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Jalali R, Godlewska I, Fadrowska-Szleper M, Pypkowska A, Kern A, Bil J, Manta J, Romaszko J. Significance of S100B Protein as a Rapid Diagnostic Tool in Emergency Departments for Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1724. [PMID: 38138951 PMCID: PMC10744632 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are not only the leading cause of death among people below 44 years of age, but also one of the biggest diagnostic challenges in the emergency set up. We believe that the use of serum biomarkers in diagnosis can help to improve patient care in TBI. One of them is the S100B protein, which is currently proposed as a promising diagnostic tool for TBI and its consequences. In our study, we analyzed serum biomarker S100B in 136 patients admitted to the Emergency Department of the Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn. Participants were divided into three groups: patients with head trauma and alcohol intoxication, patients with head trauma with no alcohol intoxication and a control group of patients with no trauma or with injury in locations other than the head. In our study, as compared to the control group, patients with TBI had a significantly higher S100B level (both with and without intoxication). Moreover, in both groups, the mean S100B protein level was significantly higher in patients with pathological changes in CT. According to our study results, the S100B protein is a promising diagnostic tool, and we propose including its evaluation in routine regimens in patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Jalali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (I.G.); (M.F.-S.); (A.P.)
- Clinical Emergency Department, Regional Specialist Hospital, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Izabela Godlewska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (I.G.); (M.F.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Magdalena Fadrowska-Szleper
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (I.G.); (M.F.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Agata Pypkowska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (I.G.); (M.F.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Adam Kern
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jacek Bil
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Manta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (I.G.); (M.F.-S.); (A.P.)
- Clinical Emergency Department, Regional Specialist Hospital, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Romaszko
- Department of Family Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Li Z, Zhang J, Halbgebauer S, Chandrasekar A, Rehman R, Ludolph A, Boeckers T, Huber-Lang M, Otto M, Roselli F, Heuvel FO. Differential effect of ethanol intoxication on peripheral markers of cerebral injury in murine blunt traumatic brain injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab027. [PMID: 34604393 PMCID: PMC8484207 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Blood-based biomarkers have proven to be a reliable measure of the severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both murine models and patients. In particular, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament light (NFL) and S100 beta (S100B) have been investigated in the clinical setting post-injury. Ethanol intoxication (EI) remains a significant comorbidity in TBI, with 30–40% of patients having a positive blood alcohol concentration post-TBI. The effect of ethanol on blood-based biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of TBI remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of EI on NSE, NFL and S100B and their correlation with blood–brain barrier integrity in a murine model of TBI. Methods We used ultra-sensitive single-molecule array technology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods to measure NFL, NSE, S100B and claudin-5 concentrations in plasma 3 hours post-TBI. Results We showed that NFL, NSE and S100B were increased at 3 hours post-TBI. Interestingly, ethanol blood concentrations showed an inverse correlation with NSE but not with NFL or S100B. Claudin-5 levels were increased post-injury but no difference was detected compared to ethanol pretreatment. The increase in claudin-5 post-TBI was correlated with NFL but not with NSE or S100B. Conclusions Ethanol induces an effect on biomarker release in the bloodstream that is different from TBI not influenced by alcohol. This could be the basis of investigations into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Halbgebauer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Akila Chandrasekar
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rida Rehman
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Boeckers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital, ZBMF - Helmhotzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Olde Heuvel
