoie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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4
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Kosumi H, Natsuga K, Yanagi T, Ujiie H. Systemic Retinoids for Generalized Verrucosis Due to Congenital Immunodeficiency: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030769. [PMID: 36981039 PMCID: PMC10048204 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalized verrucosis (GV) is a group of immunodeficiency disorders accompanied by widespread human papillomavirus infection. We revisit two cases of GV due to congenital interleukin-7 deficiency successfully treated with systemic retinoids. We also present a review of the literature on the use of systemic retinoids to treat GV. Our review suggests that systemic retinoids are a safe and effective option for managing recalcitrant wart lesions in cases of GV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Kosumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Teruki Yanagi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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5
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Bartley BR, Huen A, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Nagarajan P, Aung PP, Curry JL, Ivan D, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Cho WC. Eosinophilic homogeneous intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies: Unique viral cytopathic changes associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and human papillomavirus type 49. J Cutan Pathol 2022; 49:658-662. [PMID: 35262953 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV) is a rare genodermatosis that predisposes affected individuals to persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly those that belong to the genus beta-HPV, including HPV-5 and HPV-8, which carry high oncogenic potential. There are three main HPV-related viral cytopathic changes in cutaneous verrucae in terms of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ICBs), namely, granular, filamentous, and homogeneous type ICBs. To date, only HPV-4, HPV-60, and HPV-65 have been found in association with homogeneous ICBs. We report a unique case of HPV-49-associated EDV in a 41-year-old woman with common variable immunodeficiency, mycosis fungoides, and multiple cutaneous malignancies, including squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma who presented with multiple pink papules and hyperpigmented macules on the left upper extremity. One of the skin lesions histopathologically revealed keratinocytic nuclear enlargement with abundant blue-gray cytoplasm, accompanied by hypergranulosis, characteristic of EDV, along with peculiar bright eosinophilic and homogeneous ICBs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of EDV with detection of HPV-49 by genotyping, which features eosinophilic homogeneous ICBs, like those seen in the setting of HPV-4, HPV-60, or HPV-65 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Bartley
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Auris Huen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Broecker F, Moelling K. The Roles of the Virome in Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122538. [PMID: 34946139 PMCID: PMC8706120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections as well as changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and virome have been linked to cancer. Moreover, the success of cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been correlated with the intestinal microbial composition of patients. The transfer of feces-which contain mainly bacteria and their viruses (phages)-from immunotherapy responders to non-responders, known as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), has been shown to be able to convert some non-responders to responders. Since phages may also increase the response to immunotherapy, for example by inducing T cells cross-reacting with cancer antigens, modulating phage populations may provide a new avenue to improve immunotherapy responsiveness. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the human virome and its links to cancer, and discuss the potential utility of bacteriophages in increasing the responder rate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Karin Moelling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastr. 30, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
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7
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Kimmis BD, Garola RE, Newell B. Verrucous and hypopigmented papules in an adolescent with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:1567-1569. [PMID: 34931366 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks David Kimmis
- Division of Dermatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Brandon Newell
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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8
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Soheili M, Keyvani H, Soheili M, Nasseri S. Human papilloma virus: A review study of epidemiology, carcinogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment of all HPV-related cancers. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:65. [PMID: 34277502 PMCID: PMC8278030 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered as the most common viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This poses an increasingly interdisciplinary medical challenge. Since there is vast scattered information in databases about HPV and the correlated diseases, we decided to collect useful data so that the experts can get a more comprehensive view of HPV. Methods: In this article, HPV-associated diseases, prevalence, prevention, and new treatments are discussed. The retrieved articles reporting the latest data about the required information for our review were selected through searching in Web of Science, Scopus, Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and CINHAL with language limitations of English and German. Results: There are 2 groups of HPVs: (1) low-risk HPV types that can lead to genital warts, and (2) high-risk HPV types that are involved in HPV-associated oncogenesis. About 70% of all sexually active women are infected and most of these infections heal within many weeks or months. In the case of HPV-persistence, a risk of preneoplasia or carcinoma exists. These types of viruses are responsible for the existence of genitoanal, gastrointestinal, urinary tract, and head and neck tumors. There is still no definite successful treatment. The detection of HPV-related condylomata occurs macroscopically in women and men, and the diagnosis of the precursors of cervical carcinoma in women is possible by Pap smear. Conclusion: For extragenital manifestations, there is no structured early detection program. Meanwhile, studies on HPV vaccines confirm that they should be used for the primary prevention of HPV-dependent diseases. However, we need more research to find out the real advantages and disadvantages of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Soheili
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Soheili
