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Rorex C, Cardona SM, Church KA, Rodriguez D, Vanegas D, Saldivar R, Faz B, Cardona AE. Astrogliosis in the GFAP-Cre ERT2:Rosa26 iDTR Mouse Model Does Not Exacerbate Retinal Microglia Activation or Müller Cell Gliosis under Hypoxic Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:567. [PMID: 38785974 PMCID: PMC11117533 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects over 140 million people globally. The mechanisms that lead to blindness are still enigmatic but there is evidence that sustained inflammation and hypoxia contribute to vascular damage. Despite efforts to understand the role of inflammation and microglia in DR's pathology, the contribution of astrocytes to hypoxic responses is less clear. To investigate the role of astrocytes in hypoxia-induced retinopathy, we utilized a 7-day systemic hypoxia model using the GFAP-CreERT2:Rosa26iDTR transgenic mouse line. This allows for the induction of inflammatory reactive astrogliosis following tamoxifen and diphtheria toxin administration. We hypothesize that DTx-induced astrogliosis is neuroprotective during hypoxia-induced retinopathy. Glial, neuronal, and vascular responses were quantified using immunostaining, with antibodies against GFAP, vimentin, IBA-1, NeuN, fibrinogen, and CD31. Cytokine responses were measured in both the brain and serum. We report that while both DTx and hypoxia induced a phenotype of reduced microglia morphological activation, DTx, but not hypoxia, induced an increase in the Müller glia marker vimentin. We did not observe that the combination of DTx and hypoxic treatments exacerbated the signs of reactive glial cells, nor did we observe a significant change in the expression immunomodulatory mediators IL-1β, IL2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, CCL17, TGF-β1, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Overall, our results suggest that, in this hypoxia model, reactive astrogliosis does not alter the inflammatory responses or cause vascular damage in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Rorex
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
- Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Reina Saldivar
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Brianna Faz
- Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Hai Y, Ren K, Zhang Y, Yang L, Cao H, Yuan X, Su L, Li H, Feng X, Liu D. HIF-1α serves as a co-linker between AD and T2DM. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116158. [PMID: 38242039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related brain deterioration is linked to the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) features hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Hypoxia as a common risk factor for both AD and T2DM. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) acts as the main regulator of the hypoxia response and may be a key target in the comorbidity of AD and T2DM. HIF-1α expression is closely related to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Tissue oxygen consumption disrupts HIF-1α homeostasis, leading to increased reactive oxygen species levels and the inhibition of insulin receptor pathway activity, causing neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, abnormal Aβ deposition, and tau hyperphosphorylation. HIF-1α activation also leads to the deposition of Aβ by promoting the abnormal shearing of amyloid precursor protein and inhibiting the degradation of Aβ, and it promotes tau hyperphosphorylation by activating oxidative stress and the activation of astrocytes, which further exasperates AD. Therefore, we believe that HIF-α has great potential as a target for the treatment of AD. Importantly, the intracellular homeostasis of HIF-1α is a more crucial factor than its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Scientific Research and Experimental Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Yarong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Haoshi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xianxia Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Linling Su
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Hailong Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Scientific Research and Experimental Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Dongling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Gansu Pharmaceutical Industry Innovation Research Institute, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
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Richalet JP, Hermand E, Lhuissier FJ. Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:75-88. [PMID: 37783743 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for cellular metabolism; therefore, the hypoxic conditions encountered at high altitude affect all physiological functions. Acute hypoxia activates the adrenergic system and induces tachycardia, whereas hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction increases pulmonary artery pressure. After a few days of exposure to low oxygen concentrations, the autonomic nervous system adapts and tachycardia decreases, thereby protecting the myocardium against high energy consumption. Permanent exposure to high altitude induces erythropoiesis, which if excessive can be deleterious and lead to chronic mountain sickness, often associated with pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. Genetic factors might account for the variable prevalence of chronic mountain sickness, depending on the population and geographical region. Cardiovascular adaptations to hypoxia provide a remarkable model of the regulation of oxygen availability at the cellular and systemic levels. Rapid exposure to high altitude can have adverse effects in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, intermittent, moderate hypoxia might be useful in the management of some cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary heart disease and heart failure. The aim of this Review is to help physicians to understand the cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and to outline some recommendations that they can give to patients with cardiovascular disease who wish to travel to high-altitude destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Richalet
