Patient Behaviors and Characteristics Related to Weight Regain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Bariatric nutrition and evaluation of the metabolic surgical patient: Update to the 2022 Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) bariatric surgery, gastrointestinal hormones, and the microbiome clinical practice statement (CPS)

Background

In 2022, the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) published a Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) which provided an overview of bariatric surgery and related procedures, a discussion on gastrointestinal hormones and a review of the microbiome as it relates to patients with obesity. This update to the 2022 OMA CPS provides a focus on nutrition as it relates to the adult bariatric surgery patient, incorporating a detailed discussion on how to conduct a bariatric nutrition assessment and manage patients seeking metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) and postoperative nutrition care. In particular, the section on macronutrients, micronutrients, and bariatric surgery has been updated, highlighting practical approaches to nutrient deficiencies typically encountered in the bariatric surgery patient. Also included is a section on how to envision and develop an interdisciplinary team of medical providers with evidence-based nutrition knowledge and consistent information that improves the quality of nutrition care provided to MBS patients. This CPS adds to the series of OMA CPSs meant to provide guidance to clinicians in their care of patients with obesity.

Methods

The foundation of this paper is supported by scientific evidence in the medical literature and expert opinion derived from several bariatric nutrition resources, as well as from the 2022 OMA CPS focused on bariatric surgery.

Results

This OMA Clinical Practice Statement provides an overview of the current bariatric nutrition clinical guidelines and nutrition tools adapted for clinicians who may not have access to an MBS team or a registered dietitian knowledgeable about bariatric nutrition.

Conclusions

This evidence-based review of the literature includes an overview of current bariatric nutrition recommendations. It is intended to provide clinicians with more advanced knowledge and skills in nutrition assessment and management of the preoperative and post-surgical MBS patients. This CPS also addresses macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies common in MBS patients, and treatment recommendations designed to help the clinician with clinical decision making.

Expert-based physical activity guidelines for metabolic and bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Patients undergoing metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) can improve outcomes through a physically active lifestyle. Despite ongoing research, clinical recommendations for physical activity (PA) are not fully developed. For this review, 39 articles representing 24 randomized clinical trials satisfied inclusion criteria. The PA interventions utilized in these trials, the expertise of the multidisciplinary research team, and the general principles of strength and conditioning were considered in the creation of the following 12 PA recommendations: 1) Begin PA intervention pre-MBS; 2) Unless contraindicated, walk short distances the day of the surgery; 3) Progressively increase movement through activities of daily living during the first month postoperatively; 4) Avoid prolonged sitting and adopt lifestyle routines that decrease sedentary time; 5) Slowly progress to 150-300 minutes of accumulated moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise/week; 6) In addition to walking, gradually increase structured PA through a variety of activities; 7) Delay water exercise until surgical wounds have healed, around 4 weeks postoperatively; 8) Begin full body resistance training (RT) 4-6 weeks post-MBS on 2 noncontinuous d/wk; 9) Delay high-intensity PA and abdominal exercises for 8-12 weeks; 10) Have periodic assessments of strength and cardiovascular fitness to evaluate progress; 11) Continue long-term monitoring with exercise professionals in the context of health; and 12) Consult with a registered dietitian to optimize nutrition alongside changes in PA.

A Systematic Review Exploring Dietary Behaviors, Psychological Determinants and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery

BACKGROUND

Weight regains after bariatric surgery presents a significant challenge to long-term weight management and overall health outcomes. While clinical and surgical factors influencing bariatric outcomes have been extensively reviewed, there remains a notable gap in understanding how behavioral factors-specifically dietary habits, psychological influences, and lifestyle choices-impact long-term weight maintenance. This systematic review addresses this gap, highlighting the unique role of these behavioral factors in sustaining weight loss post-bariatric surgery.

AIM

This systematic review aims to explore the behavioral factors-including dietary, psychological, and lifestyle influences-associated with weight regain after bariatric surgery.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English. We included observational studies exclusively focused on adults who experienced weight regain after bariatric surgery, with an emphasis on behavioral factors. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with the last search completed on 10 July 2024. Studies published within the past 10 years were considered. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies was used to assess the risk of bias. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria: 12 cross-sectional studies, 3 cohort studies, and 1 in-depth interview study.

RESULTS

The review found inconsistencies in the definitions of weight regain across studies. Nonetheless, three primary behavioral factors were identified as potentially contributing to weight regain: dietary non-adherence and eating patterns, psychological determinants, and lifestyle behaviors. Dietary non-adherence included high-calorie food consumption, excessive intake of sweets, carbohydrates, and sweetened beverages, and low protein intake. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, emotional eating, and binge eating were prevalent among individuals experiencing weight regain. Lifestyle behaviors, including physical inactivity, smoking, and sedentary habits, also played significant roles.

CONCLUSIONS

Post-bariatric weight management is multifaceted, necessitating a comprehensive approach that addresses dietary, psychological, and lifestyle factors. Most studies on behavioral factors linked to weight regain were cross-sectional with small sample sizes, limiting the ability to infer causality. Future research should include detailed information on dietary adherence, standardized tools to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior, and validated measures for psychological health. Tailored interventions and continuous support from healthcare professionals are essential for maximizing the effectiveness of bariatric surgery, promoting sustainable weight loss, and enhancing overall health outcomes.

Effects of Probiotic Supplementation Added to a Weight Loss Program on Anthropometric Measures, Body Composition, Eating Behavior, and Related Hormone Levels in Patients with Food Addiction and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial

PURPOSE

Weight regain after metabolic bariatric surgery is a common problem. Food addiction is an eating disorder that can be one of the reasons for weight regain in these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation with a weight loss program and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, food addiction, and related hormone levels, in patients with food addiction and weight regain after metabolic bariatric surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients with food addiction and weight regain after metabolic bariatric surgery. Participants (n = 50) received a weight loss program and CBT plus probiotic, or placebo for 12 weeks. Then, anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, eating behavior, and food addiction were assessed.

RESULTS

Weight and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in the probiotic group compared to placebo (p = 0.008, p = 0.001, respectively). Fat mass was significantly decreased in the probiotic group (p < 0.001). Moreover, a significant improvement was observed in the probiotic group's eating behavior and food addiction compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001). Serum levels of leptin decreased significantly (p = 0.02), and oxytocin serum levels increased significantly (p = 0.008) in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

Adding probiotic supplements to the weight loss program and CBT is superior to the weight loss program and CBT alone in improving weight loss, eating behavior, and food addiction in patients with food addiction and weight regain after metabolic bariatric surgery.

Exploring Social Support Dynamics After Bariatric Surgery: Insights From Patients and Providers

INTRODUCTION

Weight loss after bariatric surgery is impacted by several factors, and social support is one of them. Our objective was to characterize patient and provider perceptions about social support after bariatric surgery.

METHODS

We reported a secondary analysis of qualitative data acquired from semi-structured interviews conducted from January-November 2020 with bariatric surgery patients and providers. Participants included primary care providers, health psychologists, registered dietitians, bariatric surgeons, and patients with at least 1 y of follow-up after their bariatric procedure. Interview guides were designed using a hybrid of Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services and Torain's Framework for Surgical Disparities. Using directed content analysis, study team members generated codes, which were categorized into themes about social support pertaining to dietary habits, physical activity, and follow-up care.

RESULTS

Forty-five participants were interviewed, including 24 patients (83% female; 79% White; mean age 50.6 ± 10.7 y) and 21 providers (six primary care providers, four health psychologists, five registered dieticians, and six bariatric surgeons). We identified four themes relating to social support affecting weight loss after surgery: (1) family involvement in helping patients adjust to the bariatric diet, (2) engagement in activities with partners/friends, (3) help with transportation to appointments, and (4) life stressors experienced by patients within their social relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

Continued assessment of interpersonal factors after bariatric surgery is essential for weight loss maintenance. Providers can contribute by reinforcing the facilitators of social support and making referrals that may help patients overcome barriers to social support for sustained weight loss after surgery.

Pre-surgical factors related to latent trajectories of 5-year weight loss for a diverse bariatric surgery population

BACKGROUND

Analyzing trajectories of weight loss may address how particular groups of patients respond to metabolic and bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVES

The Bariatric Experience Long Term (BELONG) study was designed to use a theoretical model to examine determinants of weight loss and recurrence.

