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Pfeil J, Simonetti M, Lauer U, von Thülen B, Durek P, Poulsen C, Pawlowska J, Kröger M, Krähmer R, Leenders F, Hoffmann U, Hamann A. Prevention of EAE by tolerogenic vaccination with PEGylated antigenic peptides. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12:20406223211037830. [PMID: 34408824 PMCID: PMC8366199 DOI: 10.1177/20406223211037830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic treatment options for chronic autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) rely largely on the use of non-specific immunosuppressive drugs, which are not able to cure the disease. Presently, approaches to induce antigen-specific tolerance as a therapeutic approach; for example, by peptide-based tolerogenic 'inverse' vaccines have regained great interest. We have previously shown that coupling of peptides to carriers can enhance their capacity to induce regulatory T cells in vivo. METHOD In this present study, we investigated whether the tolerogenic potential of immunodominant myelin T-cell epitopes can be improved by conjugation to the synthetic carrier polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model for chronic MS (MOG C57BL/6). RESULTS Preventive administration of the PEGylated antigenic peptide could strongly suppress the development of EAE, accompanied by reduced immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS). Depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) abrogated the protective effect indicating that Tregs play a crucial role in induction of antigen-specific tolerance in EAE. Treatment during the acute phase of disease was safe and did not induce immune activation. However, treatment at the peak of disease did not affect the disease course, suggesting that either induction of Tregs does not occur in the highly inflamed situation, or that the immune system is refractory to regulation in this condition. CONCLUSION PEGylation of antigenic peptides is an effective and feasible strategy to improve tolerogenic (Treg-inducing) peptide-based vaccines, but application for immunotherapy of overt disease might require modifications or combination therapies that simultaneously suppress effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pfeil
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Simonetti
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Lauer
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Pawel Durek
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Poulsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Pawlowska
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kröger
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Hoffmann
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Experimental Rheumatology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Bruschi F, Gruden-Movesijan A, Pinto B, Ilic N, Sofronic-Milosavlјevic L. Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products downregulate MMP-9 in Dark Agouti rats affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 225:108112. [PMID: 33964315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our aim was to investigate whether amelioration of EAE in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, induced by Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (ES L1), could be related to the level and activity of gelatinases, MMP-9 and MMP-2. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, NGAL/MMP-9, TIMP-1, and cytokines, evaluated by gel-zymography or ELISA, as well as gelatinases and TIMP-1 expression in the spinal cord (SC), were determined in: i) EAE induced, ii) ES L1-treated EAE induced animals. Milder clinical signs in ES L1-treated EAE induced DA rats were accompanied with lower serum levels of MMP-9 and NGAL/MMP-9 complex. However, the correlation between the severity of EAE and the level of serum MMP-9 was found only in the peak of the disease, with MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio higher in EAE animals without ES L1 treatment. Lower expression of MMP-9 in SC of ES L1-treated, EAE induced rats, correlated with the reduced number of SC infiltrating cells. In SC infiltrates, in the effector and the recovery phase, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 was higher in animals treated with ES L1 prior to EAE induction, compared to untreated EAE animals. Reduced expression of MMP-9 in SC tissue, which correlated with the reduced number of infiltrating cells, might be ascribed to regulatory mechanisms, among which is IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bruschi
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Medical School, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alisa Gruden-Movesijan
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Barbara Pinto
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Medical School, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Natasa Ilic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
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McCullough PJ, McCullough WP, Lehrer D, Travers JB, Repas SJ. Oral and Topical Vitamin D, Sunshine, and UVB Phototherapy Safely Control Psoriasis in Patients with Normal Pretreatment Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: A Literature Review and Discussion of Health Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:1511. [PMID: 33947070 PMCID: PMC8146035 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, sunshine and UVB phototherapy were first reported in the early 1900s to control psoriasis, cure rickets and cure tuberculosis (TB). Vitamin D also controlled asthma and rheumatoid arthritis with intakes ranging from 60,000 to 600,000 International Units (IU)/day. In the 1980s, interest in treating psoriasis with vitamin D rekindled. Since 1985 four different oral forms of vitamin D (D2, D3, 1-hydroxyvitaminD3 (1(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3 (calcitriol)) and several topical formulations have been reported safe and effective treatments for psoriasis-as has UVB phototherapy and sunshine. In this review we show that many pre-treatment serum 25(OH)D concentrations fall within the current range of normal, while many post-treatment concentrations fall outside the upper limit of this normal (100 ng/mL). Yet, psoriasis patients showed significant clinical improvement without complications using these treatments. Current estimates of vitamin D sufficiency appear to underestimate serum 25(OH)D concentrations required for optimal health in psoriasis patients, while concentrations associated with adverse events appear to be much higher than current estimates of safe serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Based on these observations, the therapeutic index for vitamin D needs to be reexamined in the treatment of psoriasis and other diseases strongly linked to vitamin D deficiency, including COVID-19 infections, which may also improve safely with sufficient vitamin D intake or UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. McCullough
- Medical Services Department, Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, 1101 Summit Rd, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | | | - Douglas Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Steven J. Repas
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
