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de Almeida Franzoi AE, da Silva GF, de Souza Somensi E, de Moura Campos MH, Wollmann GM, Fustes OJH, Marques GL, Teive HAG. Polyneuropathy in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxias Types 2, 3, and 10: A Systematic Review. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01730-w. [PMID: 39198325 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with a low prevalence, for which more than 50 types have been described. This group of neurodegenerative diseases can present as different phenotypes with varying progression rates and clinical manifestations of different severities. Herein, we systematically reviewed existing medical literature to describe the main characteristics of polyneuropathy in patients with SCA types 2, 3, and 10. Using relevant keywords, 16,972 articles were identified from the databases. Of these, 5,329 duplicate studies were excluded before screening. Subsequently, 11,643 studies underwent title and abstract review, of which only 49 were selected for full-text review. Among these, 24 studies were included. The medical literature suggests peripheral neuropathy - probably in a polyneuropathy phenotype - in SCA types 2 and 3. It is not possible to determine whether there is peripheral neuropathy in patients with SCA type 10, as there is only one case series in Mexico that described peripheral neuropathy in this group. Further studies are required to investigate peripheral neuropathy in patients with SCA types 2, 3, and 10. The study and description of a possible statistical association between CAG repeats and SARA scale scores with the presence of peripheral neuropathy are important points requiring assessment in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Eduardo de Almeida Franzoi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Figueiredo da Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Souza Somensi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otto Jesus Hernandez Fustes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lenci Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helio Afonso Ghizoni Teive
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Asemi-Rad A, Ghiyamihoor F, Consalez GG, Marzban H. Ablation of Projection Glutamatergic Neurons in the Lateral Cerebellar Nuclei Alters Motor Coordination in Vglut2-Cre+ Mice. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1313-1320. [PMID: 37289359 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar nuclei (CN) constitute the sole cerebellar output to the rest of the central nervous system and play a central role in cerebellar circuits. Accumulating evidence from both human genetics and animal studies point to a crucial role for CN connectivity in neurological diseases, including several types of ataxia. However, because of the compact and restricted topography and close functional connection between the CN and the cerebellar cortex, identifying cerebellar deficits exclusively linked to CN is challenging. In this study, we have experimentally ablated large projection glutamatergic neurons of the lateral CN and evaluated the impact of this selective manipulation on motor coordination in mice. To this end, through stereotaxic surgery, we injected the lateral CN of Vglut2-Cre+ mice with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a Cre-dependent diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR), followed by an intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin (DT) to ablate the glutamatergic neurons of the lateral nucleus. Double immunostaining of cerebellar sections with anti-SMI32 and -GFP antibodies revealed GFP expression and provided evidence of SMI32+ neuron degeneration at the site of AAV injection in the lateral nucleus of Vglut2-Cre+ mice. No changes were observed in Vglut2-Cre negative mice. Analysis of motor coordination by rotarod test indicated that the latency to fall was significantly different before and after AAV/DT injection in the Vglut2-Cre+ group. Elapsed time and number of steps in the beam walking test were significantly higher in AAV/DT injected Vglut2-Cre+ AAV/DT mice compared to controls. We demonstrate for the first time that partial degeneration of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral CN is sufficient to induce an ataxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Asemi-Rad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Farshid Ghiyamihoor
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Dong Y, Jia M, Tan S, Li XY, Song Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang C. Clinical, genetic, and neuroimaging profiles of autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 4 caused by novel VPS13D variants in Chinese. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63828. [PMID: 39058251 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias (SCARs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. VPS13D gene is currently the only gene associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 4 (SCAR4), also known as VPS13D dyskinesia. SCAR4 is a rare inherited disease, with only 34 reported cases reported worldwide. In this study, we reported three independent SCAR4 cases with adolescent onsets caused by five novel variants of the VPS13D gene. Each patient carried one frameshift and one missense variant: Patient 1 with c.10474del and c.9734C > A (p.Leu3492Tyrfs*43 and p.Thr3245Asn), Patient 2 with c.6094_6107delGTTCTCTTGATCCC and c.9734C > A (p.Val2032Argfs*7 and p.Thr3245Asn), and Patient 3 with c.11954_11963del and c.9833 T > G (p.Phe3985Serfs*10 and p.Ile3278Ser). Two of the three patients shared nystagmus with an identical variant c.9734C > A. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated thoracic spinal atrophy in all three patients and corpus callosum atrophy in one patient, along with other typical manifestations of white matter degradation, cerebral atrophy, and cerebellar atrophy. These findings expanded the genetic, clinical, and neuroimaging spectrum of SCAR4, and provided new insights into the genetic counseling, molecular mechanisms, and differential diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Milan Jia
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Tan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianling Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ghosh Dastidar R, Banerjee S, Lal PB, Ghosh Dastidar S. Multifaceted Roles of AFG3L2, a Mitochondrial ATPase in Relation to Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3788-3808. [PMID: 38012514 PMCID: PMC11236935 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
AFG3L2 is a zinc metalloprotease and an ATPase localized in an inner mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial quality control of several nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Mutations in AFG3L2 lead to diseases like slow progressive ataxia, which is a neurological disorder. This review delineates the cellular functions of AFG3L2 and its dysfunction that leads to major clinical outcomes, which include spinocerebellar ataxia type 28, spastic ataxia type 5, and optic atrophy type 12. It summarizes all relevant AFG3L2 mutations associated with the clinical outcomes to understand the detailed mechanisms attributable to its structure-related multifaceted roles in proteostasis and quality control. We face early diagnostic challenges of ataxia and optic neuropathy due to asymptomatic parents and variable clinical manifestations due to heterozygosity/homozygosity of AFG3L2 mutations. This review intends to promote AFG3L2 as a putative prognostic or diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Saradindu Banerjee
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Piyush Behari Lal
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Somasish Ghosh Dastidar
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Trabassi D, Castiglia SF, Bini F, Marinozzi F, Ajoudani A, Lorenzini M, Chini G, Varrecchia T, Ranavolo A, De Icco R, Casali C, Serrao M. Optimizing Rare Disease Gait Classification through Data Balancing and Generative AI: Insights from Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3613. [PMID: 38894404 PMCID: PMC11175240 DOI: 10.3390/s24113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The interpretability of gait analysis studies in people with rare diseases, such as those with primary hereditary cerebellar ataxia (pwCA), is frequently limited by the small sample sizes and unbalanced datasets. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of data balancing and generative artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in generating synthetic data reflecting the actual gait abnormalities of pwCA. Gait data of 30 pwCA (age: 51.6 ± 12.2 years; 13 females, 17 males) and 100 healthy subjects (age: 57.1 ± 10.4; 60 females, 40 males) were collected at the lumbar level with an inertial measurement unit. Subsampling, oversampling, synthetic minority oversampling, generative adversarial networks, and conditional tabular generative adversarial networks (ctGAN) were applied to generate datasets to be input to a random forest classifier. Consistency and explainability metrics were also calculated to assess the coherence of the generated dataset with known gait abnormalities of pwCA. ctGAN significantly improved the classification performance compared with the original dataset and traditional data augmentation methods. ctGAN are effective methods for balancing tabular datasets from populations with rare diseases, owing to their ability to improve diagnostic models with consistent explainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Trabassi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (D.T.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (D.T.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Arash Ajoudani
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Marta Lorenzini
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Giorgia Chini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (T.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Tiwana Varrecchia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (T.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alberto Ranavolo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (T.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (D.T.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (D.T.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, Policlinico Italia, 00162 Rome, Italy
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6
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Sekerková G, Kilic S, Cheng YH, Fredrick N, Osmani A, Kim H, Opal P, Martina M. Phenotypical, genotypical and pathological characterization of the moonwalker mouse, a model of ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106492. [PMID: 38575093 PMCID: PMC11089908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive study of the morphological, functional, and genetic features of moonwalker (MWK) mice, a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia caused by a gain of function of the TRPC3 channel. These mice show numerous behavioral symptoms including tremor, altered gait, circling behavior, impaired motor coordination, impaired motor learning and decreased limb strength. Cerebellar pathology is characterized by early and almost complete loss of unipolar brush cells as well as slowly progressive, moderate loss of Purkinje cell (PCs). Structural damage also includes loss of synaptic contacts from parallel fibers, swollen ER structures, and degenerating axons. Interestingly, no obvious correlation was observed between PC loss and severity of the symptoms, as the phenotype stabilizes around 2 months of age, while the cerebellar pathology is progressive. This is probably due to the fact that PC function is severely impaired much earlier than the appearance of PC loss. Indeed, PC firing is already impaired in 3 weeks old mice. An interesting feature of the MWK pathology that still remains to be explained consists in a strong lobule selectivity of the PC loss, which is puzzling considering that TRPC is expressed in every PC. Intriguingly, genetic analysis of MWK cerebella shows, among other alterations, changes in the expression of both apoptosis inducing and resistance factors possibly suggesting that damaged PCs initiate specific cellular pathways that protect them from overt cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Sumeyra Kilic
