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Xian W, Duleba M, Yamamoto Y, Vincent M, McKeon F. Biobanking Organoids or Ground-State Stem Cells? J Clin Med 2018; 7:E555. [PMID: 30558346 PMCID: PMC6306851 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of human epidermal stem cells cultured in Green's method is one of the first examples of utilizing adult stem cells in regenerative medicine. Using the same method, we cloned p63-expressing distal airway stem cells and showed their essential role in lung regeneration in a mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, adult stem cells of columnar epithelial tissues had until recently evaded all attempts at cloning. To address this issue, we developed a novel technology that enabled cloning ground-state stem cells of the columnar epithelium. The adaption of this technology to clone stem cells of cancer precursors furthered our understanding of the dynamics of processes such as clonal evolution and dominance in Barrett's esophagus, as well as for testing platforms for chemical screening. Taken together, the properties of these ground-state stem cells, including unlimited propagation, genomic stability, and regio-specificity, make them ideal for regenerative medicine, disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Xian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School of University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Marcin Duleba
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 1040045, Japan.
| | | | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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2
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Kim EM, Manzar G, Zavazava N. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gamete-associated proteins incite rejection of induced pluripotent stem cells in syngeneic mice. Immunology 2017; 151:191-197. [PMID: 28185259 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in autologous recipients has been questioned after iPSCs, but not embryonic stem cells (ESCs), were reported to be rejected in syngeneic mice. This important topic has remained controversial because there has not been a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon. Here, we hypothesize that iPSCs, but not ESCs, readily differentiate into gamete-forming cells that express meiotic antigens normally found in immune-privileged gonads. Because peripheral blood T cells are not tolerized to these antigens in the thymus, gamete-associated-proteins (GAPs) sensitize T cells leading to rejection. Here, we provide evidence that GAPs expressed in iPSC teratomas, but not in ESC teratomas, are responsible for the immunological rejection of iPSCs. Furthermore, silencing the expression of Stra8, 'the master regulator of meiosis', in iPSCs, using short hairpin RNA led to significant abrogation of the rejection of iPSCs, supporting our central hypothesis that GAPs expressed after initiation of meiosis in iPSCs were responsible for rejection. In contrast to iPSCs, iPSC-derivatives, such as haematopoietic progenitor cells, are able to engraft long-term into syngeneic recipients because they no longer express GAPs. Our findings, for the first time, provide a unifying explanation of why iPSCs, but not ESCs, are rejected in syngeneic recipients, ending the current controversy on the safety of iPSCs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Iowa & VAMC Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Predictive Model Research Centre, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gohar Manzar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Iowa & VAMC Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Iowa & VAMC Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Garcia-Alegria E, Menegatti S, Batta K, Cuvertino S, Florkowska M, Kouskoff V. Emerging concepts for the in vitro derivation of murine haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4116-4125. [PMID: 27404333 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Well into the second decade of the 21st century, the field of regenerative medicine is bursting with hopes and promises to heal young and old. The bespoken generation of cells is thought to offer unprecedented cures for a vast range of diseases. Haematological disorders have already benefited tremendously from stem cell therapy in the form of bone marrow transplantation. However, lack of compatible donors often means that patients remain on transplantation waiting lists for too long. The in vitro derivation of haematopoietic stem cells offers the possibility to generate tailor-made cells for the treatment of these patients. Promising approaches to generate in vitro-derived blood progenitors include the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and the reprogramming of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Garcia-Alegria
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Menegatti
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kiran Batta
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Cuvertino
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Magdalena Florkowska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
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4
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F4/80 + Host Macrophages Are a Barrier to Murine Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hematopoietic Progenitor Engraftment In Vivo. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2414906. [PMID: 27872864 PMCID: PMC5107259 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2414906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how embryonic stem cells and their derivatives interact with the adult host immune system is critical to developing their therapeutic potential. Murine embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic progenitors (ESHPs) were generated via coculture with the bone marrow stromal cell line, OP9, and then transplanted into NOD.SCID.Common Gamma Chain (NSG) knockout mice, which lack B, T, and natural killer cells. Compared to control mice transplanted with adult lineage-negative bone marrow (Lin− BM) progenitors, ESHP-transplanted mice attained a low but significant level of donor hematopoietic chimerism. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that macrophages might contribute to the low engraftment of ESHPs in vivo. Enlarged spleens were observed in ESHP-transplanted mice and found to contain higher numbers of host F4/80+ macrophages compared to BM-transplanted controls. In vivo depletion of host macrophages using clodronate-loaded liposomes improved the ESHP-derived hematopoietic chimerism in the spleen but not in the BM. F4/80+ macrophages demonstrated a striking propensity to phagocytose ESHP targets in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that macrophages are a barrier to both syngeneic and allogeneic ESHP engraftment in vivo.
