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Lu C, Cai X, Zhi S, Wen X, Shen J, Ercoli T, Simula ER, Masala C, Sechi LA, Solla P. Exploring the Association between Cathepsin B and Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:482. [PMID: 38790460 PMCID: PMC11119263 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the association between Cathepsin B and Parkinson's Disease (PD), with a particular focus on determining the role of N-acetylaspartate as a potential mediator. METHODS We used summary-level data from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) for a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, exploring the association between Cathepsin B (3301 cases) and PD (4681 cases). A sequential two-step MR approach was applied (8148 cases) to study the role of N-acetylaspartate. RESULTS The MR analysis yielded that genetically predicted elevated Cathepsin B levels correlated with a reduced risk of developing PD (p = 0.0133, OR: 0.9171, 95% CI: 0.8563-0.9821). On the other hand, the analysis provided insufficient evidence to determine that PD affected Cathepsin B levels (p = 0.8567, OR: 1.0035, 95% CI: 0.9666-1.0418). The estimated effect of N-acetylaspartate in this process was 7.52% (95% CI = -3.65% to 18.69%). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that elevated Cathepsin B levels decreased the risk of developing PD, with the mediation effect of N-acetylaspartate. Further research is needed to better understand this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Lu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Xinyi Cai
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Shilin Zhi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China;
| | - Xiaofen Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Jiaxin Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Rita Simula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (L.A.S.)
- Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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McKiernan E, Su L, O'Brien J. MRS in neurodegenerative dementias, prodromal syndromes and at-risk states: A systematic review of the literature. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4896. [PMID: 36624067 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, MRS has benefited from increased MRI field strengths, new acquisition protocols and new processing techniques. This review aims to determine how this has altered our understanding of MRS neurometabolic markers in neurodegenerative dementias. METHODS Our systematic review of human in vivo MRS literature since 2002 pertains to Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), prodromal and 'at-risk' states. Studies using field strengths of 3 T or more were included. RESULTS Of 85 studies, AD and/or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were the most common conditions of interest (58 papers, 68%). Only 14 (16%) studies included other dementia syndromes and 13 (15%) investigated 'at-risk' cohorts. Earlier findings of lower N-acetylaspartate and higher myo-inositol were confirmed. Additionally, lower choline and creatine in AD and MCI were reported, though inconsistently. Previously challenging-to-measure metabolites (glutathione, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were reportedly lower in AD, FTD and DLB compared with controls. DISCUSSION Increasing field strength alongside targeted acquisition protocols has revealed additional metabolite changes. Most studies were small and regional metabolite differences between dementia types may not have been captured due to the predominant placement of voxels in the posterior cingulate cortex. The standard of data collection, quality control and analysis is improving due to greater consensus regarding acquisition and processing techniques. Ongoing harmonization of techniques, creation of larger and longitudinal cohorts, and placement of MRS voxels in more diverse regions will strengthen future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McKiernan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Effects of Tai Chi on biomarkers and their implication to neurorehabilitation – a systemic review. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Drosophila melanogaster Uncoupling Protein-4A (UCP4A) Catalyzes a Unidirectional Transport of Aspartate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031020. [PMID: 35162943 PMCID: PMC8834685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) form a distinct subfamily of the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) SLC25. Four UCPs, DmUCP4A-C and DmUCP5, have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster on the basis of their sequence homology with mammalian UCP4 and UCP5. In a Parkinson’s disease model, DmUCP4A showed a protective role against mitochondrial dysfunction, by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis. To date, DmUCP4A is still an orphan of a biochemical function, although its possible involvement in mitochondrial uncoupling has been ruled out. Here, we show that DmUCP4A expressed in bacteria and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles catalyzes a unidirectional transport of aspartate, which is saturable and inhibited by mercurials and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors to various degrees. Swelling experiments carried out in yeast mitochondria have demonstrated that the unidirectional transport of aspartate catalyzed by DmUCP4 is not proton-coupled. The biochemical function of DmUCP4A has been further confirmed in a yeast cell model, in which growth has required an efflux of aspartate from mitochondria. Notably, DmUCP4A is the first UCP4 homolog from any species to be biochemically characterized. In Drosophila melanogaster, DmUCP4A could be involved in the transport of aspartate from mitochondria to the cytosol, in which it could be used for protein and nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biosynthesis of ß-alanine and N-acetylaspartate, which play key roles in signal transmission in the central nervous system.
