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Eltaib L, Alzain AA. Discovery of dual-target natural inhibitors of meprins α and β metalloproteases for inflammation regulation: pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, ADME prediction, and molecular dynamics studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37955603 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2277425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Meprins, zinc-dependent metalloproteinases belonging to the metzincin family, have been associated with various inflammatory diseases due to their abnormal expression and activity. In this study, we utilized pharmacophore modelling to identify crucial features for discovering potential dual inhibitors targeting meprins α and β. We screened four pharmacophoric features against a library of 270,540 natural compounds from the Zinc database, resulting in 84,092 matching compounds. Molecular docking was then performed on these compounds, targeting the active sites of meprins α and β. Docking results revealed six compounds capable of interacting with both isoforms, with binding affinities ranging from -10.0 to -10.5 kcal/mol and -6.9 to -9.9 kcal/mol for meprin α and β, respectively. Among these compounds, ZINC000008790788 and ZINC000095099469 displayed superior docking scores and MM-GBSA binding free energy compared to reference ligands. Furthermore, these two compounds exhibited acceptable predicted pharmacokinetic properties and stable interactions with meprins α and β during molecular dynamics simulations. This study presents a comprehensive approach for identifying potential dual inhibitors of meprin α and β, offering insights into the development of therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases associated with meprin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eltaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
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Maas SL, Donners MMPC, van der Vorst EPC. ADAM10 and ADAM17, Major Regulators of Chronic Kidney Disease Induced Atherosclerosis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087309. [PMID: 37108478 PMCID: PMC10139114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide, in particular hypertensive and diabetic patients. CKD patients suffer from significantly increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, mainly due to accelerated atherosclerosis development. Indeed, CKD not only affects the kidneys, in which injury and maladaptive repair processes lead to local inflammation and fibrosis, but also causes systemic inflammation and altered mineral bone metabolism leading to vascular dysfunction, calcification, and thus, accelerated atherosclerosis. Although CKD and CVD individually have been extensively studied, relatively little research has studied the link between both diseases. This narrative review focuses on the role of a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM) 10 and ADAM17 in CKD and CVD and will for the first time shed light on their role in CKD-induced CVD. By cleaving cell surface molecules, these enzymes regulate not only cellular sensitivity to their micro-environment (in case of receptor cleavage), but also release soluble ectodomains that can exert agonistic or antagonistic functions, both locally and systemically. Although the cell-specific roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in CVD, and to a lesser extent in CKD, have been explored, their impact on CKD-induced CVD is likely, yet remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marjo M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany
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Rahn S, Becker-Pauly C. Meprin and ADAM proteases as triggers of systemic inflammation in sepsis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:534-556. [PMID: 34762736 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory disorders (SIDs) comprise a broad range of diseases characterized by dysregulated excessive innate immune responses. Severe forms of SIDs can lead to organ failure and death, and their increasing incidence represents a major issue for the healthcare system. Protease-mediated ectodomain shedding of cytokines and their receptors represents a central mechanism in the regulation of inflammatory responses. The metalloprotease A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 is the best-characterized ectodomain sheddase capable of releasing TNF-α and soluble IL-6 receptor, which are decisive factors of systemic inflammation. Recently, meprin metalloproteases were also identified as IL-6 receptor sheddases and activators of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In different mouse models of SID, particularly those mimicking a sepsis-like phenotype, ADAM17 and meprins have been found to promote disease progression. In this review, we summarize the role of ADAM10, ADAM17, and meprins in the onset and progression of sepsis and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rahn
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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Ectodomain shedding by ADAM proteases as a central regulator in kidney physiology and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119165. [PMID: 34699872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides its involvement in blood and bone physiology, the kidney's main function is to filter substances and thereby regulate the electrolyte composition of body fluids, acid-base balance and toxin removal. Depending on underlying conditions, the nephron must undergo remodeling and cellular adaptations. The proteolytic removal of cell surface proteins via ectodomain shedding by A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAMs) is of importance for the regulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion of renal cells. ADAM10 controls glomerular and tubule development in a Notch1 signaling-dependent manner and regulates brush border composition. ADAM17 regulates the renin angiotensin system and is together with ADAM10 involved in calcium phosphate homeostasis. In kidney disease ADAMs, especially ADAM17 contribute to inflammation through their involvement in IL-6 trans-signaling, Notch-, epithelial growth factor receptor-, and tumor necrosis factor α signaling. ADAMs are interesting drug targets to reduce the inflammatory burden, defective cell adhesion and impaired signaling pathways in kidney diseases.
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Ge W, Hou C, Zhang W, Guo X, Gao P, Song X, Gao R, Liu Y, Guo W, Li B, Zhao H, Wang J. Mep1a contributes to Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling by promoting cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:52-68. [PMID: 33301800 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac remodeling, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and cardiac hypertrophy, leads to the development of heart failure. Meprin α (Mep1a), a zinc metalloprotease, previously reported to participate in the regulation of inflammatory response and fibrosis, may also contribute to cardiac remodeling, although whether and how it participates in this process remains unknown. Here, in this work, we investigated the role of Mep1a in pathological cardiac remodeling, as well as the effects of the Mep1a inhibitor actinonin on cardiac remodeling-associated phenotypes. We found that Mep1a deficiency or chemical inhibition both significantly alleviated TAC- and Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Mep1a deletion and blocking both attenuated TAC- and Ang II-induced heart enlargement and increases in the thickness of the left ventricle anterior and posterior walls, and reduced expression of pro-hypertrophic markers, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and myosin heavy chain beta (β-MHC). In addition, Mep1a deletion and blocking significantly inhibited TAC- and Ang II-induced cardiac fibroblast activation and production of extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, in Mep1a-/- mice and treatment with actinonin significantly reduced Ang II-induced infiltration of macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, we found that in vitro, Mep1a is expressed in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts and that Mep1a deletion or chemical inhibition both markedly suppressed Ang II-induced hypertrophy of rat or mouse cardiac myocytes and activation of rat or mouse cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, blocking Mep1a in macrophages reduced Ang II-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, strongly suggesting that Mep1a participates in cardiac remodeling processes through regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression. Mechanism studies revealed that Mep1a mediated ERK1/2 activation in cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages and contributed to cardiac remodeling. In light of our findings that blocking Mep1a can ameliorate cardiac remodeling via inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation, Mep1a may therefore serve as a strong potential candidate for therapeutic targeting to prevent cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiliu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, The First Affiliate Hospital to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
A crucial step for tumor cell extravasation and metastasis is the migration through the extracellular matrix, which requires proteolytic activity. Hence, proteases, particularly matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), have been discussed as therapeutic targets and their inhibition should diminish tumor growth and metastasis. The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are highly abundant on intestinal enterocytes and their expression was associated with different stages of colorectal cancer. Due to their ability to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, they were suggested as pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Additionally, both meprins were shown to have pro-inflammatory activity by cleaving cytokines and their receptors, which correlates with chronic intestinal inflammation and associated conditions. On the other hand, meprin β was identified as an essential enzyme for the detachment and renewal of the intestinal mucus, important to prevent bacterial overgrowth and infection. Considering this, it is hard to estimate whether high activity of meprins is generally detrimental or if these enzymes have also protective functions in certain cancer types. For instance, for colorectal cancer, patients with high meprin β expression in tumor tissue exhibit a better survival prognosis, which is completely different to prostate cancer. This demonstrates that the very same enzyme may have contrary effects on tumor initiation and growth, depending on its tissue and subcellular localization. Hence, precise knowledge about proteolytic enzymes is required to design the most efficient therapeutic options for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current findings on meprins' functions, expression, and cancer-associated variants with possible implications for tumor progression and metastasis.