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5
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Batta K, Menegatti S, Garcia-Alegria E, Florkowska M, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. Concise Review: Recent Advances in the In Vitro Derivation of Blood Cell Populations. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1330-1337. [PMID: 27388244 PMCID: PMC5031184 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: Hematopoietic cell-based therapies are currently available treatment options for many hematological and nonhematological disorders. However, the scarcity of allogeneic donor-derived cells is a major hurdle in treating these disorders. Embryonic stem cell-based directed differentiation and direct reprogramming of somatic cells provide excellent tools for the potential generation of hematopoietic stem cells usable in the clinic for cellular therapies. In addition to blood stem cell transplantation, mature blood cells such as red blood cells, platelets, and engineered T cells have also been increasingly used to treat several diseases. Besides cellular therapies, induced blood progenitor cells generated from autologous sources (either induced pluripotent stem cells or somatic cells) can be useful for disease modeling of bone marrow failures and acquired blood disorders. However, although great progress has been made toward these goals, we are still far from the use of in vitro-derived blood products in the clinic. We review the current state of knowledge on the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells and the reprogramming of somatic cells toward the generation of blood stem cells and derivatives. SIGNIFICANCE Hematopoietic cell-based therapies are currently available treatment options for many hematological and nonhematological disorders. However, the scarcity of allogeneic donor-derived cells is a major hurdle in treating these disorders. The current state of knowledge on the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells and the reprogramming of somatic cells toward the generation of blood stem cells and derivatives is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Batta
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Menegatti
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Garcia-Alegria
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Florkowska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Wang X, Yamamoto Y, Wilson LH, Zhang T, Howitt BE, Farrow MA, Kern F, Ning G, Hong Y, Khor CC, Chevalier B, Bertrand D, Wu L, Nagarajan N, Sylvester FA, Hyams JS, Devers T, Bronson R, Lacy DB, Ho KY, Crum CP, McKeon F, Xian W. Cloning and variation of ground state intestinal stem cells. Nature 2015; 522:173-8. [PMID: 26040716 PMCID: PMC4853906 DOI: 10.1038/nature14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and other columnar epithelia collectively resist cloning in their elemental states. Here we demonstrate the cloning and propagation of highly clonogenic, “ground state” stem cells of the human intestine and colon. We show that derived stem cell pedigrees sustain limited copy number and sequence variation despite extensive serial passaging and display exquisitely precise, cell-autonomous commitment to epithelial differentiation consistent with their origins along the intestinal tract. This developmentally patterned and epigenetically maintained commitment of stem cells likely enforces the functional specificity of the adult intestinal tract. Using clonally-derived colonic epithelia, we show that toxins A or B of the enteric pathogen C. difficile recapitulate the salient features of pseudomembranous colitis. The stability of the epigenetic commitment programs of these stem cells, coupled with their unlimited replicative expansion and maintained clonogenicity, suggests certain advantages for their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Lane H Wilson
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Melissa A Farrow
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Florian Kern
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Gang Ning
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yue Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- 1] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Benoit Chevalier
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Denis Bertrand
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Lingyan Wu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Francisco A Sylvester
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Thomas Devers
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore [3] Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore [4] Multiclonal Therapeutics, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Wa Xian
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA [4] Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore [5] Multiclonal Therapeutics, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
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7
