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Danobeitia JS, Zens TJ, Chlebeck PJ, Zitur LJ, Reyes JA, Eerhart MJ, Coonen J, Capuano S, D’Alessandro AM, Torrealba JR, Burguete D, Brunner K, Amersfoort E, Ponstein-Simarro Doorten Y, Van Kooten C, Jankowska-Gan E, Burlingham W, Sullivan J, Djamali A, Pozniak M, Yankol Y, Fernandez LA. Targeted donor complement blockade after brain death prevents delayed graft function in a nonhuman primate model of kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1513-1526. [PMID: 31922336 PMCID: PMC7261643 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Delayed graft function (DGF) in renal transplant is associated with reduced graft survival and increased immunogenicity. The complement-driven inflammatory response after brain death (BD) and posttransplant reperfusion injury play significant roles in the pathogenesis of DGF. In a nonhuman primate model, we tested complement-blockade in BD donors to prevent DGF and improve graft survival. BD donors were maintained for 20 hours; kidneys were procured and stored at 4°C for 43-48 hours prior to implantation into ABO-compatible, nonsensitized, MHC-mismatched recipients. Animals were divided into 3 donor-treatment groups: G1 - vehicle, G2 - rhC1INH+heparin, and G3 - heparin. G2 donors showed significant reduction in classical complement pathway activation and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. DGF was diagnosed in 4/6 (67%) G1 recipients, 3/3 (100%) G3 recipients, and 0/6 (0%) G2 recipients (P = .008). In addition, G2 recipients showed superior renal function, reduced sC5b-9, and reduced urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the first week posttransplant. We observed no differences in incidence or severity of graft rejection between groups. Collectively, the data indicate that donor-management targeting complement activation prevents the development of DGF. Our results suggest a pivotal role for complement activation in BD-induced renal injury and postulate complement blockade as a promising strategy for the prevention of DGF after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Danobeitia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tiffany J. Zens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peter J. Chlebeck
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura J. Zitur
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jose A. Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J. Eerhart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer Coonen
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anthony M. D’Alessandro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jose R. Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Daniel Burguete
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Cees Van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Jankowska-Gan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeremy Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Arjang Djamali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Myron Pozniak
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yucel Yankol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Luis A. Fernandez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Knechtle SJ, Shaw JM, Hering BJ, Kraemer K, Madsen JC. Translational impact of NIH-funded nonhuman primate research in transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau0143. [PMID: 31292263 PMCID: PMC7197021 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has long supported using nonhuman primate (NHP) models for research on kidney, pancreatic islet, heart, and lung transplantation. The primary purpose of this research has been to develop new treatments for down-modulating or preventing deleterious immune responses after transplantation in human patients. Here, we discuss NIH-funded NHP studies of immune cell depletion, costimulation blockade, regulatory cell therapy, desensitization, and mixed hematopoietic chimerism that either preceded clinical trials or prevented the human application of therapies that were toxic or ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Julia M Shaw
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristy Kraemer
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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DeGottardi MQ, Okoye AA, Vaidya M, Talla A, Konfe AL, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Legasse AW, Sabnis A, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Reiman KA, Sekaly RP, Picker LJ. Effect of Anti-IL-15 Administration on T Cell and NK Cell Homeostasis in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1183-98. [PMID: 27430715 PMCID: PMC4976006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has been implicated as a key regulator of T and NK cell homeostasis in multiple systems; however, its specific role in maintaining peripheral T and NK cell populations relative to other γ-chain (γc) cytokines has not been fully defined in primates. In this article, we address this question by determining the effect of IL-15 inhibition with a rhesusized anti-IL-15 mAb on T and NK cell dynamics in rhesus macaques. Strikingly, anti-IL-15 treatment resulted in rapid depletion of NK cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cells (TEM) in blood and tissues, with little to no effect on naive or central memory T cells. Importantly, whereas depletion of NK cells was nearly complete and maintained as long as anti-IL-15 treatment was given, TEM depletion was countered by the onset of massive TEM proliferation, which almost completely restored circulating TEM