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Magnesium lithospermate B protects the endothelium from inflammation-induced dysfunction through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:867-878. [PMID: 30617294 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix, a traditional Chinese herb used in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of MLB against inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction was induced in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL). We showed that pretreatment with MLB (10-100 μM) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines ICAM1, VCAM1, and TNFα, which contributed to reduced leukocytes adhesion and attenuation of endothelial hyperpermeability in HMEC-1 cells. SD rats were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, ip) to induce endothelial dysfunction in vivo. We showed that pretreatment with MLB (25-100 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently restored LPS-impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation in superior mesenteric artery (SMA), attenuated leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules and decreased vascular leakage in the lungs. We further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of MLB, and revealed that MLB pretreatment inhibited NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκBα degradation and subsequent phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in vitro and in vivo. In HMEC-1 cells, MLB pretreatment activated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA abolished the inhibitory effects of MLB on IκBα degradation and ICAM1 up-regulation, which were mimicked by PKC inhibition (Gö6983) or PI3K/Akt inhibition (LY294002). In summary, our results demonstrate that MLB inhibits NF-κB activation through PKC- and PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 activation in HMEC-1 cells and protects against LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction in murine model of acute inflammation.
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Herzog C, Haun RS, Kaushal GP. Role of meprin metalloproteinases in cytokine processing and inflammation. Cytokine 2018; 114:18-25. [PMID: 30580156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meprin metalloendopeptidases, comprising α and β isoforms, are widely expressed in mammalian cells and organs including kidney, intestines, lungs, skin, and bladder, and in a variety of immune cells and cancer cells. Meprins proteolytically process many inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and other bioactive proteins and peptides that control the function of immune cells. The knowledge of meprin-mediated processing of inflammatory mediators and other target substrates provides a pathophysiologic link for the involvement of meprins in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. Meprins are now known to play important roles in inflammatory diseases including acute kidney injury, sepsis, urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease. The proteolysis of epithelial and endothelial barriers including cell junctional proteins by meprins promotes leukocyte influx into areas of tissue damage to result in inflammation. Meprins degrade extracellular matrix proteins; this ability of meprins is implicated in the cell migration of leukocytes and the invasion of tumor cells that express meprins. Proteolytic processing and maturation of procollagens provides evidence that meprins are involved in collagen maturation and deposition in the fibrotic processes involved in the formation of keloids and hypertrophic scars and lung fibrosis. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the role of meprins in inflammatory disorders in both human and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herzog
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Randy S Haun
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gur P Kaushal
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Kato T, Hagiyama M, Ito A. Renal ADAM10 and 17: Their Physiological and Medical Meanings. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:153. [PMID: 30460232 PMCID: PMC6232257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are a Zn2+-dependent transmembrane and secreted metalloprotease superfamily, so-called “molecular scissors,” and they consist of an N-terminal signal sequence, a prodomain, zinc-binding metalloprotease domain, disintegrin domain, cysteine-rich domain, transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. ADAMs perform proteolytic processing of the ectodomains of diverse transmembrane molecules into bioactive mediators. This review summarizes on their most well-known members, ADAM10 and 17, focusing on the kidneys. ADAM10 is expressed in renal tubular cells and affects the expression of specific brush border genes, and its activation is involved in some renal diseases. ADAM17 is weakly expressed in normal kidneys, but its expression is markedly induced in the tubules, capillaries, glomeruli, and mesangium, and it is involved in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. So far, the various substrates have been identified in the kidneys. Shedding fragments become released ligands, such as Notch and EGFR ligands, and act as the chemoattractant factors including CXCL16. Their ectodomain shedding is closely correlated with pathological factors, which include inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and renal injury. Also, the substrates of both ADAMs contain the molecules that play important roles at the plasma membrane, such as meaprin, E-cadherin, Klotho, and CADM1. By being released into urine, the shedding products could be useful for biomarkers of renal diseases, but ADAM10 and 17 per se are also notable as biomarkers. Furthermore, ADAM10 and/or 17 inhibitions based on various strategies such as small molecules, antibodies, and their recombinant prodomains are valuable, because they potentially protect renal tissues and promote renal regeneration. Although temporal and spatial regulations of inhibitors are problems to be solved, their inhibitors could be useful for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Breig O, Yates M, Neaud V, Couchy G, Grigoletto A, Lucchesi C, Prox J, Zucman-Rossi J, Becker-Pauly C, Rosenbaum J. Metalloproteinase meprin α regulates migration and invasion of human hepatocarcinoma cells and is a mediator of the oncoprotein Reptin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7839-7851. [PMID: 27999200 PMCID: PMC5352365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with a high rate of intra-hepatic invasion that carries a poor prognosis. Meprin alpha (Mep1A) is a secreted metalloproteinase with many substrates relevant to cancer invasion. We found that Mep1A was a target of Reptin, a protein that is oncogenic in HCC. We studied Mep1A regulation by Reptin, its role in HCC, and whether it mediates Reptin oncogenic effects. MepA and Reptin expression was measured in human HCC by qRT-PCR and in cultured cells by PCR, western blot and enzymatic activity measurements. Cell growth was assessed by counting and MTS assay. Cell migration was measured in Boyden chambers and wound healing assays, and cell invasion in Boyden chambers. Silencing Reptin decreased Mep1A expression and activity, without affecting meprin β. Mep1A, but not meprin β, was overexpressed in a series of 242 human HCC (2.04 fold, p < 0.0001), and a high expression correlated with a poor prognosis. Mep1A and Reptin expressions were positively correlated (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001). Silencing Mep1A had little effect on cell proliferation, but decreased cell migration and invasion of HuH7 and Hep3B cells. Conversely, overexpression of Mep1A or addition of recombinant Mep1A increased migration and invasion. Finally, overexpression of Mep1A restored a normal cell migration in cells where Reptin was depleted. Mep1A is overexpressed in most HCC and induces HCC cell migration and invasion. Mep1A expression is regulated by Reptin, and Mep1A mediates Reptin-induced migration. Overall, we suggest that Mep1A may be a useful target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Breig
