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Syn G, Lee YQ, Lim ZY, Chan GC. Galectin-3: action and clinical utility in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04107-4. [PMID: 38861106 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, Galectin-3 has been put forward as a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease progression. This review aims to assess the clinical utility of Galectin-3 in various pathological processes leading up to chronic kidney disease such as diabetes and lupus nephritis. We conducted a systematic search on PubMed from inception to September 2023, using the search term ("Galectin-3" OR "gal-3") AND ("renal" OR "kidney"). Galectin-3 has been shown to be both pro-fibrotic and protective against renal fibrosis through various mechanisms such as apoptotic body clearance and modulation of the Wnt pathway. Studies have found associations between raised Galectin-3, incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease. In lupus nephritis, Galectin-3 may serve as a biomarker for lupus nephritis activity. Although Galectin-3 inhibits cystogenesis, there is no correlation between total kidney volume and Galectin-3 in polycystic kidney disease. The role of Galectin-3 in staging and prognostication of renal cell carcinoma is yet to be determined. Galectin-3 has potential in predicting chronic kidney disease progression, in combination with other biomarkers. However, more trials are required given that present studies demonstrate conflicting results on the relationship between Galectin-3 and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients of varying aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Syn
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Qin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Yu Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Wang G, Li R, Feng C, Li K, Liu S, Fu Q. Galectin-3 is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:92. [PMID: 38378809 PMCID: PMC10879531 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional protein that has been linked to fibrosis and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In this study, we examined the impact of Gal-3 on inflammation and fibrosis in patients with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (A-ED) and the underlying mechanisms involved. To induce arterial injury, we utilized cuffs on the periaqueductal common iliac arteries of Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats and administered a high-fat diet to co-induce local atherosclerosis. Our results showed that we successfully developed a novel A-ED model that was validated based on histological evidence. In vivo, the vascular lumen of rats subjected to a high-fat diet and cuff placement exhibited significant narrowing, accompanied by the upregulation of Gal-3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) expression in the penile cavernosa. This led to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B 65 (NF-κB-p65), resulting in reduced intracavernosal pressure, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, and smooth muscle content, promoting inflammation and fibrosis. However, treatment with Gal-3 inhibitor-modified citrus pectin (MCP) significantly normalized those effects. In vitro, knocking down Gal-3 led to a significant reduction in TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB-p65 expression in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs), decreasing inflammation levels. In conclusion, inhibiting Gal-3 may improve A-ED by reducing inflammation, endothelial injury, and fibrosis in the penile corpus cavernosum through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic target of Gal-3 in A-ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kefan Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
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3
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Zhou Z, Feng Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Dou G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Retinal Degeneration and Other Ocular Diseases: A Potential Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15516. [PMID: 37958500 PMCID: PMC10649114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is the most studied member of the Galectin family, with a large range of mediation in biological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell adhesion, and tissue repair, as well as in pathological processes such as inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and angiogenesis. As is known to all, inflammation, aberrant cell apoptosis, and neovascularization are the main pathophysiological processes in retinal degeneration and many ocular diseases. Therefore, the review aims to conclude the role of Gal3 in the retinal degeneration of various diseases as well as the occurrence and development of the diseases and discuss its molecular mechanisms according to research in systemic diseases. At the same time, we summarized the predictive role of Gal3 as a biomarker and the clinical application of its inhibitors to discuss the possibility of Gal3 as a novel target for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
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Klinkhammer BM, Boor P. Kidney fibrosis: Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 93:101206. [PMID: 37541106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients worldwide suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is accompanied by kidney fibrosis, which affects all compartments of the kidney, i.e., the glomeruli, tubulointerstitium, and vasculature. Fibrosis is the best predictor of progression of kidney diseases. Currently, there is no specific anti-fibrotic therapy for kidney patients and invasive renal biopsy remains the only option for specific detection and quantification of kidney fibrosis. Here we review emerging diagnostic approaches and potential therapeutic options for fibrosis. We discuss how translational research could help to establish fibrosis-specific endpoints for clinical trials, leading to improved patient stratification and potentially companion diagnostics, and facilitating and optimizing development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies for kidney patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Ahmed R, Anam K, Ahmed H. Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8116. [PMID: 37175823 PMCID: PMC10179732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes. As a multifunctional protein involved in multiple pathways of many diseases, Gal3 has generated significant interest in pharmaceutical industries. As a result, several Gal3-targeting therapeutic drugs are being developed to address unmet medical needs. Based on the PubMed search of Gal3 to date (1987-2023), here, we briefly describe its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, endogenous ligands, and roles in various diseases. We also discuss its potential antagonists that are currently being investigated clinically or pre-clinically by the public and private companies. The updated knowledge on Gal3 function in various diseases could initiate new clinical or pre-clinical investigations to test therapeutic strategies, and some of these strategies could be successful and recognized as novel therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Horiuchi YU, Wettersten N, VAN Veldhuisen DJ, Mueller C, Filippatos G, Nowak R, Hogan C, Kontos MC, Cannon CM, Müeller GA, Birkhahn R, Taub P, Vilke GM, McDonald K, Mahon N, Nuñez J, Briguori C, Passino C, Duff S, Maisel A, Murray PT. Galectin-3, Acute Kidney Injury and Myocardial Damage in Patients With Acute Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2023; 29:269-277. [PMID: 36332898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3, a biomarker of inflammation and fibrosis, can be associated with renal and myocardial damage and dysfunction in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analyzed 790 patients with AHF who were enrolled in the AKINESIS study. During hospitalization, patients with galectin-3 elevation (> 25.9 ng/mL) on admission more commonly had acute kidney injury (assessed by KDIGO criteria), renal tubular damage (peak urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [uNGAL] > 150 ng/dL) and myocardial injury (≥ 20% increase in the peak high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I [hs-cTnI] values compared to admission). They less commonly had ≥ 30% reduction in B-type natriuretic peptide from admission to last measured value. In multivariable linear regression analysis, galectin-3 was negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate and positively associated with uNGAL and hs-cTnI. Higher galectin-3 was associated with renal replacement therapy, inotrope use and mortality during hospitalization. In univariable Cox regression analysis, higher galectin-3 was associated with increased risk for the composite of death or rehospitalization due to HF and death alone at 1 year. After multivariable adjustment, higher galectin-3 levels were associated only with death. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AHF, higher galectin-3 values were associated with renal dysfunction, renal tubular damage and myocardial injury, and they predicted worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U Horiuchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicholas Wettersten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Dirk J VAN Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Mueller
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, Athens University Hospital Attikon, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Nowak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Hogan
- Division of Emergency Medicine and Acute Care Surgical Services, VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Kontos
- Division of Cardiology, VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chad M Cannon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gerhard A Müeller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Birkhahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pam Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary M Vilke
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth McDonald
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Mahon
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Cardiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julio Nuñez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) in Cardiovascular Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Briguori
