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Williams E, Seib KL, Fairley CK, Pollock GL, Hocking JS, McCarthy JS, Williamson DA. Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaccines: a contemporary overview. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0009423. [PMID: 38226640 PMCID: PMC10938898 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is an important public health issue, with an annual global incidence of 87 million. N. gonorrhoeae infection causes significant morbidity and can have serious long-term impacts on reproductive and neonatal health and may rarely cause life-threatening disease. Global rates of N. gonorrhoeae infection have increased over the past 20 years. Importantly, rates of antimicrobial resistance to key antimicrobials also continue to increase, with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifying drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae as an urgent threat to public health. This review summarizes the current evidence for N. gonorrhoeae vaccines, including historical clinical trials, key N. gonorrhoeae vaccine preclinical studies, and studies of the impact of Neisseria meningitidis vaccines on N. gonorrhoeae infection. A comprehensive survey of potential vaccine antigens, including those identified through traditional vaccine immunogenicity approaches, as well as those identified using more contemporary reverse vaccinology approaches, are also described. Finally, the potential epidemiological impacts of a N. gonorrhoeae vaccine and research priorities for further vaccine development are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Williams
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L. Seib
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina L. Pollock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane S. Hocking
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Loffredo-Verde E, Bhattacharjee S, Malo A, Festag J, Kosinska AD, Ringelhan M, Rim Sarkar S, Steiger K, Heikenwaelder M, Protzer U, Prazeres da Costa CU. Dynamic, Helminth-Induced Immune Modulation Influences the Outcome of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1448-1461. [PMID: 31875228 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B develops more frequently in countries with high prevalence of helminth infections. The crosstalk between these 2 major liver-residing pathogens, Schistosoma mansoni and hepatitis B virus (HBV), is barely understood. METHODS We used state-of-the-art models for both acute and chronic HBV infection to study the pathogen-crosstalk during the different immune phases of schistosome infection. RESULTS Although liver pathology caused by schistosome infection was not affected by either acute or chronic HBV infection, S mansoni infection influenced HBV infection outcomes in a phase-dependent manner. Interferon (IFN)-γ secreting, HBV- and schistosome-specific CD8 T cells acted in synergy to reduce HBV-induced pathology during the TH1 phase and chronic phase of schistosomiasis. Consequently, HBV was completely rescued in IFN-γ-deficient or in TH2 phase coinfected mice demonstrating the key role of this cytokine. It is interesting to note that secondary helminth infection on the basis of persistent (chronic) HBV infection increased HBV-specific T-cell frequency and resulted in suppression of virus replication but failed to fully restore T-cell function and eliminate HBV. CONCLUSIONS Thus, schistosome-induced IFN-γ had a prominent antiviral effect that outcompeted immunosuppressive effects of TH2 cytokines, whereas HBV coinfection did not alter schistosome pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Loffredo-Verde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonakshi Bhattacharjee
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Malo
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- 2nd Medical Department, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Rim Sarkar
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwaelder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Clarissa U Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
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Chow EPF, Grulich AE, Fairley CK. Epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men at risk of HIV. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e396-e405. [PMID: 31006612 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, the increasingly widespread promotion and uptake of HIV treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men has been associated with increased sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, numbers of STI cases have been rising for more than 20 years and the introduction of biomedical HIV interventions cannot explain the majority of the rises in STIs. The increases appear to have occurred mostly because of gradual changes in behaviour over many years, coupled in some settings with more condomless anal intercourse, and as a result of the increased screening for previously undetected asymptomatic infections. If control of STIs is to be improved, then a far greater emphasis on increased use of existing effective STI control strategies will be required, in addition to the investigation of new interventions. Central to effective STI control is accessible clinical care and screening services, which are currently inadequate in most settings. Insufficient action carries a risk of increased STI epidemics, including of newly resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Cheng Y, Liu P, Hou TL, Maimaitisidike M, Ababaikeli R, Abudureyimu A. Mechanisms of Huangqi Decoction Granules () on Hepatitis B Cirrhosis Patients Based on RNA-Sequencing. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:507-514. [PMID: 30155678 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-3013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the action mechanisms of Huangqi Decoction Granules (, HQDG) on hepatitis B cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 85 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis were randomly divided into HQDG group (42 cases) and control group (43 cases) by a random number table and were treated with HQDG or placebo for 48 weeks (6 g per times and orally for 3 times a day), respectively. After RNA-sequencing of serum samples extracted from the patients, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HQDG and control groups before and after treatment were separately screened. The DEGs were then performed pathway enrichment analysis and proteinprotein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The expression levels of key genes were detected by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS After the investigation, 4 and 3 cases were respectively excluded from HQD and control groups because of the incomplete data. Additionally, 3 and 5 cases were lost to follow up in HQD and control groups respectively. Finally, a total of 70 cases with good compliance were included for further DEGs analysis. A total of 1,070 DEGs (including 455 up-regulated genes and 615 down-regulated genes) in HQDG group and 227 DEGs (including 164 up-regulated genes and 63 down-regulated genes) in the control group were identified after treatment. Compared with the control group, 1,043 DEGs were specific in HQDG group. Besides, 1 up-regulated transcription factor (TF, such as GLI family zinc finger 1, GLI1) and 25 down-regulated TFs (such as drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic proteinfamily member 2, SMAD2) were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that down-regulated Ras homolog gene family member A (RHOA) was enriched in pathogenic Escherichia coli infection. In the PPI network, up-regulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and down-regulated cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) as well as v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) had higher degrees. Moreover, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) was involved in the lncRNA-target regulatory network. Furthermore, qRT-PCR revealed that expression levels of CDC42 and GLI1 had significant differences in HQDG group before and after treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CDC42 and GLI1 may be the targets of HQDG in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. Additionally, SMAD2, EGFR, AKT1, RHOA and GAS5 might be associated with the curative effect of HQDG on hepatitis B cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Kashgar, 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian-Lu Hou
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Maerbiya Maimaitisidike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Kashgar, 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Reyangguli Ababaikeli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Kashgar, 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Aini Abudureyimu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Kashgar, 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Zang H, Xu Z, Liu Y, Li X, Rong Y, Jiang L, You S, Hu J, Zhao J, Xu D, Xin S. Clinical and virological implications of A1846T and C1913A/G mutations of hepatitis B virus genome in severe liver diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:319-328. [PMID: 29322851 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1424934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations occurring within different genes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome may have different clinical implications. This study aimed to observe the clinical and virological implications of the A1846T and C1913A/G mutations of HBV genome in the development and treatment outcome of severe liver diseases, which has not been previously determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 438 cases of patients with liver diseases were retrospectively reviewed, including 146 with mild chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB-M), 146 with severe chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB-S), and 146 with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Partial or full-length HBV genome was directly sequenced. Replicons containing A1846T, C1913A or other mutant sequences, or the wild-type counterparts were constructed respectively, and then transfected into HepG2 cells for phenotype analysis. RESULTS There was significant difference in the detection rates of A1846T (30.82%, 40.41% and 55.48%, respectively) and C1913A/G (15.52%, 28.77%, and 35.62%, respectively) among patients with CHB-M, those with CHB-S, and those with ACLF (p < .01). A1846T was significantly associated with the mortality of ACLF patients within six months after the disease onset (OR 1.704, p = .041). In vitro experiment revealed that A1846T mutant resulted in 3.20-fold and 1.85-fold increase of replication capacity and promoter activity, respectively compared with wild type counterpart (p < .001), while C1913A led to a significant decrease of core protein expression (p < .05). CONCLUSION Occurrence of A1846T and C1913A is positively associated with clinical presentations of severe liver disease. A1846T mutation is significantly associated with poor prognosis of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zang
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- b Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- b Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- b Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yihui Rong
- c Treatment and Research Center for Liver Cancer , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- b Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Shaoli You
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Dongping Xu
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases and Liver Failure Medical Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China