- Hypoxie et Poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1272, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Hermand
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, ULR 7369-URePSSS, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université Artois, Université Lille, CHU Lille, Dunkirk, France
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Halenova TI, Raksha NH, Vovk TB, Karbovskyy VL, Sholomon SM, Melnyk VS, Savchuk OM. Cytokine profile in multiple sclerosis patients with and without Covid-19. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:640-645. [PMID: 38865616 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202404104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To investigate the possible effect of COVID-19 disease on cytokine profile and some circulating growth factors in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: Serum cytokine levels as well as growth factors content were assessed be means of a solid phase enzyme linked‑immunosorbent assay in 97 MS patients of which 41 had and 56 did not have confirmed COVID-19 in the past 4-6-month period, and 30 healthy individuals who were age‑, and gender‑matched. RESULTS Results: Some proinflammatory cytokine (such as TNFα, IFNγ) levels were higher while anti-inflammatory cytokine, namely IL‑4, was lower in MS patients compared to controls indicating Th1/Th2 imbalance. Our findings revealed that the imbalance of circulating Th1/Th2 cytokines in MS patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection became even more pronounced, thus, might be a reason for the disease deterioration. Furthermore, nuclear factor κB level in MS patients after COVID-19 was found significantly elevated from that with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be the cause of proinflammatory cytokines overexpression. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Our findings revealed that immunopathology of MS is associated with a Th1/Th2 imbalance, furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the deterioration of this condition in MS patients, causing even more pronounced overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results also indicated that studied growth factors can be involved in MS development but exact mechanism is not clearly understood and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tetiana B Vovk
- TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV, KYIV, UKRAINE
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Moldovan R, Ichim VA, Beliș V. Recent perspectives on the early expression immunohistochemical markers in post-mortem recognition of myocardial infarction. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 64:102293. [PMID: 37392575 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) refers to the death of heart tissue in the absence ofperfusion. It is one of the top causes of death globally, particularly in middle andhigher-age groups. However, for the pathologist, the post-mortem macroscopic andmicroscopic diagnosis of early AMI remains challenging. In the early acute stage ofAMI, no microscopic visible signs of tissue alterations like necrosis and neutrophilinfiltration can be seen. In such a scenario, immunohistochemistry (IHC) accounts forthe most suitable and safest alternative to study early diagnostic cases by selectivelydetecting changes in the cell population. This systematic review focuses on themultiple causes/changes that lead to the privation of blood flow as well as tissuechanges induced by the absence of perfusion.We performed a systematic review of the last 10-15 years' publications that focused ondetecting immunohistochemical changes that appear in the cell population in case ofacute myocardial infarction. We found around 160 articles on AMI, which we narroweddown to 50 with the use of specific filters such as: "Acute Myocardial Infarction," "Ischemia," "Hypoxia," "Forensic," "Immunohistochemistry, and "Autopsy." The presentreview comprehensively highlights the current knowledge of specific IHC markers usedas gold standards during post-mortem investigation of acute myocardial infarction. Thepresent review comprehensively highlights the current knowledge of specific IHCmarkers used as gold standards during post-mortem investigation of acute myocardialinfarction, and some new potential immunohistochemical markers that can be used inthe early detection of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Moldovan
- Emergency County Hospital "Constantin Opris", Baia Mare, Department of Forensic Medicine, Street George Coșbuc 31, Baia Mare, Maramures, 430031, Romania.
| | - Vlad Andrei Ichim
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Internal Medicine, Street Victor Babeș 8, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400347, Romania.
| | - Vladimir Beliș
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest Departament of Foresic Medicine, Street Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, Bucharest, 050474, Romania.