- Department of Cardiology, Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stephen Duff
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Maisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Murray
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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7
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Wang F, Zhou L, Eliaz A, Hu C, Qiang X, Ke L, Chertow G, Eliaz I, Peng Z. The potential roles of galectin-3 in AKI and CKD. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1090724. [PMID: 36909244 PMCID: PMC9995706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1090724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with high morbidity and mortality, and is associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The beta-galactoside binding protein galectin-3 (Gal3), with its proinflammatory and profibrotic properties, has been implicated in the development of both AKI and CKD. Serum Gal3 levels are elevated in patients with AKI and CKD, and elevated Gal3 is associated with progression of CKD. In addition, Gal3 is associated with the incidence of AKI among critically ill patients, and blocking Gal3 in murine models of sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion injury results in significantly lower AKI incidence and mortality. Here we review the role of Gal3 in the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting Gal3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Amity Eliaz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chang Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinhua Qiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Li Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Glenn Chertow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Center, Santa Rosa, CA, United States
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Boutin L, Dépret F, Gayat E, Legrand M, Chadjichristos CE. Galectin-3 in Kidney Diseases: From an Old Protein to a New Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063124. [PMID: 35328545 PMCID: PMC8952808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 30KDa lectin implicated in multiple pathophysiology pathways including renal damage and fibrosis. Gal-3 binds β-galactoside through its carbohydrate-recognition domain. From intra-cellular to extra-cellular localization, Gal-3 has multiple roles including transduction signal pathway, cell-to-cell adhesion, cell to extracellular matrix adhesion, and immunological chemoattractant protein. Moreover, Gal-3 has also been linked to kidney disease in both preclinical models and clinical studies. Gal-3 inhibition appears to improve renal disease in several pathological conditions, thus justifying the development of multiple drug inhibitors. This review aims to summarize the latest literature regarding Gal-3 in renal pathophysiology, from its role as a biomarker to its potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boutin
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - François Dépret
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Etienne Gayat
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California—UCSF Medical Center, 500 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- INI-CRCT Network, 54500 Nancy, France
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Ou SM, Tsai MT, Chen HY, Li FA, Tseng WC, Lee KH, Chang FP, Lin YP, Yang RB, Tarng DC. Identification of Galectin-3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:748225. [PMID: 34869439 PMCID: PMC8633540 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.748225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional glycan-binding protein shown to be linked to chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Plasma Gal-3 is associated with proteinuria and renal dysfunction, but its role has never been confirmed with kidney biopsy results. In our study, we aimed to explore the expression of Gal-3 in biopsy-proven patients, and we tested the hypothesis that chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to upregulation of plasma Gal-3 expression in corresponding biopsy findings and RNA sequencing analysis. Method: In 249 patients (male/female: 155/94, age: 57.2 ± 16.3 years) who underwent kidney biopsy, plasma levels of Gal-3 were measured to estimate the association of renal fibrosis. Relationships between plasma Gal-3 levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal histology findings were also assessed. We further examined the gene expression of Gal-3 in RNA-sequencing analysis in biopsy-proven patients. Results: Compared to patients without CKD, CKD patients had higher levels of plasma Gal-3 (1,016.3 ± 628.1 pg/mL vs. 811.6 ± 369.6 pg/ml; P = 0.010). Plasma Gal-3 was inversely correlated with eGFR (P = 0.005) but not with proteinuria. Higher Gal-3 levels were associated with interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and vascular intimal fibrosis. RNA-sequencing analysis showed the upregulation of Gal-3 in fibrotic kidney biopsy samples, and the differentially expressed genes were mainly enhanced in immune cell activation and the regulation of cell-cell adhesion. Conclusions: Plasma Gal-3 levels are inverse correlated with eGFR but positively correlated with renal fibrosis, which may be involved in the immune response and associated pathways. These findings support the role of Gal-3 as a predictive marker of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Ming Ou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsun Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Tseng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Pang Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Inflammation and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Mora GF, Zubieta MR. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 Expression in Lesional Skin of Patients With Systemic Sclerosis-Association With Disease Severity. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27:317-323. [PMID: 32501939 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are carbohydrate-binding proteins involved in normal processes, autoimmunity, and cancer. Increased serum Gal-3 levels in scleroderma were associated with active disease, vasculopathy, and mortality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate Gal-1 and Gal-3 expression in the lesional skin of patients with scleroderma regarding disease severity and organ involvement. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed as systemic sclerosis (SSc), after informed consent. Clinical and serological profiles were reviewed from medical records. Lesional skin biopsies were taken by losange incision from patients. Samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and compared with normal skin of a healthy patient. Parametric statistical analysis was done with Student t test and Pearson coefficient. Significance was established as p ≤ 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Biopsies of 10 patients and a healthy control (9 female, 1 male) were analyzed. The mean age was 54.5 years (18-74 years). Four of 10 patients had diffuse, 4 had limited scleroderma, 1 had overlap syndrome, and 1 had sclerodermiform graft-versus-host disease. The mean fibroblasts count per field was 13.2 in scleroderma versus 7.2 in normal skin. The mean expression of Gal-1 in scleroderma fibroblasts was 13% (0%-56%) and 47.5% for Gal-3 (6.5%-95.5%); in normal skin, the mean expression was 91% (90%-95%) for Gal-1 and 97% (89%-100%) for Gal-3. A higher Gal-3 expression in scleroderma (within its lower expression compared with normal skin) was associated with pulmonary artery hypertension (p = 0.004) and to a higher modified Rodnan's skin score (p = 0.0003). In a similar manner, anti-centromere antibodies were associated with a higher Gal-1 expression in SSc skin fibroblasts (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Gal-1 and Gal-3 had a lower expression in scleroderma lesional skin compared with a normal control. We found a significant correlation between a higher Gal-3 expression (within the lower ones compared with normal skin) in fibroblasts from SSc patients and severe disease (pulmonary hypertension and a higher modified Rodnan's skin score) compared with patients with lower expression of this protein. Similarly, the presence of anti-centromere antibodies was associated with a higher expression of Gal-1 within this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fernanda Mora
- From the Immunology Unit, Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires
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11
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Hsu BG, Wang CH, Lai YH, Tsai JP. Serum Galectin-3 Level Is Positively Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080532. [PMID: 34437403 PMCID: PMC8402460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, which is a novel biomarker of cardiovascular stress and related to inflammation, could predict adverse cardiovascular events. However, its relationship with endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum galectin-3 levels and endothelial function in patients with stages 3–5 CKD. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 130 patients. Serum galectin-3 levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The endothelial function, demonstrated as a vascular reactivity index (VRI), was measured noninvasively through digital thermal monitoring test. Then, we sorted the patients into poor, intermediate, and good vascular reactivity (VRI < 1.0, 1.0 ≤ VRI < 2.0, and VRI ≥ 2.0), accounting for 24 (18.5%), 44 (33.8%), and 62 (47.7%) patients, respectively. As the VRI decreased, the serum galectin-3 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels significantly increased. The galectin-3 value positively correlated with the CRP value but negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. In multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis, serum log-transformed galectin-3 level and log-transformed CRP were significantly negatively associated with VRI values. Therefore, galectin-3 together with CRP is associated with VRI values and is a potential endothelial function modulator and a valuable biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Gee Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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12