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Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells reversed the suppressive deficiency of T regulatory cells from peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis in a co-culture - a preliminary study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72537-72545. [PMID: 27705922 PMCID: PMC5341927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory function of T regulatory cells (Tregs) is impaired in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have shown that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) exert regulatory effect on the functions of immune cells. Thus, we investigated whether UC-MSCs could improve the impaired function of Tregs from MS patients. Co-cultures of UC-MSCs with PBMCs of MS patients were performed for 3 days. Flow cytometry was used to determine the frequency of Tregs. A cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the suppressive capacity of Tregs. ELISA was conducted for cytokine analysis in the co-cultures. Our results showed that UC-MSCs significantly increased the frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127low/− Tregs in resting CD4+ T cells (p<0.01) from MS, accompanied by the significantly augmented production of cytokine prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor (−β1, and interleukin-10, along with a reduced interferon-γ production in these co-cultures (p<0.05 - 0.01). More importantly, UC-MSC-primed Tregs of MS patients significantly inhibited the proliferation of PHA-stimulated autologous and allogeneic CD4+CD25− T effector cells (Teffs) from MS patients and healthy individuals compared to non-UC-MSC-primed (naïve) Tregs from the same MS patients (p<0.01). Furthermore, no remarkable differences in suppressing the proliferation of PHA-stimulated CD4+CD25− Teffs was observed in UC-MSC-primed Tregs from MS patients and naïve Tregs from healthy subjects. The impaired suppressive function of Tregs from MS can be completely reversed in a co-culture by UC-MSC modulation. This report is the first to demonstrate that functional defects of Tregs in MS can be repaired in vitro using a simple UC-MSC priming approach.
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Pavelek Z, Vyšata O, Klímová B, Andrýs C, Vokurková D, Vališ M. Lymphocytes in the treatment with interferon beta-1 b. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 18:29-32. [PMID: 29141817 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system. One of the basic medications for the treatment of a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or relapsing-remitting MS is interferon beta (INFβ). Although the exact mechanism of its effects is unknown, the medication has an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. The goal of this study was to determine the characters which are affected in patients treated with INFβ. METHODS A total of 97 patients (25 males and 72 females) were included into the study. Patients were treated by INFβ 1-b (subcutaneous injection, 250µg, each other day). Clinical evaluations were performed by an attending neurologist. Peripheral blood samples were obtained just prior to treatment and 5 years after INFβ 1-b. Statistical analysis and processing of the obtained data were performed by using a comprehensive statistical software package MATLAB®. RESULTS A significant decrease of the observed parameters after 5 years' of treatment (significant at the 1% significance level) was found in the absolute and relative CD69 count, absolute cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocyte count, absolute total leukocyte count, absolute natural killer cells count. A significant decrease of the observed parameters after 5 years' of treatment (significant at the 5% significance level) was found in the absolute lymphocyte count, relative cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocyte count, relative CD3+CD69+ count and absolute CD8+CD38+ count. CONCLUSION The treatment with interferon beta reduces clinical exacerbations in multiple sclerosis (MS) through several known immunomodulatory mechanisms. However, the exact mechanism of effect of this medication is not known. This study presents some parameters that were affected by the long-term INFβ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyšek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Oldřich Vyšata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Klímová
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Andrýs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Vokurková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vališ
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Czech Republic
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Tran GT, Wilcox PL, Dent LA, Robinson CM, Carter N, Verma ND, Hall BM, Hodgkinson SJ. Interleukin-5 Mediates Parasite-Induced Protection against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Association with Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4 +CD25 + T Regulatory Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1453. [PMID: 29163523 PMCID: PMC5671975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine if the protective effect of parasite infection on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was due to interleukin (IL)-5, a cytokine produced by a type-2 response that induces eosinophilia. We hypothesize that, in parasite infections, IL-5 also promotes expansion of antigen-specific T regulatory cells that control autoimmunity. Methods Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae were used to infect Lewis rats prior to induction of EAE by myelin basic protein. Animals were sham treated, or given blocking monoclonal antibodies to interleukin 4 or 5 or to deplete CD25+ T cells. Reactivity of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells from these animals was examined. Results Parasite-infected hosts had reduced severity and length of EAE. The beneficial effect of parasitic infection was abolished with an anti-IL-5 or an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not anti-IL-4 mAb. Parasite-infected animals with EAE developed antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells earlier than EAE controls and these expressed more Il5ra than controls. Treatment with IL-5 also reduced the severity of EAE and induced Il5ra expressing CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Interpretation The results of this study suggested that IL-5 produced by the type-2 inflammatory response to parasite infection promoted induction of autoantigen-specific CD25+Il5ra+ T regulatory cells that reduced the severity of autoimmunity. Such a mechanism may explain the protective effect of parasite infection in patients with multiple sclerosis where eosinophilia is induced by IL-5, produced by the immune response to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Tran
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul L Wilcox
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Dent
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine M Robinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Carter
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nirupama D Verma
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, UNSW Australia, Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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IL‐10‐producing, ST2‐expressing Foxp3
+
