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Massengill MT, Park JC, McAnany JJ, Hyde RA. Occult retinopathy following treatment of Hepatitis C with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (Mavyret). Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 146:191-197. [PMID: 36763215 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Medication-induced ocular toxicity is an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of unexplained visual disturbance. We present a case of visual disturbance after starting treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (Mavyret), a therapy for Hepatitis C virus approved by the FDA in 2017. METHODS A 50-year-old male with no significant ocular history experienced bilateral visual disturbance, including visual field and acuity loss, shortly after initiating treatment with Mavyret for Hepatitis C. Examination of the anterior and posterior segments was unremarkable, and no abnormalities could be identified on multimodal imaging of the eye and brain, including MRI, SD-OCT, and fundus autofluorescence. Extensive testing for inflammatory, infectious, nutritional, and genetic etiologies for optic neuropathy and retinopathy was negative. RESULTS Electrophysiology testing was pursued to narrow the broad differential diagnosis. Full-field electroretinography and multi-focal electroretinography detected deficiencies in the rod and cone visual pathways and attenuated electrophysiologic responses in the fovea. Pattern electroretinography and visually-evoked potentials demonstrated macula dysfunction. Taken together, electrophysiologic data suggested diffuse retinal dysfunction, which was most pronounced in the macula. CONCLUSIONS Given the temporal relationship between Mavyret administration and vision loss in our patient, and the absence of an underlying cause after extensive evaluation, we propose that Mavyret may be associated with a toxic occult retinopathy characterized by panretinal dysfunction without clinically apparent structural findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Massengill
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St, M/C 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St, M/C 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St, M/C 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robert A Hyde
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St, M/C 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Mavilio A, Sisto D, Prete F, Guadalupi V, Dammacco R, Alessio G. RE-PERG in early-onset Alzheimer's disease: A double-blind, electrophysiological pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236568. [PMID: 32790788 PMCID: PMC7425894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of re-test pattern electroretinogram (RE-PERG), a non-invasive and fast steady-state PERG, to detect inner retinal bioelectric function anomalies in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The study population consisted of 17 patients with AD-related mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 16 patients with vascular dementia (VD)-related MCI, both assessed using the neuropsychological Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and by structural magnetic resonance imaging, and 19 healthy, age-matched normal controls (NC). All participants were visually asymptomatic, had normal or near-normal general cognitive functioning and no or minimal impairments in daily life activities. Visual field (VF) test, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and RE-PERG, sampled in five consecutive blocks of 130 events, were performed. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups with respect to age, VF parameters (mean and pattern standard deviations) and OCT parameters (ganglion cell complex thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness). The mean amplitude in the RE-PERG was significantly lower, but only weakly in the AD group than in NC (p = 0.1) whereas the intrinsic variability of the 2nd harmonic phase was significantly higher in the AD group than in either the VD or NC group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS RE-PERG is altered in early-stage AD, showing a reduced amplitude with high intrinsic phase variability. It also allows the discrimination of AD from VD. A high intrinsic variability in the PERG signal, determined using RE-PERG, may thus be a new promising test for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mavilio
- Social Health District, Glaucoma Center, Azienda Sanitaria Locale–Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Dario Sisto
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Florenza Prete
- Social Health District, Alzheimer Evaluation Units, Azienda Sanitaria Locale—Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Viviana Guadalupi