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Sotomayor CG, te Velde-Keyzer CA, Diepstra A, van Londen M, Pol RA, Post A, Gans RO, Nolte IM, Slart RH, de Borst MH, Berger SP, Rodrigo R, Navis GJ, de Boer RA, Bakker SJ. Galectin-3 and Risk of Late Graft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A 10-year Prospective Cohort Study. Transplantation 2021; 105:1106-1115. [PMID: 32639409 PMCID: PMC8078111 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 may play a causal role in kidney inflammation and fibrosis, which may also be involved in the development of kidney graft failure. With novel galectin-3-targeted pharmacological therapies increasingly coming available, we aimed to investigate whether galectin-3 is associated with risk of late graft failure in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). METHODS We studied adult KTR who participated in TransplantLines Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Biobank and Cohort Study, recruited in a university setting (2001-2003). Follow-up was performed for a median of 9.5 (interquartile range, 6.2-10.2) years. Overall and stratified (Pinteraction < 0.05) multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to study the association of galectin-3 with risk of graft failure (restart of dialysis or retransplantation). RESULTS Among 561 KTR (age 52 ± 12 y; 54% males), baseline median galectin-3 was 21.1 (interquartile range, 17.0-27.2) ng/mL. During follow-up, 72 KTR developed graft failure (13, 18, and 44 events over increasing tertiles of galectin-3). Independent of adjustment for donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics, galectin-3-associated with increased risk of graft failure (hazard ratios [HR] per 1 SD change, 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-2.75; P < 0.001), particularly among KTR with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.80-2.92; P < 0.001; Pinteraction = 0.01) or smoking history (HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.95-3.37; P < 0.001; Pinteraction = 0.03). Similarly, patients in the highest tertile of galectin-3 were consistently at increased risk of graft failure. CONCLUSIONS Serum galectin-3 levels are elevated in KTR, and independently associated with increased risk of late graft failure. Whether galectin-3-targeted therapies may represent novel opportunities to decrease the long-standing high burden of late graft failure in stable KTR warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G. Sotomayor
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Charlotte A. te Velde-Keyzer
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Division of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Londen
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Pol
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Post
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rijk O.B. Gans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H.J.A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H. de Borst
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P. Berger
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J.L. Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Sun H, Jiang H, Eliaz A, Kellum JA, Peng Z, Eliaz I. Galectin-3 in septic acute kidney injury: a translational study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:109. [PMID: 33736691 PMCID: PMC7977587 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic glycan-binding protein shown to be involved in sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). However, its role has never been elucidated in sepsis-associated AKI (S-AKI). We aimed to explore Gal-3's role and its potential utility as a therapeutic target in S-AKI. METHODS In 57 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis, serum Gal-3 was examined as a predictor of ICU mortality and development of AKI. In a rat model of S-AKI induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 7-day mortality and serum Gal-3, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and creatinine were examined at 2, 8, and 24 hours (h) post-CLP. Two experimental groups received the Gal-3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (P-MCP) at 400 mg/kg/day and 1200 mg/kg/day, while the control group received water only (n = 18 in each group). RESULTS Among 57 patients, 27 developed AKI and 8 died in the ICU. Serum Gal-3 was an independent predictor of AKI (OR = 1.2 [95% CI 1.1-1.4], p = 0.01) and ICU mortality (OR = 1.4 [95% CI 1.1-2.2], p = 0.04) before and after controlling for age, AKI, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score. In the CLP rat experiment, serum Gal-3 peaked earlier than IL-6. Serum Gal-3 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups compared to control at 2 h post-CLP (400 mg: p = 0.003; 1200 mg: p = 0.002), and IL-6 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups at all time points with a maximum difference at 24 h post-CLP (400 mg: p = 0.015; 1200 mg: p = 0.02). In the Gal-3 inhibitor groups, 7-day mortality was significantly reduced from 61% in the control group to 28% (400 mg P-MCP: p = 0.03) and 22% (1200 mg P-MCP: p = 0.001). Rates of AKI per RIFLE criteria were significantly reduced from 89% in the control group to 44% in both P-MCP groups (400 mg: p = 0.007; 1200 mg: p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS This translational study demonstrates the importance of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of S-AKI, and its potential utility as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huiping Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Amity Eliaz
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Center, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
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Shochet GE, Pomerantz A, Shitrit D, Bardenstein-Wald B, Ask K, Surber M, Rabinowicz N, Levy Y, Benchetrit S, Edelstein E, Zitman-Gal T. Galectin-3 levels are elevated following nintedanib treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320968412. [PMID: 33708368 PMCID: PMC7907712 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320968412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common and severe form of pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor, is approved for treating IPF. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) activates a variety of profibrotic processes. Currently, the Gal-3 inhibitor TD139 is being tested in phase II clinical trials. Since this treatment is given ‘on top’ of nintedanib, it is important to estimate its effect on Gal-3 levels. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of nintedanib on Gal-3 expression using both in vitro and in vivo models, in addition to serum samples from patients with IPF. Methods: Gal-3 levels were evaluated in IPF and control tissue samples, primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) following nintedanib treatment (10–100 nM, quantitative polymerase chain reaction), and in a silica-induced fibrosis mouse model with/without nintedanib (0.021–0.21 mg/kg) by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Gal-3 levels were analyzed in serum samples from 41 patients with interstitial lung disease patients with/without nintedanib treatment by ELISA. Results: Nintedanib addition to HLFs resulted in significant elevations in Gal-3, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), as well as IL-8 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Gal-3 expression was higher in samples from IPF patients compared with non-IPF controls at the protein and mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In the in vivo mouse model, Gal-3 levels were increased following fibrosis induction and even further increased with the addition of nintedanib, mostly in macrophages (p < 0.05). Patients receiving nintedanib presented with higher Gal-3 serum levels compared with those who did not receive nintedanib (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nintedanib elevates Gal-3 levels in both experimental models, along with patient samples. These findings highlight the possibility of using combined inhibition therapy for patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky Street, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Alon Pomerantz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noa Rabinowicz
- Internal Medicine E Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Yair Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Tali Zitman-Gal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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The therapeutic potential of galectin-3 inhibition in fibrotic disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 130:105881. [PMID: 33181315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding mammalian lectin and part of the 15 member galectin family that are evolutionarily highly conserved. It is the only chimeric protein with a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) linked to a proline, glycine, and tyrosine rich additional N-terminal domain. Galectin-3 binds several cell surface glycoproteins via its CRD domain as well as undergoing oligomerization, via binding at the N-terminal or the CRD, resulting in the formation of a galectin-3 lattice on the cell surface. The galectin-3 lattice has been regarded as being a crucial mechanism whereby extracellular galectin-3 modulates cellular signalling by prolonging retention time or retarding lateral movement of cell surface receptors in the plasma membrane. As such galectin-3 can regulate various cellular functions such as diffusion, compartmentalization and endocytosis of plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids and the functionality of membrane receptors. In multiple models of organ fibrosis, it has been demonstrated that galectin-3 is potently pro-fibrotic and modulates the activity of fibroblasts and macrophages in chronically inflamed organs. Increased galectin-3 expression also activates myofibroblasts resulting in scar formation and may therefore impact common fibrotic pathways leading to fibrosis in multiple organs. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in the scientific literature investigating galectin-3 in a range of fibrotic diseases as well as the clinical development of new galectin-3 inhibitors. In this review we will examine the role of galectin-3 in fibrosis, the therapeutic strategies for inhibiting galectin-3 in fibrotic disease and the clinical landscape to date.