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Human Revivification Society of Congress 60, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sherko Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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9
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da Cruz Silva LL, de Oliveira WRP, Sotto MN. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: revision of a model of carcinogenic disease. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-019-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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10
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Lukowski SW, Tuong ZK, Noske K, Senabouth A, Nguyen QH, Andersen SB, Soyer HP, Frazer IH, Powell JE. Detection of HPV E7 Transcription at Single-Cell Resolution in Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2558-2567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Haley CT, Mui UN, Vangipuram R, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention: Papillomaviruses and Merkel cell polyomavirus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:1-21. [PMID: 30502418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, the first human oncovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, was identified in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since then, 6 other human oncoviruses have been identified: human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, and human herpesvirus-8. These viruses are causally linked to 12% of all cancers, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. In addition, oncoviruses are associated with multiple benign mucocutaneous diseases. Research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of oncoviruses and virus-specific treatment and prevention is rapidly evolving. Preventative vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus are already available. This review discusses the mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oncovirus-related diseases. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on diseases associated with human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, while the second article in the series focuses on diseases associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human herpesvirus-8, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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12
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Di Bonito P, Iaconelli M, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Della Libera S, Bonadonna L, La Rosa G. Detection of oncogenic viruses in water environments by a Luminex-based multiplex platform for high throughput screening of infectious agents. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:549-555. [PMID: 28704770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies documented the detection of viruses strongly associated with human cancer in urban sewages and other water environments worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of human oncogenic viruses in environmental samples (sewage, river, marine, and pool/spa water) using highly sensitive and specific multiplex bead-based assays (Luminex technology). A total of 33 samples were analysed for 140 oncogenic viral agents, including mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs), human polyomaviruses (HPyV), human herpesviruses (HHV) and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Eighty-eight percent of the samples tested positive for at least one viral pathogen and the simultaneous presence of more than one virus was frequent (mean number of positivities/sample = 3.03). A total of 30 different Alpha, Beta and Gamma HPVs were detected, including mucosal and cutaneous types. The high-risk type HPV16 was the most frequently detected virus, identified in 73% of the samples. Of the 12 HPyVs tested, only two (BKPyV and MCPyV) were detected. At least one of these two was present in 48% of the samples. MMTV was detected in 21% of the samples, while herpesviruses - HHV-6 and HHV-1 - were detected in two samples (6%). The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the occurrence of oncogenic viruses belonging to different families and species in diverse water environments, and the first to successfully use, in environmental samples, a Luminex-based multiplex platform for high throughput screening of infectious agents. Our findings, showing that oncogenic viruses are ubiquitous in water environments, pave the way for future studies on the fate of these pathogens in water environments as well as on their potential for transmission via the waterborne route.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - T Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - M Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Wu JH, Cohen DN, Rady PL, Tyring SK. BRAF inhibitor-associated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: new mechanistic insight, emerging evidence for viral involvement and perspectives on clinical management. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:914-923. [PMID: 28129674 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the BRAF proto-oncogene occur in the majority of cutaneous melanomas. The commonly detected valine (V) to glutamate (E) mutation (V600E) is known to drive melanomagenesis and has thus been the target of two highly selective chemotherapeutic agents: vemurafenib and dabrafenib. While BRAF inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, unanticipated cutaneous toxicities, including the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), are frequently reported and hinder therapeutic durability. However, the mechanisms by which BRAF inhibitors induce cutaneous neoplasms are poorly understood, thus posing a challenge for specific therapies. In this review, we summarize the clinical and molecular profiles of BRAF inhibitor-associated cSCCs, with a focus on factors that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In particular, we discuss the emerging evidence pointing towards viral involvement in BRAF inhibitor-induced cutaneous neoplasms and offer new perspectives on future therapeutic interventions. Continued clinical and mechanistic studies along this line will not only allow for better understanding of the pathogenic progression of BRAF inhibitor-induced cSCCs, but will also lead to development of new therapeutic and preventative options for patients receiving targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - D N Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
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14
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Abstract
Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of infection with both low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Chronic immunosuppression provides an environment for persistent HPV infection which carries a higher risk of malignant transformation. Screening guidelines have been developed or advocated for processes that have detectable premalignant lesions, such as anal cancer or cervical cancer. For other anatomic locations, such as cutaneous, penile, and oropharyngeal, a biopsy of suspicious lesions is necessary for diagnosis. HPV cannot be cultured from clinical specimens in the laboratory, and diagnosis relies on cytologic, histologic, or molecular methods.