SETTING

Large integrated health system in Southern California with 11 surgical practices and 23 surgeons.

METHODS

A total of n = 1338 patients who had metabolic and bariatric surgery were surveyed before surgery to measure factors related to median percent total weight loss (%TWL) over 5 years. Longitudinal weight data were available for n = 1024 (76.5% of the sample). Data were analyzed using latent growth mixture models (GMM) to estimate trajectories of weight change separately for gastric sleeve and bypass operations. These trajectories were then described using relevant variables from the baseline survey.

RESULTS

For both gastric sleeve (n = 733) and bypass (n = 291) operations, 3 latent trajectories of median %TWL were found corresponding to most, moderate, and least %TWL. Sleeve trajectories were distinguished by body mass index at surgery and geocoded environmental factors. Bypass trajectories varied by self-reported and geocoded environmental factors, comorbidity burden, race, experiential avoidance, and weight control strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research should examine the role of the built and perceived environment in surgical weight loss. Bariatric practices should focus less on the presurgical period for predictors of long-term weight loss and begin efforts to monitor real-time patient-reported outcomes to help tailor intervention strategies for patients who either do not lose an expected amount of weight or who begin to experience weight recurrence.

Hypothalamic control of body fat mass by food intake: The key to understanding why obesity should be treated as a disease

BACKGROUND

Hypothalamic centres have been recognized to play a central role in body weight regulation for nearly 70 years.

AIMS

In this review, we will explore the current undersanding of the role the hypothalamus plays in controlling food intake behaviours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Review of relevant literature from PubMed searches and review article citations.

RESULTS

Beginning with autopsy studies showing destructive hypothalamic lesions in patients manifesting hyperphagia and rapid weight gain, followed by animal lesioning studies pinpointing adjacent hypothalamic sites as the 'satiety' centre and the 'feeding' centre of the brain, the neurocircuitry that governs our body weight is now understood to consist of a complex, interconnected network, including the hypothalamus and extending to cortical sites, reward centres and brainstem. Neurons in these sites receive afferent signals from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue indicating food availability, calorie content, as well as body fat mass.

DISCUSSION

Integration of these complex signals leads to modulation of the two prime effector systems that defend a body fat mass set point: food intake and energy expenditure.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the hypothalamic control of food intake forms the foundation for understanding and managing obesity as a chronic disease.

Comparing Lifestyle and Behavior of Post-Bariatric Surgery and Participants with Obesity: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background

There is a paucity of research dedicated to exploring behavioral change in patients following bariatric surgery. However, there is a need for comparison analysis of individuals with obesity who have received surgical treatment and those who have not opted for any surgical procedures for weight loss. This study is designed to scrutinize the lifestyle choices, behavioral patterns, psychological elements, and eating habits of individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery, in contrast to those with obesity who have not undergone such a procedure.

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis from Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS) dataset, which is a cross-sectional investigation covering the period from 2020 to 2022. The study focused on demographic factors like age, gender, educational attainment, and monthly earnings. Furthermore, other variables such as physical activity, leisure and workplace sitting habits, smoking patterns, strategies for managing weight, and eating and consumption behaviors were also examined.

Results

Out of the initial 15,980 participants reached, 4,069 satisfied the study's inclusion criteria. Bariatric surgery was reported by 806 participants (19.8%). Upon comparing three obesity status groups - The participants who underwent bariatric surgery with or without obesity, those with obesity who did not opt for any surgical weight loss measure, the analysis found that the three obesity status groups were significantly different in 21 variables from a total of 26. Moreover, a logistic regression analysis revealed that 11 variables influenced persistent obesity in the post-surgery phase, as opposed to those who successfully lost weight. These variables included advanced age, limited education, being female, lower income, waterpipe smoking habits, and the consumption of carbonated drinks.

Conclusion

This study showed that inability to lose weight after bariatric surgery are linked to poor lifestyle choices and behavior compared to those who were able to lose weight after the surgery.

Eating disorders among bariatric surgery patients: The chicken or the egg?

ABSTRACT

Postoperative eating behaviors and unhealthy weight control measures are leading causes of bariatric surgery complications. Candidates for bariatric surgery and individuals with eating disorders may share common risk factors, such as a history of dieting, and/or being bullied or teased for their weight. Binge-eating disorder, night eating syndrome, and bulimia nervosa are the most common eating disorders among candidates for bariatric surgery before the operation. Malnutrition, stress, and intense fear of weight gain can lead to the development of an eating disorder after surgery as well. Plugging, grazing, loss of control eating, dumping, and food avoidance are specific disordered behaviors that may present after bariatric surgery. To improve physical and psychological outcomes for individuals under their care, clinicians can screen for these disordered behaviors and distinguish them from a healthy diet and the expected postsurgical course.

Analysis of the Relationship between Physical Activity and the Factors Related to Weight Management of Bariatric Surgery Patients

Background

We aimed to analyze the relationship between physical activity and the factors related to the weight management of bariatric surgery patients.

Methods

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 87 participants, who underwent bariatric surgery in Cyprus between May and Oct 2020. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a questionnaire on socio-demographic and obesity characteristics were used to collect data.

Results

Mean age of the participants was 34.7±8.43 and 65.5% were female. A statistically significant difference was found between physical activity levels and weight loss (P=0.021). Post-bariatric surgery physical activity level was low active for 65.5% of the participants. There was a statistically significant difference between the MET scores of the participants according to their gender, and the scores of men were higher than women (2256.9; 1110.9 respectively). Although most of the participants in the study were females, women lost less weight than males (45.5; 54.2 respectively).

Conclusion

Being female, married, and having chronic diseases caused less weight loss after bariatric surgery. As the physical activity levels of the patients increased, their weight loss increased. In line with these results, people undergone bariatric surgery and are at risk of regaining weight should be followed closely after surgery and appropriate physical activities should be planned.

Baseline Psychosocial, Environmental, Health, and Behavioral Correlates of 1- and 3-Year Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery

PURPOSE

Weight loss surgery is an effective, long-term treatment for severe obesity but individual response to surgery varies widely. The purpose of this study was to test a comprehensive theoretical model of factors that may be correlated with the greatest surgical weight loss at 1-3 years following surgery. Such a model would help determine what predictive factors to measure when patients are preparing for surgery that may ensure the best weight outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Bariatric Experience Long Term (BELONG) study collected self-reported and medical record-based baseline information as correlates of 1- and 3-year % total weight loss (TWL) in n = 1341 patients. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the associations between 120 baseline variables and %TWL.

RESULTS

Participants were 43.4 ± 11.3 years old, Hispanic or Black (52%; n = 699), women (86%; n = 1149), and partnered (72%; n = 965) and had annual incomes of ≥ $51,000 (60%; n = 803). A total of 1006 (75%) had 3-year follow-up weight. Regression models accounted for 10.1% of the variance in %TWL at 1-year and 13.6% at 3 years. Only bariatric operation accounted for a clinically meaningful difference (~ 5%) in %TWL at 1-year. At 3 years after surgery, only bariatric operation, Black race, and BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 were associated with clinically meaningful differences in %TWL.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings combined with many others support a move away from extensive screening and selection of patients at the time of surgery to a focus on improving access to this treatment.

Associations Between Changes in Activity and Dietary Behaviors after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

INTRODUCTION

Patients who undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) are advised to make healthy activity and dietary changes. While previous research has examined post-surgical changes in activity and dietary behaviors separately, no study has assessed whether changes in these behaviors are beneficially associated with each other. We evaluated whether post-surgical improvements in activity behaviors related to favorable changes in dietary behaviors overall and by surgery type (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB], sleeve gastrectomy [SG]).

METHODS

At pre-surgery and 6- and 12-months post-surgery, participants (N = 97; 67 RYGB/30 SG) wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed 24-h dietary assessments on 3 days. General linear models assessed associations between pre- to post-surgical changes in activity (moderate-to-vigorous physical intensity activity [MVPA], sedentary time [ST]) and dietary (total energy intake [EI; kcal/day], dietary quality [healthy eating index/HEI scores]) behaviors, with surgery type as a moderator.