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16
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Sotomayor CG, te Velde-Keyzer CA, de Borst MH, Navis GJ, Bakker SJ. Lifestyle, Inflammation, and Vascular Calcification in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Perspectives on Long-Term Outcomes. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1911. [PMID: 32570920 PMCID: PMC7355938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of pioneering and improvement, kidney transplantation is now the renal replacement therapy of choice for most patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Where focus has traditionally been on surgical techniques and immunosuppressive treatment with prevention of rejection and infection in relation to short-term outcomes, nowadays, so many people are long-living with a transplanted kidney that lifestyle, including diet and exposure to toxic contaminants, also becomes of importance for the kidney transplantation field. Beyond hazards of immunological nature, a systematic assessment of potentially modifiable-yet rather overlooked-risk factors for late graft failure and excess cardiovascular risk may reveal novel targets for clinical intervention to optimize long-term health and downturn current rates of premature death of kidney transplant recipients (KTR). It should also be realized that while kidney transplantation aims to restore kidney function, it incompletely mitigates mechanisms of disease such as chronic low-grade inflammation with persistent redox imbalance and deregulated mineral and bone metabolism. While the vicious circle between inflammation and oxidative stress as common final pathway of a multitude of insults plays an established pathological role in native chronic kidney disease, its characterization post-kidney transplant remains less than satisfactory. Next to chronic inflammatory status, markedly accelerated vascular calcification persists after kidney transplantation and is likewise suggested a major independent mechanism, whose mitigation may counterbalance the excess risk of cardiovascular disease post-kidney transplant. Hereby, we first discuss modifiable dietary elements and toxic environmental contaminants that may explain increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and late graft failure in KTR. Next, we specify laboratory and clinical readouts, with a postulated role within persisting mechanisms of disease post-kidney transplantation (i.e., inflammation and redox imbalance and vascular calcification), as potential non-traditional risk factors for adverse long-term outcomes in KTR. Reflection on these current research opportunities is warranted among the research and clinical kidney transplantation community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G. Sotomayor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (C.A.t.V.-K.); (M.H.d.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
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17
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Gu M, Mei X, Zhao Y. Galectins as potential pharmacological targets in renal injuries of diverse etiology. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173213. [PMID: 32450176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, and their importance in renal diseases of diverse etiology has been documented. Amongst different galectins, the role of galectin-3 in the pathophysiology of renal diseases has been well documented. There is an increase in galectin-3 in the circulation as well as on the kidneys in chronic kidney disease patients. The increase in galectin-3 is negatively correlated with a decrease in renal function and overall survival rate. The preclinical studies also correlate the increase in galectin-3 levels with renal dysfunction. Accordingly, scientists have exploited galectin-3 as a potential pharmacological target to improve renal functions in different preclinical models of renal injury. Apart from galectin-3, there have been few studies documenting the role of galectin-1, 8, and 9 in renal diseases. The role of galectin-1 is not clearly identified, and there have been conflicting reports regarding its role in renal diseases. Galectin-8 and 9 impart renoprotective effects as per clinical and preclinical studies, respectively. The present review discusses the role of different galectins in renal diseases of diverse etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Neurology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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18
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Prud’homme M, Coutrot M, Michel T, Boutin L, Genest M, Poirier F, Launay JM, Kane B, Kinugasa S, Prakoura N, Vandermeersch S, Cohen-Solal A, Delcayre C, Samuel JL, Mehta R, Gayat E, Mebazaa A, Chadjichristos CE, Legrand M. Acute Kidney Injury Induces Remote Cardiac Damage and Dysfunction Through the Galectin-3 Pathway. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:717-732. [PMID: 31709320 PMCID: PMC6834958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is associated with increased risk of heart failure and mortality. This study demonstrates that acute kidney injury induces remote cardiac dysfunction, damage, injury, and fibrosis via a galectin-3 (Gal-3) dependent pathway. Gal-3 originates from bone marrow-derived immune cells. Cardiac damage could be prevented by blocking this pathway.
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Key Words
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- BM, bone marrow
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- Cr, creatinine
- Gal-3, galectin-3
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IL, interleukin
- IR, ischemia-reperfusion
- KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome
- KO, knock-out
- MCP, modified citrus pectin
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction
- WT, wild type
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
- fibrosis
- heart failure
- inflammation
- macrophages
- renal failure
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Prud’homme
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Coutrot
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- AP-HP, St-Louis-Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Michel
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
| | - Louis Boutin
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- AP-HP, St-Louis-Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Magali Genest
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, Team: Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
| | - Bocar Kane
- UMS-28 Phénotypage du petit animal, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claude Delcayre
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
| | - Jane-Lise Samuel
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
| | - Ravindra Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Etienne Gayat
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- AP-HP, St-Louis-Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- AP-HP, St-Louis-Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Legrand
- INSERM UMR-S 942, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lariboisière Hospital, and INI-CRCT-F-CRIN, Paris, France
- AP-HP, St-Louis-Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesiology and peri-operative Care, University of California San Francisco, United States
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Galectin 3 inhibition attenuates renal injury progression in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181803. [PMID: 30455396 PMCID: PMC6435560 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major toxic effect in chemotherapy, which constitutes up to 60% of hospitalized acute kidney injury (AKI). Very few treatment options exist to slow the transition from AKI to subsequent chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Here, we demonstrate that galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside binding lectin that plays an important role in kidney fibrosis and renal failure, is one of the key factors for renal injury progression. Ectopic overexpression of Gal-3 significantly decreased the viability of HEK293, simultaneously inducing of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, inhibition of Gal-3, mediated by modified citrus pectin (MCP), predominantly antagonized the pro-apoptotic effects. Mice were pre-treated with normal or 1% MCP-supplemented drinking water 1 week before cisplatin injection. Analyses of serum creatinine and renal tissue damage indicated that MCP-treated mice demonstrated increased renal function and attenuated renal fibrosis after cisplatin-induced injury. MCP-treated mice also demonstrated decreased renal fibrosis and apoptosis, as revealed by masson trichrome staining and Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, the protective role of Gal-3 inhibition in the kidney injury was shown to be mediated by protein kinase C α (PKC-α), which promoted cell apoptosis and collagen I synthesis in HEK293 cells. These results demonstrated the potential Gal-3 and PKC-α as therapeutic targets for the treatment of AKI and CKD.
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Alam ML, Katz R, Bellovich KA, Bhat ZY, Brosius FC, de Boer IH, Gadegbeku CA, Gipson DS, Hawkins JJ, Himmelfarb J, Kestenbaum BR, Kretzler M, Robinson-Cohen C, Steigerwalt SP, Tuegel C, Bansal N. Soluble ST2 and Galectin-3 and Progression of CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 4:103-111. [PMID: 30596173 PMCID: PMC6308819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac biomarkers soluble ST2 (sST2) and galectin-3 may reflect cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. It is plausible that these mechanisms may also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. We examined associations of sST2 and galectin-3 with kidney function decline in participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods This was a pooled analysis of 2 longitudinal cohorts of participants with CKD: the Clinical Phenotyping and Resource Biobank (C-PROBE) study and the Seattle Kidney Study (SKS). We measured circulating concentrations of sST2 and galectin-3 at baseline. Our primary outcome was progression to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We used competing risk Cox regression models to study the association of sST2 and galectin-3 with CKD progression, adjusting for demographics, kidney function, and comorbidity. Results Among the 841 participants in the pooled cohort, baseline eGFR was 51 ± 27 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and median urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was 141 (interquartile range = 15−736) mg/g. Participants with higher sST2 and galectin-3 were more likely to be older, to have heart failure and diabetes, and to have lower eGFR. Adjusting for demographics, kidney function, and comorbidity, every doubling of sST2 was not associated with progression to eGFR <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or ESRD (adjusted hazard ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.76−1.38). Every doubling of galectin-3 was significantly associated with a 38% (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.01−1.80) increased risk of progression to eGFR <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or ESRD. Conclusion Higher concentrations of the cardiac biomarker galectin-3 may be associated with progression of CKD, highlighting potential novel mechanisms that may contribute to the progression of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam L Alam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronit Katz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith A Bellovich
- Department of Medicine, St. John Hospital Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zeenat Y Bhat
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Debbie S Gipson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer J Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Bryan R Kestenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Courtney Tuegel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nisha Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Tan KCB, Cheung CL, Lee ACH, Lam JKY, Wong Y, Shiu SWM. Galectin-3 is independently associated with progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1212-1219. [PMID: 29417184 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Galectin-3 has been implicated in cardiac and renal fibrosis and serves as a prognostic clinical indicator in heart failure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether serum galectin-3 level is associated with progressive kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Galectin-3 was measured in baseline samples by ELISA in 1320 participants with type 2 diabetes with eGFR ≥30 ml min-1 1.73 m-2. The primary outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine and/or initiation of renal replacement therapy during follow-up. The secondary outcome was progression to macroalbuminuria in individuals with normo- or microalbuminuria at baseline. RESULTS Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly increased in a random subgroup of 270 type 2 diabetic individuals with eGFR >60 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 compared with an age- and sex-matched non-diabetic control group (7.58 ± 2.29 ng/ml vs 6.10 ± 1.91 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.01). In the whole diabetic cohort, after a mean follow-up of 9 years, galectin-3 was independently associated with doubling of serum creatinine (HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.14, 1.24, p < 0.001) and incident macroalbuminuria (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.12, 1.30, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for traditional risk factors, baseline eGFR and albuminuria status. Individuals with galectin-3 levels in the highest quartile had a fourfold risk of renal function loss and threefold risk of incident macroalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Serum galectin-3 was independently associated with progressive renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to determine whether galectin-3 is simply a disease biomarker or is also a mediator of the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Alan C H Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Joanne K Y Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Sammy W M Shiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin implicated as a mediator in a variety of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. However, information about galectin-3 release in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is very limited. We sought to determine whether plasma galectin-3 levels were increased in ARDS patients and were associated with disease severity. METHODS Patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) within 48 h and diagnosed with ARDS were identified. In addition, healthy subjects were assigned to a control group. Plasma samples were collected from patients within 48 h after ICU admission as well as healthy subjects. Plasma galectin-3 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was mortality at 28 days. RESULTS Sixty-three ARDS patients were identified. Among these, 27 patients died within 28 days of admission. The plasma galectin-3 levels of the patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects (median [IQR]: 12.37 [7.94-18.79] vs. 5.01 [4.15-5.69] ng/mL, respectively, P <0.0001). Furthermore, galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in non-surviving patients than in those who survived (15.38 [11.59-22.98] vs. 10.07 [7.39-15.54] ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.0136). Plasma galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores and arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratios (Spearman rho = 0.44, P <0.0001 and -0.616, P <0.0001, respectively). At an optimal cutoff of 10.59 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of galectin-3 for prediction of 28-day mortality were 81.48% (95% CI 0.62-0.94) and 55.56% (95% CI 0.38-0.72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of galectin-3 were significantly associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in ARDS patients.