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, U1053, BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maïlyn Yates
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, U1053, BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Neaud
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, U1053, BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabrielle Couchy
- Inserm, U1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Aude Grigoletto
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, U1053, BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Johannes Prox
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, U1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Rosenbaum
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, U1053, BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
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Constantino L, Galant LS, Vuolo F, Guarido KL, Kist LW, de Oliveira GMT, Pasquali MADB, de Souza CT, da Silva-Santos JE, Bogo MR, Moreira JCF, Ritter C, Dal-Pizzol F. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is necessary to maintain renal blood flow during sepsis development. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:15. [PMID: 28303482 PMCID: PMC5355399 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) protects nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by decreasing superoxide levels and preventing peroxynitrite generation, which is important in maintaining renal blood flow and in preventing acute kidney injury. However, the profile of ECSOD expression after sepsis is not fully understood. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the content and gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms in the renal artery and their relation to renal blood flow. Methods Sepsis was induced in Wistar rats by caecal ligation and perforation. Several times after sepsis induction, renal blood flow (12, 24 and 48 h); the renal arterial content of SOD isoforms, nitrotyrosine, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS and i-NOS), and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (pVASP); and SOD activity (3, 6 and 12 h) were measured. The influence of a SOD inhibitor was also evaluated. Results An increase in ECSOD content was associated with decreased 3-nitrotyrosine levels. These events were associated with an increase in pVASP content and maintenance of renal blood flow. Moreover, previous treatment with a SOD inhibitor increased nitrotyrosine content and reduced renal blood flow. Conclusions ECSOD appears to have a major role in decreasing peroxynitrite formation in the renal artery during the early stages of sepsis development, and its application can be important in renal blood flow control and maintenance during septic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Constantino
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia Selinger Galant
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francieli Vuolo
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Karla Lorena Guarido
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Medeiros Tavares de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Augusto de Bittencourt Pasquali
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo (Lab. 32), ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Teodoro de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo (Lab. 32), ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Alidori S, Akhavein N, Thorek DLJ, Behling K, Romin Y, Queen D, Beattie BJ, Manova-Todorova K, Bergkvist M, Scheinberg DA, McDevitt MR. Targeted fibrillar nanocarbon RNAi treatment of acute kidney injury. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:331ra39. [PMID: 27009268 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac9647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference has tremendous yet unrealized potential to treat a wide range of illnesses. Innovative solutions are needed to protect and selectively deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) cargo to and within a target cell to fully exploit siRNA as a therapeutic tool in vivo. Herein, we describe ammonium-functionalized carbon nanotube (fCNT)-mediated transport of siRNA selectively and with high efficiency to renal proximal tubule cells in animal models of acute kidney injury (AKI). fCNT enhanced siRNA delivery to tubule cells compared to siRNA alone and effectively knocked down the expression of several target genes, includingTrp53,Mep1b,Ctr1, andEGFP A clinically relevant cisplatin-induced murine model of AKI was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of fCNT-targeted siRNA to effectively halt the pathogenesis of renal injury. Prophylactic treatment with a combination of fCNT/siMep1band fCNT/siTrp53significantly improved progression-free survival compared to controls via a mechanism that required concurrent reduction of meprin-1β and p53 expression. The fCNT/siRNA was well tolerated, and no toxicological consequences were observed in murine models. Toward clinical application of this platform, fCNTs were evaluated for the first time in nonhuman primates. The rapid and kidney-specific pharmacokinetic profile of fCNT in primates was comparable to what was observed in mice and suggests that this approach is amenable for use in humans. The nanocarbon-mediated delivery of siRNA provides a therapeutic means for the prevention of AKI to safely overcome the persistent barrier of nephrotoxicity during medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Alidori
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nima Akhavein
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katja Behling
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Romin
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dawn Queen
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bradley J Beattie
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katia Manova-Todorova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Magnus Bergkvist
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael R McDevitt
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Sepsis affects practically all aspects of endothelial cell (EC) function and is thought to be the key factor in the progression from sepsis to organ failure. Endothelial functions affected by sepsis include vasoregulation, barrier function, inflammation, and hemostasis. These are among other mechanisms often mediated by glycocalyx shedding, such as abnormal nitric oxide metabolism, up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation due to down-regulation of endothelial-associated antioxidant defenses, transcellular communication, proteases, exposure of adhesion molecules, and activation of tissue factor. This review covers current insight in EC-associated hemostatic responses to sepsis and the EC response to inflammation. The endothelial cell lining is highly heterogeneous between different organ systems and consequently also in its response to sepsis. In this context, we discuss the response of the endothelial cell lining to sepsis in the kidney, liver, and lung. Finally, we discuss evidence as to whether the EC response to sepsis is adaptive or maladaptive. This study is a result of an Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative XIV Sepsis Workgroup meeting held in Bogota, Columbia, between October 12 and 15, 2014.