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yen-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalie Fredrick
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anne Osmani
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haram Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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7
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Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum Lecture: the Cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:620-677. [PMID: 36781689 PMCID: PMC10951048 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Schilling
- Department of Anatomy, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Richard Wingate
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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8
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Raoofi Nejad M, Siasi E, Abdollahifar MA, Aliaghaei A. Elderberry diet enhances motor performance and reduces neuroinflammation-induced cell death in cerebellar ataxia rat models. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102399. [PMID: 38401660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is a condition in which cerebellar dysfunction results in movement disorders such as dysmetria, synergy and dysdiadochokinesia. This study investigates the therapeutic effects of elderberry (EB) diet on the 3-acetylpyridine-induced (3-AP) CA rat model. First, CA rat models were generated by 3-AP administration followed by elderberry diet treatment containing 2 % EB for 8 consecutive weeks. Motor performance, electromyographic activity and gene expression were then evaluated. The number of Purkinje neurons were evaluated by stereological methods. Immunohistochemistry for the microgliosis, astrogliosis and apoptosis marker caspase-3 was also performed. In addition, the morphology of microglia and astrocytes was assessed using the Sholl analysis method. The results showed that EB diet administration in a 3-AP ataxia model improved motor coordination, locomotor activity and neuro-muscular function, prevented Purkinje neurons degeneration, increased microglia and astrocyte complexity and reduced cell soma size. Moreover, EB diet administration decreased apoptosis in cerebellum of 3-AP ataxic model. In addition, elderberry diet treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory, apoptotic and necroptotic genes and increased the expression of antioxidant-related genes. The results suggest that the EB diet attenuates 3-AP-induced neuroinflammation leading to cell death and improves motor performance. Thus, the EB diet could be used as a therapeutic procedure for CA due to its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Raoofi Nejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Siasi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Salari M, Etemadifar M, Rashedi R, Mardani S. A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:702-721. [PMID: 37000369 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ronak Rashedi
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayna Mardani
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sobanska A, Czerwosz L, Sulek A, Rola R, Stepniak I, Rakowicz M. Quantitative Evaluation of Stance as a Sensitive Biomarker of Postural Ataxia Development in Preclinical SCA1 Mutation Carriers. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01679-w. [PMID: 38492164 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the time between the first detection of postural control impairments and the evident manifestation of ataxia in preclinical SCA1 individuals. Twenty five preclinical SCA1 mutation carriers: 13 with estimated disease onset ≤ 6 years (SCA1 +) aged 27.8 ± 8.1 years; 12 with expected disease onset > 6 years (SCA1-) aged 26.6 ± 3.1 years and 26 age and sex matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent static posturography during 5 years of observation. The movements of the centre of feet pressure (COP) during quiet standing with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) were quantified by calculating the mean radius (R), developed surface area (A) and mean COP movement velocity (V). Ataxia was evaluated by use of the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA).SCA1 + exhibited significantly worse quality of stance with EC vs. SCA1- (p < 0.05 for V) and HCs (p < 0.001) even 5 to 6 years before estimated disease onset. There were no statistically significant differences between SCA1- and HCs. A slow increase in Cohen's d effect size was observed for VEO up to the clinical manifestation of ataxia. VEO and AEC recorded in preclinical SCA1 individuals correlated slightly but statistically significantly with SARA (r = 0.47).The study confirms that static posturography detects COP sway changes in SCA1 preclinical gene carriers even 5 to 6 years before estimated disease onset. The quantitative evaluation of stance in preclinical SCA is a sensitive biomarker for the monitoring of the disease progression and may be useful in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobanska
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Czerwosz
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sulek
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Rola
- Department of Neurology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Stepniak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Rakowicz
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Pallarès-Sastre M, García M, Rouco-Axpe I, Amayra I. A systematic review of social cognition in hereditary ataxia patients: Evidence from neuroimaging studies. Brain Res 2024; 1827:148765. [PMID: 38219813 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Pallarès-Sastre
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Maitane García
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Idoia Rouco-Axpe
- Neurology Service. Cruces University Hospital. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Scaravilli A, Tranfa M, Pontillo G, Brais B, De Michele G, La Piana R, Saccà F, Santorelli FM, Synofzik M, Brunetti A, Cocozza S. CHARON: An Imaging-Based Diagnostic Algorithm to Navigate Through the Sea of Hereditary Degenerative Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01677-y. [PMID: 38436911 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The complexity in diagnosing hereditary degenerative ataxias lies not only in their rarity, but also in the variety of different genetic conditions that can determine sometimes similar and overlapping clinical findings. In this light, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a key role in the evaluation of these conditions, being a fundamental diagnostic tool needed not only to exclude other causes determining the observed clinical phenotype, but also to proper guide to an adequate genetic testing. Here, we propose an MRI-based diagnostic algorithm named CHARON (Characterization of Hereditary Ataxias Relying On Neuroimaging), to help in disentangling among the numerous, and apparently very similar, hereditary degenerative ataxias. Being conceived from a neuroradiological standpoint, it is based primarily on an accurate evaluation of the observed MRI findings, with the first and most important being the pattern of cerebellar atrophy. Along with the evaluation of the presence, or absence, of additional signal changes and/or supratentorial involvement, CHARON allows for the identification of a small groups of ataxias sharing similar imaging features. The integration of additional MRI findings, demographic, clinical and laboratory data allow then for the identification of typical, and in some cases pathognomonic, phenotypes of hereditary ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scaravilli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Tranfa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pontillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giovanna De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta La Piana
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matthis Synofzik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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13
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Purkartova Z, Krakorova K, Babuska V, Tuma J, Houdek Z, Roy Choudhury N, Kapl S, Kolinko Y, Sucha M, Porras-Garcia E, Kralickova M, Cendelin J. Quantification of Solid Embryonic Cerebellar Graft Volume in a Degenerative Ataxia Model. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01676-z. [PMID: 38430389 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Substitution of lost neurons by neurotransplantation would be a possible management of advanced degenerative cerebellar ataxias in which insufficient cerebellar reserve remains. In this study, we examined the volume and structure of solid embryonic cerebellar grafts in adult Lurcher mice, a model of olivocerebellar degeneration, and their healthy littermates. Grafts taken from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive embryos were injected into the cerebellum of host mice. Two or six months later, the brains were examined histologically. The grafts were identified according to the EGFP fluorescence in frozen sections and their volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri principle. For gross histological evaluation, graft-containing slices were processed using Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Adjustment of the volume estimation approach suggested that it is reasonable to use all sections without sampling, but that calculation of values for up to 20% of lost section using linear interpolation does not constitute substantial error. Mean graft volume was smaller in Lurchers than in healthy mice when examined 6 months after the transplantation. We observed almost no signs of graft destruction. In some cases, compact grafts disorganized the structure of the host's cerebellar cortex. In Lurchers, the grafts had a limited contact with the host's cerebellum. Also, graft size was of greater variability in Lurchers than in healthy mice. The results are in compliance with our previous findings that Lurcher phenotype-associated factors have a negative effect on graft development. These factors can hypothetically include cerebellar morphology, local tissue milieu, or systemic factors such as immune system abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Purkartova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Krakorova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital in Pilsen and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Houdek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Nilpawan Roy Choudhury
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kapl
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Quantitative Histology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sucha
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Porras-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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14