- Social Health District, Alzheimer Evaluation Units, Azienda Sanitaria Locale—Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Cho KI, Yoon D, Yu M, Peachey NS, Ferreira PA. Microglial activation in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like model caused by Ranbp2 loss and nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment in retinal ganglion neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3407-3432. [PMID: 30944974 PMCID: PMC6698218 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport is dysregulated in sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) are purportedly involved in ALS. The Ran-binding protein 2 (Ranbp2) controls rate-limiting steps of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Mice with Ranbp2 loss in Thy1+-motoneurons develop cardinal ALS-like motor traits, but the impairments in RGNs and the degree of dysfunctional consonance between RGNs and motoneurons caused by Ranbp2 loss are unknown. This will help to understand the role of nucleocytoplasmic transport in the differential vulnerability of neuronal cell types to ALS and to uncover non-motor endophenotypes with pathognomonic signs of ALS. Here, we ascertain Ranbp2's function and endophenotypes in RGNs of an ALS-like mouse model lacking Ranbp2 in motoneurons and RGNs. Thy1+-RGNs lacking Ranbp2 shared with motoneurons the dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport. RGN abnormalities were comprised morphologically by soma hypertrophy and optic nerve axonopathy and physiologically by a delay of the visual pathway's evoked potentials. Whole-transcriptome analysis showed restricted transcriptional changes in optic nerves that were distinct from those found in sciatic nerves. Specifically, the level and nucleocytoplasmic partition of the anti-apoptotic and novel substrate of Ranbp2, Pttg1/securin, were dysregulated. Further, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, which modulates de novo synthesis of fatty acids and T-cell immunity, showed the highest up-regulation (35-fold). This effect was reflected by the activation of ramified CD11b+ and CD45+-microglia, increase of F4\80+-microglia and a shift from pseudopodial/lamellipodial to amoeboidal F4\80+-microglia intermingled between RGNs of naive mice. Further, there was the intracellular sequestration in RGNs of metalloproteinase-28, which regulates macrophage recruitment and polarization in inflammation. Hence, Ranbp2 genetic insults in RGNs and motoneurons trigger distinct paracrine signaling likely by the dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport of neuronal-type selective substrates. Immune-modulators underpinning RGN-to-microglial signaling are regulated by Ranbp2, and this neuronal-glial system manifests endophenotypes that are likely useful in the prognosis and diagnosis of motoneuron diseases, such as ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-In Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Dosuk Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Paulo A Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Lalanne L, Giersch A, Laprevote V. Cannabis use and human retina: The path for the study of brain synaptic transmission dysfunctions in cannabis users. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:11-22. [PMID: 30773228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the difficulty of obtaining direct access to the functioning brain, new approaches are needed for the indirect exploration of brain disorders in neuroscience research. Due to its embryonic origin, the retina is part of the central nervous system and is well suited to the investigation of neurological functions in psychiatric and addictive disorders. In this review, we focus on cannabis use, which is a crucial public health challenge, since cannabis is one of the most widely used addictive drugs in industrialized countries. We first explain why studying retinal function is relevant when exploring the effects of cannabis use on brain function. Next, we describe both the retinal electrophysiological measurements and retinal dysfunctions observed after acute and regular cannabis use. We then discuss how these retinal dysfunctions may inform brain synaptic transmission abnormalities. Finally, we present various directions for future research on the neurotoxic effects of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Peresypkina A, Pazhinsky A, Pokrovskii M, Beskhmelnitsyna E, Pobeda A, Korokin M. Correction of Experimental Retinal Ischemia by l-Isomer of Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Malate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020034. [PMID: 30717452 PMCID: PMC6406737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An important task of pharmacology and ophtalmology is to find specific and highly effective agents for correcting retinal ischemia. The objective of this study is to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia by using new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative–l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate. A modification to the retinal ischemia-reperfusion model was used, in which an increase in intraocular pressure is carried out by mechanical pressure (110 mmHg) to the front chamber of the eye for 30 min. The protective effects of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate in comparison with Emoxipine as pretreatment, with parabulbar injection, based on the model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion, were estimated by the changes in the ratio of the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of electroretinography (the b/a coefficient) and ophthalmoscopy. The use of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate improves the retinal electrophysiological state after 72 h of reperfusion; in the group of rats treated with l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate, the coefficient b/a was reliably increased by 9.5%, p < 0.05, in comparison with animals treated with Emoxipine, and by 91.7%, p < 0.05, in comparison with the group with no treatment. Furthermore, it prevents the development of ischemic changes in the retina observed in ophthalmoscopy to a greater extent than Emoxipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peresypkina