T cells in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:484-490. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Holvoet B, Quattrocelli M, Belderbos S, Pollaris L, Wolfs E, Gheysens O, Gijsbers R, Vanoirbeek J, Verfaillie CM, Sampaolesi M, Deroose CM. Sodium Iodide Symporter PET and BLI Noninvasively Reveal Mesoangioblast Survival in Dystrophic Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1183-1195. [PMID: 26626179 PMCID: PMC4682284 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of myopathies, characterized by muscle weakness and degeneration, without curative treatment. Mesoangioblasts (MABs) have been proposed as a potential regenerative therapy. To improve our understanding of the in vivo behavior of MABs and the effect of different immunosuppressive therapies, like cyclosporine A or co-stimulation-adhesion blockade therapy, on cell survival noninvasive cell monitoring is required. Therefore, cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding firefly luciferase (Fluc) and the human sodium iodide transporter (hNIS) to allow cell monitoring via bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and small-animal positron emission tomography (PET). Non-H2 matched mMABs were injected in the femoral artery of dystrophic mice and were clearly visible via small-animal PET and BLI. Based on noninvasive imaging data, we were able to show that co-stim was clearly superior to CsA in reducing cell rejection and this was mediated via a reduction in cytotoxic T cells and upregulation of regulatory T cells. Longitudinal monitoring of murine mesoangioblasts with BLI and small-animal PET Noninvasive evaluation of immune suppressant efficacy Inhibition of co-stimulation outperformed cyclosporin Inhibition of co-stimulation reduced cytotoxic and upregulated regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Holvoet
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Translational Cardiomyology Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah Belderbos
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lore Pollaris
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Lab of Histology, Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Translational Cardiomyology Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Lupar E, Brack M, Garnier L, Laffont S, Rauch KS, Schachtrup K, Arnold SJ, Guéry JC, Izcue A. Eomesodermin Expression in CD4+ T Cells Restricts Peripheral Foxp3 Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4742-52. [PMID: 26453746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells polarize into effector Th subsets characterized by signature transcription factors and cytokines. Although T-bet drives Th1 responses and represses the alternative Th2, Th17, and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell fates, the role of the T-bet-related transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) in CD4(+) T cells is less well understood. In this study, we analyze the expression and effects of Eomes in mouse CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We find that Eomes is readily expressed in activated CD4(+) Th1 T cells in vivo. Eomes(+) CD4(+) T cells accumulated in old mice, under lymphopenic conditions in a T cell transfer model of colitis, and upon oral Ag administration. However, despite its expression, genetic deletion of Eomes in CD4(+) T cells did not impact on IFN-γ production nor increase Th2 or Th17 responses. In contrast, Eomes deficiency favored the accumulation of Foxp3(+) cells in old mice, after in vivo differentiation of Eomes-deficient naive CD4(+) T cells, and in response to oral Ag in a cell-intrinsic way. Enforced Eomes expression during in vitro regulatory T cell induction also reduced Foxp3 transcription. Likewise, bystander Eomes-deficient CD4(+) T cells were more efficient at protecting from experimental autoimmune encephalitis compared with wild-type CD4(+) T cells. This enhanced capacity of Eomes-deficient CD4(+) T cells to inhibit EAE in trans was associated with an enhanced frequency of Foxp3(+) cells. Our data identify a novel role for Eomes in CD4(+) T cells and indicate that Eomes expression may act by limiting Foxp3 induction, which may contribute to the association of EOMES to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lupar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Brack
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laure Garnier
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Sophie Laffont
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Katharina S Rauch
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- University Medical Centre, Renal Department, Centre for Clinical Research, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; and Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, D-79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Ana Izcue
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae and Immunomodulation: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies, and Malignancies. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:523875. [PMID: 26114122 PMCID: PMC4465845 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself "at home" by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. From this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (ES L1). Those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing an anti-inflammatory milieu and maintaining homeostasis. It is clear, based on the findings from animal model studies, that T. spiralis and its products induce an immunomodulatory network (which encompasses Th2- and Treg-type responses) that may allow the host to deal with various hyperimmune-associated disorders as well as tumor growth, although the latter still remains unclear. This review focuses on studies of the molecules released by T. spiralis, their interaction with pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells, and subsequently provoked responses. This paper also addresses the immunomodulatory properties of ES L1 molecules and how the induced immunomodulation influences the course of different experimental inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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11
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Mari ER, Moore JN, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Mechanisms of immunological tolerance in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:264-274. [PMID: 26425145 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that results in a disruption of the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals in the immune system. Given that central nervous system inflammation can be suppressed by various immunological tolerance mechanisms, immune tolerance has become a focus of research in the attempt to induce long-lasting immune suppression of pathogenic T cells. Mechanisms underlying this tolerance induction include induction of regulatory T cell populations, anergy and the induction of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. The intravenous administration of encephalitogenic peptides has been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induce tolerance by promoting the generation of regulatory T cells and inducing apoptosis of pathogenic T cells. Safe and effective methods of inducing long-lasting immune tolerance are essential for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By exploring tolerogenic mechanisms, new strategies can be devised to strengthen the regulatory, anti-inflammatory cell populations thereby weakening the pathogenic, pro-inflammatory cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth R Mari
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason N Moore
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Breuer J, Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Marziniak M, Mohan H, Bhatia U, Gross CC, Clausen BE, Weishaupt C, Luger TA, Meuth SG, Loser K, Wiendl H. Ultraviolet B light attenuates the systemic immune response in central nervous system autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:739-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hema Mohan
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
| | | | | | - Björn E. Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz
| | | | - Thomas A. Luger
- Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
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13