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23
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Galectin-3 pharmacological inhibition attenuates early renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2018; 36:368-376. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Suthahar N, Meijers WC, Silljé HH, Ho JE, Liu FT, de Boer RA. Galectin-3 Activation and Inhibition in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Theranostics 2018; 8:593-609. [PMID: 29344292 PMCID: PMC5771079 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a versatile protein orchestrating several physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human body. In the last decade, considerable interest in galectin-3 has emerged because of its potential role as a biotarget. Galectin-3 is differentially expressed depending on the tissue type, however its expression can be induced under conditions of tissue injury or stress. Galectin-3 overexpression and secretion is associated with several diseases and is extensively studied in the context of fibrosis, heart failure, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Monomeric (extracellular) galectin-3 usually undergoes further "activation" which significantly broadens the spectrum of biological activity mainly by modifying its carbohydrate-binding properties. Self-interactions of this protein appear to play a crucial role in regulating the extracellular activities of this protein, however there is limited and controversial data on the mechanisms involved. We therefore summarize (recent) literature in this area and describe galectin-3 from a binding perspective providing novel insights into mechanisms by which galectin-3 is known to be "activated" and how such activation may be regulated in pathophysiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Suthahar
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Meijers
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herman H.W. Silljé
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Ho
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Zhao C, Xu Z, Wang Z, Suo C, Tao J, Han Z, Gu M, Tan R. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in transplanted kidney cells in recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction. Gene 2017; 642:483-490. [PMID: 29174387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is characterized by allograft kidney interstitial fibrosis, the underlying mechanism of which is unclear. Our aim was to elucidate the role and mechanism of TNF-α-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in transplant kidney tubular interstitial fibrosis. METHODS Human kidney tissues from normal volunteers and CAD patients were assessed using periodic acid-Schiff, Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical staining. mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin(FN) in renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells after treatment with TNF-α under different conditions were assessed using western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. Cell motility and migration were assessed using wound healing and transwell assays. Expression of Smurf2 and TNF-α-signaling pathway-related proteins in HK-2 cells treated with TNF-α was detected by western blotting. E-cadherin and α-SMA expression was also assessed in Smurf2 plasmid-transfected or Smurf2 siRNA-treated HK-2 cells. RESULTS The expression of TNF-α, Smurf2, α-SMA, and fibronectin was significantly upregulated, while the expression of E-cad was downregulated in the CAD group compared with the normal group. The in vitro results showed that TNF-α remarkably upregulated the expression of Smurf2, α-SMA and fibronectin and downregulated the expression of E-cadherin in HK-2 cells and enhanced motility and migration in HK-2 cells. Overexpression of Smurf2 could promote the expression of α-SMA and inhibit the expression of E-cad, whereas knockdown of Smurf2 expression reversed TNF-α-induced upregulation of α-SMA and prohibited the reduction of E-cad expression. Furthermore, TNF-α-induced Smurf2 expression promoted EMT through the Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS TNF-α induced EMT via the TNF-α/Akt/Smurf2 signaling pathways, and it may play a role in aggravating allograft kidney interstitial fibrosis in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chuanjian Suo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhijian Han
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
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27
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van Eijs MJM, van Zuilen AD, de Boer A, Froeling M, Nguyen TQ, Joles JA, Leiner T, Verhaar MC. Innovative Perspective: Gadolinium-Free Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Long-Term Follow-Up after Kidney Transplantation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:296. [PMID: 28559850 PMCID: PMC5432553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the mid-1980s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been investigated as a non- or minimally invasive tool to probe kidney allograft function. Despite this long-standing interest, MRI still plays a subordinate role in daily practice of transplantation nephrology. With the introduction of new functional MRI techniques, administration of exogenous gadolinium-based contrast agents has often become unnecessary and true non-invasive assessment of allograft function has become possible. This raises the question why application of MRI in the follow-up of kidney transplantation remains restricted, despite promising results. Current literature on kidney allograft MRI is mainly focused on assessment of (sub) acute kidney injury after transplantation. The aim of this review is to survey whether MRI can provide valuable diagnostic information beyond 1 year after kidney transplantation from a mechanistic point of view. The driving force behind chronic allograft nephropathy is believed to be chronic hypoxia. Based on this, techniques that visualize kidney perfusion and oxygenation, scarring, and parenchymal inflammation deserve special interest. We propose that functional MRI mechanistically provides tools for diagnostic work-up in long-term follow-up of kidney allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick J M van Eijs
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjan D van Zuilen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anneloes de Boer
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
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Maisel A, Kim P, Stendardi W. Galectin-3 After Heart Transplantation: Does it Get Better? JACC-HEART FAILURE 2016; 4:857-859. [PMID: 27810079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Maisel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.