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14
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OuYang HY, Xu J, Luo J, Zou RH, Chen K, Le Y, Zhang YF, Wei W, Guo RP, Shi M. MEP1A contributes to tumor progression and predicts poor clinical outcome in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2016; 63:1227-39. [PMID: 26660154 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although many staging classifications have been proposed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), determining a patient's prognosis in clinical practice is a challenge due to the molecular diversity of HCC. We investigated the relationship between MEP1A, a candidate oncogene, and clinical outcomes of HCC patients; furthermore, we explored the role of MEP1A in HCC. In this report, it was demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction that MEP1A messenger RNA levels were significantly elevated in HCC tumor tissues compared with matched adjacent nonneoplastic tissues and nonmalignant liver disease tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue samples from two independent groups of 394 HCC patients showed that positive expression of MEP1A in tumor cells was an independent and significant risk factor affecting survival after curative resection in both cohort 1 (hazard ratio = 2.05, 95% confidence interval 1.427-2.946; P < 0.001) and cohort 2 (hazard ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.260-2.833; P = 0.002). Analysis of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0-A subgroup further showed that patients with positive MEP1A expression in tumor cells had poorer surgical prognoses than those with negative MEP1A expression in tumor cells (cohort 1 P = 0.001, cohort 2 P < 0.001). Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed that MEP1A promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Further analyses found that MEP1A played an important role in regulating cytoskeletal events and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC cells. CONCLUSION MEP1A is a novel prognostic predictor in HCC and plays an important role in the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue OuYang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Proctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Hai Zou
- Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Hepatopathy, The Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong Le
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Fa Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Ping Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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15
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Smith JA, Stallons LJ, Collier JB, Chavin KD, Schnellmann RG. Suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis through toll-like receptor 4-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:346-57. [PMID: 25503387 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and biogenesis (MB) is a widely accepted pathophysiologic feature of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are unknown. In this study, we examined the signaling pathways responsible for the suppression of MB in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI. Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of MB, was noted at the mRNA level at 3 hours and protein level at 18 hours in the renal cortex, and was associated with loss of renal function after LPS treatment. LPS-mediated suppression of PGC-1α led to reduced expression of downstream regulators of MB and electron transport chain proteins along with a reduction in renal cortical mitochondrial DNA content. Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice were protected from renal injury and disruption of MB after LPS exposure. Immunoblot analysis revealed activation of tumor progression locus 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (TPL-2/MEK/ERK) signaling in the renal cortex by LPS. Pharmacologic inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling attenuated renal dysfunction and loss of PGC-1α, and was associated with a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β) expression at 3 hours after LPS exposure. Neutralization of TNF-α also blocked PGC-1α suppression, but not renal dysfunction, after LPS-induced AKI. Finally, systemic administration of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α alone was sufficient to produce AKI and disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis. These findings indicate an important role for the TLR4/MEK/ERK pathway in both LPS-induced renal dysfunction and suppression of MB. TLR4/MEK/ERK/TNF-α signaling may represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and AKI produced by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (J.A.S., L.J.S., J.B.C., R.G.S.) and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina ; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - L Jay Stallons
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (J.A.S., L.J.S., J.B.C., R.G.S.) and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina ; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Justin B Collier
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (J.A.S., L.J.S., J.B.C., R.G.S.) and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina ; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (J.A.S., L.J.S., J.B.C., R.G.S.) and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina ; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (J.A.S., L.J.S., J.B.C., R.G.S.) and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina ; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
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16
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Wang Z, Sims CR, Patil NK, Gokden N, Mayeux PR. Pharmacologic targeting of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 improves the renal microcirculation during sepsis in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:61-6. [PMID: 25355645 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular failure is hallmark of sepsis in humans and is recognized as a strong predictor of mortality. In the mouse subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce a clinically relevant sepsis, renal microvascular permeability increases and peritubular capillary perfusion declines rapidly in the kidney leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a key regulator of microvascular endothelial function. To investigate the role of S1P in the development of microvascular permeability and peritubular capillary hypoperfusion in the kidney during CLP-induced AKI, we used a pharmacologic approach and a clinically relevant delayed dosing paradigm. Evans blue dye was used to measure renal microvascular permeability and intravital video microscopy was used to quantitate renal cortical capillary perfusion. The S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) agonist SEW2871 [5-[4-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole] and S1P2 antagonist JTE-013 [N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-2-[1,3-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-hydrazinecarboxamide] were administered at the time of CLP and produced a dose-dependent but partial reduction in renal microvascular permeability at 6 hours after CLP. However, neither agent improved capillary perfusion at 6 hours. With delayed administration at 6 hours after CLP, only SEW2871 reversed microvascular permeability when measured at 18 hours. Importantly, SEW2871 also restored capillary perfusion and improved renal function. These data suggest that S1P1 and S1P2 do not regulate the early decline in renal capillary perfusion. However, later in the course of sepsis, pharmacologic stimulation of S1P1, even when delaying therapy until after injury has occurred, improves capillary and renal function, suggesting this approach should be evaluated as an adjunct therapy during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Z.W., C.R.S., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Department of Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Clark R Sims
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Z.W., C.R.S., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Department of Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Z.W., C.R.S., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Department of Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Neriman Gokden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Z.W., C.R.S., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Department of Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Philip R Mayeux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Z.W., C.R.S., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Department of Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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17