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Iannitti T, Kerr BJ, Taylor BK. Mechanisms and pharmacology of neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 20:75-97. [PMID: 24590824 PMCID: PMC4464806 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathic pain of multiple sclerosis is quite prevalent and severely impacts quality of life. A few randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials suggest that cannabis- and anticonvulsant-based treatments provide partial pain relief, but at the expense of adverse events. An even smaller, but emerging, number of translational studies are using rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which exhibit pain-like behaviors resembling those of Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. These studies not only support the possible effectiveness of anticonvulsants, but also compel further clinical trials with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin, or drugs which interfere with glutamatergic neurotransmission. Future behavioral studies in EAE models are essential toward a new pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iannitti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
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14
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Khan N, Smith MT. Multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain: pharmacological management and pathophysiological insights from rodent EAE models. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:1-22. [PMID: 24234347 PMCID: PMC3933737 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), pain is a frequent and disabling symptom. The prevalence is in the range 29-86 % depending upon the assessment protocols utilised and the definition of pain applied. Neuropathic pain that develops secondary to demyelination, neuroinflammation and axonal damage in the central nervous system is the most distressing and difficult type of pain to treat. Although dysaesthetic extremity pain, L'hermitte's sign and trigeminal neuralgia are the most common neuropathic pain conditions reported by patients with MS, research directed at gaining insight into the complex mechanisms underpinning the pathobiology of MS-associated neuropathic pain is in its relative infancy. By contrast, there is a wealth of knowledge on the neurobiology of neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury. To date, the majority of research in the MS field has used rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as these models have many clinical and neuropathological features in common with those observed in patients with MS. However, it is only relatively recently that EAE-rodents have been utilised to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of MS-associated central neuropathic pain. Importantly, EAE-rodent models exhibit pro-nociceptive behaviours predominantly in the lower extremities (tail and hindlimbs) as seen clinically in patients with MS-neuropathic pain. Herein, we review research to date on the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MS-associated neuropathic pain as well as the pharmacological management of this condition. We also identify knowledge gaps to guide future research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Khan
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Steele Building, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Steele Building, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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15
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Farias AS, Spagnol GS, Bordeaux-Rego P, Oliveira COF, Fontana AGM, de Paula RFO, Santos MPA, Pradella F, Moraes AS, Oliveira EC, Longhini ALF, Rezende ACS, Vaisberg MW, Santos LMB. Vitamin D3 induces IDO+ tolerogenic DCs and enhances Treg, reducing the severity of EAE. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:269-77. [PMID: 23521914 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that vitamin D is an important environmental factor in the etiology of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). AIM The purpose of this study was exploring the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of vitamin D3 in encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS We treated monophasic experimental autoimmune EAE, induced in Lewis rat, with vitamin D3 and adoptively transfer tolerogenic bone marrow-derived DCs generated in the presence of vitamin D3. RESULTS This study provides evidence that the in vivo administration of vitamin D3, as well as the adoptive transfer of vitamin D3 -induced IDO(+) immature/tolerogenic dendritic cells, leads to a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes in a rat model of MS, experimental autoimmune EAE. Concomitant with the increase in this cell population, there is a significant decrease in the number of autoreactive T cells in the central nervous system. Bone marrow-derived DCs cultivated in the presence of vitamin D3 present a tolerogenic profile with high IL-10, TNFα, and IDO expression and decreased MHC-II and CD80 expression. The adoptive transfer of IDO (+) DCs induces a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T cells in the lymph nodes, comparable with vitamin D3 treatment. CONCLUSION These mechanisms contribute actively to the generation of a microenvironment in the lymph nodes that suppresses the activation of encephalitogenic T cells, resulting in the downregulation of the inflammatory response in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro S Farias
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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16
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Wang X, Deckert M, Xuan NT, Nishanth G, Just S, Waisman A, Naumann M, Schlüter D. Astrocytic A20 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting NF-κB- and STAT1-dependent chemokine production in astrocytes. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:711-724. [PMID: 24077734 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 gene, which encodes the ubiquitin-modifying protein A20, are linked to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Since it is unresolved how A20 regulates MS pathogenesis, we examined its function in a murine model of MS, namely experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Deletion of A20 in neuroectodermal cells (astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes; Nestin-Cre A20fl/fl mice) or selectively in astrocytes (GFAP-Cre A20fl/fl mice) resulted in more severe EAE as compared to control animals. In Nestin-Cre A20fl/fl and GFAP-Cre A20fl/fl mice demyelination and recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes were increased as compared to A20fl/fl control mice. Importantly, numbers of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells producing interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), respectively, as well as mRNA production of IFN-γ, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), GM-CSF, IL-6, CXCL1, CCL2, and CXCL10 were significantly increased in spinal cords of Nestin-Cre A20fl/fl and GFAP-Cre A20fl/fl mice, respectively. Compared to A20-sufficient astrocytes, A20-deficient astrocytes displayed stronger activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in response to TNF, IL-17, and GM-CSF, and of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) upon IFN-γ stimulation. Due to NF-κB and STAT1 hyperactivation, A20-deficient astrocytes produced significantly more chemokines in response to these key encephalitogenic cytokines of autoimmune CD4+ T cells resulting in an amplification of CD4+ T cell recruitment to the CNS. Thus, astrocytic A20 is an important inhibitor of autoimmune-mediated demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipzigerstrasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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17