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Jaarsma D, Birkisdóttir MB, van Vossen R, Oomen DWGD, Akhiyat O, Vermeij WP, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI, Bosman LWJ. Different Purkinje cell pathologies cause specific patterns of progressive gait ataxia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106422. [PMID: 38286390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Gait ataxia is one of the most common and impactful consequences of cerebellar dysfunction. Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are often involved in the underlying pathology, but their specific functions during locomotor control in health and disease remain obfuscated. We aimed to describe the effect of gradual adult-onset Purkinje cell degeneration on gaiting patterns in mice, and to determine whether two different mechanisms that both lead to Purkinje cell degeneration cause different patterns in the development of gait ataxia. Using the ErasmusLadder together with a newly developed limb detection algorithm and machine learning-based classification, we subjected mice to a challenging locomotor task with detailed analysis of single limb parameters, intralimb coordination and whole-body movement. We tested two Purkinje cell-specific mouse models, one involving stochastic cell death due to impaired DNA repair mechanisms (Pcp2-Ercc1-/-), the other carrying the mutation that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q]). Both mouse models showed progressive gaiting deficits, but the sequence with which gaiting parameters deteriorated was different between mouse lines. Our longitudinal approach revealed that gradual loss of Purkinje cell function can lead to a complex pattern of loss of function over time, and that this pattern depends on the specifics of the pathological mechanisms involved. We hypothesize that this variability will also be present in disease progression in patients, and that our findings will facilitate the study of therapeutic interventions in mice, as subtle changes in locomotor abilities can be quantified by our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria B Birkisdóttir
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy van Vossen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demi W G D Oomen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oussama Akhiyat
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Science, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Oldrati V, Butti N, Ferrari E, Strazzer S, Romaniello R, Borgatti R, Urgesi C, Finisguerra A. Neurorestorative effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on social prediction of adolescents and young adults with congenital cerebellar malformations. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 41:103582. [PMID: 38428326 PMCID: PMC10944181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence points to impairments of the predictive function exerted by the cerebellum as one of the causes of the social cognition deficits observed in patients with cerebellar disorders. OBJECTIVE We tested the neurorestorative effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) on the use of contextual expectations to interpret actions occurring in ambiguous sensory sceneries in a sample of adolescents and young adults with congenital, non-progressive cerebellar malformation (CM). METHODS We administered an action prediction task in which, in an implicit-learning phase, the probability of co-occurrence between actions and contextual elements was manipulated to form either strongly or moderately informative expectations. Subsequently, in a testing phase, we probed the use of these contextual expectations for predicting ambiguous (i.e., temporally occluded) actions. In a sham-controlled, within-subject design, participants received anodic or sham ctDCS during the task. RESULTS Anodic ctDCS, compared to sham, improved patients' ability to use contextual expectations to predict the unfolding of actions embedded in moderately, but not strongly, informative contexts. CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate the role of the cerebellum in using previously learned contextual associations to predict social events and document the efficacy of ctDCS to boost social prediction in patients with congenital cerebellar malformation. The study encourages the further exploration of ctDCS as a neurorestorative tool for the neurorehabilitation of social cognition abilities in neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders featured by macro- or micro-structural alterations of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oldrati
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
| | - Niccolò Butti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; PhD Program in Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Edoardo Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrari
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Sandra Strazzer
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Via Margreth, 3, 33100 Udine, Italy; Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Cialdini 29, 33037 Pasian di Prato (UD), Italy
| | - Alessandra Finisguerra
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Via Cialdini 29, 33037 Pasian di Prato (UD), Italy
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16
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Bogaert A, Romanò F, Cabaraux P, Feys P, Moumdjian L. Assessment and tailored physical rehabilitation approaches in persons with cerebellar impairments targeting mobility and walking according to the International Classification of Functioning: a systematic review of case-reports and case-series. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37639546 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2248886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebellar impairment (CI) manifests from different etiologies resulting in a heterogenic clinical presentation affecting walking and mobility. Case-reports were reviewed to provide an analytical clinical picture of persons with CI (PwCI) to differentiate cerebellar and non-cerebellar impairments and to identify interventions and assessments used to quantify impact on walking and mobility according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature was searched in PubMed, Web Of Science and Scopus. Case-reports conducting physical rehabilitation and reporting at least one outcome measure of ataxia, gait pattern, walking or mobility were included. RESULTS 28 articles with a total of 38 different patients were included. Etiologies were clustered to: spinocerebellar degenerations, traumatic brain injuries, cerebellar tumors, stroke and miscellaneous. The interventions applied were activity-based, including gait and balance training. Participation based activities such as tai chi, climbing and dance-based therapy had positive outcomes on mobility. Outcomes on body function such as ataxia and gait pattern were only reported in 22% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive test battery to encompass the key features of a PwCI on different levels of the ICF is needed to manage heterogeneity. Measures on body function level should be included in interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bogaert
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Francesco Romanò
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre Cabaraux
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Peter Feys
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- UMSC Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Lousin Moumdjian
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- UMSC Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- IPEM Institute of Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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D'Sa K, Guelfi S, Vandrovcova J, Reynolds RH, Zhang D, Hardy J, Botía JA, Weale ME, Taliun SAG, Small KS, Ryten M. Analysis of subcellular RNA fractions demonstrates significant genetic regulation of gene expression in human brain post-transcriptionally. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13874. [PMID: 37620324 PMCID: PMC10449874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the genetic regulation of gene expression in human brain is key to the interpretation of genome-wide association studies for major neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses have largely been used to achieve this, providing valuable insights into the genetic regulation of steady-state RNA in human brain, but not distinguishing between molecular processes regulating transcription and stability. RNA quantification within cellular fractions can disentangle these processes in cell types and tissues which are challenging to model in vitro. We investigated the underlying molecular processes driving the genetic regulation of gene expression specific to a cellular fraction using allele-specific expression (ASE). Applying ASE analysis to genomic and transcriptomic data from paired nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of anterior prefrontal cortex, cerebellar cortex and putamen tissues from 4 post-mortem neuropathologically-confirmed control human brains, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of genetic regulation of gene expression occurs post-transcriptionally in the cytoplasm, with genes undergoing this form of regulation more likely to be synaptic. These findings have implications for understanding the structure of gene expression regulation in human brain, and importantly the interpretation of rapidly growing single-nucleus brain RNA-sequencing and eQTL datasets, where cytoplasm-specific regulatory events could be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma D'Sa
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Verge Genomics, Tower Pl, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Dept of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - David Zhang
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Juan A Botía
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Genomics Plc, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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18
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Li C, Zhang H, Tong K, Cai M, Gao F, Yang J, Xu Y, Wang H, Chen H, Hu Y, He W, Zhang J. Genetic Deletion of Thorase Causes Purkinje Cell Loss and Impaired Motor Coordination Behavior. Cells 2023; 12:2032. [PMID: 37626842 PMCID: PMC10453921 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorase belongs to the AAA+ ATPase family, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Our previous work reported that Thorase was highly expressed in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum. However, the roles of Thorase in the cerebellum have still not been characterized. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice (cKO) with Thorase deletion in Purkinje cells. Thorase cKO mice exhibited cerebellar degenerative diseases-like behavior and significant impairment in motor coordination. Thorase deletion resulted in more Purkinje neuron apoptosis, leading to Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum of Thorase cKO mice. We also found enhanced expression of the inflammatory protein ASC, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the Thorase cKO cerebellum, which contributed to the pathogenesis of cerebellar degenerative disease. Our findings provide a better understanding of the role of Thorase in the cerebellum, which is a theoretical basis for Thorase as a therapeutic drug target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kexin Tong
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
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19