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Hamza SM, Dyck JRB. Systemic and renal oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension: modulation of long-term control of arterial blood pressure by resveratrol. Front Physiol 2014; 5:292. [PMID: 25140155 PMCID: PMC4122172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects over 25% of the global population and is associated with grave and often fatal complications that affect many organ systems. Although great advancements have been made in the clinical assessment and treatment of hypertension, the cause of hypertension in over 90% of these patients is unknown, which hampers the development of targeted and more effective treatment. The etiology of hypertension involves multiple pathological processes and organ systems, however one unifying feature of all of these contributing factors is oxidative stress. Once the body's natural anti-oxidant defense mechanisms are overwhelmed, reactive oxygen species (ROS) begin to accumulate in the tissues. ROS play important roles in normal regulation of many physiological processes, however in excess they are detrimental and cause widespread cell and tissue damage as well as derangements in many physiological processes. Thus, control of oxidative stress has become an attractive target for pharmacotherapy to prevent and manage hypertension. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-Trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenol which has anti-oxidant effects in vivo. Many studies have shown anti-hypertensive effects of resveratrol in different pre-clinical models of hypertension, via a multitude of mechanisms that include its function as an anti-oxidant. However, results have been mixed and in some cases resveratrol has no effect on blood pressure. This may be due to the heavy emphasis on peripheral vasodilator effects of resveratrol and virtually no investigation of its potential renal effects. This is particularly troubling in the arena of hypertension, where it is well known and accepted that the kidney plays an essential role in the long term regulation of arterial pressure and a vital role in the initiation, development and maintenance of chronic hypertension. It is thus the focus of this review to discuss the potential of resveratrol as an anti-hypertensive treatment via amelioration of oxidative stress within the framework of the fundamental physiological principles of long term regulation of arterial blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen M. Hamza
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R. B. Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Herzog C, Haun RS, Ludwig A, Shah SV, Kaushal GP. ADAM10 is the major sheddase responsible for the release of membrane-associated meprin A. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13308-22. [PMID: 24662289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meprin A, composed of α and β subunits, is a membrane-bound metalloproteinase in renal proximal tubules. Meprin A plays an important role in tubular epithelial cell injury during acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study demonstrated that during ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI, meprin A was shed from proximal tubule membranes, as evident from its redistribution toward the basolateral side, proteolytic processing in the membranes, and excretion in the urine. To identify the proteolytic enzyme responsible for shedding of meprin A, we generated stable HEK cell lines expressing meprin β alone and both meprin α and meprin β for the expression of meprin A. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin stimulated ectodomain shedding of meprin β and meprin A. Among the inhibitors of various proteases, the broad spectrum inhibitor of the ADAM family of proteases, tumor necrosis factor-α protease inhibitor (TAPI-1), was most effective in preventing constitutive, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, and ionomycin-stimulated shedding of meprin β and meprin A in the medium of both transfectants. The use of differential inhibitors for ADAM10 and ADAM17 indicated that ADAM10 inhibition is sufficient to block shedding. In agreement with these results, small interfering RNA to ADAM10 but not to ADAM9 or ADAM17 inhibited meprin β and meprin A shedding. Furthermore, overexpression of ADAM10 resulted in enhanced shedding of meprin β from both transfectants. Our studies demonstrate that ADAM10 is the major ADAM metalloproteinase responsible for the constitutive and stimulated shedding of meprin β and meprin A. These studies further suggest that inhibiting ADAM 10 activity could be of therapeutic benefit in AKI.
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19
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Peng B, Zhang X, Cao F, Wang Y, Xu L, Cao L, Yang C, Li M, Uzan G, Zhang D. Peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin reduces celastrol's HSP70 induction while synergizing proliferation inhibition in tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:146. [PMID: 24589236 PMCID: PMC3975845 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrol is a promising anti-tumor agent, yet it also elevates heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially HSP70, this effect believed to reduce its anti-tumor effects. Concurrent use of siRNA to increase celastrol’s anti-tumor effects through HSP70 interference has been reported, but because siRNA technology is difficult to clinically apply, an alternative way to curb unwanted HSP70 elevation caused by celastrol treatment is worth exploring. Methods In this work, we explore three alternative strategies to control HSP70 elevation: (1) Searching for cancer cell types that show no HSP70 elevation in the presence of celastrol (thus recommending themselves as suitable targets); (2) Modifying HSP70-inducing chemical groups, i.e.: the carboxyl group in celastrol; and (3) Using signaling molecule inhibitors to specifically block HSP70 elevation while protecting and/or enhancing anti-tumor effects. Results The first strategy was unsuccessful since celastrol treatment increased HSP70 in all 7 of the cancer cell types tested, this result related to HSF1 activation. The ubiquity of HSF1 expression in different cancer cells might explain why celastrol has no cell-type limitation for HSP70 induction. The second strategy revealed that modification of celastrol’s carboxyl group abolished its ability to elevate HSP70, but also abolished celastrol’s tumor inhibition effects. In the third strategy, 11 inhibitors for 10 signaling proteins reportedly related to celastrol action were tested, and five of these could reduce celastrol-caused HSP70 elevation. Among these, the peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor, actinonin, could synergize celastrol’s proliferation inhibition. Conclusions Concurrent use of the chemical agent actinonin could reduce celastrol’s HSP70 elevation and also enhance proliferation inhibition by celastrol. This combination presents a novel alternative to siRNA technology and is worth further investigation for its potentially effective anti-tumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Denghai Zhang
- Sino-French Cooperative Central Lab, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, 207 Ju Ye Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200135, China.
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20
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Patil NK, Parajuli N, MacMillan-Crow LA, Mayeux PR. Inactivation of renal mitochondrial respiratory complexes and manganese superoxide dismutase during sepsis: mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitigates injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F734-43. [PMID: 24500690 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00643.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complication of sepsis and leads to a high mortality rate. Human and animal studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure; however, the specific mitochondrial targets damaged during sepsis remain elusive. We used a clinically relevant cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) murine model of sepsis and assessed renal mitochondrial function using high-resolution respirometry, renal microcirculation using intravital microscopy, and renal function. CLP caused a time-dependent decrease in mitochondrial complex I and II/III respiration and reduced ATP. By 4 h after CLP, activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was decreased by 50% and inhibition was sustained through 36 h. These events were associated with increased mitochondrial superoxide generation. We then evaluated whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO could reverse renal mitochondrial dysfunction and attenuate sepsis-induced AKI. Mito-TEMPO (10 mg/kg) given at 6 h post-CLP decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels, protected complex I and II/III respiration, and restored MnSOD activity by 18 h. Mito-TEMPO also improved renal microcirculation and glomerular filtration rate. Importantly, even delayed therapy with a single dose of Mito-TEMPO significantly increased 96-h survival rate from 40% in untreated septic mice to 80%. Thus, sepsis causes sustained inactivation of three mitochondrial targets that can lead to increased mitochondrial superoxide. Importantly, even delayed therapy with Mito-TEMPO alleviated kidney injury, suggesting that it may be a promising approach to treat septic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem K Patil
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 325 Jack Stephens Dr., Biomedical Bldg. I, 323D, Little Rock, AR 72205.