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Neurons as targets for T cells in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Sellebjerg F, Krakauer M, Khademi M, Olsson T, Sørensen PS. FOXP3, CBLB and ITCH gene expression and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 expression on CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:149-55. [PMID: 23039885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) transcription factor is regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases Itch and Cbl-b and induces regulatory activity CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells. Treatment with interferon (IFN)-β enhances regulatory T cell activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied the phenotype of CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells in MS by flow cytometry and its relationship with expression of the FOXP3, ITCH and CBLB genes. We found that untreated MS patients had lower cell surface expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) on CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells and higher intracellular CTLA-4 expression than healthy controls. Cell surface expression of CTLA-4 on CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells correlated with expression of FOXP3 mRNA in untreated patients and increased significantly with time from most recent injection in patients treated with IFN-β. FOXP3 mRNA expression correlated with CBLB and ITCH and T helper type 2 cytokine mRNA expression in MS patients. These data link expression of FOXP3, CBLB and ITCH mRNA and CTLA-4 expression on the surface of CD4(+) CD25(high) T cell in MS. We hypothesize that this may reflect alterations in the inhibitory effect of CTLA-4 or in regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Abstract
The co-evolution of a wide range of helminth parasites and vertebrates represented a constant pressure on the host's immune system and a selective force for shaping the immune response. Modulation of the immune system by parasites is accomplished partly by dendritic cells. When exposed to helminth parasites or their products, dendritic cells do not become classically mature and are potent inducers of Th2 and regulatory responses. Treating animals with helminths (eggs, larvae, extracts) causes dampening or in some cases prevention of allergic or autoimmune diseases. Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) possess a capacity to retune the immune cell repertoire, acting as a moderator of the host response not only to itself but also to third party antigens. In this review, we will focus on the ability of T. spiralis-stimulated dendritic cells to polarize the immune response toward Th2 and regulatory mode in vitro and in vivo and also on the capacity of this parasite to modulate autoimmune disease--such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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20
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune inflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration. It is believed that early in the disease course, proinflammatory T cells that are activated in the periphery by antigen presentation cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the CNS directed by various chemotaxic agents. However, to date, there has been no formal demonstration of a specific precipitating antigen. Once inside the CNS, activated T cells including T helper-1 (T(h)1), T(h)17, γδ and CD8+ types are believed to secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Decreased levels of T(h)2 cells also correlate with relapses and disease progression in MS, since T(h)2-derived cytokines are predominantly anti-inflammatory. In healthy tissue, inflammatory effects are opposed by specific subsets of regulatory T cells (T(regs)) including CD4+, CD25+ and FoxP3+ cells that have the ability to downregulate the activity of proinflammatory T cells, allowing repair and recovery to generally follow inflammatory insult. Given their function, the pathogenesis of MS most likely involves deficits of T(reg) function, which allow autoimmune inflammation and resultant neurodegeneration to proceed relatively unchecked. Interferons (IFNs) are naturally occurring cytokines possessing a wide range of anti-inflammatory properties. Recombinant forms of IFNβ are widely used as first-line treatment in relapsing forms of MS. The mechanism of action of IFNβ is complex, involving effects at multiple levels of cellular function. IFNβ appears to directly increase expression and concentration of anti-inflammatory agents while downregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. IFNβ treatment may reduce the trafficking of inflammatory cells across the BBB and increase nerve growth factor production, leading to a potential increase in neuronal survival and repair. IFNβ can also increase the number of CD56bright natural killer cells in the peripheral blood. These cells are efficient producers of anti-inflammatory mediators, and may have the ability to curb neuron inflammation. The mechanistic effects of IFNβ manifest clinically as reduced MRI lesion activity, reduced brain atrophy, increased time to reach clinically definite MS after the onset of neurological symptoms, decreased relapse rate and reduced risk of sustained disability progression. The mechanism of action of IFNβ in MS is multifactorial and incompletely understood. Ongoing and future studies will increase our understanding of the actions of IFNβ on the immune system and the CNS, which will in turn aid advances in the management of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Farias AS, Talaisys RL, Blanco YC, Lopes SCP, Longhini ALF, Pradella F, Santos LMB, Costa FTM. Regulatory T cell induction during Plasmodium chabaudi infection modifies the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17849. [PMID: 21464982 PMCID: PMC3064572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by activation of Th1 and/or Th17 cells. Human autoimmune diseases can be either exacerbated or suppressed by infectious agents. Recent studies have shown that regulatory T cells play a crucial role in the escape mechanism of Plasmodium spp. both in humans and in experimental models. These cells suppress the Th1 response against the parasite and prevent its elimination. Regulatory T cells have been largely associated with protection or amelioration in several autoimmune diseases, mainly by their capacity to suppress proinflammatory response. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we verified that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T regs) generated during malaria infection (6 days after EAE induction) interfere with the evolution of EAE. We observed a positive correlation between the reduction of EAE clinical symptoms and an increase of parasitemia levels. Suppression of the disease was also accompanied by a decrease in the expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ and increases in the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 relative to EAE control mice. The adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ cells from P. chabaudi-infected mice reduced the clinical evolution of EAE, confirming the role of these T regs. Conclusions/Significance These data corroborate previous findings showing that infections interfere with the prevalence and evolution of autoimmune diseases by inducing regulatory T cells, which regulate EAE in an apparently non-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cell Survival
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/parasitology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Malaria/complications
- Malaria/genetics