RESULTS

Participants on average: demonstrated small, non-significant post-surgical changes in MVPA and ST minutes/day (ps > .05); and reported significant post-surgical decreases in EI (p < .001), but no changes in HEI scores (ps > .25). Greater 12-month post-surgical increases in MVPA were significantly associated with greater decreases in EI, but only for RYGB participants (p < .001).

DISCUSSION

Participants reported large decreases in EI, but made minimal changes in other behaviors after MBS. Results suggest greater increases in MVPA could assist with achieving greater decreases in EI, although this benefit appears to be limited to RYGB patients. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and determine whether activity-dietary behavior associations differ beyond the immediate post-surgical year.

Analysis of Factors Associated with Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery: rs1800497 ANKK1, rs1799732 DRD2 Genetic Polymorphisms, Eating Behavior, Hedonic Hunger, and Depressive Symptoms

INTRODUCTION

A therapeutic approach to severe obesity is bariatric surgery (BS), which is considered an effective intervention for ameliorating comorbidities such as T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Some polymorphisms are considered markers for addictive disorders and hedonic hunger. We analyzed factors associated with the outcomes of BS, including rs1800497 ANKK1 and rs1799732 DRD2 polymorphisms, eating behavior, hedonic hunger, and depressive symptoms.

METHODS

We retrospectively selected 101 patients who underwent BS and agreed to participate. The previous conditions to BS, such as body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and comorbidities, were registered; the scholarship value was evaluated as the total number of years of scholarly education. To evaluate the post-surgery conditions of the participants, we took blood samples, anthropometric measures, and 3 questionnaires to evaluate eating behavior (TFEQ-R18), hedonic hunger (PFS), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9). The ANKK1 rs1800497 and rs1799732 DRD2 polymorphisms were genotyped.

RESULTS

The median total weight loss (TWL) was 34.7 kg, with a BMI of 33.8 kg/m2, 6 (4-8) years after BS. The TWL was positively associated with the TFEQ-R18 score (p = 0.006) and negatively associated with triglycerides (p = 0.011). rs1800497 ANKK1 was associated with TFEQ-R18 (OR = 1.13 (1.02-1.25), p = 0.009). We also found a negative correlation of pre-surgery BMI with scholarship (r =  - 0.27, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The patients showed an improvement in metabolic and anthropometric parameters post-surgery. Interestingly, the ANKK1 Taq1A polymorphism was associated with eating behavior and scholarship with pre-surgery BMI, which may be considered predictors of BS outcomes.

Attachment style and post-bariatric surgery health behaviours: the mediating role of self-esteem and health self-efficacy

BACKGROUND

Attachment avoidance and anxiety have been linked to overweight and poor health behaviours, yet the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between attachment and health behaviours are not fully understood. Self-esteem and self-efficacy have been found to differ between attachment styles, rendering these variables potential mediators of the relationship. This longitudinal study investigated the serial mediation between preoperative attachment and 2-year post-operative health behaviours through self-esteem and health self-efficacy.

METHODS

Participants were 263 bariatric surgery patients (75.7% females, aged 47.7 ± 10.4 years, BMI 38.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2) assessed before the operation and again one and two years after the surgery. Patients completed the Experiences for Close Relationships Brief Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire, Bariatric Surgery Self-Management Questionnaire, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale and the Exercise Behaviour Scale.

RESULTS

Higher preoperative attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with lower self-esteem one year after bariatric surgery and poorer health self-efficacy two years after the surgery. Self-esteem and health self-efficacy mediated the relationships between preoperative anxious and avoidant attachment and 2- year post-operative diet adherence and physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Helping patients to feel more worthy and reinforcing their beliefs about their own competences could lead to higher engagement with healthy lifestyle and adherence to treatment protocols, ultimately helping patients to achieve their goals for bariatric surgery.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

BARIA: Netherlands Trial Register: NL5837 (NTR5992) https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5837 . Diabaria: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT03330756.

Weight Regain and Ingestive Behavior in Women after Metabolic Surgery

This study investigated associations between maladaptive ingestive behaviors and weight regain in women who underwent metabolic surgery 2-10 years ago. Using a web-based survey, we assessed emotional, external, and restrained eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire-DEBQ), food cravings (Food-Craving Inventory-FCI), and other behaviors (e.g., Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-EDE-Q; Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Concise-AUDIT-C) in 36 women (42.9 ± 9.5 years old) post-surgery. We found that weight regain was specifically associated with increased frequency of cravings for sweets (r = 0.43), higher global scores in the EDE-Q (r = 0.38), and time elapsed since surgery (r = 0.35; all p's < 0.04). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the association between weight regain and sweet cravings interacted with time after surgery (p = 0.04), with the strongest association observed in women assessed closer to the surgery (i.e., 2.0-2.8 years). The combination of time after surgery and its interaction with sweet cravings accounted for 31% of the individual variations in weight regain (p = 0.005). Notably, among participants who reported alcohol consumption (31 of 36), 55% had an AUDIT-C score indicating hazardous drinking. These findings highlight the relevance of attending to patients' reports of frequent sweet cravings and screening for alcohol use to enhance strategies tailored to prevent weight regain and alcohol-related health problems post-surgery.

Longer-Term Weight Loss Outcomes Are Not Primarily Driven by Diet Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is the most effective long-term treatment for Class III obesity. Reduced dietary intake is considered a behavioral driver of post-surgical weight loss, but limited data have examined this association. Therefore, this study examined prospective, longitudinal relationships between dietary intake and weight loss over 24 months following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy. Relationships between weight loss and dietary intake were examined using a validated 24-h dietary recall method. Associations between total energy/macronutrient intake and weight loss outcomes were assessed at 12-, 18-, and 24-months following MBS, defining patients as "responders" and "suboptimal responders". Consistent with previous literature, 12-month responders and suboptimal responders showed significant associations between weight loss and energy (p = 0.018), protein (p = 0.002), and total fat intake (p = 0.005). However, this study also revealed that many of these associations are no longer significant 24 months post-MBS (p > 0.05), despite consistent weight loss trends. This study suggests a short-term signal between these dietary factors and weight loss outcomes 12 months post-MBS; however, this signal does not persist beyond 12 months. These results are essential for interpreting and designing clinical studies measuring long-term post-surgical weight loss outcomes.

Exercise for counteracting weight recurrence after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Exercise is recommended to prevent post-surgical weight recurrence. Yet, whether exercise interventions are efficacious in this regard has not been systematically evaluated. Moreover, clinicians lack evidence-based information to advise patients on appropriate exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) for preventing weight recurrence. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving exercise interventions specifying FITT and weight measurement ≥12 months post-surgery. We reviewed scientific databases up through February 2022 for RCTs comparing exercise interventions reporting FITT and a nonexercise control group on weight ≥12 months post-surgery. Procedures following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were registered at the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42022342337). Of 1368 studies reviewed, 5 met inclusion criteria (n = 189; 47.8 ± 4.2 yr, 36.1 6 ± 3.8 kg·m2, 83.2 ± 9.5% female; 61.7% underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Exercise interventions were largely supervised, lasted 12-26 weeks, and prescribed 80-210 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise over ≤5 days. Within-group effects showed non-statistically significant weight loss for exercise (d = - .15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.96, 1.65; -1.4 kg; P = .87) and weight gain for control (d = .11, 95% CI: -1.70,1.92; +1.0 kg; P = .90), with no difference between these groups (d = -2.26, 95% CI: -2.07, 1.55; -2.4 kg; P = .78). Exercise elicited an additional 2.4 kg weight loss versus control, although this effect was small and statistically non-significant. Ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding efficacy of exercise interventions for counteracting post-surgical weight recurrence was limited by the small number of trials and methodological issues. Findings highlight the need for more rigorous RCTs of exercise interventions specifically designed to reduce post-surgical weight recurrence.

Experiences of loss of control eating in women after bariatric surgery: A qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

Loss of control (LOC) eating following bariatric surgery remains insufficiently understood, reflected in a lack of clear conceptualization, valid measurements, and effective treatments. This study explored patients' perspectives on LOC eating post-bariatric surgery, focusing on the relevance of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) indicators of impaired control, and patients' experiences before (precipitating factors), during (eating patterns, perpetuating factors), and after the episodes (strategies used to stop eating).

METHODS

This was a qualitative study using descriptive phenomenology. Participants were adults who have undergone gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy and self-reported recent LOC eating. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a combined inductive and deductive approach.