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15
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Goon PKC, Goon PKY, Tan EKH, Crawford RAF, Levell NJ, Sudhoff H. Virus-Induced Cancers of the Skin and Mucosa: Are We Dealing with "Smoking Guns" or "Smoke and Mirrors" in the Operating Theatre? Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 7:249-254. [PMID: 28484898 PMCID: PMC5453924 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-017-0182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) alone is thought to cause ~610,000 cases of cancer per year, and is the dominant aetiological agent for ano-genital (esp. cervical) and head and neck cancers (esp. oropharyngeal). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is a more recently discovered virus which causes Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive skin malignancy. Methods We explored the available published evidence to see if transmission of live HPV or MCV virus in smoke generated by laser or diathermy was feasible, and would pose an infection risk. Long-term infection with such carcinogenic viruses would then pose an increased risk for the development of virus-induced cancers in medical personnel. Results The morphological structures of both HPV and MCV are very similar, and the size, external capsids and genomic structures show striking similarity. Both viruses have a non-enveloped external protein capsid consisting of 72 capsomeres, and a double-stranded DNA core. Sizes of both viruses range from 50 to 60 nm. There are now recent data demonstrating live and infectious HPV in smoke, and that these viruses can be used to infect cells in vitro. Further, anecdotal reports of virus transmission leading to disease causation in the production of respiratory airway viral warts (benign disease), and, finally, reports of HPV-induced oropharyngeal carcinoma (malignant disease) in two gynaecological surgeons as an occupational health hazard have been published recently. Conclusion There is now sufficient evidence to support the hypotheses that live infectious carcinogenic viruses can be transmitted via smoke generated from surgical procedures, and, in rare instances, actually cause significant disease. Protective measures such as smoke extraction and airway protection should be instituted for all healthcare personnel, particularly those with multiple repeated exposures such as gynaecological surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K C Goon
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK.
| | - Patrick K Y Goon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Lister Hospital, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 4ABS, UK
| | - Eunice K H Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Robin A F Crawford
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Nick J Levell
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Holger Sudhoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Bielefeld University Hospital, Teutoburger Strasse 50, 33604, Bielefeld, Germany.
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16
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Re-evaluation of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: Reconciling more than 90 years of debate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76:1161-1175. [PMID: 28196644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by abnormal susceptibility to cutaneous human beta-papillomavirus infections causing persistent flat warts or pityriasis versicolor-like lesions. This generalized verrucous skin disorder resembles generalized verrucosis, but these 2 conditions are distinguished by differences in clinical manifestation and the human papillomavirus types involved. A breakthrough in our understanding of EV was the discovery that homozygous inactivating mutations in TMC6 (EVER1) and TMC8 (EVER2) determine susceptibility to this disorder; however, they have not solved all EV cases fully. These deficiencies account for 75% of affected individuals, leaving a substantial number of patients without an underlying genetic cause. Recently, it has been revealed that mutations in additional genes (RHOH, MST-1, CORO1A, and IL-7) result in extensive human beta-papillomavirus replication and therefore manifest with an EV-like phenotype. The term "acquired EV" is used to describe an EV-like phenotype that develops in immunocompromised hosts, and the introduction of this entity further aggravates the confusion. Reevaluation of these entities is warranted. Here, we review the available data on this issue, provide up to date information on the major characteristics that differentiate between these seemingly clinically similar disorders, and highlight the different mechanisms involved in each disorder.