| | - Paul Kim
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - William Stendardi
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
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Saccon F, Gatto M, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Role of galectin-3 in autoimmune and non-autoimmune nephropathies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:34-47. [PMID: 27666815 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are evolutionary conserved β-galactoside binding proteins with a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of approximately 130 amino acids. In mammals, 15 members of the galectin family have been identified and classified into three subtypes according to CRD organization: prototype, tandem repeat-type and chimera-type galectins. Galectin-3 (gal-3) is the only chimera type galectin in vertebrates containing one CRD linked to an unusual long N-terminal domain which displays non-lectin dependent activities. Although recent studies revealed unique, pleiotropic and context-dependent functions of gal-3 in both extracellular and intracellular space, gal-3 specific pathways and its ligands have not been clearly defined yet. In the kidney gal-3 is involved in later stages of nephrogenesis as well as in renal cell cancer. However, gal-3 has recently been associated with lupus glomerulonephritis, with Familial Mediterranean Fever-induced proteinuria and renal amyloidosis. Gal-3 has been studied in experimental acute kidney damage and in the subsequent regeneration phase as well as in several models of chronic kidney disease, including nephropathies induced by aging, ischemia, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, unilateral ureteral obstruction and chronic allograft injury. Because of the pivotal role of gal-3 in the modulation of immune system, wound repair, fibrosis and tumorigenesis, it is not surprising that gal-3 can be an intriguing prognostic biomarker as well as a promising therapeutic target in a great variety of diseases, including chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure and cardio-renal syndrome. This review summarizes the functions of gal-3 in kidney pathophysiology focusing on the reported role of gal-3 in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Saccon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
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Nio-Kobayashi J. Tissue- and cell-specific localization of galectins, β-galactose-binding animal lectins, and their potential functions in health and disease. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:25-36. [PMID: 27590897 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen galectins, β-galactose-binding animal lectins, are known to be distributed throughout the body. We herein summarize current knowledge on the tissue- and cell-specific localization of galectins and their potential functions in health and disease. Galectin-3 is widely distributed in epithelia, including the simple columnar epithelium in the gut, stratified squamous epithelium in the gut and skin, and transitional epithelium and several regions in nephrons in the urinary tract. Galectin-2 and galectin-4/6 are gut-specific, while galectin-7 is found in the stratified squamous epithelium in the gut and skin. The reproductive tract mainly contains galectin-1 and galectin-3, and their expression markedly changes during the estrous/menstrual cycle. The galectin subtype expressed in the corpus luteum (CL) changes in association with luteal function. The CL of women and cows displays a "galectin switch" with coordinated changes in the major galectin subtype and its ligand glycoconjugate structure. Macrophages express galectin-3, which may be involved in phagocytotic activity. Lymphoid tissues contain galectin-3-positive macrophages, which are not always stained with the macrophage marker, F4/80. Subsets of neurons in the brain and dorsal root ganglion express galectin-1 and galectin-3, which may contribute to the regeneration of damaged axons, stem cell differentiation, and pain control. The subtype-specific contribution of galectins to implantation, fibrosis, and diabetes are also discussed. The function of galectins may differ depending on the tissues or cells in which they act. The ligand glycoconjugate structures mediated by glycosyltransferases including MGAT5, ST6GAL1, and C2GnT are important for revealing the functions of galectins in healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Perez-Gomez MV, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Zheng B, Martín-Cleary C, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A, Fernandez-Fernandez B. Targeting inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: early clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1045-58. [PMID: 27268955 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1196184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The age-standardized death rate from diabetic kidney disease increased by 106% from 1990 to 2013, indicating that novel therapeutic approaches are needed, in addition to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers currently in use. Clinical trial results of anti-fibrotic therapy have been disappointing. However, promising anti-inflammatory drugs are currently on phase 1 and 2 randomized controlled trials. AREAS COVERED The authors review the preclinical, phase 1 and 2 clinical trial information of drugs tested for diabetic kidney disease that directly target inflammation as a main or key mode of action. Agents mainly targeting other pathways, such as endothelin receptor or mineralocorticoid receptor blockers and vitamin D receptor activators are not discussed. EXPERT OPINION Agents targeting inflammation have shown promising results in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease when added on top of RAS blockade. The success of pentoxifylline in open label trials supports the concept of targeting inflammation. In early clinical trials, the pentoxifylline derivative CTP-499, the CCR2 inhibitor CCX140-B, the CCL2 inhibitor emapticap pegol and the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor baricitinib were the most promising drugs for diabetic kidney disease. The termination of trials testing the anti-IL-1β antibody gevokizumab in 2015 will postpone the evaluation of therapies targeting inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Binbin Zheng
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Catalina Martín-Cleary
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and FRIAT, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine , UAM , Madrid , Spain.,b REDINREN , Madrid , Spain
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Chen SC, Kuo PL. The Role of Galectin-3 in the Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:565. [PMID: 27089335 PMCID: PMC4849021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a 32- to 35-kDa member of the galectin family of b-galactoside-binding lectins, which is characterized by a carbohydrate recognition domain. Through its carbohydrate-binding function, it regulates cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. It also plays a complex, context-dependent role in the kidneys. During development, it promotes nephrogenesis and is strongly expressed in the ureteric bud and its derivatives. An increase in the concentration of galectin-3 has been reported to be associated with fibrosis of the kidneys. Elevated levels of plasma galectin-3 are also associated with increased risks of rapid renal function decline, incident chronic kidney disease, and progressive renal impairment, and also with cardiovascular end points, infection, and all-cause mortality in patients with renal function impairment. This review discusses a general survey on galectin-3 expressions in nephrogenesis, kidney injury animal models, clinical renal diseases, renal transplantation and the potential role of galectin-3 for treatment in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Tse GH, Johnston CJC, Kluth D, Gray M, Gray D, Hughes J, Marson LP. Intrarenal B Cell Cytokines Promote Transplant Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:3067-80. [PMID: 26211786 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the optimum treatment for end-stage renal failure. B cells have been identified in chronic allograft damage (CAD) and associated with the development of tertiary lymphoid tissue within the human renal allograft. We performed renal transplantation in mice to model CAD and identified B cells forming tertiary lymphoid tissue with germinal centers. Intra-allograft B220(+) B cells comprised of IgM(high) CD23(-) B cells, IgM(lo) CD23(+) B cells, and IgM(lo) CD23(-) B cells with elevated expression of CD86. Depletion of B cells with anti-CD20 was associated with an improvement in CAD but only when administered after transplantation and not before. Isolated intra-allograft B cells were cultured and shown to synthesize multiple cytokines, the most abundant of these were GRO-α (CXCL1), RANTES (CCL5), IL-6 and MCP-1 (CCL2). Tubular loss was observed with T cell accumulation within the allograft and development of interstitial fibrosis, whilst type III collagen deposition was observed in areas of F4/80(+) macrophages and PDGFR-β(+) and transgelin(+) fibroblasts, all of which were reduced by B cell depletion. We have shown that intra-allograft B cells are key mediators of CAD. B cells possibly contribute to CAD by intra-allograft secretion of cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Tse
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C J C Johnston
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Kluth
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Gray
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Hughes
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - L P Marson
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Pushpakumar S, Kundu S, Narayanan N, Sen U. DNA hypermethylation in hyperhomocysteinemia contributes to abnormal extracellular matrix metabolism in the kidney. FASEB J 2015. [PMID: 26224753 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Emerging studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the development and progression of fibrosis in CKD. HHcy and its intermediates are known to alter the DNA methylation pattern, which is a critical regulator of epigenetic information. In this study, we hypothesized that HHcy causes renovascular remodeling by DNA hypermethylation, leading to glomerulosclerosis. We also evaluated whether the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) could modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism and reduce renovascular fibrosis. C57BL/6J (wild-type) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS(+/-)) mice, treated without or with 5-Aza (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), were used. CBS(+/-) mice showed high plasma Hcy levels, hypertension, and significant glomerular and arteriolar injury. 5-Aza treatment normalized blood pressure and reversed renal injury. CBS(+/-) mice showed global hypermethylation and up-regulation of DNA methyltransferase-1 and -3a. Methylation-specific PCR showed an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 and also increased collagen and galectin-3 expression. 5-Aza reduced abnormal DNA methylation and restored the MMP-9/TIMP-1, -2 balance. In conclusion, our data suggest that during HHcy, abnormal DNA methylation and an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and -2 lead to ECM remodeling and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nithya Narayanan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Horizon 2020 in Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Clinical Trial Pipeline for Add-On Therapies on Top of Renin Angiotensin System Blockade. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1325-47. [PMID: 26239562 PMCID: PMC4485003 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease. This implies failure of current therapeutic approaches based on renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. Recent phase 3 clinical trials of paricalcitol in early diabetic kidney disease and bardoxolone methyl in advanced diabetic kidney disease failed to meet the primary endpoint or terminated on safety concerns, respectively. However, various novel strategies are undergoing phase 2 and 3 randomized controlled trials targeting inflammation, fibrosis and signaling pathways. Among agents currently undergoing trials that may modify the clinical practice on top of RAS blockade in a 5-year horizon, anti-inflammatory agents currently hold the most promise while anti-fibrotic agents have so far disappointed. Pentoxifylline, an anti-inflammatory agent already in clinical use, was recently reported to delay estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) loss in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3–4 diabetic kidney disease when associated with RAS blockade and promising phase 2 data are available for the pentoxifylline derivative CTP-499. Among agents targeting chemokines or chemokine receptors, the oral small molecule C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) inhibitor CCX140 decreased albuminuria and eGFR loss in phase 2 trials. A dose-finding trial of the anti-IL-1β antibody gevokizumab in diabetic kidney disease will start in 2015. However, clinical development is most advanced for the endothelin receptor A blocker atrasentan, which is undergoing a phase 3 trial with a primary outcome of preserving eGFR. The potential for success of these approaches and other pipeline agents is discussed in detail.