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21
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Peters E, Heemskerk S, Masereeuw R, Pickkers P. Alkaline phosphatase: a possible treatment for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:1038-48. [PMID: 24462020 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disease in the intensive care unit and accounts for high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis, the predominant cause of AKI in this setting, involves a complex pathogenesis in which renal inflammation and hypoxia are believed to play an important role. A new therapy should be aimed at targeting both these processes, and the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, with its dual mode of action, might be a promising candidate. First, alkaline phosphatase is able to reduce inflammation through dephosphorylation and thereby detoxification of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), which is an important mediator of sepsis. Second, adenosine triphosphate, released during cellular stress caused by inflammation and hypoxia, has detrimental effects but can be converted by alkaline phosphatase into adenosine with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects. These postulated beneficial effects of alkaline phosphatase have been confirmed in animal experiments and two phase 2a clinical trials showing that kidney function improved in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated AKI. Because renal inflammation and hypoxia also are observed commonly in AKI induced by other causes, it would be of interest to investigate the therapeutic effect of alkaline phosphatase in these nephropathies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Peters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Heemskerk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Wagner K, Wachter U, Vogt JA, Scheuerle A, McCook O, Weber S, Gröger M, Stahl B, Georgieff M, Möller P, Bergmann A, Hein F, Calzia E, Radermacher P, Wagner F. Adrenomedullin binding improves catecholamine responsiveness and kidney function in resuscitated murine septic shock. Intensive Care Med Exp 2013; 1:21. [PMID: 26266790 PMCID: PMC4796991 DOI: 10.1186/2197-425x-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adrenomedullin (ADM) has been referred to as a double-edged sword during septic shock: On one hand, ADM supplementation improved organ perfusion and function, attenuated systemic inflammation, and ultimately reduced tissue apoptosis and mortality. On the other hand, ADM overproduction can cause circulatory collapse and organ failure due to impaired vasoconstrictor response and reduced myocardial contractility. Since most of these data originate from un-resuscitated shock models, we tested the hypothesis whether the newly developed anti-ADM antibody HAM1101 may improve catecholamine responsiveness and thus attenuate organ dysfunction during resuscitated murine, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic shock. Methods Immediately after CLP, mice randomly received vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline, n = 11) or HAM1101 (n = 9; 2 μg·g−1). Fifteen hours after CLP, animals were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, instrumented, and resuscitated with hydroxyethylstarch and continuous i.v. norepinephrine to achieve normotensive hemodynamics (mean arterial pressure > 50 to 60 mmHg). Results HAM1101 pretreatment reduced the norepinephrine infusion rates required to achieve hemodynamic targets, increased urine flow, improved creatinine clearance, and lowered neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin blood levels, which coincided with reduced expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and formation of peroxynitrite (nitrotyrosine immunostaining) in the kidney and aorta, ultimately resulting in attenuated systemic inflammation and tissue apoptosis. Conclusions During resuscitated murine septic shock, early ADM binding with HAM1101 improved catecholamine responsiveness, blunted the shock-related impairment of energy metabolism, reduced nitrosative stress, and attenuated systemic inflammatory response, which was ultimately associated with reduced kidney dysfunction and organ injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2197-425X-1-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wagner
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Ulm, 89081, Germany,
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Holthoff JH, Wang Z, Patil NK, Gokden N, Mayeux PR. Rolipram improves renal perfusion and function during sepsis in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:357-64. [PMID: 24018639 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcirculatory dysfunction is correlated with increased mortality among septic patients and is believed to be a major contributor to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to reduce microvascular permeability and in the kidney, increase renal blood flow (RBF). This led us to investigate its potential to improve the renal microcirculation and preserve renal function during sepsis using a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to induce sepsis. Rolipram, tested at doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg i.p., acutely restored capillary perfusion in a bell-shaped dose-response effect with 1 mg/kg being the lowest most efficacious dose. This dose also acutely increased RBF despite transiently decreasing mean arterial pressure. Rolipram also reduced renal microvascular permeability. It is noteworthy that delayed treatment with rolipram at 6 hours after CLP restored the renal microcirculation, reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased glomerular filtration rate at 18 hours. However, delayed treatment with rolipram did not reduce serum nitrate/nitrite levels, a marker of nitric oxide production, nor reactive nitrogen species generation in renal tubules. These data show that restoring the microcirculation with rolipram, even with delayed treatment, is enough to improve renal function during sepsis despite the generation of oxidants and suggest that PDE4 inhibitors should be evaluated further for their ability to treat septic-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Holthoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.H.H, Z.W., N.K.P., P.R.M.) and Pathology (N.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β: unique enzymes in inflammation, neurodegeneration, cancer and fibrosis. Biochem J 2013; 450:253-64. [PMID: 23410038 PMCID: PMC3573791 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β exhibit structural and functional features that are unique among all extracellular proteases. Although meprins were discovered more than 30 years ago, their precise substrates and physiological roles have been elusive. Both enzymes were originally found to be highly expressed in kidney and intestine, which focused research on these particular tissues and associated pathologies. Only recently it has become evident that meprins exhibit a much broader expression pattern, implicating functions in angiogenesis, cancer, inflammation, fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Different animal models, as well as proteomics approaches for the identification of protease substrates, have helped to reveal more precise molecular signalling events mediated by meprin activity, such as activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. APP (amyloid precursor protein) is cleaved by meprin β in vivo, reminiscent of the β-secretase BACE1 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1). The subsequent release of Aβ (amyloid β) peptides is thought to be the major cause of the neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 10), which is the constitutive α-secretase, was shown to be activated by meprin β, which is itself shed from the cell surface by ADAM10. In skin, both meprins are overexpressed in fibrotic tumours, characterized by massive accumulation of fibrillar collagens. Indeed, procollagen III is processed to its mature form by meprin α and meprin β, an essential step in collagen fibril assembly. The recently solved crystal structure of meprin β and the unique cleavage specificity of these proteases identified by proteomics will help to generate specific inhibitors that could be used as therapeutics to target meprins under certain pathological conditions.