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Manto M, Serrao M, Filippo Castiglia S, Timmann D, Tzvi-Minker E, Pan MK, Kuo SH, Ugawa Y. Neurophysiology of cerebellar ataxias and gait disorders. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2023; 8:143-160. [PMID: 37593693 PMCID: PMC10429746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous forms of cerebellar disorders from sporadic to genetic diseases. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the advances and emerging techniques during these last 2 decades in the neurophysiological tests useful in cerebellar patients for clinical and research purposes. Clinically, patients exhibit various combinations of a vestibulocerebellar syndrome, a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and a cerebellar motor syndrome which will be discussed throughout this chapter. Cerebellar patients show abnormal Bereitschaftpotentials (BPs) and mismatch negativity. Cerebellar EEG is now being applied in cerebellar disorders to unravel impaired electrophysiological patterns associated within disorders of the cerebellar cortex. Eyeblink conditioning is significantly impaired in cerebellar disorders: the ability to acquire conditioned eyeblink responses is reduced in hereditary ataxias, in cerebellar stroke and after tumor surgery of the cerebellum. Furthermore, impaired eyeblink conditioning is an early marker of cerebellar degenerative disease. General rules of motor control suggest that optimal strategies are needed to execute voluntary movements in the complex environment of daily life. A high degree of adaptability is required for learning procedures underlying motor control as sensorimotor adaptation is essential to perform accurate goal-directed movements. Cerebellar patients show impairments during online visuomotor adaptation tasks. Cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI) is a neurophysiological biomarker showing an inverse association between cerebellothalamocortical tract integrity and ataxia severity. Ataxic gait is characterized by increased step width, reduced ankle joint range of motion, increased gait variability, lack of intra-limb inter-joint and inter-segmental coordination, impaired foot ground placement and loss of trunk control. Taken together, these techniques provide a neurophysiological framework for a better appraisal of cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi-Minker
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Syte Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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20
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Saadi SM, Cali E, Khalid LB, Yousaf H, Zafar G, Khan HN, Sher M, Vona B, Abdullah U, Malik NA, Klar J, Efthymiou S, Dahl N, Houlden H, Toft M, Baig SM, Fatima A, Iqbal Z. Genetic Investigation of Consanguineous Pakistani Families Segregating Rare Spinocerebellar Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1404. [PMID: 37510308 PMCID: PMC10379343 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar disorders are a vast group of rare neurogenetic conditions, generally characterized by overlapping clinical symptoms including progressive cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraparesis, cognitive deficiencies, skeletal/muscular and ocular abnormalities. The objective of the present study is to identify the underlying genetic causes of the rare spinocerebellar disorders in the Pakistani population. Herein, nine consanguineous families presenting different spinocerebellar phenotypes have been investigated using whole exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing was performed for segregation analysis in all the available individuals of each family. The molecular analysis of these families identified six novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants; ZFYVE26: c.1093del, SACS: c.1201C>T, BICD2: c.2156A>T, ALS2: c.2171-3T>G, ALS2: c.3145T>A, and B4GALNT1: c.334_335dup, and three already reported pathogenic variants; FA2H: c.159_176del, APTX: c.689T>G, and SETX: c.5308_5311del. The clinical features of all patients in each family are concurrent with the already reported cases. Hence, the current study expands the mutation spectrum of rare spinocerebellar disorders and implies the usefulness of next-generation sequencing in combination with clinical investigation for better diagnosis of these overlapping phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Maryam Saadi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elisa Cali
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lubaba Bintee Khalid
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Yousaf
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Zafar
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University Swat Campus, Swat 19200, Pakistan
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR), Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Altaf Malik
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Joakim Klar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, P.O. Box 815, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, P.O. Box 815, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mathias Toft
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Ambrin Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Ghosh D, Singh G, Mishra P, Singh A, Kumar A, Sinha N. Alteration in mitochondrial dynamics promotes the proinflammatory response of microglia and is involved in cerebellar dysfunction of young and aged mice following LPS exposure. Neurosci Lett 2023; 807:137262. [PMID: 37116576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction is implicated in impaired motor coordination and balance, thus disturbing the dynamics of sensorimotor integration. Neuroinflammation and aging could be prominent contributors to cerebellar aberration. Additionally, changes in mitochondrial dynamics may precede microglia activation in several chronic neurodegenerative diseases; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown.Here using LPS (1 mg/kg i.p. for four consecutive days) stimulation in both young (3 months old) and aged (12 months old) mice, followed by molecular analysis on the 21st day, we have explored the correlation between aging and mitochondrial dynamic alteration in the backdrop of chronic neuroinflammation. Following LPS stimulation, we observed microglia activation and subsequent elevation in proinflammatory cytokines (M1; TNF-α, IFN-γ) with NLRP3 activationand a concomitant reduction in the expression of anti-inflammatory markers (M2; YM1, TGF-β1) in the cerebellar tissue of aged mice compared with the young LPS and aged controls. Remarkably, senescence (p21, p27, p53) and epigenetic (HDAC2) markers were found upregulated in the cerebellum tissue of the aged LPS group, suggesting their crucial role in LPS-induced cerebellar deficit. Further, we demonstrated alteration in the antagonistic forces of mitochondrial fusion and fission with increased expression of the mitochondrial fission-related gene [FIS1] and decreased fusion-related genes [MFN1 and MFN2]. We noted increased mtDNA copy number, microglia activation, and inflammatory response of IL1β and IFN-γ post-chronic neuroinflammation in aged LPS group. Our results suggest that the crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics and altered microglial activation paradigm in chronic neuroinflammatory conditions may be the key to understanding the cerebellar molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devlina Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow 226028, India; Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
| | - Gajendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Neeraj Sinha
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
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22
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Yahia A, Hamed AAA, Mohamed IN, Elseed MA, Salih MA, El-Sadig SM, Siddig HE, Nasreldien AEM, Abdullah MA, Elzubair M, Omer FY, Bakhiet AM, Abubaker R, Abozar F, Adil R, Emad S, Musallam MA, Eltazi IZM, Omer Z, Malik H, Mohamed MOE, Elhassan AA, Mohamed EOE, Ahmed AKMA, Ahmed EAA, Eltaraifee E, Hussein BK, Abd Allah ASI, Salah L, Nimir M, Tag Elseed OM, Elhassan TEA, Elbashier A, Alfadul ESA, Fadul M, Ali KF, Taha SOMA, Bushara EE, Amin M, Koko M, Ibrahim ME, Ahmed AE, Elsayed LEO, Stevanin G. Clinical phenotyping and genetic diagnosis of a large cohort of Sudanese families with hereditary spinocerebellar degenerations. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01344-6. [PMID: 37012327 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spinocerebellar degenerations (SCDs) is an umbrella term that covers a group of monogenic conditions that share common pathogenic mechanisms and include hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), cerebellar ataxia, and spinocerebellar ataxia. They are often complicated with axonal neuropathy and/or intellectual impairment and overlap with many neurological conditions, including neurodevelopmental disorders. More than 200 genes and loci inherited through all modes of Mendelian inheritance are known. Autosomal recessive inheritance predominates in consanguineous communities; however, autosomal dominant and X-linked inheritance can also occur. Sudan is inhabited by genetically diverse populations, yet it has high consanguinity rates. We used next-generation sequencing, genotyping, bioinformatics analysis, and candidate gene approaches to study 90 affected patients from 38 unrelated Sudanese families segregating multiple forms of SCDs. The age-at-onset in our cohort ranged from birth to 35 years; however, most patients manifested childhood-onset diseases (the mean and median ages at onset were 7.5 and 3 years, respectively). We reached the genetic diagnosis in 63% and possibly up to 73% of the studied families when considering variants of unknown significance. Combining the present data with our previous analysis of 25 Sudanese HSP families, the success rate reached 52-59% (31-35/59 families). In this article we report candidate variants in genes previously known to be associated with SCDs or other phenotypically related monogenic disorders. We also highlight the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of SCDs in Sudan, as we did not identify a major causative gene in our cohort, and the potential for discovering novel SCD genes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yahia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
- Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University, F-75000, Paris, France.
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Ahlam A A Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Inaam N Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maha A Elseed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, AlMughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Ali Elsir Musa Nasreldien
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Red Cross Memorial Children Hospital (RCWMCH), University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Maha Elzubair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Rayan Abubaker
- Sudanese Neurogenetics Research group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fatima Abozar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawaa Adil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sara Emad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Isra Z M Eltazi
- Neurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zulfa Omer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA
| | - Hiba Malik
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mayada O E Mohamed
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ali A Elhassan
- Sudan Neuroscience Projects, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed K M A Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | - Bidour K Hussein
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Lina Salah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Nimir
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Moneeb Fadul
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Khalil F Ali
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | | | | | - Mutaz Amin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud Koko
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ammar E Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Liena E O Elsayed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University, F-75000, Paris, France.
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- EPHE, PSL Research university, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-75000, Paris, France.