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Alhowaish MA, Alhowaish JA, Alanazi YH, Alshammari MM, Alshammari MS, Alshamari NG, Alshammari AS, Almutairi MK, Algarni SA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward prevention of hepatitis B virus infection among medical students at Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Electron Physician 2017; 9:5388-5394. [PMID: 29038726 PMCID: PMC5633242 DOI: 10.19082/5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Health care workers’ risk of occupational exposure to HBV is a chief concern, particularly with young students in the health profession. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge regarding symptoms, risk factors and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection among medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 01, 2016 to May 30, 2017 on medical students at the Northern Border University (Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Data were collected from 200 students from all academic years using pre-designed questionnaire which included questions designed to fulfill the study objectives. Results Regarding students’ knowledge about hepatitis B infection, 81% of them knew that carriers could transmit infection, 89.5% of them knew that it could not be spread by casual contact, 80% by contact with open wound, 96.5% by contaminated blood and body fluids, 92.5% by unsterilized syringe, needle and surgical instruments and 79.5% by unsafe sex. In total, 86.5% of students knew that a vaccine could prevent HBV infection, 95% knew it had been laboratory tested, 64% knew HBV had post exposure prophylaxis and only 55% knew that it could be cured. In all, 75.5% of students knew that HBV caused liver cancer. Regarding attitude, 23% of students said they had no concern of being infected with HBV, 86.5% agreed that HBV vaccine was safe and effective and 90% believed that following infection, control guidelines would protect them from being infected by HBV at work. Regarding practice, only 56.5% of students had screened for HBV infection 22% had had a needle prick injury but 68% would report that injury. Furthermore, 69.5% have received HBV vaccine but only 38% of them had received 3 doses. Conclusion The students’ knowledge of the hepatitis B virus was found to be good. We recommend improving knowledge, attitude and practice of the public as well as students, through health education campaigns and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jawaher Ali Alhowaish
- Resident, Department of Family Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sultan Abdullah Algarni
- Finished Internship, Degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS), Altaif University, Saudi Arabia
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Hugo JM, Stall RD, Rebe K, Egan JE, De Swardt G, Struthers H, McIntyre JA. Anti-retroviral Therapy Based HIV Prevention Among a Sample of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Cape Town, South Africa: Use of Post-exposure Prophylaxis and Knowledge on Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:357-364. [PMID: 27631366 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) have been affected disproportionately by the global HIV pandemic. Rates of consistent condom-use are low and there is a need for further biomedical prevention interventions to prevent new HIV infections. Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can reduce the risk of HIV, but uptake among MSM is low. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an innovative anti-retroviral-based HIV prevention tool might be an appropriate intervention for MSM who have recently accessed PEP that involves HIV negative individuals taking daily tenofovir+emtricitabine for HIV prevention. 44 MSM, attending a primary health-care level MSM-focused sexual health clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, who had initiated PEP were enrolled in this study. Participants were followed up after 2, 4 and 12 weeks. Self-administered electronic surveys were completed at the initial, 4 and 12 week visit. Barriers and facilitators to accessing PEP and remaining adherent were examined, as was knowledge about PrEP. Thirty-two participants (80 %) were <40 years of age (range 20-65 years). 35 % of the participants reported their reason for requiring PEP as condomless receptive anal intercourse. A further 20 % required PEP following condomless penetrative anal intercourse; 27.5 % required PEP due to a broken condom during receptive anal sex and 2 participants during insertive anal sex. Three participants did not complete 28 days of PEP or were lost to follow up. Over half (58.5 %) of the participants reported being completely adherent to their regime; under a third (31.7 %) reported missing one PEP dose; and 9.8 % reported missing more than one dose. 36/40 (90 %) had heard of PrEP and 30/40 (75 %) indicated that they would use PrEP if it were accessible to them. That we enrolled 44 MSM who accessed PEP from a Department of Health affiliated clinic over 12 months, speaks to the low uptake by MSM of PEP services in South Africa. Adherence was high and demonstrates that adherence support is feasible from a state health clinic. Reported risk behaviors in some high-risk participants did not change over time, demonstrating the need for additional longer-term HIV preventions such as PrEP. PEP users could conceivably be transitioned from PEP to PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hugo
- Anova Health Institute, Health4Men Programme, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - R D Stall
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Rebe
- Anova Health Institute, Health4Men Programme, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J E Egan
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G De Swardt
- Anova Health Institute, Health4Men Programme, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Struthers
- Anova Health Institute, Health4Men Programme, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J A McIntyre
- Anova Health Institute, Health4Men Programme, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Alese OO, Alese MO, Ohunakin A, Oluyide PO. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Occupational Risk Factors Among Health Care Workers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:LC16-8. [PMID: 27042489 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/15936.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is contracted from blood and other body fluid making healthcare workers (HCW) prone to the infection especially in the developing world. Though it is a vaccine preventable disease, the level of awareness and universal precaution among HCW is low in sub-Saharan African and Asia. AIM The study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and occupational risk factors among health care workers at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and eighty-seven (187) blood samples were collected from volunteer subjects who comprised of medical doctors, nurses, health attendants, and porters who are in regular contact with blood, body fluids and patients after informed consent. Well detailed and structured questionnaires were used to obtain demographic and other relevant data from the subjects. Blood samples were tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hepatitis B surface antigen. RESULTS Out of the 187 HCWs there were 91 males (48.7%) and 96 (51.3%) females. Only 2 participants tested positive to hepatitis B surface antigen with a prevalence of 1.1%. Also, only 30 (16.0%) of the participants had been fully vaccinated against the infection while the remaining 157(84.0%) had no adult vaccination. CONCLUSION It is obvious that the awareness of the infection is low among the HCWs studied thus the need to incorporate screening for HbsAg and vaccination against HBV into the periodic/pre-employment health intervention programmes by employers to help in the protection of HCWs and control the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Ojo Alese