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
| | - Anton Pazhinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Pokrovskii
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
| | - Evgenya Beskhmelnitsyna
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
| | - Anna Pobeda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Korokin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of medicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Giersch A, Lalanne L, Albuisson E, Laprevote V. Delayed bipolar and ganglion cells neuroretinal processing in regular cannabis users: The retina as a relevant site to investigate brain synaptic transmission dysfunctions. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 103:75-82. [PMID: 29783078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is widespread worldwide, but the impact of smoking cannabis regularly on brain synaptic transmission has only been partially elucidated. The retina is considered as an easy means of determining dysfunction in brain synaptic transmission. The endocannabinoid system is involved in regulating retinal synaptic transmission, which might also be affected by tobacco. Previous preliminary results have shown impairments in retinal ganglion cell response in cannabis users. Here, we test the extent to which earlier retinal levels-bipolar cells and photoreceptors-are affected in cannabis users, i.e. by the association of tobacco and cannabis. We recorded pattern (PERG) and flash (fERG) ERG in 53 regular cannabis users and 29 healthy controls. Amplitude and peak time of P50 and N95 (PERG) and of a- and b-waves (fERG) were evaluated. Cannabis users showed a significant increase in PERG N95 peak time and in fERG light-adapted 3.0 b-wave peak time, compared with controls (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively; Mann-Whitney U test). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of wave amplitude (p = 0.525 and p = 0.767 for the N95 and light-adapted 3.0 b-wave amplitude respectively; Mann-Whitney U test). The results demonstrated delayed ganglion and bipolar cell responses in cannabis users. These results reflect a delay in the transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain. This retinal dysfunction may be explained by an effect of cannabis use on retinal synaptic transmission. Main limitations of these results concern tobacco and alcohol use that differed between groups. The consequences of these anomalies on visual perception along with the molecular mechanisms underlying this retinal dysfunction should be explored in future human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eliane Albuisson
- Pôle S(2)R, PARC, BIOBASE, CHRU Nancy, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, InSciDens, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IECL, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Peresypkina AA. Correction of ischemic optic neuropathy in rats by carbamylated darbepoetin. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.4.25262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The protective effects of carbamylated darbepoetin on the model of ischemic optic neuropathy in rats were revealed.
Objectives: To increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of experimental ischemic optic neuropathy in an experiment by using carbamylated darbepoetin.
Methods: Measuring the microcirculation level in the retina of rats was carried out using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Registration was done by the data acquisition system Biopac-systems MP-150 and AcqKnowledge 4.2 programme.
For microscopy and morphometry, the prepared microslides were scanned using Mirax Desk, a computerised archiving and image analysis system. Image analysis and morphometry were carried out by Pannoramic Viewer 1.15.4.
Results and discussion: In the group with correction of ischemic optic neuropathy by carbamylated darbepoetin, 300 μg/kg, the microcirculation level increases by 41.9%, p<0.05 in comparison with the control group, but also below the norm values by 20.3%, p<0.05. In the group with correction by recombinant erythropoietin, 50 IU/kg, the microcirculation rate increases by 36.7%, p<0.05 in comparison with the control group and significantly lower - by 23.3%, p<0.05 - in comparison with the group of intact animals. Qualitative and quantitative morphological indices (thickness of retinal layers) helped to reveal a neuroprotective effect of carbamylated darbepoetin to a greater extent than that of recombinant erythropoietin.
Conclusion: The obtained data allow drawing a conclusion about partial restoration of blood flow and preservation of neuronal retinal structures when correcting ischemic optic neuropathy in rats with carbamylated darbepoetin to a greater extent than with recombinant erythropoietin.