numbers. Tissue TEM, however, remained significantly reduced, and most TEM maintained very high turnover throughout anti-IL-15 treatment. In the presence of IL-15 inhibition, TEM became increasingly more sensitive to IL-7 stimulation in vivo, and transcriptional analysis of TEM in IL-15-inhibited monkeys revealed engagement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting alternative γc cytokine signaling may support TEM homeostasis in the absence of IL-15. Thus, IL-15 plays a major role in peripheral maintenance of NK cells and TEM However, whereas most NK cell populations collapse in the absence of IL-15, TEM can be maintained in the face of IL-15 inhibition by the activity of other homeostatic regulators, most likely IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Q DeGottardi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Vaidya
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Amit Sabnis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Keith A Reiman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | | | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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Pan WJ, Li H, Xiao JJ, Horner MJ, Lebrec HN, Butz EA, Kaliyaperumal A, Cheah TC, Ortiz RC, Prokop SP, Buntich SA, Boren BM, Wolford ST, Tsuji WH, Wienkers LC, Köck K. Modeling the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the monoclonal anti-macaque-IL-15 antibody Hu714MuXHu in cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 3:e00199. [PMID: 27022472 PMCID: PMC4777250 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu714MuXHu is a recombinant chimeric murine‐human monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin‐15 (IL‐15), a proinflammatory cytokine associated with memory CD8+ and natural killer (NK) T‐cell activation and implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to describe the NK cell count reduction in cynomolgus monkeys after treatment with Hu714MuXHu. Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed with Hu714MuXHu in three studies: as a single dose at 0.1 or 1 mg·kg−1 i.v.; weekly for 5 weeks at 0, 30, 60, or 150 mg·kg−1 i.v. or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c.; weekly for 13 weeks at 0, 5, 30, or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c. Serum Hu714MuXHu concentration‐time data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis and the PK/NK cell count relationship was assessed via simultaneous PK/PD modeling. Hu714MuXHu PK was approximately dose‐proportional between 0.1–150 mg·kg−1 for i.v. and 5–150 mg·kg−1 for s.c. administration with an elimination half‐life of 12.7–18 days. Hu714MuXHu administration resulted in rapid and marked reductions in NK cell counts after the first dose which recovered fully after the serum Hu714MuXHu concentrations approached 0.1 μg·mL−1 (assay limit of quantification). PK/PD modeled Hu714MuXHu effects on NK cells had an EC50 of 0.09 μg·mL−1. In summary, weekly i.v. or s.c. doses with Hu714MuXHu for up to 3 months in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated linear PK and significant NK cell count reduction, which was described using PK/PD modeling. This approach may be used to guide investigative product dose selections for inflammatory diseases where NK cell count alterations are quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei J Pan
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Hong Li
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Jim J Xiao
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Michelle J Horner
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Herve N Lebrec
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Eric A Butz
- Inflammation Discovery Research Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | - Tsui C Cheah
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Robert C Ortiz
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | | | - Sabina A Buntich
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Babette M Boren
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | | | - Larry C Wienkers
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
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A critical analysis of the cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, as a model to test HIV-1/SIV vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2014; 33:3073-83. [PMID: 25510387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a number of non-rhesus macaque species, but especially cynomolgus macaques as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development has increased in recent years. Cynomolgus macaques have been used in the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Australia as a model for HIV vaccine development for many years. Unlike rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV show a pattern of disease pathogenesis that more closely resembles that of human HIV-1 infection, exhibiting lower peak and set-point viral loads and slower progression to disease with more typical AIDS defining illnesses. Several advances have been made recently in the use of the cynomolgus macaque SIV challenge model that allow the demonstration of vaccine efficacy using attenuated viruses and vectors that are both viral and non-viral in origin. This review aims to probe the details of various vaccination trials carried out in cynomolgus macaques in the context of our modern understanding of the highly diverse immunogenetics of this species with a view to understanding the species-specific immune correlates of protection and the efficacy of vectors that have been used to design vaccines.