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Low soluble amyloid-β 42 is associated with smaller brain volume in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 92:15-21. [PMID: 34656902 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to examine whether levels of soluble alpha-synuclein (α-syn), amyloid-beta (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and total tau (t-tau), as measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), are associated with changes in brain volume in Parkinson's disease. METHODS We assessed the 4-year change in total brain volume (n = 99) and baseline CSF α-syn, Aβ42, p-tau, and t-tau of Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative participants. We used linear mixed models to assess the longitudinal effect of baseline CSF biomarkers on total and regional brain volume and thickness as well as linear regression for cross-sectional analyses at baseline and year 2. All models were adjusted for age and gender; brain volume models also adjusted for baseline intracranial volume. Bonferroni correction was applied. RESULTS The 4-year change in total brain volume was -21.2 mm3 (95% confidence interval, -26.1, -16.3). There were no significant associations between the 4-year change in total brain volume and baseline levels of any CSF biomarker (all p-values > 0.05). On cross-sectional analyses, CSF Aβ42 was linearly associated with total brain volume at baseline (R2 = 0.60, p = 0.0004) and at year 2 (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.0001), with CSF Aβ42 < 1100 pg/ml, the threshold for brain amyloid pathology, associated with smaller total brain volume at baseline (p = 0.0010) and at year 2 (p = 0.0002). CSF α-syn was linearly associated with total brain volume at baseline (R2 = 0.58, p = 0.0044) but not at year 2 (R2 = 0.58, p = 0.1342). CONCLUSION Reduction in soluble Aβ42 is associated with lower total brain volume in Parkinson's disease.
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Saeed U, Lang AE, Masellis M. Neuroimaging Advances in Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes. Front Neurol 2020; 11:572976. [PMID: 33178113 PMCID: PMC7593544 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.572976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes are progressive heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases that share clinical characteristic of parkinsonism as a common feature, but are considered distinct clinicopathological disorders. Based on the predominant protein aggregates observed within the brain, these disorders are categorized as, (1) α-synucleinopathies, which include PD and other Lewy body spectrum disorders as well as multiple system atrophy, and (2) tauopathies, which comprise progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Although, great strides have been made in neurodegenerative disease research since the first medical description of PD in 1817 by James Parkinson, these disorders remain a major diagnostic and treatment challenge. A valid diagnosis at early disease stages is of paramount importance, as it can help accommodate differential prognostic and disease management approaches, enable the elucidation of reliable clinicopathological relationships ideally at prodromal stages, as well as facilitate the evaluation of novel therapeutics in clinical trials. However, the pursuit for early diagnosis in PD and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes is hindered by substantial clinical and pathological heterogeneity, which can influence disease presentation and progression. Therefore, reliable neuroimaging biomarkers are required in order to enhance diagnostic certainty and ensure more informed diagnostic decisions. In this article, an updated presentation of well-established and emerging neuroimaging biomarkers are reviewed from the following modalities: (1) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (2) diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MRI, (3) resting-state and task-based functional MRI, (4) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, (5) transcranial B-mode sonography for measuring substantia nigra and lentiform nucleus echogenicity, (6) single photon emission computed tomography for assessing the dopaminergic system and cerebral perfusion, and (7) positron emission tomography for quantifying nigrostriatal functions, glucose metabolism, amyloid, tau and α-synuclein molecular imaging, as well as neuroinflammation. Multiple biomarkers obtained from different neuroimaging modalities can provide distinct yet corroborative information on the underlying neurodegenerative processes. This integrative "multimodal approach" may prove superior to single modality-based methods. Indeed, owing to the international, multi-centered, collaborative research initiatives as well as refinements in neuroimaging technology that are currently underway, the upcoming decades will mark a pivotal and exciting era of further advancements in this field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Saeed