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Cai YY, Zhuang YK, Wang WJ, Jiang F, Hu JM, Zhang XL, Zhang LX, Lou XH. Potential role of serum hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha as a biomarker of delayed cerebral ischemia and poor clinical outcome after human aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter, and observational study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1072351. [PMID: 36570456 PMCID: PMC9772017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1072351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) functions as a crucial transcriptional mediator in hypoxic and ischemic brain response. We endeavored to assess the prognostic significance of serum HIF-1α in human aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods In this prospective, longitudinal, multicenter, and observational study of 257 patients with aSAH and 100 healthy controls, serum HIF-1α levels were quantified. Univariate analyses, followed by multivariate analyses, were performed to discern the relationship between serum HIF-1α levels and severity and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) plus poststroke 6-month poor outcome [extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) scores of 1-4]. Predictive efficiency was determined under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results There were significantly increased serum HIF-lα levels after aSAH, in comparison to controls (median, 288.0 vs. 102.6 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Serum HIF-lα levels were independently correlated with Hunt-Hess scores [β, 78.376; 95% confidence interval (CI): 56.446-100.305; P = 0.001] and modified Fisher scores (β, 52.037; 95% CI: 23.461-80.614; P = 0.002). Serum HIF-lα levels displayed significant efficiency for discriminating DCI risk [area under ROC curve (AUC), 0.751; 95% CI: 0.687-0.815; P < 0.001] and poor outcome (AUC, 0.791; 95% CI: 0.736-0.846; P < 0.001). Using the Youden method, serum HIF-1α levels >229.3 pg/ml predicted the development of DCI with 92.3% sensitivity and 48.4% specificity and serum HIF-1α levels >384.0 pg/ml differentiated the risk of a poor prognosis with 71.4% sensitivity and 81.1% specificity. Serum HIF-1α levels >229.3 pg/ml were independently predictive of DCI [odds ratio (OR), 3.061; 95% CI: 1.045-8.965; P = 0.041] and serum HIF-1α levels >384.0 pg/ml were independently associated with a poor outcome (OR, 2.907; 95% CI: 1.403-6.024; P = 0.004). The DCI predictive ability of their combination was significantly superior to those of Hunt-Hess scores (AUC, 0.800; 95% CI: 0.745-0.855; P = 0.039) and modified Fisher scores (AUC, 0.784; 95% CI: 0.726-0.843; P = 0.004). The prognostic predictive ability of their combination substantially exceeded those of Hunt-Hess scores (AUC, 0.839; 95% CI: 0.791-0.886; P < 0.001) and modified Fisher scores (AUC, 0.844; 95% CI: 0.799-0.890; P < 0.001). Conclusion Elevated serum HIF-lα levels after aSAH, in independent correlation with stroke severity, were independently associated with DCI and 6-month poor outcome, substantializing serum HIF-lα as a potential prognostic biomarker of aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Yan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, China
| | - Yao-Kun Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, China
| | - Wen-Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Jie-Miao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Le Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Hui Lou
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Yuan H, Liu J, Gu Y, Ji X, Nan G. Intermittent hypoxia conditioning as a potential prevention and treatment strategy for ischemic stroke: Current evidence and future directions. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1067411. [PMID: 36507357 PMCID: PMC9732261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1067411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Owing to the aging population and unhealthy lifestyles, the incidence of cerebrovascular disease is high. Vascular risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Therefore, in addition to timely and effective reperfusion therapy for IS, it is crucial to actively control these risk factors to reduce the incidence and recurrence rates of IS. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that moderate intermittent hypoxia (IH) exposure is a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate common vascular risk factors and comorbidities. Given the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IS, effective treatment must focus on reducing injury in the acute phase and promoting repair in the recovery phase. Therefore, this review discusses the preclinical perspectives on IH conditioning as a potential treatment for neurovascular injury and highlights IH pre and postconditioning strategies for IS. Hypoxia conditioning reduces brain injury by increasing resistance to acute ischemic and hypoxic stress, exerting neuroprotective effects, and promoting post-injury repair and regeneration. However, whether IH produces beneficial effects depends not only on the hypoxic regimen but also on inter-subject differences. Therefore, we discuss the factors that may influence the effectiveness of IH treatment, including age, sex, comorbidities, and circadian rhythm, which can be used to help identify the optimal intervention population and treatment protocols for more accurate, individualized clinical translation. In conclusion, IH conditioning as a non-invasive, non-pharmacological, systemic, and multi-targeted intervention can not only reduce brain damage after stroke but can also be applied to the prevention and functional recovery of IS, providing brain protection at different stages of the disease. It represents a promising therapeutic strategy. For patients with IS and high-risk groups, IH conditioning is expected to develop as an adjunctive clinical treatment option to reduce the incidence, recurrence, disability, and mortality of IS and to reduce disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Gu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xunming Ji,