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Pearson S, Cuvertino S, Fleury M, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. In vivo repopulating activity emerges at the onset of hematopoietic specification during embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:431-44. [PMID: 25660408 PMCID: PMC4375940 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of in vivo repopulating hematopoietic cells from in vitro differentiating embryonic stem cells has remained a long-standing challenge. To date, hematopoietic engraftment has mostly been achieved through the enforced expression of ectopic transcription factors. Here, we describe serum-free culture conditions that allow the generation of in vivo repopulating hematopoietic cells in the absence of ectopically expressed factors. We show that repopulating activity arises immediately upon the commitment of mesodermal precursors to the blood program, within the first wave of hematopoietic specification. We establish that the formation of these progenitors is extremely transient and exquisitely sensitive to the cytokine milieu. Our findings define the precise differentiating stage at which hematopoietic repopulating activity first appears in vitro, and suggest that during embryonic stem cell differentiation, all hematopoietic programs are unraveled simultaneously from the mesoderm in the absence of cues that restrict the coordinated emergence of each lineage as is normally observed during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pearson
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sara Cuvertino
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Maud Fleury
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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8
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Chen T, Zhang P, Fan W, Qian F, Pei L, Xu S, Zou Z, Ni B, Zhang Y. Co-transplantation with mesenchymal stem cells expressing a SDF-1/HOXB4 fusion protein markedly improves hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and hematogenesis in irradiated mice. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:691-702. [PMID: 25628780 PMCID: PMC4297337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to the engraftment of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). MSCs also accelerate hematological recovery by secreting SDF-1 and enabling HSCs to enter the bone marrow (BM) via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. HOXB4 has been shown to stimulate HSC self-renewal. In this study, we examined whether SDF-1 and HOXB4 expression in MSCs co-transplanted with HSCs could synergistically improve hematopoietic recovery in irradiated mice. METHODS Using recombinant adenoviruses, we generated genetically modified BM-MSCs that expressed SDF-1, HOXB4, and an SDF-1/HOXB4 fusion gene. We then co-transplanted these modified MSCs with HSCs and investigated blood cell counts, BM cellularity, degree of human HSC engraftment, and survival rate in irradiated mice. RESULTS We found that co-culturing the SDF-1/HOXB4 fusion gene-modified MSCs (SDF-1/HOXB4-MSCs) and human umbilical cord blood CD34(+) cells significantly improved HSC cell expansion in vitro. More importantly, co-transplantation of CD34(+) cells and SDF-1/HOXB4-MSCs markedly increased the hematopoietic potential of irradiated mice as evidenced by the rapid recovery of WBC, PLT and HGB levels in peripheral blood and of BM cellularity. Co-transplantation also markedly improved engraftment of human CD45(+) cells in mouse BM. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that SDF-1/HOXB4-MSCs markedly accelerate hematopoietic recovery and significantly improve survival among mice treated with a lethal dose of irradiation. Therefore, SDF-1/HOXB4-MSCs could have therapeutic value by improving the efficacy of clinical transplantations in patients with defective hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Fenghua Qian
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Li Pei
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shuangnian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Institute of Toxicology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, PR China
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Kim EM, Miyake B, Aggarwal M, Voetlause R, Griffith M, Zavazava N. Embryonic stem cell-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells down-regulate the CD3 ξ chain on T cells, abrogating alloreactive T cells. Immunology 2014; 142:421-30. [PMID: 24527810 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) engraft and populate lymphoid organs. In vivo, HPCs engraft across MHC barriers protecting donor-type allografts from rejection. However, the underlying phenomenon remains elusive. Here, we sought to determine the mechanism by which ES cell-derived HPCs regulate alloreactive T cells. We used the 2C mouse, which expresses a transgenic T-cell receptor against H2-L(d) to determine whether HPCs are deleted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Previously, we reported that HPCs express MHC class I antigens poorly and do not express class II antigens. In vitro stimulated 2C CTLs failed to lyse H2-L(d) HPCs in a standard 4-hr (51) chromium release assay. Similarly, when the HPCs were tested in an ELISPOT assay measuring the release of interferon-γ by