- Lecturer, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Margaret Olutayo Alese
- Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Ohunakin
- Senior Registrar, Department of Family Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Peter Olumuyiwa Oluyide
- Resident Doctor, Department of Community Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital , Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria
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Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2155-86. [PMID: 25340830 PMCID: PMC4276961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of 10%-15% of human cancers worldwide. The most common outcome for virus-induced reprogramming is genomic instability, including accumulation of mutations, aberrations and DNA damage. Although each virus has its own specific mechanism for promoting carcinogenesis, the majority of DNA oncogenic viruses encode oncogenes that transform infected cells, frequently by targeting p53 and pRB. In addition, integration of viral DNA into the human genome can also play an important role in promoting tumor development for several viruses, including HBV and HPV. Because viral integration requires the breakage of both the viral and the host DNA, the integration rate is believed to be linked to the levels of DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, including inflammation induced by either the virus itself or by co-infections with other agents, environmental agents and other factors. Typically, cancer develops years to decades following the initial infection. A better understanding of virus-mediated carcinogenesis, the networking of pathways involved in transformation and the relevant risk factors, particularly in those cases where tumorigenesis proceeds by way of virus integration, will help to suggest prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of virus-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Vonetta Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Maria Filippova
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Hahn HS, Lee KH, Koo YJ, Kim SG, Rhee JE, Kim MY, Hwang SJ, Lee JH, Lee IH, Lim KT, Shim JU, Kim TJ. Distribution and perinatal transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in pregnant women without vaginal symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:348-53. [PMID: 24552584 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.880183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the distribution and vertical transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in asymptomatic pregnant women. METHODS We performed multiplex PCR on secretions collected on cervical swabs from pregnant women at over 36 weeks of gestation and on oral secretions collected from their neonates immediately after delivery. We detected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) with the following 6 species: Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. RESULTS Infectious agents were detected in 64 of 455 pregnant women (14.1%) and in 11 neonates (2.4%). The rate of vertical transmission was 17.2% and all the infectious agents detected in neonates were concordant with those found in their mothers. U. urealyticum was the most frequently detected in the maternal genitalia, followed by M. hominis. Women who were in labor for a longer period of time had a higher risk of vertically transmitting STI agents to their neonates. CONCLUSIONS Vertical transmission of bacterial STIs from mothers to their infants is possible at delivery and influenced by the duration of labor. STIs should be diagnosed in pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission from the mother to the infant at the time of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Suap Hahn
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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Translation of biomedical prevention strategies for HIV: prospects and pitfalls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 Suppl 1:S12-25. [PMID: 23673881 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31829202a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early achievements in biomedical approaches for HIV prevention included physical barriers (condoms), clean injection equipment (both for medical use and for injection drug users), blood and blood product safety, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. In recent years, antiretroviral drugs to reduce the risk of transmission (when the infected person takes the medicines; treatment as prevention) or reduce the risk of acquisition (when the seronegative person takes them; preexposure prophylaxis) have proven to be efficacious. Circumcision of men has also been a major tool relevant for higher prevalence regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. Well-established prevention strategies in the control of sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis are highly relevant for HIV (ie, screening, linkage to care, early treatment, and contact tracing). Unfortunately, only slow progress is being made in some available HIV-prevention strategies such as family planning for HIV-infected women who do not want more children and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. Current studies seek to integrate strategies into approaches that combine biomedical, behavioral, and structural methods to achieve prevention synergies. This review identifies the major biomedical approaches demonstrated to be efficacious that are now available. We also highlight the need for behavioral risk reduction and adherence as essential components of any biomedical approach.
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