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Electrophysiology of Olfactory and Optic Nerve in Outpatient and Intraoperative Settings. J Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 35:3-10. [PMID: 29300714 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evoked potentials are time-locked electrophysiologic potentials recorded in response to standardized stimuli using scalp electrodes. These responses provide good temporal resolution and have been used in various clinical and intraoperative settings. Olfactory evoked potentials (OEPs) may be used as an adjunct tool in identifying patients of Parkinson disease and Alzheimer dementia. In clinical practice, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are particularly useful in identifying subclinical cases of optic neuritis and in treatment surveillance. In recent times, pattern electroretinograms and photopic negative response have been gaining attention in identifying glaucoma suspects. During surgical manipulation, there is a risk of damage to optic or olfactory nerve. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring can provide information regarding the integrity of olfactory or visual pathway. OEPs and VEPs, however, show high degree of variability and are not reliable tools because the responses are extremely susceptible to volatile anesthetic agents. Newer techniques that could possibly circumvent these drawbacks have been developed but are not used extensively. In this article, we briefly review the available techniques to obtain OEPs and VEPs, diagnostic applications, the utility of intraoperative monitoring, the limitations of the current techniques, and the future directions for research.
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Visual Function in Patients With Orbital Fracture by Visual Electrophysiology and Visual Field Examination. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:188-192. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Bubl E, Lalanne L, Angioi-Duprez K, Laprevote V. Looking into the brain through the retinal ganglion cells in psychiatric disorders: A review of evidences. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:155-162. [PMID: 28336492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatry and neuroscience research need novel approaches to indirectly investigate brain function. As the retina is an anatomical and developmental extension of the central nervous system (CNS), changes in retinal function may reflect neurological dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders. The last and most integrated retinal relay before visual information transfer to the brain is the ganglion cell layer. Here, based on collected arguments, we argue that these cells offer a crucial site for indirectly investigating brain function. We describe the anatomical and physiological properties of these cells together with measurements of their functional properties named pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Based on ganglion cell dysfunctions measured with PERG in neurological disorders, we argue for the relevance of studying ganglion cell function in psychiatric research. We review studies that have evaluated ganglion cell function in psychiatric and addictive disorders and discuss how changes in PERG measurements could be functional markers of pathophysiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Emanuel Bubl
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg, Germany
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Acheson J, Bremner F, Graham E, Howard R, Leff A, Plant G, Shorvon S, Toosy A. Neuro-Ophthalmology. Neurology 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118486160.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Jayaraman M, Gandhi RA, Ravi P, Sen P. Multifocal visual evoked potential in optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy and compressive optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015; 62:299-304. [PMID: 24088641 PMCID: PMC4061667 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.118452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of optic neuritis (ON), ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) and compressive optic neuropathy (CON) on multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) amplitudes and latencies, and to compare the parameters among three optic nerve disorders. Materials and Methods: mfVEP was recorded for 71 eyes of controls and 48 eyes of optic nerve disorders with subgroups of optic neuritis (ON, n = 21 eyes), ischemic optic neuropathy (ION, n = 14 eyes), and compressive optic neuropathy (CON, n = 13 eyes). The size of defect in mfVEP amplitude probability plots and relative latency plots were analyzed. The pattern of the defect in amplitude probability plot was classified according to the visual field profile of optic neuritis treatment trail (ONTT). Results: Median of mfVEP amplitude (log SNR) averaged across 60 sectors were reduced in ON (0.17 (0.13-0.33)), ION (0.14 (0.12-0.21)) and CON (0.21 (0.14-0.30)) when compared to controls. The median mfVEP relative latencies compared to controls were significantly prolonged in ON and CON group of 10.53 (2.62-15.50) ms and 5.73 (2.67-14.14) ms respectively compared to ION group (2.06 (-4.09-13.02)). The common mfVEP amplitude defects observed in probability plots were diffuse pattern in ON, inferior altitudinal defect in ION and temporal hemianopia in CON eyes. Conclusions: Optic nerve disorders cause reduction in mfVEP amplitudes. The extent of delayed latency noted in ischemic optic neuropathy was significantly lesser compared to subjects with optic neuritis and compressive optic neuropathy. mfVEP amplitudes can be used to objectively assess the topography of the visual field defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Parveen Sen
- Department of Vitreoretina Consultant, Sankara Nethralaya, 18 College Road, Chennai, India
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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Brecelj J. Visual electrophysiology in the clinical evaluation of optic neuritis, chiasmal tumours, achiasmia, and ocular albinism: an overview. Doc Ophthalmol 2014; 129:71-84. [PMID: 24962442 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS In routine clinical evaluation of optic neuritis and chiasmal tumours, pattern electroretinography and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern-reversal stimulation are useful examinations. Similarly, in achiasmia and ocular albinism, VEPs to flash and pattern-onset stimulation provide relevant information. RESULTS The role of visual electrophysiology in these diseases is to assess potential dysfunction of the visual pathway: (a) at the acute stage of optic neuritis, to determine the magnitude of conduction block of the optic nerve fibres; (b) at the clinical recovery stage of optic neuritis, to determine optic nerve conduction delay due to demyelination, and to follow possible remyelination; (c) at the recovery of optic neuritis when visual acuity does not normalise, to define loss of optic nerve fibres and retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells; (d) in tumours at the chiasm, to detect abnormal conduction along the crossed and/or uncrossed fibres; and (e) in achiasmia or albinism, which are both congenital disorders associated with nystagmus, to detect achiasmia and absence of or reduced optic nerve fibre decussation at the chiasm, or to detect ocular albinism and excess of optic nerve fibre decussation at the chiasm. In optic neuritis, two recent examinations have been used to detect retrograde axonal degeneration: photopic negative response of the electroretinogram, to assess dysfunction of ganglion cell axons; and optic coherence tomography, to measure thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer. In optic neuritis, multifocal VEPs provide a promising clinical examination, because this can show areas that are associated with normal or abnormal optic nerve fibre function. CONCLUSIONS Visual electrophysiology defines function of the visual pathway and is relevant: (1) in optic neuritis, when visual acuity does not recover well; (2) in tumours of the chiasm with normal visual fields, as in paediatric patients who cannot adequately perform perimetry; and (3) in children with congenital nystagmus and suspected achiasmia or ocular albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Brecelj
- Unit for Visual Electrophysiology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Grablovičeva 46, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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You Y, Gupta VK, Li JC, Klistorner A, Graham SL. Optic neuropathies: characteristic features and mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell loss. Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:301-21. [PMID: 23612594 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathy refers to dysfunction and/or degeneration of axons of the optic nerve with subsequent optic nerve atrophy. A common feature of different optic neuropathies is retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and axonal damage. Glaucoma and optic neuritis are the two major degenerative causes of optic nerve damage. Here, we review the anatomy and pathology of the optic nerve, and etiological categories of optic neuropathies, and discuss rodent models that can mimic these conditions. Electrophysiology can reveal signature features of RGC damage using the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative response (PhNR). The amplitude of the visual evoked potential (VEP) also reflects RGC axonal damage. The neurotrophin-mediated survival pathways, as well as the extrinsic and intrinsic cell apoptotic pathways, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of RGC loss. Finally, promising neuroprotective approaches based on the molecular signaling are analyzed for the treatment of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South wales, Australia.