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Palchetti S, Digiacomo L, Pozzi D, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Coppola R, Caputo D, Sharifzadeh M, Mahmoudi M, Caracciolo G. Effect of Glucose on Liposome-Plasma Protein Interactions: Relevance for the Physiological Response of Clinically Approved Liposomal Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e1800221. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palchetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena 291 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Luca Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena 291 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena 291 00161 Rome Italy
| | | | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Coppola
- Department of Surgery; University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma; Via Alvaro del Portillo 200 00128 Rome Italy
| | - Damiano Caputo
- Department of Surgery; University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma; Via Alvaro del Portillo 200 00128 Rome Italy
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1941718637 Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena 291 00161 Rome Italy
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Zhan ZW, Lin LZ, Yu EH, Xin JW, Lin L, Lin HL, Ye QY, Chen XC, Pan XD. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in posterior cingulate cortex of Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:897-905. [PMID: 29500931 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in the functional connectivity (FC) pattern in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia by employing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). METHODS Twenty-seven PD patients with different cognitive status and 9 healthy control subjects (control group) were enrolled for RS-fMRI. The RS-fMRI data were analyzed with DPARSF and REST software. Regions with changed functional connectivity were determined by the seed-based voxelwise method and compared between groups. Correlation between the intensity of FC and the MoCA scores of PD group was analyzed. RESULTS Parametric maps showed statistical increases in PCC functional connectivity in PD-MCI patients and decreases in PCC connectivity in PDD patients. The latter group of patients also showed evidence for increased connectivity between prefrontal cortices and posterior cerebellum. A significant positive correlation was found between the MoCA scores and the strength of PCC connectivity in the angular gyrus and posterior cerebellum and a negative correlation between MoCA scores and PCC connectivity in all other brain regions. CONCLUSION When patients transition from PD-NCI to PD-MCI, there appears to be an increase in functional connectivity in the PCC, suggesting an expansion of the cortical network. Another new network (a compensatory prefrontal cortical-cerebellar loop) later develops during the transition from PD-MCI to PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Wei Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Er-Han Yu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Xin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Long Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin-Yong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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O'Gorman Tuura RL, Baumann CR, Baumann-Vogel H. Neurotransmitter activity is linked to outcome following subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 50:54-60. [PMID: 29472099 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's Disease (PD) are not yet fully understood, DBS appears to exert a wide range of neurochemical effects on the network level, thought to arise from activation of inhibitory and excitatory pathways. The activity within the primary inhibitory (GABAergic) and excitatory (glutamatergic) neurotransmitter systems may therefore play an important role in the therapeutic efficacy of DBS in PD. The purpose of this study was to investigate abnormalities in GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in PD, and to examine the link between neurotransmitter levels and outcome following DBS. METHODS Magnetic resonance spectra were acquired from the pons and basal ganglia in sixteen patients with PD and sixteen matched control participants. GABA and glutamate levels were quantified with LCModel, an automated spectral fitting package. Fourteen patients subsequently underwent DBS, and PD symptoms were evaluated with the MDS-UPDRS at baseline and six months after surgery. The efficacy of DBS treatment was evaluated from the percentage improvement in MDS-UPDRS scores. RESULTS Basal ganglia GABA levels were significantly higher in PD patients relative to control participants (p < 0.01), while pontine glutamate + glutamine (Glx) levels were significantly lower in patients with PD (p < 0.05). While GABA levels were not significantly related to outcome post-surgery, basal ganglia glutamate levels emerged as a significant predictor of outcome, suggesting a possible role for glutamatergic neurotransmission in the therapeutic mechanism of DBS. CONCLUSION GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in PD, and glutamatergic activity in particular may influence outcome post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura
- Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.