| | - Guangxian Nan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,Guangxian Nan,
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Panax notoginseng saponins alleviates inflammation induced by microglial activation and protects against ischemic brain injury via inhibiting HIF-1α/PKM2/STAT3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Wang X, Chen G, Wan B, Dong Z, Xue Y, Luo Q, Wang D, Lu Y, Zhu L. NRF1-mediated microglial activation triggers high-altitude cerebral edema. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6608944. [PMID: 35704676 PMCID: PMC9486928 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a potentially fatal encephalopathy associated with a time-dependent exposure to the hypobaric hypoxia of altitude. The formation of HACE is affected by both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema. The over-activated microglia potentiate the damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate cytotoxic edema. In light with the activation of microglia in HACE, we aimed to investigate whether the over-activated microglia were the key turning point of acute mountain sickness to HACE. In in vivo experiments, by exposing mice to hypobaric hypoxia (7000 m above sea level) to induce HACE model, we found that microglia were activated and migrated to blood vessels. Microglia depletion by PLX5622 obviously relieved brain edema. In in vitro experiments, we found that hypoxia induced cultured microglial activation, leading to the destruction of endothelial tight junction and astrocyte swelling. Up-regulated nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) accelerated pro-inflammatory factors through transcriptional regulation on nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in activated microglia under hypoxia. NRF1 also up-regulated phagocytosis by transcriptional regulation on caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit beta (AP2B1). The present study reveals a new mechanism in HACE: hypoxia over-activates microglia through up-regulation of NRF1, which both induces inflammatory response through transcriptionally activating NF-κB p65 and TFAM, and enhances phagocytic function through up-regulation of CAV-1 and AP2B1; hypoxia-activated microglia destroy the integrity of BBB and release pro-inflammatory factors that eventually induce HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guijuan Chen
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Baolan Wan
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Correspondence to: Li Zhu, E-mail:
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Pang YQ, Yang J, Jia CM, Zhang R, Pang Q. Hypoxic preconditioning reduces NLRP3 inflammasome expression and protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:395-400. [PMID: 34269215 PMCID: PMC8464000 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic preconditioning can protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the underlying mechanisms that mediate this effect are not completely clear. In this study, mice were pretreated with continuous, intermittent hypoxic preconditioning; 1 hour later, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion models were generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Compared with control mice, mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury showed increased Bederson neurological function scores, significantly increased cerebral infarction volume, obvious pathological damage to the hippocampus, significantly increased apoptosis; upregulated interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 levels in brain tissue; and increased expression levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), NLRP inflammasome-related protein caspase-1, and gasdermin D. However, hypoxic preconditioning significantly inhibited the above phenomena. Taken together, these data suggest that hypoxic preconditioning mitigates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome expression. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fourth Hospital of Baotou, China (approval No. DWLL2019001) in November 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qiang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Vilhena ER, Bonato JM, Schepers M, Kunieda JKC, Milani H, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J, de Oliveira RMW. Positive effects of roflumilast on behavior, neuroinflammation, and white matter injury in mice with global cerebral ischemia. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:459-471. [PMID: 34320520 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemic conditions. To increase the relevance and increase the translational value of preclinical studies, it is important to conduct experiments using different animal species and strains, different animal models, and to evaluate long-term functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the effects of the selective PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Balb/c mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and tested during 21 days in multiple behavioral tasks to investigate the long-term effects of roflumilast on functional recovery. The effects of roflumilast were also investigated on hippocampal cell loss, white matter injury, and expression of neuroinflammatory markers. Roflumilast prevented cognitive and emotional deficits induced by BCCAO in mice. Roflumilast also prevented neurodegeneration and reduced the white matter damage in the brain of ischemic animals. Besides, roflumilast decreased Iba-1 (microglia marker) levels and increased Arginase-1 (Arg-1; microglia M2 phenotype marker) levels in the hippocampus of these mice. Likewise, roflumilast suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (microglia M1 phenotype marker) expression and increased Arg-1 levels in a primary mouse microglia culture. These findings support evidence that PDE4 inhibition by roflumilast might be beneficial in cerebral ischemic conditions. The neuroprotective effects of roflumilast appear to be mediated by a decrease in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella R Vilhena
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana K C Kunieda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rúbia M W de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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12
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Lv QW, Zheng ZQ, Zhang H, Guo M, Shen LJ. Serum hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha emerges as a prognostic factor for severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:77-82. [PMID: 34411556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) is implicated in the cell's response to hypoxia. We investigated whether serum HIF-1α concentrations are correlated with the severity and clinical outcome of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). METHODS Serum HIF-1α concentrations were quantified in 104 sTBI patients and 80 healthy controls. Trauma severity was assessed using Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score of 1-3 at post-trauma 90 days was defined as a poor outcome. Multivariate analyses were performed to discern the relationship between serum HIF-1α concentrations and outcome. RESULTS Patients displayed significantly higher serum HIF-1α concentrations than controls (median, 294.9 versus 102.7 pg/ml). HIF-1α concentrations were intimately related to GCS scores (r = -0.62) and GOS scores (r = -0.64). 48 patients (46.2%) experienced a poor outcome. Serum HIF-1α concentrations > 280.2 pg/ml significantly distinguished patients with the development of poor outcome with 77.1% sensitivity and 69.6% specificity (AUC, 0.750; 95% CI: 0.655-0.829). Serum HIF-1α concentrations > 280.2 pg/ml emerged as an independent predictor for poor outcome (OR: 4.179; 95% CI: 1.024-17.052). CONCLUSIONS Serum HIF-1α concentrations are tightly associated with trauma severity and poor 90-day outcome, substantializing serum HIF-1α as a promising prognostic biomarker for sTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou branch), No. 666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou branch), No. 666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou branch), No. 666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou branch), No. 666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang-Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou branch), No. 666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Wierońska JM, Cieślik P, Kalinowski L. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Pathways as Critical Factors in the Consequences and Recovery after Brain Ischemic Hypoxia. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081097. [PMID: 34439764 PMCID: PMC8392725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO•), a molecule that is involved in the regulation of proper blood flow, vasodilation, neuronal and glial activity constitutes the crucial factor that contributes to the development of pathological changes after stroke. One of the early consequences of a sudden interruption in the cerebral blood flow is the massive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in neurons due to NO• synthase uncoupling, which leads to neurotoxicity. Progression of apoptotic or necrotic neuronal damage activates reactive astrocytes and attracts microglia or lymphocytes to migrate to place of inflammation. Those inflammatory cells start to produce large amounts of inflammatory proteins, including pathological, inducible form of NOS (iNOS), which generates nitrosative stress that further contributes to brain tissue damage, forming vicious circle of detrimental processes in the late stage of ischemia. S-nitrosylation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-1α-dependent genes activated in reactive astrocytes play essential roles in this process. The review summarizes the roles of NO•-dependent pathways in the early and late aftermath of stroke and treatments based on the stimulation or inhibition of particular NO• synthases and the stabilization of HIF-1α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Biobank Fahrenheit BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center/Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1182