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Cassiman C, Legius E, Spileers W, Casteels I. Ophthalmological assessment of children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1327-33. [PMID: 23708214 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder, caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, located on chromosome band 17q11.2. In 1988, the National Institutes of Health created specific criteria for the diagnosis of NF1. Four cardinal criteria are assessed through ophthalmological screening: Lisch nodules, optic pathway glioma, a distinctive osseous lesion (sphenoid dysplasia), and the (orbital) plexiform neurofibroma. NF1 patients are prone to the development of central and peripheral nervous system tumors. Especially young children are at risk for growing optic pathway gliomas that can threaten their sight. From an early age, children with NF1 undergo regular ophthalmological examinations. Little is known about the natural progress of these clinical features and the guidelines for screening and follow-up are controversial. Several questions remain unanswered. CONCLUSION Most of these questions could be solved by better understanding of the natural history of optic pathway gliomas. There is a tendency towards using vision as a primary objective in clinical treatment trials; this way we can evaluate new treatment strategies and focus specifically on visual evolution so we will be able to select even more carefully which patient would benefit treatment. For future clinical trials, a standardized visual acuity assessment protocol is therefore mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cassiman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
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Van Mierlo C, Spileers W, Legius E, Casteels I, Cassiman C. Role of visual evoked potentials in the assessment and management of optic pathway gliomas in children. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:177-90. [PMID: 23884797 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the role of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (pVEPs) in the screening and monitoring of optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) in children with and without neurofibromatosis type 1. METHODS A review of the English literature published between 1980 and 2012 was performed, with comparison of results of retro- and prospective studies. RESULTS Pattern reversal VEPs have a high sensitivity (85.7-100 %) for the diagnosis of OPGs, moreover they are safe and cost-effective. Conversely, they have a low specificity (43-83 %) and are not widely available. Besides, pattern reversal VEP results can be unreliable in young children, because of the need for a good cooperation. The studies that were analyzed have drawbacks, including the small sample size, the retrospective design, the differences in gold standard for diagnosis, the different interpretation of small changes in VEP results and the lack of control groups. CONCLUSION There is still debate about the gold standard for the screening and follow-up of OPGs. The added value of pVEPs to the ophthalmic examination is controversial. Randomized controlled trials or prospective multicentre studies are necessary to assess with sufficient accuracy the sensitivity and specificity of pattern reversal VEPs in the screening for OPGs and its follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van Mierlo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
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Waterval JJ, Bischoff MPH, Stokroos RJ, Anteunis LJ, Hilkman DMW, Kingma H, Manni JJ. Neurophysiologic, audiometric and vestibular function tests in patients with hyperostosis cranialis interna. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:1701-8. [PMID: 23622937 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperostosis cranialis interna (HCI) is an autosomal dominant sclerosing bone dysplasia affecting the skull base and the calvaria, characterized by cranial nerve deficits due to stenosis of neuroforamina. The aim of this study is to describe the value of several neurophysiological, audiometric and vestibular tests related to the clinical course of the disorder. METHODS Ten affected subjects and 13 unaffected family members were recruited and tested with visual evoked potentials, masseter reflex, blink reflex, pure tone and speech audiometry, stapedial reflexes, otoacoustic emissions, brainstem evoked response audiometry and electronystagmography. RESULTS Due to the symmetrical bilateral nature of this disease, the sensitivity of visual evoked potentials (VEPs), masseter reflex and blink reflex is decreased (25-37.5%), therefore reducing the value of single registration. Increased hearing thresholds and increased BERA latency times were found in 60-70%. The inter-peak latency I-V parameter in BERA has the ability to determine nerve encroachment reliably. 50% of the patients had vestibular abnormalities. No patient had disease-related absence of otoacoustic emissions, because the cochlea is not affected. CONCLUSION In patients with HCI and similar craniofacial sclerosing bone dysplasias we advise monitoring of vestibulocochlear nerve function with tone and speech audiometry, BERA and vestibular tests. VEPs are important to monitor optic nerve function in combination with radiological and ophthalmologic examination. We do not advise the routine use of blink and masseter reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Waterval
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Ding D, Mastronardi FG, Marc RE, Porciatti V, Bhattacharya SK. Deimination restores inner retinal visual function in murine demyelinating disease. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:646-56. [PMID: 23281397 DOI: 10.1172/jci64811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of visual function frequently accompanies demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is hypothesized to be the result of damage to the axons and soma of neurons. Here, we show that dendritic impairment is also involved in these diseases. Deimination, a posttranslational modification, was reduced in the retinal ganglion cell layer of MS patients and in a transgenic mouse model of MS (ND4 mice). Reduced deimination accompanied a decrease in inner retinal function in ND4 mice, indicating loss of vision. Local restoration of deimination dramatically improved retinal function and elongation of neurites in isolated neurons. Further, neurite length was decreased by downregulation of deimination or siRNA knockdown of the export-binding protein REF, a primary target for deimination in these cells. REF localized to dendrites and bound selective mRNAs and translation machinery to promote protein synthesis. Thus, protein deimination and dendritic outgrowth play key roles in visual function and may be a general feature of demyelinating diseases.