RESULTS

Participants were all women (N = 15; age: 34.5 ± 9.2 years). Results suggested that (1) except for feeling disgusted, guilty, or depressed after eating, other DSM-5 indicators did not seem to be highly relevant to this bariatric cohort; (2) LOC eating could occur across contexts, with food access, boredom, and food craving being consistent triggers; (3) the food amount consumed during a LOC episode was not necessarily considered excessive; (4) "mindlessness" and "satisfying hedonic, physiological, and mental needs" were the main perpetuating factors of LOC eating; and (5) self-talk and distracting attention were the most adopted strategies to stop eating.

DISCUSSION

Study findings have implications concerning the conceptualization, measurement, and intervention of LOC eating among bariatric patients. For example, results suggested the need for more data to determine the appropriate indicators of LOC eating and the inclusion of boredom as an intervention target in bariatric patients.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

Loss of control (LOC) eating is characterized by a sense of being unable to stop while eating. LOC eating is prevalent in patients who have undergone weight loss surgery and is associated with worse surgical outcomes. This qualitative study that explored post-bariatric surgery patients' experiences of LOC eating will inform efforts to better assess and intervene in this disordered eating behavior, thus ultimately optimizing patients' health following weight loss surgery.

A nomogram model based on the combination of the systemic immune-inflammation index and prognostic nutritional index predicts weight regain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

The high rate of weight regain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a great challenge. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII; calculated by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI; calculated by albumin and lymphocytes) are widely used as prognostic factors in various diseases.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to investigate independent the independent risk factors associated with weight regain in patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

SETTING

A single-center retrospective study.

METHODS

Weight regain was defined as the percentage of increase in body weight ≥10% in comparison with the nadir weight postoperatively. Eligible patients admitted to the bariatric center of our hospital were consecutively enrolled and grouped according to the occurrence of weight regain within 5 postoperative years. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess potential risk factors. A nomogram model containing the risk factors was then constructed and evaluated by R.

RESULTS

A total of 217 patients were enrolled, and 87 (40.1%) patients experienced weight regain. Univariate and logistic regression analyses indicated that depression (odds ratio [OR]: 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-5.22, P = .015), psychological counseling (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.20-4.33, P = .017), preoperative C-reactive protein (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.18-4.13, P = .012), and combination of SII-PNI scores (OR: .45, 95% CI: .31-.67, P < .001) were 4 independent risk factors for postoperative weight regain in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients. The area under the curve of the constructed nomogram model for predicting weight regain was .706.

CONCLUSIONS

This study concluded that the combination of the SII-PNI was an independent risk factor for weight regain and that the nomogram model based on the combination of the SII-PNI had a good predictive value.

Marginal ulcers and associated risk factors after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

As the prevalence of morbid obesity continues to climb in America, so does the popularity of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) to achieve weight loss goals; however, a long-term risk of RYGB is marginal ulceration, which requires urgent surgery if perforated. We sought to identify characteristics associated with elective vs urgent presentation for marginal ulcer following RYGB. Retrospective data for consecutive cases with marginal ulcers that required surgical intervention from May 2016 to February 2021 were queried from our institution's bariatric database, and differences in patient characteristics and clinical course were assessed according to presentation. Forty-three patients underwent surgery for marginal ulcer during the study timeframe. Twenty-four (56%) patients presented electively and were treated with resection of the gastroenterostomy and reanastomosis; the remaining 19 (44%) presented urgently with perforation and were treated with omental patch repair. Demographics, comorbidities, and medications were similar between groups. Patients with urgent presentations were less likely to have bleeds (0% vs. 33%, P = 0.0056) and strictures (16% vs. 46%, P = 0.0368), but were more likely to require admission to the intensive care unit (32% vs. 4%, P = 0.0325) and have a longer median length of stay (2 vs. 5 days, P < 0.0001). Bariatric surgeons must properly counsel patients about the risk of marginal ulcer development to prevent dangerous perforation, intensive care unit stays, and long hospitalizations.

Definition, Mechanisms and Predictors of Weight Loss Failure After Bariatric Surgery

It has been proven that surgery is more effective than non-surgical treatment in obese patients. However, this approach has several disadvantages, especially long-term weight loss. Weight loss failures can be broadly classified into two categories; insufficient weight loss (poor responder) and weight regain. However, a unified definition has not been established yet for each category, and there is no clear standard for the post-surgery time point to be used to assess weight loss failure. In addition, analyzing factors that contribute to weight loss failure will lead to strategies for reducing it. Therefore, many researchers have been interested in this subject and have published conflicting results. This review presents a definition for and describes the mechanisms and predictors of weight loss failure after bariatric surgery.

Determinants of Dietary Adherence Among Chinese Patients After Bariatric Surgery Based on the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy Model

PURPOSE

To explore main determinants of dietary adherence among Chinese patients after bariatric surgery based on the Attitude-Social influence-Efficacy (ASE) model.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted by using convenience sampling method to select 288 participants in a tertiary hospital in Jiangsu, China. General information and disease-related information were collected as well as applying the Dietary Adherence Scale after Bariatric Surgery (DASBS) and Attitude-Social influence-Efficacy Questionnaire after Bariatric Surgery (ASEQBS). Univariate analysis, correlation analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to identify determinants of dietary adherence among patients after bariatric surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 288 questionnaires were effectively collected. The mean DASBS score was 54.90 ± 10.08 among post-bariatric patients. Univariate analysis results showed that education level, time since surgery, smoking, exercise, participation in peer support groups, and participation in nutrition counseling had significant effects on postoperative diet adherence level of patients (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis results showed that the total score of dietary adherence was positively correlated with the total score of intention, attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy, and the correlation coefficients were 0.511, 0.550, 0.460, and 0.484, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that time since surgery, attitude, intention, social influence, exercise, and self-efficacy entered the regression equation (P < 0.05). The standardized regression coefficients of attitude and intention are 0.237 and 0.196, respectively. The regression model could explain 44.0% of the total variation.

CONCLUSION

The dietary adherence of Chinese post-bariatric patients is at an upper-middle level, which needs to be further improved. Time since surgery, exercise, intention, attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy had significant effects on patients' dietary adherence. Attitude had the greatest effect on dietary adherence, followed by intention. The results shed light on that these factors should be emphasized to take personalized intervention strategy in designing dietary intervention program, in order to improve the patient's dietary adherence and surgical outcomes.

Effect of exercise training after bariatric surgery: A 5-year follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial

Background and objectives

We previously showed in a 6-month randomized controlled trial that resistance training and protein supplementation after bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB) improved muscle strength without significant effect on weight loss and body composition changes. We performed a 5-year follow-up study in these subjects with the aim 1) to assess the long-term effect of this exercise training intervention and 2) to analyze associations between habitual physical activity (PA) and weight regain at 5 years.

Methods

Fifty-four out of 76 initial participants (follow-up rate of 71%) completed the 5-year follow-up examination (controls, n = 17; protein supplementation, n = 22; protein supplementation and resistance training, n = 15). We measured body weight and composition (DXA), lower-limb strength (leg-press one-repetition maximum) and habitual PA (Actigraph accelerometers and self-report). Weight regain at 5 years was considered low when <10% of 12-month weight loss.

Results

Mean (SD) time elapse since RYGB was 5.7 (0.9) y. At 5 years, weight loss was 32.8 (10.1) kg, with a mean weight regain of 5.4 (SD 5.9) kg compared with the 12-month assessment. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) assessed by accelerometry did not change significantly compared with pre-surgery values (+5.2 [SD 21.7] min/d, P = 0.059), and only 4 (8.2%) patients reported participation in resistance training. Muscle strength decreased over time (overall mean [SD]: -49.9 [53.5] kg, respectively, P<0.001), with no statistically significant difference between exercise training intervention groups. An interquartile increase in MVPA levels was positively associated with lower weight regain (OR [95% CI]: 3.27 [1.41;9.86]).

Conclusions

Early postoperative participation in a resistance training protocol after bariatric surgery was not associated with improved muscle strength after 5 years of follow-up; however, increasing physical activity of at least moderate intensity may promote weight maintenance after surgery. PA may therefore play an important role in the long-term management of patients with obesity after undergoing bariatric procedure.

PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ATTENUATES BINGE EATING AND FOOD ADDICTION 1 YEAR AFTER ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS: A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL

AIM

The use of probiotics as adjuvants in the treatment of eating disorders, known as psychobiotics, has already been investigated as a means of modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This study aimed to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on binge eating and food addiction in subjects after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

METHODS

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 101 patients who received probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07) or placebo supplements for 90 days after bariatric surgery, starting on the seventh postoperative day. They were evaluated preoperatively (T0) and postoperatively at 90 days (T1) and 1 year (T2) after surgery. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Binge Eating Scale (BES) were applied to assess food addiction and binge eating, respectively.

RESULTS

Before surgery, one-third of the patients presented with a food addiction and binge eating diagnosis. The number of symptoms of YFAS and the BES score decreased significantly in both groups at T1 compared to T0. However, a significant effect of treatment with probiotics was observed 1 year after surgery (T2). Both the number of symptoms of food addiction and the binge eating score were lower in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (p=0.037 and p=0.030, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The use of probiotic supplementation for 90 days in the immediate postoperative period may decrease food addiction symptoms and binge eating score up to 1 year after surgery compared to controls.

Proof of Concept for a Mindfulness-Informed Intervention for Eating Disorder Symptoms, Self-Efficacy, and Emotion Regulation among Bariatric Surgery Candidates

Up to 64% of patients seeking bariatric (weight-loss) surgery report eating disorder (ED) symptoms (addictive-like eating, binge eating, emotional eating, grazing) that can interfere with post-surgical weight loss. This prospective proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the impact of a pre-surgical mindfulness-informed intervention (MII) on ED symptoms and potential mechanisms-of-action to inform optimization of the intervention. Surgery-seeking adults attended four, 2-hour, MII sessions held weekly. Participants completed validated questionnaires assessing ED symptoms, eating self-efficacy, emotion regulation, and mindful eating pre-MII, post-MII, and at a 12-week follow-up. The MII consisted of mindfulness training, with cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational components. Fifty-six patients (M = 47.41 years old, 89.3% female) participated. Improvements in addictive-like eating, binge eating, emotional eating, and grazing were observed from pre- to post-MII. ED symptom treatment gains were either maintained or improved further at 12-week follow-up. Eating self-efficacy and emotion regulation improved from pre-MII to follow-up. Scores on the mindful eating questionnaire deteriorated from pre-MII to follow-up. In mediation analyses, there was a combined indirect effect of emotion regulation, eating self-efficacy, and mindful eating on grazing and binge eating, and an indirect effect of emotion regulation on emotional eating and addictive-like eating. Participation in the MII was associated with improvements in ED symptoms and some mechanisms-of-action, establishing proof-of-concept for the intervention. Future work to establish the MII's efficacy in a randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Factors associated with quality of life and weight regain 12 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

BACKGROUND

Scarce evidence exists in the literature about the factors influencing the long-term quality of life (QoL) and weight regain (WR) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The aim of the present study was to investigate factors associated with WR and QoL, measured by obesity specific Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II (M-A QoLQ II), 12 years after RYGB.

METHODS

This prospective longitudinal cohort study included 74 patients with obesity who had RYGB at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences hospital Surgery department in 2005. Gastrointestinal and dumping symptoms, hypoglycemia, depression and anxiety disorders, hunger, satiety after meals, portion size, and grazing were assessed in the patients who agreed to participate in the study. General linear models were constructed to estimate the effect of variables on the WR and QoL.

RESULTS

12-year follow-up data were available for 50 patients (38 female, median body mass index (BMI) before surgery 42.4). The mean % excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) after 12 years was 63.1 (24.6) and the average %WR was 32.2 (19.4). The mean M-A QoLQ II score was 1.44 (1.3). Majority of the patients (76.6%) reported good or very good QoL. In multivariable analysis, only grazing (17.41% 95% CI 7.61-27.21; P = 0.001) was found to be a significant independent factor associated with WR. Factors independently associated with worse QoL were grazing (- 0.97 95% CI - 1.72, - 0.22; P = 0.013) and frequency of abdominal pain once or more per month (- 1.82 95% CI - 2.79, - 0.85; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

12 years after RYGB majority of the patients report good or very good QoL and despite some WR have achieved and maintained significant weight loss. Grazing was associated with both WR and worse QoL, while the frequency of abdominal pain once or more per month was associated with only decreased QoL.

Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery

Weight regain after bariatric surgery is associated with problematic eating behaviors that have either recurred after a period of improvement or are new-onset behaviors. Problematic eating behaviors after bariatric surgery have been conceptualized in different ways in the literature, such as having a food addiction and experiencing a loss of control of eating. The intersection of these constructs appears to be driven overeating defined as patients' experiences of reduced control of their eating which results in overeating behavior. The purpose of this review is to define patient experiences of driven overeating through the behavioral expression of emotion-based eating, reward-based eating, and executive functioning deficits-namely impulsivity-which is associated with weight regain after having bariatric surgery. Delineating concepts in this way and determining treatment strategies accordingly may reduce distress related to the inevitable return of increased hunger, cravings, portion sizes, and tolerance for highly palatable foods after surgery. Along with standard behavioral weight maintenance strategies, topics including acceptance, motivation, emotion-based eating, reward-based/impulsive eating, physical activity, and self-compassion are discussed. These concepts have been adapted for patients experiencing weight regain after having bariatric surgery and may be particularly helpful in attenuating driven overeating and weight regain.

Understanding bariatric patients' experiences of self-management post-surgery: A qualitative study

Although most bariatric patients achieve significant weight loss and improvements in both physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the short-term, there is wide variability in weight and long-term HRQoL outcomes. The role of bariatric patients' self-management style in explaining variability in long-term outcomes is unclear. This qualitative study examined bariatric patients' self-management experiences after bariatric surgery in relation to long-term outcomes. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured individual interviews with post-surgery patients (n = 23) at a Canadian bariatric surgery program. A constant comparative approach was used to systematically analyse the data and identify overarching themes. Variation in patients' experiences and follow-up time were the two primary units of analysis. Patients were predominantly female (n = 19; 82.6%) and had a mean age of 50 ± 8.49 years. The median time post-surgery was 2 years (range: 6 months-7 years). Three distinct phases described the process of self-management post-bariatric surgery: (1) rediscovering self-esteem and confidence in one's ability to self-manage (1-month to 1.5-years post-surgery), (2) achieving weight maintenance and addressing emotion dysregulation (1.5-3-years post-surgery) and (3) embracing a flexible balanced lifestyle (beyond 3-years). Bariatric surgery patients experience distinct challenges relative to their post-surgery time course. Facilitating access to interprofessional bariatric care after surgery allowed patients to acquire the self-management knowledge and skills necessary to address challenges to following the bariatric guidelines in the long-term.

Psychological Functioning and Health Behaviors Associated with Weight Loss Patterns up to 13.7 Years After Weight Loss Surgery

Weight loss surgery produces dramatic health improvements immediately after surgery, including rapid declines in diabetes. However, less is known about its long-term effects. 124 St. Vincent Bariatric Center patients completed questionnaires on weight and psychological functioning a mean of 7.7 and 13.7 years post-surgery (T1 and T2, respectively). Because mean weight data may mask differing weight trajectories, participants were categorized based on weight over time. Most participants underwent Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (90.3%) and were Caucasian (96%), female (81.5%), and married (69.1%). Mean age at T2 was 64; mean %EWL was 64.9%. Most patients fit into one of three weight change patterns, reaching weight nadir, and regaining by T1 and then, by T2, experiencing (1) Weight Loss (n = 36), (2) Weight Maintenance (n = 37), or (3) Continued Weight Gain (n = 39). Groups differed significantly on body satisfaction, weighing frequency, and conscientiousness, with Weight Gainers significantly lower than other groups on conscientiousness and body satisfaction, and Weight Losers reporting higher frequency of weighing than Maintainers. Bariatric patients can maintain substantial weight loss and positive psychological functioning for many years post-surgery, although weight regain is associated with less body satisfaction. Conscientiousness may signify medical adherence, whereas frequent weighing may be a behavior that promotes ongoing weight loss.