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17
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Zhang T, Fu DY, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wu L. Potential applications of polyoxometalates for the discrimination of human papillomavirus in different subtypes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15457-15463. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Application of a europium decatungstate (EuW10) to discriminate between peptides from different subtypes of HPV capsid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Ding-Yi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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18
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Doorbar J. Model systems of human papillomavirus-associated disease. J Pathol 2015; 238:166-79. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge UK
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19
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the squamous epithelium and can induce benign and malignant lesions. To date, more than 200 different HPV types have been identified and classified into five genera, α, β, γ, μ, and ν. While high-risk α mucosal HPVs have a well-established role in cervical carcinoma and a significant percentage of other anogenital tract and oral carcinomas, the biology of the cutaneous β HPVs and their contribution to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been less studied. Although the association of β HPV infection with NMSC in patients with a rare, genetically determined condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis has been well established, the role of β HPV infection with NMSC in the normal population remains controversial. In stark contrast to α HPV-associated cancers, the presence of the β HPV genome does not appear to be mandatory for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the β HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins differs from the β HPV oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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20
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21
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Kirchhof MG, Au S. Brazilian waxing and human papillomavirus: a case of acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis. CMAJ 2014; 187:126-128. [PMID: 25183723 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.140198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Kirchhof
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science (Kirchhof, Au), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (Au), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - Sheila Au
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science (Kirchhof, Au), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (Au), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
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22
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Garbuglia AR. Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1705-26. [PMID: 25256828 PMCID: PMC4190563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently considered to be a major etiologic factor, in addition to tobacco and alcohol, for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) development. HPV positive OPCs are epidemiologically distinct from HPV negative ones, and are characterized by younger age at onset, male predominance, and strong association with sexual behaviors. HPV16 is the most prevalent types in oral cavity cancer (OCC), moreover the prevalence of beta, and gamma HPV types is higher than that of alpha HPV in oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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23
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Sahin C, Sever C, Aysal BK, Cesur C. An interesting trichloracetic acid injury in a patient with psychiatric disorder. Int Wound J 2014; 13:293. [PMID: 24725544 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Sahin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Celalettin Sever
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge K Aysal
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Cesur
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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25
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Gómez-Moyano E, Pérez-Belmonte L, Jiménez-Oñate F, Herrero-Lifona L. [Erythematous-brownish macules and papules in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 32:54-5. [PMID: 23953102 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Pérez-Belmonte
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Comarcal de La Axarquía, Vélez-Málaga, Málaga, España.
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26
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Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, Stanley MA. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 5:F55-70. [PMID: 23199966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) comprise a diverse group, and have different epithelial tropisms and life-cycle strategies. Many HPVs are classified as low-risk, as they are only very rarely associated with neoplasia or cancer in the general population. These HPVs typically cause inapparent/inconspicuous infections, or benign papillomas, which can persist for months or years, but which are eventually resolved by the host's immune system. Low-risk HPVs are difficult to manage in immunosuppressed people and in individuals with genetic predispositions, and can give rise to papillomatosis, and in rare instances, to cancer. The high-risk HPV types are, by contrast, a cause of several important human cancers, including almost all cases of cervical cancer, a large proportion of other anogenital cancers