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, ZBMF - Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Huf F, Bandiera S, Müller CB, Gea L, Carvalho FB, Rahmeier FL, Reiter KC, Tortorelli LS, Gomez R, da Cruz Fernandes M. Comparative study on the effects of cigarette smoke exposure, ethanol consumption and association: Behavioral parameters, apoptosis, glial fibrillary acid protein and S100β immunoreactivity in different regions of the rat hippocampus. Alcohol 2019; 77:101-112. [PMID: 30870710 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke and ethanol are proposed to trigger neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and to impair neuronal signaling. However, it is little known how the combination of both might trigger astrogliosis and the morphological changes capable of affecting a differential susceptibility of hippocampal regions to these licit drugs. The present study investigated the chronic effects of exposure to cigarette smoke and/or ethanol on behavioral parameters, apoptosis, and alteration in immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and S100β in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) of the rat hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: vehicle (VE, glucose 3% in water, 10 mL/kg), cigarette smoke (TOB, total 12 cigarettes per day), ethanol (ethanol, 2 g/kg), and cigarette smoke plus ethanol (TOB plus ethanol, total 12 cigarettes per day plus ethanol 2 g/kg) for 54 days. The groups were submitted to tail-flick, open-field, and inhibitory avoidance tasks. The results showed that ethanol per se worsened the short-term memory. The association between TOB and ethanol increased the immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase-3 in the CA3 and DG regions. The TOB plus ethanol group showed a lower immunoreactivity to GFAP in all regions of the hippocampus. In addition, ethanol and TOB per se also reduced the immunoreactivity for GFAP in the DG. Ethanol increased S100β immunoreactivity only in the DG. In conclusion, this study showed that only ethanol worsened short-term memory, and the DG became more susceptible to changes in the markers investigated. This evidence suggests that DG is more sensitive to neurotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Huf
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Bandiera
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina B Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Gea
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francine L Rahmeier
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Keli C Reiter
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Tortorelli
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosane Gomez
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Girard M, Malauzat D, Nubukpo P. Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:76-90. [PMID: 28669319 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1349338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. METHODS Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Girard
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Philippe Nubukpo
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France.,b Faculté de Médecine , UMR/INSERM 1094/NET , Limoges , France
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Bouskila J, Palmour RM, Bouchard JF, Ptito M. Retinal structure and function in monkeys with fetal alcohol exposure. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:55-64. [PMID: 30071214 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol in utero leads to several brain development disorders including retinal abnormalities whose underlying cellular pathogenesis remains elusive. We recently reported that fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) in vervet monkeys induces anomalies of full-field electroretinogram (ERG) waveforms that suggest premature aging of the retina. The goal of this study is to characterize the anatomo-functional mechanisms underlying the retinal changes observed in fetal alcohol exposed (FAE) monkeys, and age- and sex-matched normals. First, we examined in vivo the fundus of the eyes, measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and assessed cone activity using flicker ERG. Second, we investigated ex vivo, protein expression and anatomical organization of the retina using Western blotting, classical histology and immunohistochemistry. Our results indicated that the fundus of the eyes showed both, increased vascularization (tessellated fundus) and IOP in FAE monkeys. Furthermore, light-adapted flicker responses above 15 Hz were also significantly higher in FAE monkeys. Although there were no obvious changes in the overall anatomy in the FAE retina, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP, a potent marker of astrocytes) immunoreactivity was increased in the FAE retinal ganglion cell layer indicating a strong astrogliosis. These alterations were present in juvenile (2 years old) monkeys and persist in adults (8 years old). Moreover, using specific cell type markers, no significant modifications in the morphology of the photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells were observed. Our data indicate that FAE does indeed induce anatomical changes within the retinal ganglion cell layer that are reflected in the increased photosensitivity of the cone photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bouskila
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Behavioral Science Foundations, Saint Kitts and Nevis; School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Roberta M Palmour
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Behavioral Science Foundations, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | - Maurice Ptito