Smoking in bariatric surgery: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of smoking among patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been reported to be as high as 40%. The effect of smoking in the perioperative period has been extensively studied for various surgical procedures, but limited data are available for bariatric surgery. The objective of this study is to review the existing literature to assess: (1) the impact of smoking on postoperative morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery, (2) the relationship between smoking and weight loss after bariatric surgery, and (3) the efficacy of smoking cessation in the perioperative period among bariatric surgery patients.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from 1946 to February 2020 was performed to identify relevant articles. Following an initial screen of 940 titles and abstracts, 540 full articles were reviewed.

RESULTS

Forty-eight studies met criteria for analysis: five structured interviews, three longitudinal studies, thirty-two retrospective studies and eight prospective studies. Smoking within 1 year prior to bariatric surgery was found to be an independent risk factor for increased 30-day mortality and major postoperative complications, particularly wound and pulmonary complications. Smoking was significantly associated with long-term complications including marginal ulceration and bone fracture. Smoking has little to no effect on weight loss following bariatric surgery, with studies reporting at most a 3% increased percentage excess weight loss. Rates of smoking recidivism are high with studies reporting that up to 17% of patients continue to smoke postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Although current best practice guidelines recommend only a minimum of 6 weeks of abstinence from smoking prior to bariatric surgery, the findings of this review suggest that smoking within 1 year prior to bariatric surgery is associated with significant postoperative morbidity. More investigation is needed on strategies to improve smoking cessation compliance among bariatric surgery patients in the perioperative period.

Physical Activity, Sleep, and Sedentary Behavior among Successful Long-Term Weight Loss Maintainers: Findings from a U.S. National Study

Despite adults’ desire to reduce body mass (weight) for numerous health benefits, few are able to successfully lose at least 5% of their starting weight. There is evidence on the independent associations of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep with weight loss; however, this study provided insight on the combined effects of these behaviors on long-term body weight loss success. Hence, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the joint relations of sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors with successful long-term weight loss. Data are from the 2005–2006 wave of the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES). Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured with an accelerometer, whereas sleep time was self-reported. Physical activity and sleep were dichotomized into meeting guidelines (active/not active, ideal sleep/short sleep), and sedentary time was categorized into prolonged sedentary time (4th quartile) compared to low sedentary time (1st–3rd quartiles). The dichotomized behaviors were combined to form 12 unique behavioral combinations. Two-step multivariable regression models were used to determine the associations between the behavioral combinations with (1) long-term weight loss success (≥5% body mass reduction for ≥12-months) and (2) the amount of body mass reduction among those who were successful. After adjustment for relevant factors, there were no significant associations between any of the independent body weight loss behaviors (physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep) and successful long-term weight loss. However, after combining the behaviors, those who were active (≥150 min MVPA weekly), regardless of their sedentary time, were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to have long-term weight loss success compared to the inactive and sedentary referent group. These results should be confirmed in longitudinal analyses, including investigation of characteristics of waking (type, domain, and context) and sleep (quality metrics) behaviors for their association with long-term weight loss success.

Psychological functioning and well-being before and after bariatric surgery; what is the benefit of being self-compassionate?

Objective

To investigate whether patients’ psychological well‐being (depression, quality of life, body image satisfaction) and functioning (self‐efficacy for eating and exercising behaviours and food cravings) improve 12 months after bariatric surgery and whether self‐compassion is associated with better psychological outcomes and lower weight after bariatric surgery.

Design

Longitudinal, prospective observational study.

Methods

Bariatric patients (n = 126, 77.8% female, 46.4 ± 10.8 years) completed the Self‐compassion Scale, Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale, Impact of Weight on Quality‐of‐Life questionnaire, Body Image Scale, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire, Spinal Cord Injury Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale, and G‐Food Craving Questionnaire pre‐operatively and 12 months post‐operatively. A medical professional measured patients’ weight during each assessment. Data were analysed using repeated measures t‐tests and multivariate regression analyses with Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple testing.

Results

Patients’ BMI, depression, and food cravings decreased significantly after surgery while quality of life, body image satisfaction, and self‐efficacy to exercise improved. Higher self‐compassion was associated with lower post‐operative depression, greater quality of life, higher body image satisfaction, and better self‐efficacy for eating behaviours (p‐values <.05) but not with post‐operative BMI, self‐efficacy to exercise, or food cravings.

Conclusions

Even though pre‐operative self‐compassion was not directly associated with a lower 12‐month post‐operative BMI, it had a positive relationship with patients’ post‐operative well‐being and self‐efficacy for controlling eating behaviour. In turn, this could help patients to manage their health long after bariatric surgery. Further work regarding the role of self‐compassion on long‐term health outcomes would be worthwhile.

A New Score for Quantifying Adherence to a Cancer-Preventive Mediterranean Diet

Herein a Mediterranean Cancer Preventive Diet Score (MCAP Score) is proposed to quantify adherence to both traditional Mediterranean fat intakes and the current dietary recommendations for cancer prevention. The scoring uses research-backed cutoff values, unlike other scores that are based on a population-specific median value. The MCAP score awards positive points for seven preventive food categories, including Mediterranean fats (monounsaturated fats, ω-3 fatty acids) associated with reduced adiposity, and negative points for four food categories associated with increased cancer risk, including ultra-processed foods. In a randomized trial of 120 persons at increased risk of colon cancer, the baseline MCAP Score averaged seven of 20 possible points. Counseling for a Healthy Diet or a Mediterranean Diet improved the score to either 11 or 13 points, respectively, and the highest score observed in any individual was 20 points. The MCAP Score was correlated with serum carotenoids and serum ω-3 fatty acids, and improvements in the score were associated with weight loss over six months of study. The MCAP Score is therefore proposed as a new method to assess adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet for cancer prevention using absolute criteria that will facilitate comparisons of dietary intakes across studies.

Addiction Transfer and Other Behavioral Changes Following Bariatric Surgery

Despite its important treatment implications for obesity and related comorbidities, bariatric surgery requires several behavioral changes that warrant comprehensive evaluation and support before and after surgery. This article outlines emerging scientific and anecdotal evidence for addiction transfer after bariatric surgery. Other common behavioral changes that impact adherence, weight loss, and psychiatric risk after surgery are also reviewed. Last, recommendations for presurgical psychological evaluation and postoperative support are provided.

Factors associated with weight regain post-bariatric surgery: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

To systematically review the literature to assess the incidence and risk factors of weight regain (WR) after bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for sustained weight loss of morbidly obese patients, but WR remains a concern.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A PRISMA compliant systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database, Embase and the Cochrane Library in July of 2019. Studies that reported ≥ 10% WR after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used for assessing study quality.

RESULTS

Out of 2915 retrieved abstracts, 272 full papers were reviewed, and 32 studies included (25 of high and 7 of fair quality) reporting weight outcomes on 7391 RYGB and 5872 SG patients. 17.6% (95% CI 16.9-18.3) had a WR ≥ 10%. Risk factors related with WR fell into 5 categories, namely anatomical, genetic, dietary, psychiatric, and temporal. Specifically, gastrojejunal stoma diameter, gastric volume following sleeve, anxiety, time after surgery, sweet consumption, emotional eating, portion size, food urges, binge eating, loss of control/disinhibition when eating, and genetics have been positively associated with WR while postprandial GLP-1, eagerness to change physical activity habits, self-esteem, social support, fruit and zinc consumption, HDL, quality of life have been negatively associated.

CONCLUSION

At least 1 in 6 patients after bariatric surgery had ≥ 10% WR. This review identified several factors related to WR that can be used to counsel patients preoperatively and direct postoperative strategies that minimize WR risk.

Obesity as a multisystem disease: Trends in obesity rates and obesity-related complications

Obesity is a chronic multisystem disease associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The increasing prevalence of obesity makes it a major healthcare challenge across both developed and developing countries. Traditional measures such as body mass index do not always identify individuals at increased risk of comorbidities, yet continue to be used in deciding who qualifies for weight loss treatment. A better understanding of how obesity is associated with comorbidities, in particular non-metabolic conditions, is needed to identify individuals at risk in order to prioritize treatment. For metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), weight loss can prevent T2D in individuals with prediabetes. It can improve and reverse T2D if weight loss is achieved early in the course of the disease. However, access to effective weight loss treatments is a significant barrier to improved health for people with obesity. In the present paper, we review the rising prevalence of obesity and why it should be classed as a multisystem disease. We will discuss potential mechanisms underlying its association with various comorbidities and how these respond to treatment, with a particular focus on cardiometabolic disease, malignancy and mental health.