and a growing number of head and neck tumours. The high-risk HPV types constitute a subset of the genus Alphapapillomavirus that are prevalent in the general population, and in most individuals cause only inconspicuous oral and genital lesions. Cancer progression is associated with persistent high-risk HPV infection and with deregulated viral gene expression, which leads to excessive cell proliferation, deficient DNA repair, and the accumulation of genetic damage in the infected cell. Although their life-cycle organisation is broadly similar to that of the low-risk HPV types, the two groups differ significantly in their capacity to drive cell cycle entry and cell proliferation in the basal/parabasal cell layers. This is thought to be linked, at least in part, to different abilities of the high- and low-risk E6 proteins to modulate the activity of p53 and PDZ-domain proteins, and the differential ability of the E7 proteins to target the several different members of the retinoblastoma protein family. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Handisurya A, Day PM, Thompson CD, Buck CB, Kwak K, Roden RBS, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Murine skin and vaginal mucosa are similarly susceptible to infection by pseudovirions of different papillomavirus classifications and species. Virology 2012; 433:385-94. [PMID: 22985477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Depending upon viral genotype, productive papillomavirus infection and disease display preferential tropism for cutaneous or mucosal stratified squamous epithelia, although the mechanisms are unclear. To investigate papillomavirus entry tropism, we used reporter pseudovirions based on various cutaneous and mucosal papillomavirus species, including the recently identified murine papillomavirus. Pseudovirus transduction of BALB/c mice was examined using an improved murine skin infection protocol and a previously developed cervicovaginal challenge model. In the skin, HPV5, HPV6, HPV16, BPV1 and MusPV1 pseudovirions preferentially transduced keratinocytes at sites of trauma, similar to the genital tract. Skin infection, visualized by in vivo imaging using a luciferase reporter gene, peaked between days 2-3 and rapidly diminished for all pseudovirion types. Murine cutaneous and genital tissues were similarily permissive for pseudovirions of HPV types 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 26, 44, 45, 51, 58 and animal papillomaviruses BPV1 and MusPV1, implying that papillomavirus' tissue and host tropism is governed primarily by post-entry regulatory events in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Handisurya
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Buitrago-Pérez Á, Hachimi M, Dueñas M, Lloveras B, Santos A, Holguín A, Duarte B, Santiago JL, Akgül B, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Storey A, Ribas C, Larcher F, del Rio M, Paramio JM, García-Escudero R. A humanized mouse model of HPV-associated pathology driven by E7 expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41743. [PMID: 22911850 PMCID: PMC3402432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of human cervical cancer and has been associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma development. Although prophylactic vaccines have been developed, there is a need to develop new targeted therapies for individuals affected with malignant infected lesions in these locations, which must be tested in appropriate models. Cutaneous beta HPV types appear to be involved in skin carcinogenesis. Virus oncogenicity is partly achieved by inactivation of retinoblastoma protein family members by the viral E7 gene. Here we show that the E7 protein of cutaneous beta HPV5 binds pRb and promotes its degradation. In addition, we described an in vivo model of HPV-associated disease in which artificial human skin prepared using primary keratinocytes engineered to express the E7 protein is engrafted onto nude mice. Expression of E7 in the transplants was stably maintained for up to 6 months, inducing the appearance of lesions that, in the case of HPV16 E7, histologically resembled human anogenital lesions caused by oncogenic HPVs. Moreover, it was confirmed through biomarker expression analysis via immunodetection and/or quantitative PCR from mRNA and miRNA that the 16E7-modified engrafted skin shares molecular features with human HPV-associated pretumoral and tumoral lesions. Finally, our findings indicate a decrease of the in vitro capacity of HPV5 E7 to reduce pRb levels in vivo, possibly explaining the phenotypical differences when compared with 16E7-grafts. Our model seems to be a valuable platform for basic research into HPV oncogenesis and preclinical testing of HPV-associated antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Almudena Santos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Holguín
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Duarte
- Cutaneous Diseases Modeling Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santiago
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - José L. Rodríguez-Peralto
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan Storey
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Cutaneous Diseases Modeling Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela del Rio