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Plasmodium chabaudi/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro S. Farias
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ASF); (FTMC)
| | - Rafael L. Talaisys
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara C. Blanco
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C. P. Lopes
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda F. Longhini
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pradella
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonilda M. B. Santos
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio T. M. Costa
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ASF); (FTMC)
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22
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Skin-infiltrating T cells and cytokine expression in Icelandic horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity: A possible role for regulatory T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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McFarland H. The importance of clinical trials in unraveling the mysteries of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 231:3-6. [PMID: 21300410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite a number of new therapies that are effective in reducing the inflammatory component of multiple sclerosis, the underlying cause of the disease remains uncertain. One of the most powerful tools available to an investigator to help in unraveling the underlying disease mechanisms in MS is the incorporation of careful imaging and laboratory studies into clinical trials. Regardless of the outcome of the trial with respect to modification of clinical disease, probing the biological effects of the treatment in relationship to the clinical outcome can provide important insights into the disease. Unfortunately, careful proof-of-principle laboratory studies are often not supported by the sponsors of clinical trials and mechanisms for rapid funding of supporting laboratory studies is difficult. Consequently important opportunities to better understand the disease are missed.
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24
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Hesse D, Krakauer M, Lund H, Søndergaard HB, Limborg SJW, Soelberg Sørensen P, Sellebjerg F. Disease protection and interleukin‐10 induction by endogenous interferon‐β in multiple sclerosis? Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:266-272. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Hesse
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
| | - M. Krakauer
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
| | - H. Lund
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Section 340, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - H. B. Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
| | - S. J. W. Limborg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
| | - P. Soelberg Sørensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
| | - F. Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet
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25
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Anderton SM. Treg and T-effector cells in autoimmune CNS inflammation: A delicate balance, easily disturbed. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3321-4. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Esposito M, Ruffini F, Bergami A, Garzetti L, Borsellino G, Battistini L, Martino G, Furlan R. IL-17- and IFN-γ-secreting Foxp3+ T cells infiltrate the target tissue in experimental autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7467-73. [PMID: 21098230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been considered crucial in controlling immune system homeostasis, and their derangement is often associated to autoimmunity. Tregs identification is, however, difficult because most markers, including CD25 and Foxp3, are shared by recently activated T cells. We show in this paper that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells are generated in peripheral lymphoid organs on immunization and readily accumulate in the target organ of an autoimmune reaction, together with classical inflammatory cells, constituting up to 50% of infiltrating CD4(+) T cells. Most CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells are, however, CD25(-) and express proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-γ, questioning their suppressive nature. Moreover, in vitro CD4(+) T lymphocytes from naive and autoimmune mice, stimulated to differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced Tregs, display early mixed expression of lineage-specific markers. These results clearly point to an unprecedented plasticity of naive CD4(+) T cells, that integrating inflammatory signals may change their fate from the initial lineage commitment to a different functional phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Esposito
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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27
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Herz J, Zipp F, Siffrin V. Neurodegeneration in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Gruden-Movsesijan A, Ilic N, Mostarica-Stojkovic M, Stosic-Grujicic S, Milic M, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L. Mechanisms of modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by chronic Trichinella spiralis infection in Dark Agouti rats. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:450-9. [PMID: 20500676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a helminth that provokes Th2 and anti-inflammatory type responses in an infected host. Our previous studies using Dark Agouti (DA) rats indicated that T. spiralis infection reduced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) severity in rats. The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms underlying EAE suppression driven by T. spiralis infection. Reduced clinical and histological manifestations of the disease were accompanied by increased IL-4 and IL-10 production and decreased IFN-gamma and IL-17 production in draining lymph node cells. This indicates that T. spiralis infection successfully maintains a Th2 cytokine bias regardless of EAE induction. High IL-10 signifies parasite-induced anti-inflammatory and/or regulatory cell responses. Transfer of splenic T cell-enriched population of cells from T. spiralis-infected rats into EAE immunized rats caused amelioration of EAE and in some cases protection from disease development. This population of cells contained higher proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and produced high level of IL-10 when compared with uninfected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gruden-Movsesijan
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Disturbed regulatory T cell homeostasis in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:58-68. [PMID: 20159585 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological features of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, support an autoimmune etiology. Strong evidence has been provided for a potential functional defect of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. More recently, alterations in homeostatic parameters related to the development and function of naive and memory-like Tregs were discovered in MS patients. In this review, we evaluate the evidence for disturbed Treg homeostasis in MS and discuss the role of potential compensatory mechanisms in the chronic disease phase. Better insights into the processes underlying the compromised immune regulation in MS patients will be important to understand the potential of Treg-based therapies.