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Pugliese G, Iacobini C, Ricci C, Blasetti Fantauzzi C, Menini S. Galectin-3 in diabetic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 52:1413-23. [PMID: 24940712 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a versatile molecule which exerts several and sometimes opposite functions in various pathophysiological processes. Recently, galectin-3 has gained attention as a powerful predictor of heart failure and mortality, thus becoming a useful prognostic marker in clinical practice. Moreover, though not specifically investigated in diabetic cohorts, plasma levels of galectin-3 correlated with the prevalence of diabetes and related metabolic conditions, thus suggesting that pharmacological blockade of this lectin might be successful for treating heart failure especially in subjects suffering from these disorders. Indeed, galectin-3 is considered not only as a marker of heart failure, but also as a mediator of the disease, due to its pro-fibrotic action, though evidence comes mainly from studies in galectin-3 deficient mice. However, these studies have provided contrasting results, with either attenuation or acceleration of organ fibrosis and inflammation, depending on the experimental setting and particularly on the levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)/advanced lipoxidation endproducts (ALEs), of which galectin-3 is a scavenging receptor. In fact, under conditions of increased AGE/ALE levels, galectin-3 ablation was associated with tissue-specific outcomes, reflecting the AGE/ALE-receptor function of this lectin. Conversely, in experimental models of acute inflammation and fibrosis, galectin-3 deficiency resulted in attenuation of tissue injury. There is a need for prospective studies in diabetic patients specifically investigating the relation of galectin-3 levels with complications and for further animal studies in order to establish the effective role of this lectin in organ damage before considering its pharmacological blockade in the clinical setting.
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Nanoparticle enhanced MRI scanning to detect cellular inflammation in experimental chronic renal allograft rejection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 2015:507909. [PMID: 25954516 PMCID: PMC4411452 DOI: 10.1155/2015/507909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. We investigated whether ultrasmall paramagnetic particles of iron oxide- (USPIO-) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect experimental chronic allograft damage in a murine renal allograft model. Materials and Methods. Two cohorts of mice underwent renal transplantation with either a syngeneic isograft or allograft kidney. MRI scanning was performed prior to and 48 hours after USPIO infusion using T2∗-weighted protocols. R2∗ values were calculated to indicate the degree of USPIO uptake. Native kidneys and skeletal muscle were imaged as reference tissues and renal explants analysed by histology and electron microscopy. Results. R2∗ values in the allograft group were higher compared to the isograft group when indexed to native kidney (median 1.24 (interquartile range: 1.12 to 1.36) versus 0.96 (0.92 to 1.04), P < 0.01). R2∗ values were also higher in the allograft transplant when indexed to skeletal muscle (6.24 (5.63 to 13.51)) compared to native kidney (2.91 (1.11 to 6.46) P < 0.05). Increased R2∗ signal in kidney allograft was associated with macrophage and iron staining on histology. USPIO were identified within tissue resident macrophages on electron microscopy. Conclusion. USPIO-enhanced MRI identifies macrophage.
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Frenay ARS, Yu L, van der Velde AR, Vreeswijk-Baudoin I, López-Andrés N, van Goor H, Silljé HH, Ruifrok WP, de Boer RA. Pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 protects against hypertensive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F500-9. [PMID: 25503732 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00461.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 activation is involved in the pathogenesis of renal damage and fibrogenesis. Limited data are available to suggest that galectin-3-targeted intervention is a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of chronic kidney disease. Homozygous TGR(mREN)27 (REN2) rats develop severe high blood pressure (BP) and hypertensive end-organ damage, including nephropathy and heart failure. Male REN2 rats were treated with N-acetyllactosamine [galectin-3 inhibitor (Gal3i)] for 6 wk; untreated REN2 and Sprague-Dawley rats served as controls. We measured cardiac function with echocardiogram and invasive hemodynamics before termination. BP and proteinuria were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 wk. Plasma creatinine was determined at 6 wk. Renal damage was assessed for focal glomerular sclerosis, glomerular desmin expression, glomerular and interstitial macrophages, kidney injury molecule-1 expression, and α-smooth muscle actin expression. Inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteinases were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. Systolic BP was higher in control REN2 rats, with no effect of Gal3i treatment. Plasma creatinine and proteinuria were significantly increased in control REN2 rats; Gal3i treatment reduced both. Renal damage (focal glomerular sclerosis, desmin, interstitial macrophages, kidney injury molecule-1, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, and collagen type III) was also improved by Gal3i. All inflammatory markers (CD68, IL-68, galectin-3, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were elevated in control REN2 rats and attenuated by Gal3i. Markers of extracellular matrix turnover were marginally altered in untreated REN2 rats compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. In conclusion, galectin-3 inhibition attenuated hypertensive nephropathy, as indicated by reduced proteinuria, improved renal function, and decreased renal damage. Drugs binding to galectin-3 may be therapeutic candidates for the prevention of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Roos S Frenay
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Therapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China; and
| | - A Rogier van der Velde
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Vreeswijk-Baudoin
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarra Biomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman H Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Ruifrok
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Zamora E, Lupón J, de Antonio M, Galán A, Domingo M, Urrutia A, Troya M, Bayes-Genis A. Renal function largely influences Galectin-3 prognostic value in heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:171-7. [PMID: 25499371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been associated with cardiac remodeling and heart failure (HF) prognosis. Renal function is also a well known HF prognostic indicator. The link between renal insufficiency, HF, and Gal-3 is not completely elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We explored the association between Gal-3 and renal function in a cohort of 876 consecutive ambulatory patients with HF (mean age: 68 years; mean left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]: 36%), 52.2% had HF etiology of ischemic heart disease. Circulating Gal-3 was highly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated with either the chronic kidney disease-epidemiology (CKD-EPI) equation (r = -0.64) or the CKD-EPI-cystatin-C equation (r = -0.59) and with Cystatin-C levels (r = 0.70), after adjusting for age, sex, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, LVEF, and HF etiology (all p<0.001). Patients were stratified by CKD-EPI-eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m(2)), as follows: ≥ 60 (n = 218), 30 to 59 (n = 434), and <30 (n = 224). In these strata, Gal-3 significantly increased (median [IQR]: 12.3 [10.4-15.6]; 16.1 [13-19.8]; and 24.5 [20-33.8] ng/ml, respectively; trend p < 0.001). This was independent of NYHA functional class (I-II and III-IV) and LVEF (<45% and ≥ 45%). Gal-3 was associated with mortality in univariate analyses, but after adjusting for CKD-EPI-eGFR, the hazard ratios were 1.10 (95% CI: 0.89-1.34, p = 0.39) for all cause death, and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.68-1.21, p = 0.50) for cardiovascular death. Similar results were obtained with eGFRs calculated with the CKD-EPI-cystatin-C equation. CONCLUSION Circulating Gal-3 was highly associated with renal function in outpatients with HF. The value of Gal-3 for HF prognosis declined after adjusting for renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Zamora
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta de Antonio
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Galán
- Biochemistry Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Mar Domingo
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Agustín Urrutia
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Troya
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Tse GH, Hesketh EE, Clay M, Borthwick G, Hughes J, Marson LP. Mouse kidney transplantation: models of allograft rejection. J Vis Exp 2014:e52163. [PMID: 25350513 DOI: 10.3791/52163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Tse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh;
| | - Emily E Hesketh
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Michael Clay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Gary Borthwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Lorna P Marson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh