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Human papillomavirus type 8 E6 oncoprotein inhibits transcription of the PDZ protein syntenin-2. J Virol 2012; 86:7943-52. [PMID: 22623796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 proteins from high-risk alpha human papillomavirus (HPV) types (e.g., HPV16) are characterized by the presence of a PDZ-binding motif through which they interact with a number of cellular PDZ domain-containing substrates and cooperate in their degradation. The ability of these E6 proteins to bind to PDZ domain proteins correlates with the oncogenic potential of the virus. The E6 proteins of oncogenic HPV from the genus Betapapillomavirus (betaPV, e.g., HPV8) do not encode a PDZ-binding motif. We found that the PDZ domain protein syntenin-2 is transcriptionally downregulated in primary human epidermal keratinocytes (PHEK) by HPV8 E6. The mRNA levels of the known HPV16 E6 PDZ protein targets Dlg, Scribble, Magi-1, Magi-3, PSD95, and Mupp1 were not changed by HPV8 E6. Decreased protein levels of syntenin-2 were observed in cell extracts from PHEK expressing HPV5, -8, -16, -20, and -38 E6 but not in HPV1 and -4 E6-positive keratinocytes. Surprisingly, HPV16 E6 also repressed transcription of syntenin-2 but with a much lower efficiency than HPV8 E6. In healthy human skin, syntenin-2 expression is localized in suprabasal epidermal layers. In organotypic skin cultures, the differentiation-dependent expression of syntenin-2 was absent in HPV8 E6- and E6E7-expressing cells. In basal cell carcinomas of the skin, syntenin-2 was not detectable, whereas in squamous cell carcinomas, expression was located in differentiated areas. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of syntenin-2 led to an inhibition of differentiation and an increase in the proliferation capacity in PHEK. These results identified syntenin-2 as the first PDZ domain protein controlled by HPV8 and HPV16 at the mRNA level.
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30
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Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:292-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1329-41.e2; quiz 1342-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Heratizadeh A, Völker B, Kupsch E, Wichmann K, Kapp A, Werfel T. [Successful symptomatic treatment of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with imiquimod 5% cream]. Hautarzt 2011; 61:1052-5. [PMID: 20824263 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-1998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A 19-year-old patient presented with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). In this genodermatosis, pathogenetic factors such as infection by human papilloma viruses as well as sun exposure are considered responsible for the malignant transformation of EV lesions to skin cancer within decades. So far, several therapeutic strategies have been unsatisfactory. In our case HPV 5b was detected and the associated skin lesions were successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heratizadeh
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Ricklinger Str. 5, 30449, Hannover.
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Leong CM, Doorbar J, Nindl I, Yoon HS, Hibma MH. Deregulation of E-cadherin by human papillomavirus is not confined to high-risk, cancer-causing types. Br J Dermatol 2011; 163:1253-63. [PMID: 20698848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cadherin is a tumour suppressor protein, which is normally expressed on keratinocytes and antigen-presenting Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis. We have previously shown that E-cadherin is lost from tissues infected with the high-risk cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16. OBJECTIVES To test if E-cadherin dysregulation is associated with the cancer risk of the infecting HPV and to establish if it is conserved among HPVs in the α, β, γ and μ genera. METHODS Forty-seven lesions infected with low- or high-risk HPV types spanning four HPV genera were stained for E-cadherin, P-cadherin and CD1a to detect LCs. RESULTS Surface E-cadherin was reduced in tissues infected with members of the α4, α7 and α9 species and the γ and μ genera but was equivalent to normal epidermis in the β only-infected lesions tested and patchy in α10-infected tissues. There was a direct relationship between atypical E-cadherin expression and a significant reduction in LCs. Expression of P-cadherin, a protein that is increased in the E-cadherin constitutive knockout mouse, was increased in lesions with reduced E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS These data show that E-cadherin dysregulation by HPV is widely conserved across the majority of HPV genera. E-cadherin expression was reduced or lost in epidermis irrespective of the cancer risk of the infecting HPV type or the ability of the virus to degrade retinoblastoma protein or p53. A correlation between dysregulated E-cadherin and reduced numbers of LCs supports viral regulation of surface E-cadherin contributing to viral evasion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Leong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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34
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Gómez-Bernal S, Rodríguez-Pazos L, Pereiro-Ferreirós MM, Toribio J. [Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a renal transplant recipient]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:159-61. [PMID: 21292228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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35
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Gómez-Bernal S, Rodríguez-Pazos L, Pereiro-Ferreirós M, Toribio J. Acquired Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis in a Renal Transplant Recipient. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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36