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30
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Hu X, Barnum SR, Wohler JE, Schoeb TR, Bullard DC. Differential ICAM-1 isoform expression regulates the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1692-1700. [PMID: 20371120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) functions in leukocyte trafficking, activation, and the formation of the immunological synapse. ICAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion proteins, which share a similar structure of repeating Ig-like domains. Many genes in this family, including ICAM-1, show alternative splicing leading to the production of different protein isoforms, although little functional information is available regarding the expression patterns, ligand interactions, and functions of these isoforms, especially those arising from the ICAM-1 gene. In this study, we show using different lines of mutant mice (Icam1(tm1Jcgr) and Icam1(tm1Bay)) that alterations in the expression of the alternatively spliced ICAM-1 isoforms can significantly influence the disease course during the development of EAE. Icam1(tm1Jcgr) mutant mice, unlike Icam1(tm1Bay) mutants, do not express isoforms containing the Mac-1 binding domain and had significantly attenuated of EAE. In contrast, Icam1(tm1Bay) mice developed severe EAE in both active and adoptive transfer models compared to both Icam1(tm1Jcgr) and wild type mice. We also observed that T cells from Icam1(tm1Bay) mice displayed increased proliferation kinetics and produced higher levels of IFN-gamma compared to Icam1(tm1Jcgr) and wild type mice. Thus, our investigations show that the alternatively spliced ICAM-1 isoforms are functional, and play key roles during the progression of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE. Furthermore, our findings suggest that these isoforms may also play key roles in controlling the development of inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, possibly through differential engagement with ICAM-1 ligands such as Mac-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35294
| | - Scott R Barnum
- Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35294
| | - Jillian E Wohler
- Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35294
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35294
| | - Daniel C Bullard
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35294
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Gomez-Nicola D, Spagnolo A, Guaza C, Nieto-Sampedro M. Aggravated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-15 knockout mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 222:235-42. [PMID: 20070942 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 initially identified as a T proliferating cytokine has several structural and biological similarities with IL-2 and has been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. Because of the scarcity of information available on the role of IL-15 in MS pathogenesis, we have investigated how the absence of IL-15 affected the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Following immunization of IL-15(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice with MOG(35-55), we observed a more severe neurological impairment in the IL-15 knockout mice than in the wild-type group. The enhanced disease severity in IL-15(-/-) mice was associated with greater demyelination in the spinal cord, increased immune cell infiltration and inflammation. These events may be related to the higher CD4/CD8 ratio and the almost absent NK cell activity, congenital immune features of IL-15KO mice. Moreover, we found that the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was overexpressed in the spinal cord of IL-15(-/-) mice, mainly localized on infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. How these findings are contributing to the aggravated EAE development in IL-15 KO mice remain unclear and need to be further investigated.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Eliminative Behavior, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glycoproteins
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Neural Plasticity Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Liblau R. Glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: evidence for a dual anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective role. J Neurol Sci 2009; 287 Suppl 1:S17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(09)71296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Ellestad KK, Tsutsui S, Noorbakhsh F, Warren KG, Yong VW, Pittman QJ, Power C. Early life exposure to lipopolysaccharide suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:298-309. [PMID: 19542441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising incidence of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) in developed countries might be due to a more hygienic environment, particularly during early life. To investigate this concept, we developed a model of neonatal exposure to a common pathogen-associated molecular pattern, LPS, and determined its impact on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mice exposed to LPS at 2 wk of age showed a delayed onset and diminished severity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE, induced at 12 wk, compared with vehicle-exposed animals. Spinal cord transcript levels of CD3epsilon and F4/80 were lower in LPS- compared with PBS-exposed EAE animals with increased IL-10 levels in the LPS-exposed group. Splenic CD11c(+) cells from LPS-exposed animals exhibited reduced MHC class II and CD83 expression but increased levels of CD80 and CD86 both before and during EAE. MOG-treated APC from LPS-exposed animals stimulated less T lymphocyte proliferation but increased expansion of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells compared with APC from PBS-exposed animals. Neuropathological studies disclosed reduced myelin and axonal loss in spinal cords from LPS-exposed compared with PBS-exposed animals with EAE, and this neuroprotective effect was associated with an increased number of CD3(+)FoxP3(+) immunoreactive cells. Analyses of human brain tissue revealed that FoxP3 expression was detected in lymphocytes, albeit reduced in MS compared with non-MS patients' brains. These findings support the concept of early-life microbial exposure influencing the generation of neuroprotective regulatory T cells and may provide insights into new immunotherapeutic strategies for MS.