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Kaushal GP, Haun RS, Herzog C, Shah SV. Meprin A metalloproteinase and its role in acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1150-8. [PMID: 23427141 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00014.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meprin A, composed of α- and β-subunits, is a membrane-associated neutral metalloendoprotease that belongs to the astacin family of zinc endopeptidases. It was first discovered as an azocasein and benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase in the brush-border membranes of proximal tubules and intestines. Meprin isoforms are now found to be widely distributed in various organs (kidney, intestines, leukocytes, skin, bladder, and a variety of cancer cells) and are capable of hydrolyzing and processing a large number of substrates, including extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, adherens junction proteins, hormones, bioactive peptides, and cell surface proteins. The ability of meprin A to cleave various substrates sheds new light on the functional properties of this enzyme, including matrix remodeling, inflammation, and cell-cell and cell-matrix processes. Following ischemia-reperfusion (IR)- and cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), meprin A is redistributed toward the basolateral plasma membrane, and the cleaved form of meprin A is excreted in the urine. These studies suggest that altered localization and shedding of meprin A in places other than the apical membranes may be deleterious in vivo in acute tubular injury. These studies also provide new insight into the importance of a sheddase involved in the release of membrane-associated meprin A under pathological conditions. Meprin A is injurious to the kidney during AKI, as meprin A-knockout mice and meprin inhibition provide protective roles and improve renal function. Meprin A, therefore, plays an important role in AKI and potentially is a unique target for therapeutic intervention during AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P Kaushal
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West 7th St., 111D/LR, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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26
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Minond D, Cudic M, Bionda N, Giulianotti M, Maida L, Houghten RA, Fields GB. Discovery of novel inhibitors of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) using glycosylated and non-glycosylated substrates. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36473-87. [PMID: 22927435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) proteases are implicated in multiple diseases, but no drugs based on ADAM inhibition exist. Most of the ADAM inhibitors developed to date feature zinc-binding moieties that target the active site zinc, which leads to a lack of selectivity and off-target toxicity. We hypothesized that secondary binding site (exosite) inhibitors should provide a viable alternative to active site inhibitors. Potential exosites in ADAM structures have been reported, but no studies describing substrate features necessary for exosite interactions exist. Analysis of ADAM cognate substrates revealed that glycosylation is often present in the vicinity of the scissile bond. To study whether glycosylation plays a role in modulating ADAM activity, a tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) substrate with and without a glycan moiety attached was synthesized and characterized. Glycosylation enhanced ADAM8 and -17 activities and decreased ADAM10 activity. Metalloprotease (MMP) activity was unaffected by TNFα substrate glycosylation. High throughput screening assays were developed using glycosylated and non-glycosylated substrate, and positional scanning was conducted. A novel chemotype of ADAM17-selective probes was discovered from the TPIMS library (Houghten, R. A., Pinilla, C., Giulianotti, M. A., Appel, J. R., Dooley, C. T., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J. M., Yu, Y., Maggiora, G. M., Medina-Franco, J. L., Brunner, D., and Schneider, J. (2008) Strategies for the use of mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries. Scaffold ranking, direct testing in vivo, and enhanced deconvolution by computational methods. J. Comb. Chem. 10, 3-19; Pinilla, C., Appel, J. R., Borràs, E., and Houghten, R. A. (2003) Advances in the use of synthetic combinatorial chemistry. Mixture-based libraries. Nat. Med. 9, 118-122) that preferentially inhibited glycosylated substrate hydrolysis and spared ADAM10, MMP-8, and MMP-14. Kinetic studies revealed that ADAM17 inhibition occurred via a non-zinc-binding mechanism. Thus, modulation of proteolysis via glycosylation may be used for identifying novel, potentially exosite binding compounds. The newly described ADAM17 inhibitors represent research tools to investigate the role of ADAM17 in the progression of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Minond
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA.
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Bien J, Jefferson T, Causević M, Jumpertz T, Munter L, Multhaup G, Weggen S, Becker-Pauly C, Pietrzik CU. The metalloprotease meprin β generates amino terminal-truncated amyloid β peptide species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33304-13. [PMID: 22879596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which is abundantly found in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer disease, is central in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, to understand the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is of critical importance. Recently, we demonstrated that the metalloprotease meprin β cleaves APP and liberates soluble N-terminal APP (N-APP) fragments. In this work, we present evidence that meprin β can also process APP in a manner reminiscent of β-secretase. We identified cleavage sites of meprin β in the amyloid β sequence of the wild type and Swedish mutant of APP at positions p1 and p2, thereby generating Aβ variants starting at the first or second amino acid residue. We observed even higher kinetic values for meprin β than BACE1 for both the wild type and the Swedish mutant APP form. This enzymatic activity of meprin β on APP and Aβ generation was also observed in the absence of BACE1/2 activity using a β-secretase inhibitor and BACE knock-out cells, indicating that meprin β acts independently of β-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bien
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:384-94. [PMID: 22290457 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
I.V. fluid therapy does not result in the extracellular volume distribution expected from Starling's original model of semi-permeable capillaries subject to hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients within the extracellular fluid. Fluid therapy to support the circulation relies on applying a physiological paradigm that better explains clinical and research observations. The revised Starling equation based on recent research considers the contributions of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL), the endothelial basement membrane, and the extracellular matrix. The characteristics of capillaries in various tissues are reviewed and some clinical corollaries considered. The oncotic pressure difference across the EGL opposes, but does not reverse, the filtration rate (the 'no absorption' rule) and is an important feature of the revised paradigm and highlights the limitations of attempting to prevent or treat oedema by transfusing colloids. Filtered fluid returns to the circulation as lymph. The EGL excludes larger molecules and occupies a substantial volume of the intravascular space and therefore requires a new interpretation of dilution studies of blood volume and the speculation that protection or restoration of the EGL might be an important therapeutic goal. An explanation for the phenomenon of context sensitivity of fluid volume kinetics is offered, and the proposal that crystalloid resuscitation from low capillary pressures is rational. Any potential advantage of plasma or plasma substitutes over crystalloids for volume expansion only manifests itself at higher capillary pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Woodcock
- Critical Care Service, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Mayeux PR, MacMillan-Crow LA. Pharmacological targets in the renal peritubular microenvironment: implications for therapy for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:139-55. [PMID: 22274552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent and serious complications to develop in septic patients is acute kidney injury (AKI), a disorder characterized by a rapid failure of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood, regulate ion and water balance, and generate urine. AKI greatly worsens the already poor prognosis of sepsis and increases cost of care. To date, therapies have been mostly supportive; consequently there has been little change in the mortality rates over the last decade. This is due, at least in part, to the delay in establishing clinical evidence of an infection and the associated presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and thus, a delay in initiating therapy. A second reason is a lack of understanding regarding the mechanisms leading to renal injury, which has hindered the development of more targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize recent studies, which have examined the development of renal injury during sepsis and propose how changes in the peritubular capillary microenvironment lead to and then perpetuate microcirculatory failure and tubular epithelial cell injury. We also discuss a number of potential therapeutic targets in the renal peritubular microenvironment, which may prevent or lessen injury and/or promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Mayeux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Development of oxidative stress in the peritubular capillary microenvironment mediates sepsis-induced renal microcirculatory failure and acute kidney injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:505-16. [PMID: 22119717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent and serious complication of sepsis. To better understand the development of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, we performed the first time-dependent studies to document changes in renal hemodynamics and oxidant generation in the peritubular microenvironment using the murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. CLP caused an increase in renal capillary permeability at 2 hours, followed by decreases in mean arterial pressure, renal blood flow (RBF), and renal capillary perfusion at 4 hours, which were sustained through 18 hours. The decline in hemodynamic parameters was associated with hypoxia and oxidant generation in the peritubular microenvironment and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. The role of oxidants was assessed using the superoxide dismutase mimetic/peroxynitrite scavenger MnTMPyP [Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin]. At 10 mg/kg administered 6 hours after CLP, MnTMPyP did not alter blood pressure, but blocked superoxide and peroxynitrite generation, reversed the decline in RBF, capillary perfusion, and glomerular filtration rate, preserved tubular architecture, and increased 48-hour survival. However, MnTMPyP administered at CLP did not prevent capillary permeability or the decrease in RBF and capillary perfusion, which suggests that these early events are not mediated by oxidants. These data demonstrate that renal hemodynamic changes occur early after sepsis and that targeting the later oxidant generation can break the cycle of injury and enable the microcirculation and renal function to recover.