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23
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Goh YY, Saunders E, Pavey S, Rushton E, Quinn N, Houlden H, Chelban V. Multiple system atrophy. Pract Neurol 2023; 23:208-221. [PMID: 36927875 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2020-002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This is a practical guide to diagnosing and managing multiple system atrophy (MSA). We explain the newly published Movement Disorders Society Consensus Diagnostic Criteria, which include new 'Clinically Established MSA' and 'Possible Prodromal MSA' categories, hopefully reducing time to diagnosis. We then highlight the key clinical features of MSA to aid diagnosis. We include a list of MSA mimics with suggested methods of differentiation from MSA. Lastly, we discuss practical symptom management in people living with MSA, including balancing side effects, with the ultimate aim of improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Yen Goh
- Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Niall Quinn
- Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK .,Neurobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
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24
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Liu X, Lin W, Zhang L, Zhang WL, Cheng XP, Lian YH, Li MC, Wang SZ, Chen XY, Gan SR. Effects of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation in cerebellar ataxia: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1180454. [PMID: 37179566 PMCID: PMC10172579 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1180454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is a movement disorder that can affect balance and gait, limb movement, oculomotor control, and cognition. Multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type (MSA-C) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are the most common forms of CA, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation supposed to alter cortical excitability and brain electrical activity, modulating functional connectivity within the brain. The cerebellar tACS can modulate the cerebellar outflow and cerebellum-linked behavior and it is a proven safe technique for humans. Therefore, the aim of this study is to 1) examine whether cerebellar tACS improves ataxia severity and various non-motor symptoms in a homogeneous cohort of CA patients consisting of MSA-C and SCA3, 2) explore the time course of these effects, and 3) assess the safety and tolerance of cerebellar tACS in all participants. Methods/design This is a 2-week, triple-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study. 164 patients (MSA-C: 84, SCA3: 80) will be recruited and randomly assigned to either active cerebellar tACS or sham cerebellar tACS, in a 1:1 ratio. Patients, investigators, and outcome assessors are unaware of treatment allocation. Cerebellar tACS (40 min, 2 mA, ramp-up and down periods of 10s each) will be delivered over 10 sessions, distributed in two groups of five consecutive days with a two-day break in between. Outcomes are assessed after the tenth stimulation (T1), and after 1 month (T2) and 3 months (T3). The primary outcome measure is the difference between the active and sham groups in the proportion of patients with an improvement of 1.5 points in the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score after 2 weeks of treatment. In addition, effects on a variety of non-motor symptoms, quality of life, and autonomic nerve dysfunctions are assessed via relative scales. Gait imbalance, dysarthria, and finger dexterity are objectively valued via relative tools. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging is performed to explore the possible mechanism of treatment effects. Discussion The results of this study will inform whether repeated sessions of active cerebellar tACS benefit CA patients and whether this form of non-invasive stimulation might be a novel therapeutic approach to consider in a neuro-rehabilitation setting.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05557786; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05557786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Li Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Lian
- The School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Cheng Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Zhong Wang,
| | - Xin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Xin-Yuan Chen,
| | - Shi-Rui Gan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Shi-Rui Gan,
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25
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Cabeza-Ruiz R, Velázquez-Pérez L, Pérez-Rodríguez R, Reetz K. ConvNets for automatic detection of polyglutamine SCAs from brain MRIs: state of the art applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:1-24. [PMID: 36385616 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (polyQ SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, clinically and genetically heterogeneous, characterized by loss of balance and motor coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum and its connections. The diagnosis of each type of polyQ SCA, alongside with genetic tests, includes medical images analysis, and its automation may help specialists to distinguish between each type. Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets or CNNs) have been recently used for medical image processing, with outstanding results. In this work, we present the main clinical and imaging features of polyglutamine SCAs, and the basics of CNNs. Finally, we review studies that have used this approach to automatically process brain medical images and may be applied to SCAs detection. We conclude by discussing the possible limitations and opportunities of using ConvNets for SCAs diagnose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Velázquez-Pérez
- Cuban Academy of Sciences, La Habana, Cuba
- Center for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba
| | - Roberto Pérez-Rodríguez
- CAD/CAM Study Center, University of Holguín, Holguín, Cuba
- Cuban Academy of Sciences, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Jinling D, Liyuan F, Wenying F, Yuting H, Xiangyu T, Xiuning H, Yu T, Qianliang M, Linming G, Ning G, Peng L. Parthenolide promotes expansion of Nestin+ progenitor cells via Shh modulation and contributes to post-injury cerebellar replenishment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1051103. [PMID: 36386224 PMCID: PMC9651157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regeneration of injuries occurring in the central nervous system is extremely difficult. Studies have shown that the developing cerebellum can be repopulated by a group of Nestin-expressing progenitors (NEPs) after irradiation injury, suggesting that modulating the mobilization of NEPs is beneficial to promoting nerve regeneration. To date, however, effect of exogenous pharmaceutical agonist on NEPs mobilization remains unknown. Parthenolide (PTL), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from shoots of feverfew. Although it has been shown to possess several pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic effects on the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury, its efficacy in promoting central nervous system (CNS) regeneration is unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role and possible mechanism of PTL on regeneration in injured CNS after irradiation using a developing cerebellum model. Methods: We investigated the radioprotective effects of PTL on the developing cerebellum by immunoblotting as well as immunofluorescence staining and ROS detection in vivo and in vitro experiments, and then determined the effects of PTL on NEPs in Nestin CFP and Nestin GFP fluorescent mice. Inducible lineage tracing analysis was used in Nestin-CreERT2×ROSA26-LSL YFP mice to label and track the fate of NEPs in the cerebellum after irradiation. Combined with cell biology and molecular biology techniques to determine changes in various cellular components in the cerebellum and possible mechanisms of PTL on NEPs mobilization in the injured developing cerebellum. Results: We found that PTL could attenuate radiation-induced acute injury of granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) in irradiated cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) by alleviating apoptosis through regulation of the cells' redox state. Moreover, PTL increased cerebellar Shh production and secretion by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting expansion of NEPs, which is the compensatory replenishment of granule neurons after radiation damage. Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that activation and expansion of NEPs are critical for regeneration of the injured cerebellum, and that PTL is a promising drug candidate to influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Peng
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang Q, Zhang C, Liu S, Liu T, Ni R, Liu X, Zhong P, Wu Q, Xu T, Ke H, Tian W, Cao L. Long-read sequencing identified intronic (GGCCTG)n expansion in NOP56 in one SCA36 family and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 223:107503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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van Hoogstraten WS, Lute MCC, Nusselder H, Kros L, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, De Zeeuw CI. cATR Tracing Approach to Identify Individual Intermediary Neurons Based on Their Input and Output: A Proof-of-Concept Study Connecting Cerebellum and Central Hubs Implicated in Developmental Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192978. [PMID: 36230940 PMCID: PMC9562212 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, it has become increasingly clear that many neurodevelopmental disorders can be characterized by aberrations in the neuro-anatomical connectome of intermediary hubs. Yet, despite the advent in unidirectional transsynaptic tracing technologies, we are still lacking an efficient approach to identify individual neurons based on both their precise input and output relations, hampering our ability to elucidate the precise connectome in both the healthy and diseased condition. Here, we bridge this gap by combining anterograde transsynaptic- and retrograde (cATR) tracing in Ai14 reporter mice, using adeno-associated virus serotype 1 expressing Cre and cholera toxin subunit B as the anterograde and retrograde tracer, respectively. We have applied this innovative approach to selectively identify individual neurons in the brainstem that do not only receive input from one or more of the cerebellar nuclei (CN), but also project to the primary motor cortex (M1), the amygdala or the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Cells directly connecting CN to M1 were found mainly in the thalamus, while a large diversity of midbrain and brainstem areas connected the CN to the amygdala or VTA. Our data highlight that cATR allows for specific, yet brain-wide, identification of individual neurons that mediate information from a cerebellar nucleus to the cerebral cortex, amygdala or VTA via a disynaptic pathway. Given that the identified neurons in healthy subjects can be readily quantified, our data also form a solid foundation to make numerical comparisons with mouse mutants suffering from aberrations in their connectome due to a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit C. C. Lute
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Nusselder
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Kros
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, NIN-KNAW, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Berciano J, Gazulla J, Infante J. History of Ataxias and Paraplegias with an Annotation on the First Description of Striatonigral Degeneration. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:531-544. [PMID: 34731448 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to carry out a historical overview of the evolution of the knowledge on degenerative cerebellar disorders and hereditary spastic paraplegias, over the last century and a half. Original descriptions of the main pathological subtypes, including Friedreich's ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and cortical cerebellar atrophy, are revised. Special attention is given to the first accurate description of striatonigral degeneration by Hans Joachim Scherer, his personal and scientific trajectory being clarified. Pathological classifications of ataxia are critically analysed. The current clinical-genetic classification of ataxia is updated by taking into account recent molecular discoveries. We conclude that there has been an enormous progress in the knowledge of the nosology of hereditary ataxias and paraplegias, currently encompassing around 200 genetic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)", University of Cantabria, and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Santander, Spain.