| | - Christian R Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Heide Baumann-Vogel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Saeed U, Compagnone J, Aviv RI, Strafella AP, Black SE, Lang AE, Masellis M. Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28360997 PMCID: PMC5370489 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two centuries ago in 1817, James Parkinson provided the first medical description of Parkinson’s disease, later refined by Jean-Martin Charcot in the mid-to-late 19th century to include the atypical parkinsonian variants (also termed, Parkinson-plus syndromes). Today, Parkinson’s disease represents the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated global prevalence of over 10 million. Conversely, atypical parkinsonian syndromes encompass a group of relatively heterogeneous disorders that may share some clinical features with Parkinson’s disease, but are uncommon distinct clinicopathological diseases. Decades of scientific advancements have vastly improved our understanding of these disorders, including improvements in in vivo imaging for biomarker identification. Multimodal imaging for the visualization of structural and functional brain changes is especially important, as it allows a ‘window’ into the underlying pathophysiological abnormalities. In this article, we first present an overview of the cardinal clinical and neuropathological features of, 1) synucleinopathies: Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body spectrum disorders, as well as multiple system atrophy, and 2) tauopathies: progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. A comprehensive presentation of well-established and emerging imaging biomarkers for each disorder are then discussed. Biomarkers for the following imaging modalities are reviewed: 1) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T1, T2, and susceptibility-weighted sequences for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric analyses, as well as MRI derived visual signatures, 2) diffusion tensor MRI for the assessment of white matter tract injury and microstructural integrity, 3) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantifying proton-containing brain metabolites, 4) single photon emission computed tomography for the evaluation of nigrostriatal integrity (as assessed by presynaptic dopamine transporters and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors), and cerebral perfusion, 5) positron emission tomography for gauging nigrostriatal functions, glucose metabolism, amyloid and tau molecular imaging, as well as neuroinflammation, 6) myocardial scintigraphy for dysautonomia, and 7) transcranial sonography for measuring substantia nigra and lentiform nucleus echogenicity. Imaging biomarkers, using the ‘multimodal approach’, may aid in making early, accurate and objective diagnostic decisions, highlight neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as assist in evaluating disease progression and therapeutic responses to drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Saeed
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordana Compagnone
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard I Aviv
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and Division of Neuroradiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging & Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room A4-55, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3 M5 Canada
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12
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Delgado-Alvarado M, Gago B, Navalpotro-Gomez I, Jiménez-Urbieta H, Rodriguez-Oroz MC. Biomarkers for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:861-81. [PMID: 27193487 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is one of the most frequent and disabling nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. Around 30% of patients with Parkinson's disease experience mild cognitive impairment, a well-established risk factor for the development of dementia. However, mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is a heterogeneous entity that involves different types and extents of cognitive deficits. Because it is not currently known which type of mild cognitive impairment confers a higher risk of progression to dementia, it would be useful to define biomarkers that could identify these patients to better study disease progression and possible interventions. In this sense, the identification among patients with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment of biomarkers associated with dementia would allow the early detection of this process. This review summarizes studies from the past 25 years that have assessed the potential biomarkers of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients. Despite the potential importance, no biomarker has as yet been validated. However, features such as low levels of epidermal and insulin-like growth factors or uric acid in plasma/serum and of Aß in CSF, reduction of cerebral cholinergic innervation and metabolism measured by PET mainly in posterior areas, and hippocampal atrophy in MRI might be indicative of distinct deficits with a distinct risk of dementia in subgroups of patients. Longitudinal studies combining the existing techniques and new approaches are needed to identify patients at higher risk of dementia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delgado-Alvarado
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navalpotro-Gomez
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haritz Jiménez-Urbieta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Rodriguez-Oroz
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Neurology Department, University Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque (Basque Foundation for Science), Bilbao, Spain.,Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), San Sebastián, Spain.,Physiology Department, Medical School University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Basic Principles and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neuroradiology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 40:1-13. [PMID: 26484954 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to assist daily clinical diagnostics. This review is intended to give an overview on basic principles of the technology, discuss some of its technical aspects, and present typical applications in daily clinical routine in neuroradiology.