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Reis A, Mateus C, Viegas T, Florijn R, Bergen A, Silva E, Castelo-Branco M. Physiological evidence for impairment in autosomal dominant optic atrophy at the pre-ganglion level. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:221-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The value of two-field pattern electroretinogram in routine clinical electrophysiologic practice. Retina 2012; 32:588-99. [PMID: 21878848 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e31822059ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical use of the large-field pattern electroretinogram (PERG) as an adjunct test to the International-standard PERG in an unselected sequential cohort of patients referred for routine electrophysiologic assessment. METHODS Pattern electroretinograms to both 15° × 11° (International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision Standard) and 30° × 22° (large field) checkerboard field sizes were recorded in 277 consecutive electrophysiology patients, aged 10-79 years. Most patients had additional tests including full-field electroretinogram, electrooculogram, multifocal electroretinograms, or cortical visual evoked potential. Patient data were compared with data from 27 control subjects. RESULTS Satisfactory 2-field PERG data were obtained in 91% (N = 253) of patients; data from 24 patients (9%) were excluded because of poor compliance (n = 17) or nystagmus (n = 7). Standard PERGs were consistent with macular dysfunction in 44% of cases; large-field PERG revealed macular dysfunction in an additional 8% of eyes and helped to distinguish between localized central, predominantly paracentral, and widespread macular dysfunction. The results were consistent with multifocal electroretinogram and/or imaging studies on the same patients. In some patients with optic nerve disease, the large-field PERG provided clearer evidence of normal macular function than the standard PERG. CONCLUSION Routine use of the large-field PERG is a valuable complement to standard-field PERG testing in the evaluation and management of patients with different forms of macular or generalized retinal dysfunction and can be useful in patients with optic nerve disease.
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Electroretinogram findings in unilateral optic neuritis. Doc Ophthalmol 2011; 123:173-8. [PMID: 22038575 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To report the electrophysiological findings in patients with unilateral optic neuritis (ON), with particular reference to the electroretinogram (ERG). A retrospective analysis of full-field ERG, pattern ERG (PERG) and pattern visual evoked potential findings from 46 patients with clinical and electrophysiological findings in keeping with unilateral ON. ISCEV standard ERGs did not significantly differ between the optic neuritis and fellow eyes, nor between patients with and without MS. Differences were present in the N95 component of the PERG, which was significantly lower in the affected eye, and the pattern reversal visual evoked potential, which showed significantly longer peak time (latency) in the affected eye. In addition, there was a significant difference between patients with and without multiple sclerosis (MS). No significant inter-ocular asymmetry in ISCEV standard ERGs was present in these cases of unilateral optic neuritis, either as a clinically isolated syndrome or as part of multiple sclerosis. All ERGs recorded were normal.
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Ding D, Chou TH, Wang J, Padgett KR, Porciatti V, Bhattacharya SK. Evaluation of a transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis with noninvasive methods. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2405-11. [PMID: 21228378 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ND4 transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis using noninvasive methods. METHODS Assessment of neurologic/behavioral abnormalities was made using pattern electroretinogram (PERG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optic coherence tomography (OCT), and end point histologic analysis. RESULTS Electrophysiologic (PERG) recordings demonstrated functional deficits in vision commensurate with neurologic/behavioral abnormalities. In ND4 mice, the authors found PERG abnormalities preceded neurologic/gait abnormalities. MRI demonstrated subtle structural changes that progressed over time in correlation with behavioral abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The ND4 mouse model has been evaluated using well-defined parameters of noninvasive methods (PERG, MRI, and OCT), enabling objective identification of functional and structural deficits and their correlation with neurologic/gait abnormality.
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