| | - José Gazulla
- Service of Neurology, "Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet", Saragossa, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)", University of Cantabria, and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Santander, Spain
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Quality of Life Changes Following the Onset of Cerebellar Ataxia: Symptoms and Concerns Self-reported by Ataxia Patients and Informants. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:592-605. [PMID: 35334077 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Semi-structured interviews of patient accounts and caregiver, or informant, perspectives are a beneficial resource for patients suffering from diseases with complex symptomatology, such as cerebellar ataxia. The aim of this study was to identify, quantify, and compare the ways in which cerebellar ataxia patients' and informants' quality of life had changed as a result of living with ataxia. Using a semi-structured interview, responses were collected from patients and informants regarding motor, cognitive, and psychosocial variables. Responses were also collected from patients and informants to open-ended questions that were subsequently categorized into 15 quality of life themes that best represented changes experienced by the patients and informants. Ataxia patients and informants agreed as to the severity of posture/gait, daily activities/fine motor tasks, speech/feeding/swallowing, and oculomotor/vision impairment. It was also demonstrated that severity ratings for specific motor-related functions strongly correlated with corresponding functions within the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), and that this interview identified frequency associations between motor impairments and specific psychosocial difficulties, which could be useful for prognostic purposes. Overall, the information obtained from this study characterized the symptoms and challenges to ataxia patients and their caregivers, which could serve as a useful educational resource for those affected by ataxia, clinicians, and researchers.
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31
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Unravelling the etiology of sporadic late-onset cerebellar ataxia in a cohort of 205 patients: a prospective study. J Neurol 2022; 269:6354-6365. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Yeo SS, Park SY, Cho IH. Injury of the vestibulocerebellar tract in a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage: A case report. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136723. [PMID: 35691437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vestibulocerebellar tract (VCT) is an important pathway of the central vestibular system, and plays a role in posture reflexes as well as perception of the head and body motion in spatial direction. We report on a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), who showed injury of the VCT, which was demonstrated by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). CASE DESCRIPTION This study recruited an 81-year-old male patient presented with quadriparesis due to ICH on both cerebellar hemispheres and 5 control subjects. A patient had the dizziness that was occurred when he moved and the motor weakness in lower limb. The primary and secondary VCTs of a patient with total 25 score of Scale of the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia were reconstructed using DTI. RESULTS The results of DTI parameters of primary VCT showed that the tract volumes of primary VCT in both hemispheres of a patient showed significant decrease compared to those of control subjects. All of DTI parameters of ipsilateral secondary VCT in left hemisphere of a patient were within the reference range. Additionally, the ipsilateral secondary VCT in right hemisphere and the contralateral secondary VCTs in both hemispheres of a patient were not reconstructed. CONCLUSION We suggest that a patient's ataxia appears to be related to injury of the VCT. Therefore, we believe that the current study would be helpful in evaluating and clinical managing patients with ataxia following cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Yoon Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Hee Cho
- Department of Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Matsugi A, Nishishita S, Yoshida N, Tanaka H, Douchi S, Bando K, Tsujimoto K, Honda T, Kikuchi Y, Shimizu Y, Odagaki M, Nakano H, Okada Y, Mori N, Hosomi K, Saitoh Y. Impact of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Cerebellum on Performance of a Ballistic Targeting Movement. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01438-9. [PMID: 35781778 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum on changes in motor performance during a series of repetitive ballistic-targeting tasks. Twenty-two healthy young adults (n = 12 in the active-rTMS group and n = 10 in the sham rTMS group) participated in this study. The participants sat on a chair in front of a monitor and fixed their right forearms to a manipulandum. They manipulated the handle with the flexion/extension of the wrist to move the bar on the monitor. Immediately after a beep sound was played, the participant moved the bar as quickly as possible to the target line. After the first 10 repetitions of the ballistic-targeting task, active or sham rTMS (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was applied to the right cerebellum. Subsequently, five sets of 100 repetitions of this task were conducted. Participants in the sham rTMS group showed improved reaction time, movement time, maximum velocity of movement, and targeting error after repetition. However, improvements were inhibited in the active-rTMS group. Low-frequency cerebellar rTMS may disrupt motor learning during repetitive ballistic-targeting tasks. This supports the hypothesis that the cerebellum contributes to motor learning and motor-error correction in ballistic-targeting movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daitou city, Osaka, 574-0011, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, 3-11-1 Sakuranocho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0054, Japan.,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, 3-11-1 Sakuranocho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0054, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshida
- Okayama Healthcare Professional University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Shinmachi 2-3-1, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shinya Douchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Town, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan
| | - Kyota Bando
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, 187-0031, Japan
| | - Kengo Tsujimoto
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, 187-0031, Japan
| | - Takeru Honda
- Basic Technology Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Intractable Neurological Disorders, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Ohtamachi366, Isesaki City, Gunma, 372-0006, Japan
| | - Yuto Shimizu
- Department of Rehabilitation for Intractable Neurological Disorders, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Ohtamachi366, Isesaki City, Gunma, 372-0006, Japan
| | - Masato Odagaki
- Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center of Kio University, Nara, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youichi Saitoh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Machikaneyama 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Tokuyukai Rehabilitation Clinic, Shinsenrinishimachi 2-24-18, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0083, Japan
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Discovery of Therapeutics Targeting Oxidative Stress in Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060764. [PMID: 35745683 PMCID: PMC9228961 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative inherited disorders. The resulting motor incoordination and progressive functional disabilities lead to reduced lifespan. There is currently no cure for ARCAs, likely attributed to the lack of understanding of the multifaceted roles of antioxidant defense and the underlying mechanisms. This systematic review aims to evaluate the extant literature on the current developments of therapeutic strategies that target oxidative stress for the management of ARCAs. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct Scopus for relevant peer-reviewed articles published from 1 January 2016 onwards. A total of 28 preclinical studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. We first evaluated the altered cellular processes, abnormal signaling cascades, and disrupted protein quality control underlying the pathogenesis of ARCA. We then examined the current potential therapeutic strategies for ARCAs, including aromatic, organic and pharmacological compounds, gene therapy, natural products, and nanotechnology, as well as their associated antioxidant pathways and modes of action. We then discussed their potential as antioxidant therapeutics for ARCAs, with the long-term view toward their possible translation to clinical practice. In conclusion, our current understanding is that these antioxidant therapies show promise in improving or halting the progression of ARCAs. Tailoring the therapies to specific disease stages could greatly facilitate the management of ARCAs.