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Pathak E, MacMillan-Crow LA, Mayeux PR. Role of mitochondrial oxidants in an in vitro model of sepsis-induced renal injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:192-201. [PMID: 22011433 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.183756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a major role in multiorgan dysfunction during sepsis. To study the mechanism of oxidant generation in acute kidney injury (AKI) during sepsis, we developed an in vitro model of sepsis using primary cultures of mouse cortical tubular epithelial cells exposed to serum (2.5-10%) collected from mice at 4 h after induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or Sham (no sepsis). CLP serum produced a concentration-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) (nitrate + nitrite) release at 6 h and cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release) at 18 h compared with Sham serum treatment. Before cytotoxicity there was a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, which was followed by increased superoxide and peroxynitrite levels compared with Sham serum. The role of oxidants was evaluated by using the superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger manganese(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin tetratosylate hydroxide (MnTmPyP). MnTmPyP (10-100 μM) produced a concentration-dependent preservation of ATP and protection against cytotoxicity. MnTmPyP blocked mitochondrial superoxide and peroxynitrite generation produced by CLP serum but had no effect on NO levels. Although MnTmPyP did not block the initial CLP serum-induced fall in mitochondrial membrane potential, it allowed mitochondrial membrane potential to recover. Data from this in vitro model suggest a time-dependent generation of mitochondrial oxidants, mitochondrial dysfunction, and renal tubular epithelial cell injury and support the therapeutic potential of manganese porphyrin compounds in preventing sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Resveratrol improves renal microcirculation, protects the tubular epithelium, and prolongs survival in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2011; 81:370-8. [PMID: 21975863 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mortality rate of patients who develop acute kidney injury during sepsis nearly doubles. The effectiveness of therapy is hampered because it is usually initiated only after the onset of symptoms. As renal microvascular failure during sepsis is correlated with the generation of reactive nitrogen species, the therapeutic potential of resveratrol, a polyphenol vasodilator that is also capable of scavenging reactive nitrogen species, was investigated using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) murine model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Resveratrol when given at 5.5 h following CLP reversed the decline in cortical capillary perfusion, assessed by intravital microscopy, at 6 h in a dose-dependent manner. Resveratrol produced the greatest improvement in capillary perfusion and increased renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate without raising systemic pressure. A single dose at 6 h after CLP was unable to improve renal microcirculation assessed at 18 h; however, a second dose at 12 h significantly improved microcirculation and decreased the levels of reactive nitrogen species in tubules, while improving renal function. Moreover, resveratrol given at 6, 12, and 18 h significantly improved survival. Hence, resveratrol may have a dual mechanism of action to restore the renal microcirculation and scavenge reactive nitrogen species, thus protecting the tubular epithelium even when administered after the onset of sepsis.
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Seely KA, Holthoff JH, Burns ST, Wang Z, Thakali KM, Gokden N, Rhee SW, Mayeux PR. Hemodynamic changes in the kidney in a pediatric rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F209-17. [PMID: 21511700 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00687.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality in children. Understanding the development of pediatric sepsis and its effects on the kidney are critical in uncovering new therapies. The goal of this study was to characterize the development of sepsis-induced AKI in the clinically relevant cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of peritonitis in rat pups 17-18 days old. CLP produced severe sepsis demonstrated by time-dependent increase in serum cytokines, NO, markers of multiorgan injury, and renal microcirculatory hypoperfusion. Although blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged after CLP, renal blood flow (RBF) was decreased 61% by 6 h. Renal microcirculatory analysis showed the number of continuously flowing cortical capillaries decreased significantly from 69 to 48% by 6 h with a 66% decrease in red blood cell velocity and a 57% decline in volumetric flow. The progression of renal microcirculatory hypoperfusion was associated with peritubular capillary leakage and reactive nitrogen species generation. Sham adults had higher mean arterial pressure (118 vs. 69 mmHg), RBF (4.2 vs. 1.1 ml·min(-1)·g(-1)), and peritubular capillary velocity (78% continuous flowing capillaries vs. 69%) compared with pups. CLP produced a greater decrease in renal microcirculation in pups, supporting the notion that adult models may not be the most appropriate for studying pediatric sepsis-induced AKI. Lower RBF and reduced peritubular capillary perfusion in the pup suggest the pediatric kidney may be more susceptible to AKI than would be predicted using adults models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Seely
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Osuchowski MF. What's New in Shock, February 2011? Shock 2011; 35:103-6. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318204f0c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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