CTLs, HPCs failed to induce CTL degranulation. In addition, mice that were injected with HPCs showed a marked decrease in T-cell responses to alloantigen and CD3 stimulation, but showed a normal response to PMA/ionomycin, suggesting that HPCs impaired T-cell signalling through the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex. Here, we show that HPCs secrete arginase, an enzyme that scavenges l-arginine, leading to metabolites that down-regulate CD3 ζ chain. Indeed an arginase inhibitor partially restored expression of the CD3 ζ chain, implicating arginase 1 in the down-regulation of T cells. This previously unrecognized property of ES cell-derived HPCs could positively enhance the engraftment of ES cell-derived HPCs across MHC barriers by preventing rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Kim
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics & Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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10
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Navarro S, Moleiro V, Molina-Estevez FJ, Lozano ML, Chinchon R, Almarza E, Quintana-Bustamante O, Mostoslavsky G, Maetzig T, Galla M, Heinz N, Schiedlmeier B, Torres Y, Modlich U, Samper E, Río P, Segovia JC, Raya A, Güenechea G, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Bueren JA. Generation of iPSCs from genetically corrected Brca2 hypomorphic cells: implications in cell reprogramming and stem cell therapy. Stem Cells 2014; 32:436-46. [PMID: 24420904 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex genetic disease associated with a defective DNA repair pathway known as the FA pathway. In contrast to many other FA proteins, BRCA2 participates downstream in this pathway and has a critical role in homology-directed recombination (HDR). In our current studies, we have observed an extremely low reprogramming efficiency in cells with a hypomorphic mutation in Brca2 (Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27)), that was associated with increased apoptosis and defective generation of nuclear RAD51 foci during the reprogramming process. Gene complementation facilitated the generation of Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a disease-free FA phenotype. Karyotype analyses and comparative genome hybridization arrays of complemented Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs showed, however, the presence of different genetic alterations in these cells, most of which were not evident in their parental Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs could be differentiated in vitro toward the hematopoietic lineage, although with a more limited efficacy than WT iPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells, and did not engraft in irradiated Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) recipients. Our results are consistent with previous studies proposing that HDR is critical for cell reprogramming and demonstrate that reprogramming defects characteristic of Brca2 mutant cells can be efficiently overcome by gene complementation. Finally, based on analysis of the phenotype, genetic stability, and hematopoietic differentiation potential of gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ) (27) iPSCs, achievements and limitations in the application of current reprogramming approaches in hematopoietic stem cell therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Navarro
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Future stem cell-based therapies will benefit from the new discoveries being made on pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells. Understanding the genes regulating pluripotency has opened new opportunities to generate patient-tailored therapies. However, protocols for deriving progenitor cells of therapeutic grade from these pluripotent stem cells are not yet worked out. In particular the potential of these cells in treating diseases when compared to their adult progenitor counterparts is unknown. This is crucial work that needs to be studied in detail because we will need to determine engraftment potential of these cells and their ability for multi-lineage engraftment in the in vivo setting before any clinical applications. The ability of these cells to engraft is dependent on their expression of cell surface markers which guide their homing patterns. In this review, I discuss murine hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from mouse ES cells. Stem cells in the bone marrow are found in the bone marrow niches. Our knowledge of the bone marrow niches is growing and will ultimately lead to improved clinical transplantation of bone marrow cells. We are, however, a long way in appreciating how hematopoietic progenitor cells migrate and populate lymphoid tissues. One of the variables in generating hematopoietic progenitor cells is that different labs use different approaches in generating progenitor cells. In some cases, the ES cell lines used show some variability as well. The cell culture media used by the different investigators highly influence the maturation level of the cells and their homing patterns. Here, mouse ES cell-derived progenitor cells are discussed.