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Almuqbel M, Melzer TR, Myall DJ, MacAskill MR, Pitcher TL, Livingston L, Wood KL, Keenan RJ, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Anderson TJ. Metabolite ratios in the posterior cingulate cortex do not track cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease in a clinical setting. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mazuel L, Chassain C, Jean B, Pereira B, Cladière A, Speziale C, Durif F. Proton MR Spectroscopy for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy in Parkinson Disease. Radiology 2015; 278:505-13. [PMID: 26237591 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the neurochemical profile in the putamen of patients with parkinsonian syndromes undergoing L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment (drug-on) or after withdrawal of L-DOPA medication (drug-off) compared with healthy volunteers to identify dopaminergic therapy-sensitive biomarkers of Parkinson disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The local institutional review board approved the study, and all participants gave informed consent. A short echo-time (29 msec) single-voxel (1-cm(3)) proton (hydrogen 1 [(1)H]) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic approach was used at 3 T to explore the metabolic profile in the putamen of patients with Parkinson disease. Spectra obtained from 20 healthy volunteers were blindly compared with spectra obtained from 20 patients with parkinsonian syndromes in drug-on and drug-off conditions in a randomized permuted block study to assess the accuracy of diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson disease and efficacy of L-DOPA therapy. The statistical tests were two sided, with a type-I error set at α of .05. Random-effects models were used to compare healthy subjects and patients with parkinsonian syndromes in drug-on or drug-off conditions. RESULTS Measured concentrations of putaminal total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) (8.1 ± 0.2 vs 9.4 ± 0.4; P < .01), total creatine (tCr) (7.5 ± 0.2 vs 8.3 ± 0.3; P < .01), and myo-inositol (m-Ins) (3.8 ± 0.3 vs 5.6 ± 0.4; P < .001) were significantly lower in patients with parkinsonian syndromes in drug-off condition than in healthy volunteers. Moreover, L-DOPA therapy restored tNAA (9.1 ± 0.4 vs 8.1 ± 0.2; P < .01) and tCr (8.1 ± 0.3 vs 7.5 ± 0.2; P < .01) levels, whereas m-Ins levels remained unchanged. The combined glutamate and glutamine and choline showed no changes in drug-off or drug-on condition compared with those in control subjects. CONCLUSION tNAA, tCr, and m-Ins were identified as putative biomarkers of Parkinson disease in the putamen of patients. tNAA and tCr levels are responsive to L-DOPA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Mazuel
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carine Chassain
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Betty Jean
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Cladière
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claudine Speziale
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Durif
- From the Department of UFR Medicine, Auvergne University, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France (L.M., F.D.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (C.C., B.J., A.C., C.S.) and Department of Neurology (B.P., F.D.), CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:809503. [PMID: 25110697 PMCID: PMC4109391 DOI: 10.1155/2014/809503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is considered to be the second most frequent primary degenerative dementing illness after Alzheimer's disease (AD). DLB, together with Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) belong to α-synucleinopathies—a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with pathological accumulation of the α-synuclein protein. Dementia due to PD and DLB shares clinical symptoms and neuropsychological profiles. Moreover, the core features and additional clinical signs and symptoms for these two very similar diseases are largely the same. Neuroimaging seems to be a promising method in differential diagnosis of dementia studies. The development of imaging methods or other objective measures to supplement clinical criteria for DLB is needed and a method which would accurately facilitate diagnosis of DLB prior to death is still being searched. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) provides a noninvasive method of assessing an in vivo biochemistry of brain tissue. This review summarizes the main results obtained from the application of neuroimaging techniques in DLB cases focusing on 1H-MRS.