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Cendelin J, Cvetanovic M, Gandelman M, Hirai H, Orr HT, Pulst SM, Strupp M, Tichanek F, Tuma J, Manto M. Consensus Paper: Strengths and Weaknesses of Animal Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Their Clinical Implications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:452-481. [PMID: 34378174 PMCID: PMC9098367 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a large group of hereditary degenerative diseases of the nervous system, in particular the cerebellum, and other systems that manifest with a variety of progressive motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits with the leading symptom of cerebellar ataxia. SCAs often lead to severe impairments of the patient's functioning, quality of life, and life expectancy. For SCAs, there are no proven effective pharmacotherapies that improve the symptoms or substantially delay disease progress, i.e., disease-modifying therapies. To study SCA pathogenesis and potential therapies, animal models have been widely used and are an essential part of pre-clinical research. They mainly include mice, but also other vertebrates and invertebrates. Each animal model has its strengths and weaknesses arising from model animal species, type of genetic manipulation, and similarity to human diseases. The types of murine and non-murine models of SCAs, their contribution to the investigation of SCA pathogenesis, pathological phenotype, and therapeutic approaches including their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. There is a consensus among the panel of experts that (1) animal models represent valuable tools to improve our understanding of SCAs and discover and assess novel therapies for this group of neurological disorders characterized by diverse mechanisms and differential degenerative progressions, (2) thorough phenotypic assessment of individual animal models is required for studies addressing therapeutic approaches, (3) comparative studies are needed to bring pre-clinical research closer to clinical trials, and (4) mouse models complement cellular and invertebrate models which remain limited in terms of clinical translation for complex neurological disorders such as SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Tichanek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7843, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, UMons, Mons, Belgium
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Liu XX, Chen XH, Zheng ZW, Jiang Q, Li C, Yang L, Chen X, Mao XF, Yuan HY, Feng LL, Jiang Q, Shi WX, Sasaki T, Fukunaga K, Chen Z, Han F, Lu YM. BOD1 regulates the cerebellar IV/V lobe-fastigial nucleus circuit associated with motor coordination. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:170. [PMID: 35641478 PMCID: PMC9156688 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are characterized by a progressive decline in motor coordination, but the specific output circuits and underlying pathological mechanism remain poorly understood. Through cell-type-specific manipulations, we discovered a novel GABAergic Purkinje cell (PC) circuit in the cerebellar IV/V lobe that projected to CaMKIIα+ neurons in the fastigial nucleus (FN), which regulated sensorimotor coordination. Furthermore, transcriptomics profiling analysis revealed various cerebellar neuronal identities, and we validated that biorientation defective 1 (BOD1) played an important role in the circuit of IV/V lobe to FN. BOD1 deficit in PCs of IV/V lobe attenuated the excitability and spine density of PCs, accompany with ataxia behaviors. Instead, BOD1 enrichment in PCs of IV/V lobe reversed the hyperexcitability of CaMKIIα+ neurons in the FN and ameliorated ataxia behaviors in L7-Cre; BOD1f/f mice. Together, these findings further suggest that specific regulation of the cerebellar IV/V lobePCs → FNCaMKIIα+ circuit might provide neuromodulatory targets for the treatment of ataxia behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Feng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Yang Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China. .,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 215002, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Fan X, Yu X, Huai J. Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xueyu Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xue Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jisen Huai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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OUP accepted manuscript. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:904-915. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zotin MCZ. Keeping our balance in cerebellar ataxia: the contribution of neuroimaging to clinical investigation. Radiol Bras 2022; 55:VII-VIII. [PMID: 36320368 PMCID: PMC9620850 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2022.55.5e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Zanon Zotin
- Center for Imaging Sciences and Medical Physics, Department of
Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de
Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. , Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Pereida-Jaramillo E, Gómez-González GB, Espino-Saldaña AE, Martínez-Torres A. Calcium Signaling in the Cerebellar Radial Glia and Its Association with Morphological Changes during Zebrafish Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413509. [PMID: 34948305 PMCID: PMC8706707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells are a distinct non-neuronal cell type that, during development, span the entire width of the brain walls of the ventricular system. They play a central role in the origin and placement of neurons, since their processes form structural scaffolds that guide and facilitate neuronal migration. Furthermore, glutamatergic signaling in the radial glia of the adult cerebellum (i.e., Bergmann glia), is crucial for precise motor coordination. Radial glial cells exhibit spontaneous calcium activity and functional coupling spread calcium waves. However, the origin of calcium activity in relation to the ontogeny of cerebellar radial glia has not been widely explored, and many questions remain unanswered regarding the role of radial glia in brain development in health and disease. In this study we used a combination of whole mount immunofluorescence and calcium imaging in transgenic (gfap-GCaMP6s) zebrafish to determine how development of calcium activity is related to morphological changes of the cerebellum. We found that the morphological changes in cerebellar radial glia are quite dynamic; the cells are remarkably larger and more elaborate in their soma size, process length and numbers after 7 days post fertilization. Spontaneous calcium events were scarce during the first 3 days of development and calcium waves appeared on day 5, which is associated with the onset of more complex morphologies of radial glia. Blockage of gap junction coupling inhibited the propagation of calcium waves, but not basal local calcium activity. This work establishes crucial clues in radial glia organization, morphology and calcium signaling during development and provides insight into its role in complex behavioral paradigms.
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Cheng HL, Shao YR, Dong Y, Dong HL, Yang L, Ma Y, Shen Y, Wu ZY. Genetic spectrum and clinical features in a cohort of Chinese patients with autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:40. [PMID: 34663476 PMCID: PMC8522248 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many causative genes have been uncovered in recent years, genetic diagnosis is still missing for approximately 50% of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) patients. Few studies have been performed to determine the genetic spectrum and clinical profile of ARCA patients in the Chinese population. Methods Fifty-four Chinese index patients with unexplained autosomal recessive or sporadic ataxia were investigated by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation (CNV) calling with ExomeDepth. Likely causal CNV predictions were validated by CNVseq. Results Thirty-eight mutations including 29 novel ones were identified in 25 out of the 54 patients, providing a 46.3% positive molecular diagnostic rate. Ten different genes were involved, of which four most common genes were SACS, SYNE1, ADCK3 and SETX, which accounted for 76.0% (19/25) of the positive cases. The de novo microdeletion in SACS was reported for the first time in China and the uniparental disomy of ADCK3 was reported for the first time worldwide. Clinical features of the patients carrying SACS, SYNE1 and ADCK3 mutations were summarized. Conclusions Our results expand the genetic spectrum and clinical profiles of ARCA patients, demonstrate the high efficiency and reliability of WES combined with CNV analysis in the diagnosis of suspected ARCA, and emphasize the importance of complete bioinformatics analysis of WES data for accurate diagnosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00264-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ling Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ya-Ru Shao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yin Ma
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Lopez-Escamez JA, Cheng AG, Grill E, Liu TC. Editorial: Epidemiology and Genetics of Vestibular Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:743379. [PMID: 34630314 PMCID: PMC8498025 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.743379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Lopez-Escamez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO - Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research - Pfizer/University of Granada/Junta de Andalucía, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain.,Department of Otolaryngology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sensorineural Pathology Programme, Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eva Grill
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Centre of Health Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tien-Chen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang SM, Chan YW, Tsui YO, Chu FY. Effects of Anodal Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Movements in Patients with Cerebellar Ataxias: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10690. [PMID: 34682435 PMCID: PMC8535754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (cerebellar tDCS) is a promising therapy for cerebellar ataxias and has attracted increasing attention from researchers and clinicians. A timely systematic review focusing on randomized sham-controlled trials and repeated measures studies is warranted. This study was to systematically review existing evidence regarding effects of anodal cerebellar tDCS on movements in patients with cerebellar ataxias. The searched databases included Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost. Methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Five studies with 86 patients were identified. Among these, four studies showed positive effects of anodal cerebellar tDCS. Specifically, anodal cerebellar tDCS decreased disease severity and improved finger dexterity and quality of life in patients, but showed incongruent effects on gait control and balance, which may be due to heterogeneity of research participants and choices of measures. The protocols of anodal cerebellar tDCS that improved movements in patients commonly placed the anode over the whole cerebellum and provided ten 2-mA 20-min stimulation sessions. The results may show preliminary evidence that anodal cerebellar tDCS is beneficial to reducing disease severity and improving finger dexterity and quality of life in patients, which lays the groundwork for future studies further examining responses in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. An increase in sample size, the use of homogeneous patient groups, exploration of the optimal stimulation protocol, and investigation of detailed neural mechanisms are clearly needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (Y.-W.C.); (Y.-O.T.); (F.-Y.C.)