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12
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Human iPS cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells induce T-cell anergy in in vitro-generated alloreactive CD8(+) T cells. Blood 2013; 121:5167-75. [PMID: 23687092 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-467753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as an alternative source of pluripotent stem cells that can be used for tissue regeneration in place of the controversial human embryonic stem cells. However, immunologic knowledge about iPSC derivatives remains enigmatic. Here, we characterized human iPS-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). These HPCs poorly express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigens and are MHC-II negative. Interestingly, they moderately express nonclassical HLA-G and HLA-E molecules. Consequently, alloreactive HLA-A2-specific cytotoxic T cells failed to recognize HLA-A2-expressing HPCs but became anergic. Subsequent upregulation of MHC-I using interferon-γ stimulation and provision of CD28 cosignaling led to T-cell activation, confirming that poor delivery of signals 1 and 2 by the HPCs mediated T-cell anergy. These data indicate for the first time that HPCs induce T-cell anergy, a unique characteristic of iPSC-derived cells that confers immunologic advantage for allogenic transplantation. Although iPSCs are ideal for patient-tailored treatments with the anticipation that no immunosuppression will be required, in cases of gene defects, their derivatives could be used to treat diseases in nonhistocompatible recipients.
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Pilat S, Carotta S, Klump H. Development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from mouse embryonic stem cells, in vitro, supported by ectopic human HOXB4 expression. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1029:129-147. [PMID: 23756947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-478-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells can recapitulate many aspects of hematopoiesis, in vitro, and can even generate cells capable of long-term multilineage repopulation after transplantation into recipient mice, when the homeodomain transcription factor HOXB4 is ectopically expressed. Thus, the ES-cell differentiation system is of great value for a detailed understanding of the process of blood formation. Furthermore, it is also promising for future application in hematopoietic cell and gene therapy. Since the arrival of techniques which allow the reprogramming of somatic cells back to an ES cell-like state, the generation of hematopoietic stem cells from patient-specific so-called induced pluripotent stem cells shows great promise for future therapeutic applications. In this chapter, we describe how to cultivate a certain feeder cell-independent mouse embryonic stem cell line, to manipulate these cells by retroviral gene transfer to ectopically express HOXB4, to differentiate these ES cells via embryoid body formation, and to selectively expand the arising, HOXB4-expressing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pilat
- Department of Medical Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kim EM, Stultz R, Bonde S, Zavazava N. Embryonic stem cell-derived T cells induce lethal graft-versus-host disease and reject allogenic skin grafts upon thymic selection. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:600-9. [PMID: 22070732 PMCID: PMC10619206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efficient differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is crucial for the establishment of stem cell-based therapies targeting the treatment of immunological and hematological disorders. However, so far, it has not been possible to induce long-term survival of murine ESC-derived HPCs without the overexpression of HoxB4, a homeobox transcription factor that confers self-renewal properties to hematopoietic cells. Yet it has not been feasible to generate T cells from HoxB4-expressing HPCs, a problem that has been attributed to HoxB4. Here, we show that Notch1 signaling in HoxB4-transduced ESCs leads to efficient derivation of T cells that survive long term. These T cells display a normal T-cell Vβ repertoire, respond to mitogen stimulation and induce lethal graft-versus-host disease. Thymic selection in fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) allowed negative selection and generation of T cells tolerant to 'self' and capable of rejecting MHC-mismatched skin allografts. Our data show that ESC-derived T cells, despite high expression of HoxB4, are fully immunocompetent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - R. Stultz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - S. Bonde
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - N. Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
- Division of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Experimental limitations using reprogrammed cells for hematopoietic differentiation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:895086. [PMID: 22187531 PMCID: PMC3237023 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We review here our experiences with the in vitro reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and subsequent in vitro development of hematopoietic cells from these iPSC and from embryonic stem cells (ESC). While, in principle, the in vitro reprogramming and subsequent differentiation can generate hematopoietic cell from any somatic cells, it is evident that many of the steps in this process need to be significantly improved before it can be applied to human cells and used in clinical settings of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantations.
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