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Weiduschat N, Mao X, Beal MF, Nirenberg MJ, Shungu DC, Henchcliffe C. Usefulness of Proton and Phosphorus MR Spectroscopic Imaging for Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimaging 2013; 25:105-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weiduschat
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY
| | - M. Flint Beal
- Department of Neurology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY
| | | | - Dikoma C. Shungu
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders leading to dementia are common diseases that affect many older and some young adults. Neuroimaging methods are important tools for assessing and monitoring pathological brain changes associated with progressive neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, the authors describe key findings from neuroimaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging and radionucleotide imaging) in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prodromal stages, familial and atypical AD syndromes, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with and without dementia, Parkinson's disease with and without dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and prion protein associated diseases (i.e., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). The authors focus on neuroimaging findings of in vivo pathology in these disorders, as well as the potential for neuroimaging to provide useful information for differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Pagonabarraga J, Gómez-Ansón B, Rotger R, Llebaria G, García-Sánchez C, Pascual-Sedano B, Gironell A, Delfino M, Ruscalleda J, Kulisevsky J. Spectroscopic changes associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013. [PMID: 23208306 DOI: 10.1159/000345537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal subcortical cognitive defects are predominant in Parkinson's disease (PD). Temporal lobe dysfunction seems more relevant for progression to dementia. We aimed to study the relative importance of temporal lobe defects versus executive impairment in the progression to dementia in PD by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). The (1)H-MRS features of PD patients with intact cognition (PD-CgInt; n = 16), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 15) and dementia (PDD; n = 15) were compared, to delineate the metabolic alterations correlating with cognitive status. Metabolite concentrations were acquired from voxels localized to the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC). Cognitive status was established following the Movement Disorder Society PDD criteria, administering the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. The Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS) was used to correlate (1)H-MRS with neuropsychology. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentrations in the right DL-PFC were decreased in PD-MCI compared with PD-CgInt patients (p = 0.002), and correlated with frontal subcortical tasks. Decreased NAA concentrations in the left hippocampus in PDD compared to PD-MCI (p = 0.03) correlated with confrontation naming. The present findings support that executive impairment is related to dorsolateral prefrontal dysfunction from the early stages, while progression to dementia is linked to the additional impairment of temporal lobe structures. The PD-CRS was able to capture the differential impairment of prefrontal versus temporal cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pagonabarraga
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Chang L, Munsaka SM, Kraft-Terry S, Ernst T. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:576-93. [PMID: 23666436 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) has been applied to numerous clinical studies, especially for neurological disorders. This technique can non-invasively evaluate brain metabolites and neurochemicals in selected brain regions and is particularly useful for assessing neuroinflammatory disorders. Neurometabolites assessed with MRS include the neuronal markers N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate (Glu), as well as the glial marker myo-inositol (MI). Therefore, the concentrations of these metabolites typically correspond to disease severity and often correlate well with clinical variables in the various brain disorders. Neuroinflammation with activated astrocytes and microglia in brain disorders are often associated with elevated MI, and to a lesser extent elevated total creatine (tCr) and choline containing compounds (Cho), which are found in higher concentrations in glia than neurons, while neuronal injury is indicated by lower than normal levels of NAA and Glu. This review summarizes the neurometabolite abnormalities found in MRS studies performed in patients with neuroinflammatory disorders or neuropathic pain, which also may be associated with neuroinflammation. These brain disorders include multiple sclerosis, neuroviral infections (including Human Immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C), degenerative brain disorders (including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), stimulant abuse (including methamphetamine and cocaine) as well as several chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Neuroscience and Magnetic Resonance Research Program, The Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, UH Tower 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Nie K, Zhang Y, Huang B, Wang L, Zhao J, Huang Z, Gan R, Wang L. Marked N-acetylaspartate and choline metabolite changes in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Metabolite profiles correlate closely with neurobehavioral function in experimental spinal cord injury in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43152. [PMID: 22912814 PMCID: PMC3418274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in direct physical damage and the generation of local factors contributing to secondary pathogenesis. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was used to uncover metabolic changes and to identify relationships between metabolites and neurobehavioral functions in the spinal cord after injury in rats. In the early metabolic phase, neuronal signaling, stress, and inflammation-associated metabolites were strongly altered. A dynamic inflammatory response consisting of elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and palmitoyl ethanolamide as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) were significantly decreased possibly reflecting neuronal cell death. A second metabolic phase was also seen, consistent with membrane remodeling and antioxidant defense response. These metabolomic changes were consistent with the pathology and progression of SCI. Several metabolites, including NAA, NAAG, and the ω-3 fatty acids docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate correlated greatly with the established Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotive score (BBB score). Our findings suggest the possibility of a biochemical basis for BBB score and illustrate that metabolites may correlate with neurobehavior. In particular the NAA level in the spinal cord might provide a meaningful biomarker that could help to determine the degree of injury severity and prognosticate neurologic recovery.