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Mertz K, Schmid M, Burger B, Itin P, Palmedo G, Schärer L, Kutzner H, Fernández Figueras M, Cribier B, Pfaltz M, Kempf W. Detection of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Epidermodysplasia-Verruciformis-Associated Skin Neoplasms. Dermatology 2010; 222:87-92. [DOI: 10.1159/000321880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bavinck JNB, Neale RE, Abeni D, Euvrard S, Green AC, Harwood CA, de Koning MN, Naldi L, Nindl I, Pawlita M, Pfister H, Proby CM, Quint WG, ter Schegget J, Waterboer T, Weissenborn S, Feltkamp MC. Multicenter Study of the Association between Betapapillomavirus Infection and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9777-86. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Viera MH, Amini S, Huo R, Konda S, Block S, Berman B. Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus genital infections: new and investigational therapeutic options. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:733-49. [PMID: 20618491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities for both conditions, based on to the evidence-based data available. The modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals (penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals (SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental (oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha H Viera
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Hofbauer GFL, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Euvrard S. Organ transplantation and skin cancer: basic problems and new perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:473-82. [PMID: 20482618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant and subsequent graft survival have increased worldwide, while immunosuppression has prevented rejection with increasing success. Side effects of cutaneous infection and neoplasm, however, affect the majority of solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) is the most common neoplasm overall following organ transplant with a risk that is 60-100 times greater than for the immunocompetent population. This review focuses on questions of ongoing debate about SCC formation in OTRs such as viral carcinogenesis, systemic photoprotection, photosensitization by drugs, the impact of immunosuppressive drugs and inflammation as a driver of carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis, characterized by human papilloma virus infection, with polymorphic and disseminated lesions that develop malignant transformation in approximately half of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe clinical and epidemiological features of 10 cases of EV during a 5-year period. All were treated using curettage of the nonmalignant wart-like lesions with a curette and application of 35% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) with a cotton bud for a few seconds. RESULTS Ten patients aged 33 to 67, nine women and one man, were treated, mainly presenting flat, brownish, wart-like lesions distributed on the anterior and posterior trunk. Two patients developed squamous cell carcinoma, histologically confirmed, that was surgically removed using fusiform excision. Good cosmetic results were obtained, and there was no reappearance of lesions during a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. CONCLUSION Curettage and application of 35% TCA that we have used in these patients has been shown to be an effective and low-cost alternative, compared to oral, topical, or other physical ablative therapies, with satisfactory cosmetic results and no recurrence during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana V Hoffner
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
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Viscidi RP, Shah KV. Papillomaviruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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The EVER proteins as a natural barrier against papillomaviruses: a new insight into the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infections. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:348-70. [PMID: 19487731 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most frequently occurring sexually transmitted diseases. The crucial role of genital oncogenic HPV in cervical carcinoma development is now well established. In contrast, the role of cutaneous HPV in skin cancer development remains a matter of debate. Cutaneous beta-HPV strains show an amazing ubiquity. The fact that a few oncogenic genotypes cause cancers in patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis is in sharp contrast to the unapparent course of infection in the general population. Our recent investigations revealed that a natural barrier exists in humans, which protects them against infection with these papillomaviruses. A central role in the function of this HPV-specific barrier is played by a complex of the zinc-transporting proteins EVER1, EVER2, and ZnT-1, which maintain cellular zinc homeostasis. Apparently, the deregulation of the cellular zinc balance emerges as an important step in the life cycles not only of cutaneous but also of genital HPVs, although the latter viruses have developed a mechanism by which they can break the barrier and impose a zinc imbalance. Herein, we present a previously unpublished list of the cellular partners of EVER proteins, which points to future directions concerning investigations of the mechanisms of action of the EVER/ZnT-1 complex. We also present a general overview of the pathogenesis of HPV infections, taking into account the latest discoveries regarding the role of cellular zinc homeostasis in the HPV life cycle. We propose a potential model for the mechanism of function of the anti-HPV barrier.
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Tornesello ML, Monaco R, Nappi O, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM. Detection of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses in oesophagitis, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:28-33. [PMID: 19307150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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