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Pugliese G, Iacobini C, Pesce CM, Menini S. Galectin-3: an emerging all-out player in metabolic disorders and their complications. Glycobiology 2014; 25:136-50. [PMID: 25303959 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of several biological functions, by interacting with several molecules inside and outside the cell, and an emerging player in numerous disease conditions. Galectin-3 exerts various and sometimes contrasting effects according to its location, type of injury or site of damage. Strong evidence indicates that galectin-3 participates in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications via its receptor function for advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). AGEs/ALEs are produced to an increased extent in target organs of complications, such as kidney and vessels; here, lack of galectin-3 impairs their removal, leading to accelerated damage. In contrast, in the liver, AGE/ALE tissue content and injury are decreased, because lack of galectin-3 results in reduced uptake and tissue accumulation of these by-products. Some of these effects can be explained by changes in the expression of receptor for AGEs (RAGE), associated with galectin-3 deletion and consequent changes in AGE/ALE tissue levels. Furthermore, galectin-3 might exert AGE/ALE- and RAGE-independent effects, favoring resolution of inflammation and modulating fibrogenesis and ectopic osteogenesis. These effects are mediated by intracellular and extracellular galectin-3, the latter via interaction with N-glycans at the cell surface to form lattice structures. Recently, galectin-3 has been implicated in the development of metabolic disorders because it favors glucose homeostasis and prevents the deleterious activation of adaptive and innate immune response to obesogenic/diabetogenic stimuli. In conclusion, galectin-3 is an emerging all-out player in metabolic disorders and their complications that deserves further investigation as the potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Carlo M Pesce
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa Medical School, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
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Li LC, Li J, Gao J. Functions of galectin-3 and its role in fibrotic diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:336-43. [PMID: 25194021 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases occur in a variety of organs and lead to continuous organ injury, function decline, and even failure. Currently effective treatment options are limited. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic lectin that plays an important role in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that Gal-3 activates a variety of profibrotic factors, promotes fibroblast proliferation and transformation, and mediates collagen production. Recent studies have defined key roles for Gal-3 in fibrogenesis in diverse organ systems, including liver, kidney, lung, and myocardial. To help set the stage for future research, we review recent advances about the role played by Gal-3 in fibrotic diseases. Herein we discuss the potential profibrotic role of Gal-3, inhibition of which may represent a promising therapeutic strategy against tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-cheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (L.L., J.L.); and Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (J.G.)
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (L.L., J.L.); and Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (J.G.)
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (L.L., J.L.); and Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China (J.G.)
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McCullough PA, Kellum JA, Haase M, Müller C, Damman K, Murray PT, Cruz D, House AA, Schmidt-Ott KM, Vescovo G, Bagshaw SM, Hoste EA, Briguori C, Braam B, Chawla LS, Costanzo MR, Tumlin JA, Herzog CA, Mehta RL, Rabb H, Shaw AD, Singbartl K, Ronco C. Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes: Executive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Blood Purif 2014. [DOI: 10.1159/000361059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Serum galectin-3 levels were associated with proteinuria in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:436-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Eadon MT, Hack BK, Alexander JJ, Xu C, Dolan ME, Cunningham PN. Cell cycle arrest in a model of colistin nephrotoxicity. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:877-88. [PMID: 23922129 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00076.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymixin E) is an antibiotic prescribed with resurging frequency for multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial infections. It is associated with nephrotoxicity in humans in up to 55% of cases. Little is known regarding genes involved in colistin nephrotoxicity. A murine model of colistin-mediated kidney injury was developed. C57/BL6 mice were administered saline or colistin at a dose of 16 mg/kg/day in 2 divided intraperitoneal doses and killed after either 3 or 15 days of colistin. After 15 days, mice exposed to colistin had elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and pathologic evidence of acute tubular necrosis and apoptosis. After 3 days, mice had neither BUN elevation nor substantial pathologic injury; however, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was elevated (P = 0.017). An Illumina gene expression array was performed on kidney RNA harvested 72 h after first colistin dose to identify differentially expressed genes early in drug treatment. Array data revealed 21 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate < 0.1) between control and colistin-exposed mice, including LGALS3 and CCNB1. The gene signature was significantly enriched for genes involved in cell cycle proliferation. RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunostaining validated the relevance of key genes and proteins. This murine model offers insights into the potential mechanism of colistin-mediated nephrotoxicity. Further studies will determine whether the identified genes play a causative or protective role in colistin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Eadon
- Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Tse GH, Hughes J, Marson LP. Systematic review of mouse kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2013; 26:1149-60. [PMID: 23786597 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A mouse model of kidney transplantation was first described in 1973 by Skoskiewicz et al. Although the mouse model is technically difficult, it is attractive for several reasons: the mouse genome has been characterized and in many aspects is similar to man and there is a greater diversity of experimental reagents and techniques available for mouse studies than other experimental models. We reviewed the literature on all studies of mouse kidney transplantation to report the donor and recipient strain combinations that have been investigated and the resultant survival and histological outcomes. Some models of kidney transplantation have used the transplanted kidney as a life-supporting organ, however, in many studies the recipient mouse's native kidney has been left in situ. Several different combinations of inbred mouse strains have been reported, with varying degrees of injury, survival or tolerance because of haplotype differences. This model has been exceptionally useful as an investigational tool to understand multiple aspects of transplantation including acute rejection, cellular and humoral rejection mechanisms and their treatment. Furthermore, this model has been used to investigate disease mechanisms beyond transplant rejection including intrinsic renal disease and infection-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hondag Tse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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O'Seaghdha CM, Hwang SJ, Ho JE, Vasan RS, Levy D, Fox CS. Elevated galectin-3 precedes the development of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1470-7. [PMID: 23766533 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a profibrotic mediator, is linked to the development of renal fibrosis in animal models and inversely correlates with GFR in humans, but whether galectin-3 predicts incident kidney disease is unknown. Here, we assessed renal outcomes for 2450 Framingham Offspring participants who attended examination 6 (1995-1998) and had follow-up data at examination 8 (2005-2008). Renal outcomes of interest included rapid decline in renal function (≥3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year decline in estimated GFR [eGFR]), CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), and albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥17 mg/g in men or ≥25 mg/g in women). We used multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate associations between galectin-3 with incident renal outcomes at examination 8. During a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, GFR declined rapidly in 241 (9.2%) participants, incident CKD developed in 277 (11.3%), and albuminuria developed in 194 (10.1%). Higher plasma levels of galectin-3 were associated with rapid decline in eGFR (per 1-SD log-galectin-3; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28 to 1.73]) and a higher risk of incident CKD (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.71), but not with the risk of incident albuminuria. The addition of galectin-3 to clinical predictors improved the C-statistic (0.837-0.845; P=0.02) but did not reach predefined thresholds for clinically significant improvements to risk prediction based on reclassification indices. In conclusion, elevated levels of plasma galectin-3 are associated with increased risks of rapid GFR decline and of incident CKD in the community, which calls for further study in higher-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall M O'Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Intramural Research Program, Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts, USA
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