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Loftis JM, Valerio J, Taylor J, Huang E, Hudson R, Taylor-Young P, Chang M, Ho SB, Dieperink E, Miranda JL, Hauser P. S100B and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Blood as Potential Markers of Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Psychiatric Impairment in Comorbid Hepatitis C Viral Infection and Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:10.1111/acer.13796. [PMID: 29953169 PMCID: PMC6310679 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol use disorder (AUD) both adversely affect the immune system resulting in alterations in immune cell signaling and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate how comorbid AUD contributes to abnormalities in inflammatory mediators and psychiatric impairments in adults with HCV. METHODS Alcohol use, mood, and inflammatory factors were evaluated at 3 time points (baseline, week 4, and week 12) in Veterans with HCV, with (n = 42) and without (n = 13) comorbid AUD. Peripheral indices of immune activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage (S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B]), liver function, and viral load were measured using immunoassays and polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Comorbid AUD was associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, elevated levels of liver enzymes, and altered expression of inflammatory factors. Alcohol consumption was positively correlated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms. Univariate analysis identified significant group differences in interleukin (IL)-8 (p = 0.006), IL-10 (p = 0.03), and S100B (p = 0.048), with increased levels in participants with AUD, which persisted over time despite reductions in alcohol use and no significant change in HCV viral load. Statistically significant effects of study group or time were not found for the other immune factors assessed. Exploratory receiver operating characteristic curve analysis evaluated the ability of IL-8, IL-10, and S100B to differentiate between levels of alcohol consumption and generated biomarker cutoff values used to identify low risk and unhealthy alcohol use groups. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that HCV and comorbid AUD are associated with greater psychiatric impairments, potentially resulting from increased inflammation, dysregulated cytokine expression, and compromised BBB function. Alcohol-induced BBB damage may increase the risk of neuropathological consequences within the context of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Loftis
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Juno Valerio
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan Taylor
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elaine Huang
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Patricia Taylor-Young
- Nursing Research Department, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Gastroenterology, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Dieperink
- Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan Luis Miranda
- VA Long Beach Health Care System, 5901 E 7th St, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Peter Hauser
- VA Long Beach Health Care System, 5901 E 7th St, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure alters behavior and neuroglial parameters in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stamataki E, Stathopoulos A, Garini E, Kokkoris S, Glynos C, Psachoulia C, Pantziou H, Nanas S, Routsi C. Serum S100B protein is increased and correlates with interleukin 6, hypoperfusion indices, and outcome in patients admitted for surgical control of hemorrhage. Shock 2014; 40:274-80. [PMID: 23856918 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182a35de5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
S100B protein, an acknowledged biomarker of brain injury, has been reported to be increased in hemorrhagic shock. Also, acute hemorrhage is associated with inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of serum S100B and the potential relationships with interleukin 6 (IL-6), severity of tissue hypoperfusion, and prognosis in patients admitted for surgical control of severe hemorrhage. Patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery participated as control subjects. Serum samples were drawn before, at the end of surgery, and after 6 and 24 h. Sixty-four patients with severe hemorrhage (23 trauma and 41 nontrauma) and 17 control subjects were included. Increased preoperative concentrations of S100B protein (1.70 ± 2.13 and 0.81 ± 1.23 μg/L) and IL-6 (241 ± 291 and 226 ± 238 pg/mL) were found in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic reason, respectively, and remained elevated throughout 24 h. Compared with nontrauma, trauma patients exhibited higher preoperative S100B levels (P < 0.05). Overall mortality was 47%. In control subjects, preoperative S100B and IL-6 levels were within normal limits and increased at the end of surgery (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Preoperative S100B correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.78, P < 0.01), arterial lactate (r = 0.50, P < 0.01), pH (r = -0.45, P < 0.01), and bicarbonate (r = -0.40, P < 0.01). Multiple analysis revealed that preoperative S100B in trauma and lactate in nontrauma patients were independently associated with outcome. In predicting death, preoperative S100B yielded receiver operator characteristics curve areas of 0.75 for all patients and 0.86 for those with trauma. These results indicate that severe hemorrhage in patients without brain injury is associated with increased serum levels of S100B, which correlates with IL-6 and tissue hypoperfusion. Moreover, the predictive ability of S100B for mortality, suggests that it could be a marker of potential clinical value in identifying, among patients with severe hemorrhage, those at greater risk for adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stamataki
- *Department of Anesthesiology, †First Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, and ‡Biochemical Laboratory, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
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What's new in shock, October 2011? Shock 2011; 36:323-6. [PMID: 21921778 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31823178be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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