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Lebrec H, Horner MJ, Gorski KS, Tsuji W, Xia D, Pan WJ, Means G, Pietz G, Li N, Retter M, Shaffer K, Patel N, Narayanan PK, Butz EA. Homeostasis of Human NK Cells Is Not IL-15 Dependent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5551-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Otting N, de Groot N, de Vos-Rouweler AJM, Louwerse A, Doxiadis GGM, Bontrop RE. Multilocus definition of MHC haplotypes in pedigreed cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Immunogenetics 2012; 64:755-65. [PMID: 22772814 PMCID: PMC3438390 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are used widely in biomedical research, and the genetics of their MHC (Mhc-Mafa) has become the focus of considerable attention in recent years. The cohort of Indonesian pedigreed macaques that we present here was typed for Mafa-A, -B, and -DR, by sequencing, as described in earlier studies. Additionally, the DRB region of these animals was characterised by microsatellite analyses. In this study, full-length sequencing of Mafa-DPA/B and -DQA/B in these animals was performed. A total of 75 different alleles were observed; 22 of which have not previously been reported, plus 18 extended exon 2 alleles that were already known. Furthermore, two microsatellites, D6S2854 and D6S2859, were used to characterise the complex Mafa-A region. Sequencing and segregation analyses revealed that the length patterns of these microsatellites are unique for each Mafa-A haplotype. In this work, we present a pedigreed colony of approximately 120 cynomolgus macaques; all of which are typed for the most significant polymorphic MHC class I and class II markers. Offspring of these pedigreed animals are easily characterised for their MHC by microsatellite analyses on the Mafa-A and -DRB regions, which makes the cumbersome sequencing analyses redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nel Otting
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Koulmanda M, Qipo A, Fan Z, Smith N, Auchincloss H, Zheng XX, Strom TB. Prolonged survival of allogeneic islets in cynomolgus monkeys after short-term triple therapy. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1296-302. [PMID: 22390179 PMCID: PMC3743408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.03973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) are particularly useful to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic proteins developed for use in clinical transplantation. We hypothesized that a treatment that selectively destroys activated cytopathic donor reactive T cells while sparing resting and immunoregulatory T cells in a mouse model might also produce long-term drug-free engraftment and tolerance without the hazards of lymphopenia in the challenging nonhuman primate islet allograft model. Short-term treatment with a regimen consisting of rapamycin, and IL-2.Ig plus mutant antagonist-type IL-15.Ig cytolytic fusion proteins (triple therapy) posttransplantation results in prolonged, drug-free engraftment of cynomolgus islet allografts. Moreover slow progressive loss of islet function in some recipients was not associated with obvious pathologic evidence of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Koulmanda
- Harvard Medical School, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Maria Koulmanda,
| | - A. Qipo
- Harvard Medical School, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Z. Fan
- Harvard Medical School, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - N. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - H. Auchincloss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,National Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - X. X. Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Thomas Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - T. B. Strom
- Harvard Medical School, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Millington T, Koulmanda M, Ng C, Boskovic S, Nadazdin OM, Benichou G, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Madsen JC. Effects of an agonist interleukin-2/Fc fusion protein, a mutant antagonist interleukin-15/Fc fusion protein, and sirolimus on cardiac allograft survival in non-human primates. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31:427-35. [PMID: 22366291 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To tilt the immunologic balance toward tolerance and away from rejection, non-human primate recipients of cardiac allografts were treated with interleukin (IL)-2/Fc, mutant (m) antagonist type mIL-15/Fc, and sirolimus. METHODS Heterotopic heart transplants were performed on 8 fully mismatched cynomolgus macaques. An untreated control recipient rejected its graft by post-operative Day 6. The remaining 7 animals received oral or intramuscular immunosuppression with sirolimus. A recipient treated with sirolimus alone rejected at the end of 28 days of immunosuppression. The remaining 6 monkeys also received IL-2/Fc and mIL-15/Fc intramuscularly until 28 days after transplant. One animal received a second 28-day course of fusion protein starting at Day 50. In these 6 animals, sirolimus was continued for 28 days (n = 4) or until protein levels were low (n = 2). RESULTS In the 4 monkeys treated with a 28-day course of sirolimus and fusion proteins, mean graft survival was 51.5 days (range, 28-76 days). The animal receiving a second course of fusion protein rejected its graft on Day 177, despite detectable levels of the fusion proteins and sirolimus. The central memory, effector memory, and naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell populations in the peripheral blood did not change significantly during fusion protein administration. A 2.5-fold expansion in CD4(+)CD25(+) lymphocytes occurred in recipients treated with fusion proteins and sirolimus that was not observed in the recipient treated with sirolimus alone. CONCLUSIONS Although IL-2/Fc, mIL-15/Fc, and sirolimus administered in this manner permitted modest prolongation of graft survival and expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, tolerance was not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Millington
- Massachusetts General Hospital Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Ambagala AP, Marsh A, Chan J, Pilon R, Fournier J, Mazzulli T, Sandstrom P, Willer DO, MacDonald KS. Isolation and characterization of cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). Virology 2011; 412:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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