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Matsushima A, Maruyama Y, Mizukami N, Tetsuya M, Hashimoto M, Yoshida K. Gait training with a wearable curara® robot for cerebellar ataxia: a single-arm study. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:90. [PMID: 34496863 PMCID: PMC8424896 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ataxic gait is one of the most common and disabling symptoms in people with degenerative cerebellar ataxia. Intensive and well-coordinated inpatient rehabilitation improves ataxic gait. In addition to therapist-assisted gait training, robot-assisted gait training has been used for several neurological disorders; however, only a small number of trials have been conducted for degenerative cerebellar ataxia. We aimed to validate the rehabilitative effects of a wearable “curara®” robot developed in a single-arm study of people with degenerative cerebellar ataxia. Methods Twenty participants with spinocerebellar ataxia or multiple system atrophy with predominant cerebellar ataxia were enrolled. The clinical trial duration was 15 days. We used a curara® type 4 wearable robot for gait training. We measured the following items at days 0, 7, and 14: Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia, 10-m walking time (10 mWT), 6-min walking distance (6 mWD), and timed up and go test. Gait parameters (i.e., stride duration and length, standard deviation of stride duration and length, cadence, ratio of the stance and swing phases, minimum and maximum knee joint angles, and minimum and maximum hip joint angles) were obtained using a RehaGait®. On days 1–6 and 8–13, the participants were instructed to conduct gait training for 30 ± 5 min with curara®. We calculated the improvement rate as the difference of values between days 14 and 0 divided by the value on day 0. Differences in the gait parameters were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model with Bonferroni’s correction. Results Data from 18 participants were analyzed. The mean improvement rate of the 10 mWT and 6 mWD was 19.0% and 29.0%, respectively. All gait parameters, except the standard deviation of stride duration and length, improved on day 14. Conclusions Two-week RAGT with curara® has rehabilitative effects on gait function comparable to those of therapist-assisted training. Although the long-term effects after a month of RAGT with curara® are unclear, curara® is an effective tool for gait training of people with degenerative ataxia. Trial registration jRCT, jRCTs032180164. Registered: 27 February 2019; retrospectively registered. https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCTs032180164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsushima
- Department of Neurology, JA Nagano Koseiren Kakeyu-Misayama Rehabilitation Center Kakeyu Hospital, Ueda, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Maruyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, JA Nagano Koseiren Kakeyu-Misayama Rehabilitation Center Kakeyu Hospital, Ueda, Japan
| | - Noriaki Mizukami
- Department of Information Technology, International Professional University of Technology in Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Hashimoto
- AssistMotion Inc., Ueda, Japan.,Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, JA Nagano Koseiren Kakeyu-Misayama Rehabilitation Center Kakeyu Hospital, Ueda, Japan.,Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential Tremor Within the Broader Context of Other Forms of Cerebellar Degeneration. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:879-896. [PMID: 32666285 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) has recently been reconceptualized by many as a degenerative disease of the cerebellum. Until now, though, there has been no attempt to frame it within the context of these diseases. Here, we compare the clinical and postmortem features of ET with other cerebellar degenerations, thereby placing it within the broader context of these diseases. Action tremor is the hallmark feature of ET. Although often underreported in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), action tremors occur, and it is noteworthy that in SCA12 and 15, they are highly prevalent, often severe, and can be the earliest disease manifestation, resulting in an initial diagnosis of ET in many cases. Intention tremor, sometimes referred to as "cerebellar tremor," is a common feature of ET and many SCAs. Other features of cerebellar dysfunction, gait ataxia and eye motion abnormalities, are seen to a mild degree in ET and more markedly in SCAs. Several SCAs (e.g., SCA5, 6, 14, and 15), like ET, follow a milder and more protracted disease course. In ET, numerous postmortem changes have been localized to the cerebellum and are largely confined to the cerebellar cortex, preserving the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cell loss is modest. Similarly, in SCA3, 12, and 15, Purkinje cell loss is limited, and in SCA12 and 15, there is preservation of cerebellar nuclei and relative sparing of other central nervous system regions. Both clinically and pathologically, there are numerous similarities and intersection points between ET and other disorders of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology and Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang T, Liu T, Mora N, Guegan J, Bertrand M, Contreras X, Hansen AH, Streicher C, Anderle M, Danda N, Tiberi L, Hippenmeyer S, Hassan BA. Generation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons from common progenitors via Notch signaling in the cerebellum. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109208. [PMID: 34107249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons arise from relatively few progenitors generating an enormous diversity of neuronal types. Nonetheless, a cardinal feature of mammalian brain neurogenesis is thought to be that excitatory and inhibitory neurons derive from separate, spatially segregated progenitors. Whether bi-potential progenitors with an intrinsic capacity to generate both lineages exist and how such a fate decision may be regulated are unknown. Using cerebellar development as a model, we discover that individual progenitors can give rise to both inhibitory and excitatory lineages. Gradations of Notch activity determine the fates of the progenitors and their daughters. Daughters with the highest levels of Notch activity retain the progenitor fate, while intermediate levels of Notch activity generate inhibitory neurons, and daughters with very low levels of Notch signaling adopt the excitatory fate. Therefore, Notch-mediated binary cell fate choice is a mechanism for regulating the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons from common progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Mora
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Justine Guegan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bertrand
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marica Anderle
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Luca Tiberi
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Soares IFZ, Ciarlariello VB, Feder D, Carvalho AADS. Cognitive dysfunction and psychosis: expanding the phenotype of SPG7. Neurocase 2021; 27:253-258. [PMID: 34003721 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1927114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 7 (SPG7) is one of the most common forms of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia, which can lead to a hybrid spastic-ataxic phenotype. Recently, novel complicated forms of SPG7, including cognitive and social impairment phenotypes, have been reported. We present a SPG7 case with two pathogenic variants in compound heterozygosity in the SPG7 gene, featuring a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome with psychosis not yet described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Feder
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo, Brazil
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Benussi A, Cantoni V, Manes M, Libri I, Dell'Era V, Datta A, Thomas C, Ferrari C, Di Fonzo A, Fancellu R, Grassi M, Brusco A, Alberici A, Borroni B. Motor and cognitive outcomes of cerebello-spinal stimulation in neurodegenerative ataxia. Brain 2021; 144:2310-2321. [PMID: 33950222 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias represent a heterogeneous group of disabling disorders characterized by motor and cognitive disturbances, for which no effective treatment is currently available. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, followed by an open-label phase, we investigated whether treatment with cerebello-spinal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could improve both motor and cognitive symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative ataxia at short and long-term. Sixty-one patients were randomized in two groups for the first controlled phase. At baseline (T0), Group 1 received placebo stimulation (sham tDCS) while Group 2 received anodal cerebellar tDCS and cathodal spinal tDCS (real tDCS) for 5 days/week for two weeks (T1), with a 12-week (T2) follow-up (randomized, double-blind, sham controlled phase). At the 12-week follow-up (T2), all patients (Group 1 and Group 2) received a second treatment of anodal cerebellar tDCS and cathodal spinal tDCS (real tDCS) for 5 days/week for two weeks, with a 14-week (T3), 24-week (T4), 36-week (T5) and 52-week follow-up (T6) (open-label phase). At each time point, a clinical, neuropsychological and neurophysiological evaluation was performed. Cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity was evaluated using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We observed a significant improvement in all motor scores (scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia, international cooperative ataxia rating scale), in cognition (evaluated with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome scale), in quality-of-life scores, in motor cortex excitability and in cerebellar inhibition after real tDCS compared to sham stimulation and compared to baseline (T0), both at short and long-term. We observed an addon-effect after two repeated treatments with real tDCS compared to a single treatment with real tDCS. The improvement at motor and cognitive scores correlated with the restoration of cerebellar inhibition evaluated with TMS. Cerebello-spinal tDCS represents a promising therapeutic approach for both motor and cognitive symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative ataxia, a still orphan disorder of any pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Cantoni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Manes
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Aulss2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Libri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Era
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Neurology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Abhishek Datta
- Research & Development, Soterix Medical, Inc., New York, USA
| | - Chris Thomas
- Research & Development, Soterix Medical, Inc., New York, USA
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fancellu
- UO Neurologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Alberici
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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Sun H, Shen XR, Fang ZB, Jiang ZZ, Wei XJ, Wang ZY, Yu XF. Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies and Neurogenetic Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040361. [PMID: 33921670 PMCID: PMC8072598 DOI: 10.3390/life11040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has led to great advances in understanding the causes of Mendelian and complex neurological diseases. Owing to the complexity of genetic diseases, the genetic factors contributing to many rare and common neurological diseases remain poorly understood. Selecting the correct genetic test based on cost-effectiveness, coverage area, and sequencing range can improve diagnosis, treatments, and prevention. Whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing are suitable methods for finding new mutations, and gene panels are suitable for exploring the roles of specific genes in neurogenetic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the classifications, applications, advantages, and limitations of NGS in research on neurological diseases. We further provide examples of NGS-based explorations and insights of the genetic causes of neurogenetic diseases, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, we focus on issues related to NGS-based analyses, including interpretations of variants of uncertain significance, de novo mutations, congenital genetic diseases with complex phenotypes, and single-molecule real-time approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue-Fan Yu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-157-5430-1836
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Yahia A, Stevanin G. The History of Gene Hunting in Hereditary Spinocerebellar Degeneration: Lessons From the Past and Future Perspectives. Front Genet 2021; 12:638730. [PMID: 33833777 PMCID: PMC8021710 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.638730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) encompasses an expanding list of rare diseases with a broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity, complicating their diagnosis and management in daily clinical practice. Correct diagnosis is a pillar for precision medicine, a branch of medicine that promises to flourish with the progressive improvements in studying the human genome. Discovering the genes causing novel Mendelian phenotypes contributes to precision medicine by diagnosing subsets of patients with previously undiagnosed conditions, guiding the management of these patients and their families, and enabling the discovery of more causes of Mendelian diseases. This new knowledge provides insight into the biological processes involved in health and disease, including the more common complex disorders. This review discusses the evolution of the clinical and genetic approaches used to diagnose hereditary SCD and the potential of new tools for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yahia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Institut du Cerveau, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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