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Petrou M, Kotagal V, Bohnen NI. An update on brain imaging in parkinsonian dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:201-213. [PMID: 22768021 DOI: 10.2217/iim.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of cognition are frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Unlike severe loss of dopamine early in PD, extensive cholinergic losses have been consistently reported in PD with dementia. Cholinergic imaging suggests that basal forebrain cholinergic system degeneration appears early in PD and worsens with dementia development. Cortical cholinergic denervation is similar in PD with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, supporting a common disease spectrum, at least with respect to cholinergic pathology. Presence of cerebral amyloidopathy in the setting of parkinsonism may accelerate cognitive decline. Novel MRI techniques illustrate the widespread presence of neurodegeneration in PD with dementia, affecting white matter tracts and connectivity functions. This review will outline current concepts regarding dementia development in PD and discuss their correlation with functional and structural neuroimaging including PET and MRI.
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Henchcliffe C, Shungu DC, Mao X, Huang C, Nirenberg MJ, Jenkins BG, Beal MF. Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in vivo assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1147:206-20. [PMID: 19076443 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and often devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting up to one million individuals in the United States alone. Multiple lines of evidence support mitochondrial dysfunction as a primary or secondary event in PD pathogenesis; a better understanding, therefore, of how mitochondrial function is altered in vivo in brain tissue in PD is a critical step toward developing potential PD biomarkers. In vivo study of mitochondrial metabolism in human subjects has previously been technically challenging. However, proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H and (31)P MRS) are powerful noninvasive techniques that allow evaluation in vivo of lactate, a marker of anaerobic glycolysis, and high energy phosphates, such as adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine, directly reflecting mitochondrial function. This article reviews previous (1)H and (31)P MRS studies in PD, which demonstrate metabolic abnormalities consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction, and then presents recent (1)H MRS data revealing abnormally elevated lactate levels in PD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henchcliffe
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Griffith HR, Stewart CC, den Hollander JA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementias and mild cognitive impairment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 84:105-31. [PMID: 19501715 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the anticipated increase in dementias due to the aging demographic of industrialized nations, biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly important as new therapies are being developed for clinical trials. Proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) appears poised to be a viable means of tracking brain metabolic changes due to neurodegenerative diseases and potentially as a biomarker for treatment effects in clinical therapeutic trials. This review highlights the body of literature investigating brain metabolic abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's disease dementia. In particular, the review addresses the viability of (1)H MRS to discriminate among dementias, to measure disease progression, and to measure the effects of pharmacological treatments. While findings to date are encouraging, more study is needed in longitudinal patterns of brain metabolic changes, correspondence with changes in clinical markers of disease progression, and sensitivity of (1)H MRS measures to treatment effects. Such developments will hopefully benefit the search for effective treatments of dementias in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Randall Griffith
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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Griffith HR, den Hollander JA, Okonkwo OC, O'Brien T, Watts RL, Marson DC. Brain metabolism differs in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:421-7. [PMID: 19012867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few comparative studies exist of metabolic brain changes among neurodegenerative illnesses. We compared brain metabolic abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Twelve patients with idiopathic PDD, 22 patients with probable mild AD, and 61 healthy older controls underwent posterior cingulate MRS. RESULTS Patients with AD exhibited reduced N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) (P < .05) and increased choline (Cho)/Cr (P < .05) and myo-inositol (mI)/Cr (P < .01) compared with controls. Patients with PDD exhibited reduced NAA/Cr (P < .05) and glutamate (Glu)/Cr (P < .01) compared with controls. There was reduced Glu/Cr in PDD compared with AD (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with AD and patients with PDD exhibited distinct brain metabolic MRS profiles. Findings suggest that comparison of brain MRS profiles across dementias provides useful direction for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Randall Griffith
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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