Eating patterns and unhealthy weight control behaviors are associated with loss-of-control eating following bariatric surgery

BACKGROUND

Loss-of-control (LOC) eating is associated with poor weight-loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. It is not clear whether eating patterns (e.g., total number of daily meals/snacks, eating after suppertime, eating when not hungry) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (e.g., smoking, using laxatives) are associated with or predictive of LOC eating.

OBJECTIVES

To examine whether eating patterns and unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated with LOC eating and, if so, whether they predict LOC eating in bariatric patients.

SETTING

Multicenter study, United States.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 study. Assessments were conducted before surgery and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 months after surgery. Logistic mixed models were used to examine the longitudinal associations between eating patterns, unhealthy weight-control behaviors, and LOC eating. Time-lag techniques were applied to examine whether the associated patterns and behaviors predict LOC eating.

RESULTS

The participants (n = 1477) were mostly women (80%), white (86.9%), and married (62.5%). At the time of surgery, the mean age was 45.4 ± 11.0 years and the mean body mass index was 47.8 ± 7.5 kg/m². The total number of daily meals/snacks, food intake after suppertime, eating when not hungry, eating when feeling full, and use of any unhealthy weight-control behaviors were positively associated with LOC eating (P < .05). Food intake after suppertime, eating when not hungry, and eating when feeling full predicted LOC eating (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Meal patterns and unhealthy weight control behaviors may be important intervention targets for addressing LOC eating after bariatric surgery.

Predictors of change in cardiovascular disease risk and events following gastric bypass: a 7-year prospective multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Change in short-term (i.e., 10-year) and lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has significant heterogeneity.

OBJECTIVE

To identify predictors of change in CVD risk and cardiovascular events following RYGB.

METHODS

Between 2006-2009, 1625 adults without a history of CVD enrolled in a prospective cohort study and underwent RYGB at 1 of 10 U.S. hospitals. Participants were followed annually for a maximum of 7 years. Associations between presurgery characteristics (anthropometric, sociodemographic, physical and mental health, alcohol/drug use, eating behaviors) and 1) pre to postsurgery change in 10 year and lifetime atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk scores, respectively, and 2) having a CVD event (nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, or CVD-attributed death) as repeated measures (yr 1-7) were evaluated.

SETTING

Observational cohort study at ten hospitals throughout the United States.

RESULTS

Presurgery factors independently associated with decreases in both 10-year and lifetime risk scores 1-7 years post-RYGB were higher CVD risk score, female sex, higher household income, and normal kidney function. Additionally, Black race and having diabetes were independently associated with decreases in 10-year risk, while not having diabetes and a higher (better) composite mental health score were independently related to decreases in lifetime risk. A lower (worse) presurgery composite physical health score was associated with a higher CVD event risk (RR = 1.68, per 10 points).

CONCLUSION

This study identified multiple presurgery factors that characterize patients who may have more cardiovascular benefit from RYGB, and patients who might require additional support to improve their cardiovascular health.

[Body composition assessment before and after weight loss following a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Are bioimpedanciometry estimations reliable?]

Introduction

Introduction: in patients with severe and morbid obesity it has been observed that bioimpedance (BIA) assessment generates an underestimation of fat mass (FM) and weight loss as FM after bariatric surgery, overestimating the loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle mass. Objective: to evaluate the reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and its changes after 6 months of a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), in patients with severe and morbid obesity. Methods: thirty-six patients approved for RYGBP were prospectively studied. TBW was measured by deuterium (D), and FM and FFM were calculated. A dual-frequency BIA device (5 and 200 kHz) (Bodystat Dualscan®) was used to estimate FM, FFM, TBW, extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), and ECW/ICW ratio. Results: before RYGBP, BIA overestimated TBW by 2.6 ± 4.3 L (p = 0.002) and FFM by 3.5 ± 5.7 kg (p = 0.002), and underestimated FM% by 2.98 ± 4.7% (p = 0.002). The ECW/ICW ratio showed a significant and positive correlation with the difference BIA-D for FFM (r = 0.49; p = 0.002). After surgery, the differences between BIA and D were not significant, and the estimation error of FFM did not correlate with the ECW/ICW ratio. Conclusions: BIA generates an underestimation of FM as reported in patients with severe and morbid obesity, which is attenuated after weight reduction, underestimating weight loss as FM and overestimating FFM loss. Future research may assess whether these errors are reproduced by other BIA devices.

Associations between Physical Activity and Changes in Weight Across 7 Years following ROUX-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

To examine associations of objectively-measured physical activity (PA) with changes in weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) over 7 years.

BACKGROUND

The contribution of free-living PA to surgery-induced weight loss and subsequent weight regain is not well understood.

METHODS

Participants of a multi-center prospective cohort study of bariatric surgery were followed annually ≥7 years. Of 807 participants who underwent RYGB and were given an activity monitor, 649 (80%) had sufficient data for this report (78% female; median age 47 years; median body mass index 46 kg/m). Mean daily steps, hours/day in sedentary behavior (SB) and minutes/week in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were determined at each assessment. Mixed models tested associations between PA measures and weight outcomes, controlling for sociodemographics, health status and eating behaviors.

RESULTS

Across follow-up, mean pre- to post-surgery changes in PA were small, and mean post-surgery PA level was below PA recommendations for health (e.g., 101 MVPA min/week 7 years post-surgery versus the ≥150 MVPA min/week recommendation). There was a dose-response association between more steps, less SB and more MVPA with greater weight loss. Steps and SB, but not MVPA, were also associated with weight regain. For example, participants in the highest versus lowest steps quartile lost 2.9% (95%CI, 1.8-4.1) more of their pre-surgery weight and regained 5.4% (95%CI, 2.4-8.3) less of their maximum weight lost across follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Despite only small increases in objectively-measured PA level after RYGB, PA level was independently associated with weight outcomes of bariatric surgery throughout 7 years of follow-up.

REPRINTS

Reprints will not be available from the authors.

BODY-Q patient-reported outcomes measure (PROM) to assess sleeve gastrectomy vs. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: eating behavior, eating-related distress, and eating-related symptoms

BACKGROUND

Post-operative changes in eating behavior, eating-related distress and eating-related symptoms play an important role in the lives of bariatric surgery patients. However, there are no studies that assess these outcomes using a specifically designed patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We use our newly developed and validated scales as part of the well-established BODY-Q PROMs to compare laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients (LRYGB).

METHODS

We analyzed data from an international multi-center prospective cohort study of patients over 18 who underwent bariatric surgery. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the difference between LRYGB and LSG for the new BODY-Q scales, which include eating behavior, eating-related distress and eating-related symptoms. All analyses were corrected for significant confounding variables.

RESULTS

Out of 1420 patients, 920 underwent LRYGB and 500 underwent LSG. The LRYGB group had a higher percentage total weight loss (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in eating behavior (e.g., stop eating before feeling full, avoiding unhealthy snacks, etc.) or eating-related distress (e.g., feeling ashamed or out of control after eating). Patients who underwent LSG scored significantly better on the post-prandial eating-related symptoms scale (e.g., vomiting, reflux; p < 0.001). Symptoms more prevalent in the LRYGB patients were related to dumping syndrome whereas symptoms more prevalent in LSG patients were related to reflux.

CONCLUSION

Patients who underwent LRYGB had a significantly better weight loss after surgery, but they scored worse on post-prandial symptoms in comparison to LSG patients. This information may be relevant for patients in the pre-operative counseling setting, as it may influence their decision for surgical procedure selection.

The Clinical Obesity Maintenance Model: A Theoretical Framework for Bariatric Psychology

Ranked highly in its association with serious medical comorbidities, obesity, a rapidly growing epidemic worldwide, poses a significant socio-economic burden. While bariatric procedures offer the most efficacious treatment for weight loss, a subset of patients risk weight recidivism. Due to the heterogeneity of obesity, it is likely that there are phenotypes or sub-groups of patients that require evidence-based psychological support to produce more sustainable outcomes. So far, however, characteristics of patients have not led to a personalized treatment algorithm for bariatric surgery. Maintenance of weight loss following bariatric surgery requires long-term modification of eating behaviors and physical activity. A recent Clinical Obesity Maintenance Model (COMM) proposed a conceptual framework of salient constructs, including the role of habit, behavioral clusters, emotion dysregulation, mood, health literacy, and executive function as interconnected drivers of obesity maintaining behaviors relevant to the field of bariatric psychology. The primary aim of this concise review is to bring together emerging findings from experimental and epidemiological studies relating to the COMM constructs that may inform the assessment and follow up of bariatric surgery. We also aim to explain the phenotypes that need to be understood and screened prior to bariatric surgery to enable better pre-surgery intervention and optimum post-surgery response.