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34
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Melzer N, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. CD8+ T cells and neuronal damage: direct and collateral mechanisms of cytotoxicity and impaired electrical excitability. FASEB J 2009; 23:3659-73. [PMID: 19567369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-136200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are increasingly recognized as key players in various inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CD8(+) T cells are believed to actively contribute to neural damage in these CNS conditions. Conceptually, one can separate two possible ways that CD8(+) T cells harm neuronal function or integrity: CD8(+) T cells either directly target neurons and their neurites in an antigen- or contact-dependent fashion, or exert their action via "collateral" mechanisms of neuronal damage that might follow destruction of the myelin sheath or glial cells in both the CNS gray and white matter. After introducing clinical examples, in which the putative relevance CD8(+) T cells has been demonstrated, we summarize knowledge on the sequence of initiation and execution of CD8(+) T-cell responses in the CNS. This includes the initial antigen cross-presentation and priming of naive CD8(+) T cells, followed by the invasion, migration, and target-cell recognition of CD8(+) effector T cells in the CNS parenchyma. Moreover, we discuss mechanisms of impaired electrical signaling and cell death of neurons as direct and collateral targets of CD8(+) T cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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35
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Nakamura K, Miki M, Mizoguchi Y, Karakawa S, Sato T, Kobayashi M. Deficiency of regulatory T cells in children with autoimmune neutropenia. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:642-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Wu C, Rauch U, Korpos E, Song J, Loser K, Crocker PR, Sorokin LM. Sialoadhesin-positive macrophages bind regulatory T cells, negatively controlling their expansion and autoimmune disease progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6508-16. [PMID: 19414805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important regulatory suppressive function in autoimmune and other inflammatory processes has been ascribed to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which requires direct cell-cell communication between Tregs, effector T cells, and APCs. However, the molecular basis for these interactions has not yet been clarified. We show here that sialoadhesin (Sn), the prototype of the siglec family of sialic acid-binding transmembrane proteins, expressed by resident and activated tissue-infiltrating macrophages, directly binds to Tregs, negatively regulating their expansion in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this model, macrophages infiltrate the CNS exhibiting tissue-destructing and demyelinating activity, leading to MS-like symptoms. We show here that severity of EAE symptoms is reduced in Sn knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type littermates due to an up-regulation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg lymphocytes. Through the use of a Sn fusion protein, Tregs were shown to express substantial amounts of Sn ligand on their cell surface, and direct interaction of Sn(+) macrophages with Tregs specifically inhibited Treg but not effector T lymphocyte proliferation. Conversely, blocking of Sn on macrophages by Sn-specific Abs resulted in elevated proliferation of Tregs. Data indicate that Sn(+) macrophages regulate Treg homeostasis which subsequently influences EAE progression. We propose a new direct cell-cell interaction-based mechanism regulating the expansion of the Tregs during the immune response, representing a "dialogue" between Sn(+) macrophages and Sn-accessible sialic acid residues on Treg lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Muenster University, Muenster, Germany
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37
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Stephens LA, Malpass KH, Anderton SM. Curing CNS autoimmune disease with myelin-reactive Foxp3+ Treg. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1108-17. [PMID: 19350586 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg as a cellular therapy for autoimmune disease is of great interest. For clinical translation, the key objective is to reverse established disease. Here we demonstrate that myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg from TCR Tg mice, but not polyclonal (non-MBP-reactive) Treg, can transfer efficient protection against MBP-induced EAE when used either directly from donor mice, or after in vitro expansion. MBP-reactive Treg transfer also showed some ability to improve recovery from EAE initiated by T cells recognizing a distinct CNS autoantigen, proteolipid protein. Importantly, we also demonstrate for the first time in the context of EAE that in vitro-expanded naturally occurring MBP-reactive Treg can prevent disease relapse when given after the onset of clinical EAE. Our study also contains data pertaining to the most effective Treg sub-population in vivo (CD4(+)CD25(+)CD62L(hi)) and shows that their potent suppressive effects reflect stable expression of Foxp3, although not CD25 or CD62L. Our data provide proof of the principle that Treg-based therapies can cure CNS autoimmune disease, highlight the challenges for clinical translation and open new avenues for assessing how changing immune function via Treg activity might impact on neurodegeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stephens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
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38
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Tian L, Rauvala H, Gahmberg CG. Neuronal regulation of immune responses in the central nervous system. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:91-9. [PMID: 19144568 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has traditionally been considered to be immunologically privileged, but over the years there has been a re-evaluation of this dogma. To date, studies have tended to focus on the immune functions of glial cells, whereas the roles of neurons have been regarded as passive and their immune-regulatory properties have been less examined. However, recent findings indicate that CNS neurons actively participate in immune regulation by controlling their glial cell counterparts and infiltrated T cells. Here, we describe the immune-regulatory roles of CNS neurons by both contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. In addition, we specifically deal with the immune functions of neuronal cell adhesion molecules, many of which are key modulators of neuronal synaptic formation and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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