Change in predicted 10-year and lifetime cardiovascular disease risk after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

BACKGROUND

Long-term changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk after bariatric surgery are not well characterized.

OBJECTIVE

To report sex-specific changes in CVD risk after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB).

SETTING

Observational cohort study at ten hospitals throughout the United States.

METHODS

Between 2006 and 2009, 1770 adults enrolled in a prospective cohort study underwent RYGB at 1 of 10 U.S. hospitals. Research assessments were conducted presurgery and annually postsurgery over 7 years. Sex specific-predicted 10-year and lifetime CVD risk were calculated using the Framingham10-year and lifetime risk scores, Framingham-body mass index, and atherosclerotic CVD scoring algorithms among participants with no history of CVD. Of 1566 eligible participants, 1234 (75.9%) with CVD risk determination pre- and postsurgery were included (1013 females, 221 males).

RESULTS

Based on the Framingham10-year and lifetime risk scores, the percentage of females with predicted high (>20%) 10-year CVD risk declined from presurgery (6.5% [95% confidence interval: 6.7-7.5]) to 1 year postsurgery (1.0% [95% confidence interval: .8-1.2]; P < .001), then increased 1 to 7 years postsurgery (to 2.8% [95% confidence interval: 1.6-3.3]; P = .003), but was lower 7 years postsurgery versus presurgery (P < .001). Time trends for percentage of high-risk participants and mean CVD risk scores were similar for both sexes and other evaluated CVD risk scores. For example, among males mean lifetime atherosclerotic CVD score declined from presurgery to 1 year postsurgery, then increased 1 to 7 years postsurgery. However, there was a net decline from presurgery (P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Among both females and males, predicted 10-year and lifetime CVD risk was substantially lower 7 years post RYGB than presurgery, suggesting RYGB surgery can lead to sustained improvements in short- and long-term CVD risk.

Is Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Still the Gold Standard Procedure for Indians? Mid- to Long-Term Outcomes from a Tertiary Care Center

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the oldest and most widely performed bariatric surgery worldwide. There is, however, a scarcity of mid- to long-term data of RYGB, especially from the Indian subcontinent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was a single-center, retrospective analysis from patients who underwent RYGB between January 2009 and November 2014 from a tertiary care center in India. Percent of total weight loss (%TWL) was taken as the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission, comorbidity resolution, revisional surgeries, and complications related to RYGB at 1 year, at 3 years, and during the long term, following surgery. Postoperative visits took place at 1 and 3 years, while the long-term outcome was at median 8.3 years (range 5.4-11.2 years), with a follow-up of 92.4% (488/528), 80.5% (424/527) and 69.5% (363/522), respectively.

RESULTS

Out of 528 patients studied, 56% were females. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 40.6 ± 6.9 kg/m². The %TWL in the long-term follow-up was 21.8 ± 11.3%. T2DM remission rates at 1 year, at 3 years, and during the long term were 84.5%, 70.0%, and 60.0%, respectively. Preoperative HBA1c (p = 0.002) and insulin usage (p = 0.016) had a significant predictive effect on T2DM remission. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) improved significantly (p < 0.001). Early (< 30 days) and late (> 30 days) complications were observed in 2.3% and 4.3% of the patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Weight loss during mid to long-term follow-up was maintained in the majority of the patients after RYGB. However, a small proportion had significant weight regain in the long term. T2DM, GERD, and other comorbidities were well improved after RYGB.

Reversal of Long-Term Weight Regain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Using Liraglutide or Surgical Revision. A Prospective Study

Purpose

This study investigates whether pharmacotherapy with liraglutide is similarly effective in reversing weight regain more than 6 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as revisional surgery aimed at restoring restriction.

Methods

Ninety-five consecutive patients (11 male, 84 female; mean BMI 45 ± 6 kg/m²) undergoing RYGB 9 ± 4 years ago were treated for 24 months as follows: Patients, who gained less than 10% from weight NADIR, served as controls and were provided lifestyle counseling (DC, n = 30). The others were allowed to choose between three different treatment groups: daily s.c. administration of liraglutide (LG, n = 34); endosurgery using Apollo’s Overstitch System™ (ES, n = 15), or implantation of a Fobi-ring with pouch resizing (FP, n = 16).

Results

Controls kept their weight stable during 24 months of study (− 0.1 ± 1.7 kg/m²). Weight loss was 4.8 ± 2.9 kg/m² for LG and 5.5 ± 2.9 kg/m² for FP, both losing more than 85% of regained weight from weight NADIR (p < 0.001). In contrast, weight loss in ES was 1.0 ± 0.9 kg/m² (i.e., 20% of regained weight). Thirty-seven percent of FP experienced serious complications (p < 0.05) in contrast to the other groups. An improved prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia was observed in LG and FP (p < 0.02) 24 months after intervention.

Conclusions

Weight regain during more than 6 years after RYGB can be safely and effectively reversed with liraglutide. Compared with revisional surgery, pharmacotherapy with liraglutide was low risk and resulted in an important improvement in hypertension and dyslipidemia. Therefore, daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide are a valid option to treat weight regain after RYGB.

Argon plasma coagulation alone versus argon plasma coagulation plus full-thickness endoscopic suturing to treat weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective randomized trial (with videos)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

A significant number of patients regain weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ablation with argon plasma coagulation (APC) plus endoscopic full-thickness suturing (FTS-APC) and ablation alone have been reported for treating weight regain when associated with gastrojejunostomy (GJ) dilation. However, comparative controlled data are still lacking.

METHODS

This was a pilot single-center open-label randomized trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of APC alone versus FTS-APC for transoral outlet reduction. Patients with at least 20% weight regain from the nadir, and GJ ≥15 mm were considered eligible. The primary outcome was percentage total weight loss (%TWL) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of adverse events, amelioration of metabolic laboratory parameters, and improvement in quality of life and eating behavior.

RESULTS

Forty patients meeting the eligibility criteria were enrolled from October 2017 to July 2018. Technical and clinical success rates were similar between the groups. At 12 months, the mean %TWL was 8.3% ± 5.5% in the APC alone group versus 7.5% ± 7.7% in the FTS-APC group (P = .71). The pre-revisional % solid gastric retention at 1 hour positively correlated with the probability of achieving ≥10% TWL at 12 months. Both groups experienced significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels at 12 months, and improvement in eating behavior and quality of life at 3 months. There were 2 cases of stenoses (1 from each group), which were successfully treated with endoscopic balloon dilation.

CONCLUSION

APC alone is similar to FTS-APC in terms of technical and clinical outcomes within 1 year of follow-up. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03094936.).

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Postbariatric Surgery Patients With Mental Disorders: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Binge-eating disorder (BED) and major depressive disorder (MDD) following bariatric surgery are significant predictors for less post-operative weight loss and/or weight regain, however, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) addressing these disorders following surgery has not been investigated so far.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined feasibility of a short-term CBT based on evidence-based manuals for BED and MDD that were adapted to patients following bariatric surgery, and investigated its effectiveness in improving weight loss outcome, psychopathology, and psychosocial functioning.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In an uncontrolled proof-of-concept study, the CBT manual was piloted in N = 7 patients who had undergone roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery at least 6 months before. Weight loss, eating disorder psychopathology, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem were assessed using clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and in a 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

A significant reduction of body weight was found as well as medium to large effects in the improvement of eating disorder psychopathology, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem from pre-treatment to post-treatment were found. Most of those changes remained stable during the 3-month follow-up period. Study retention was 71.4%.

CONCLUSIONS

Feasibility and effectiveness of CBT were documented for patients with BED or MDD following bariatric surgery. Adaptations of the study procedure for proof-of-efficacy in randomized-controlled studies are discussed.