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14
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Cai Y, Zhuang YK, Wu XY, Dong XQ, Du Q, Yu WH, Wang KY, Hu W, Zheng YK. Serum Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1alpha Levels Correlate with Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:717-726. [PMID: 34285494 PMCID: PMC8286156 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s313433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulator in hypoxic and ischemic brain injury. We determined the relationship between serum HIF-1α levels and long-term prognosis plus severity of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods A total of 97 ICH cases and 97 healthy controls were enrolled. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and hematoma volume were used to assess hemorrhagic severity. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score of 1–3 at post-stroke 90 days was defined as a poor outcome. Results Serum HIF-1α levels of ICH patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (median, 218.8 vs 105.4 pg/mL; P<0.001) and were substantially correlated with GCS score (r=−0.485, P<0.001), hematoma volume (r=0.357, P<0.001) and GOS score (r=−0.436, P<0.001). Serum HIF-1α levels >239.4 pg/mL discriminated patients at risk of 90-day poor outcome with sensitivity of 65.9% and specificity of 79.3% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.725; 95% confidence interval, 0.625–0.811; P<0.001). Moreover, serum HIF-1α levels >239.4 pg/mL were independently associated with a poor 90-day outcome (odds ratio, 5.133; 95% confidence interval, 1.117–23.593; P=0.036). Conclusion Serum HIF-1α, in close correlation with hemorrhagic severity and poor 90-day outcome, may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cai
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Kun Zhuang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ke Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wang YY, Huang ZT, Yuan MH, Jing F, Cai RL, Zou Q, Pu YS, Wang SY, Chen F, Yi WM, Zhang HJ, Cai ZY. Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:949-961. [PMID: 33612545 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are the most important pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are also involved in the development and pathological mechanism of AD. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcriptional factor responsible for cellular and tissue adaption to low oxygen tension. Emerging evidence has revealed HIF-1α as a potential medicinal target for neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, HIF-1α increases AβPP processing and Aβ generation by promoting β/γ-secretases and suppressing α-secretases, inactivates microglia and reduces their activity, contributes to microglia death and neuroinflammation, which promotes AD pathogenesis. On the other hand, HIF-1α could resist the toxic effect of Aβ, inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation and promotes microglial activation. In summary, this review focuses on the potential complex roles and the future perspectives of HIF-1α in AD, in order to provide references for seeking new drug targets and treatment methods for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Ting Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Hao Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Jing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yin-Shuang Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Min Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Ji Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-You Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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16
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Sherif IO, Al-Shaalan NH. Alleviation of remote lung injury following liver ischemia/reperfusion: Possible protective role of vildagliptin. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107305. [PMID: 33388732 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung injury is a serious condition encountered following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR). This study aimed to explore whether a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor agent vildagliptin (V) could alleviate the lung injury caused by hepatic IR in a rat model and if so elucidate its molecular protective mechanism. Three groups of rats were used. Sham group: received normal saline and exposed to a sham operation, IR group: received normal saline and subjected to the operation of hepatic I (45 min)/ R (180 min), V+IR group: received for 10 days intraperitoneal injection of V (10 mg/kg/day). After reperfusion, liver and lung were collected for biochemical and histological evaluation. Hepatic IR exhibited significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels, serum and lung malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in addition to lung nitric oxide (NO) levels, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) mRNA and protein levels, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA expression, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expressions in lung tissue along with a marked reduction in the serum and lung content of catalase in comparison to the sham group. Moreover, liver and lung injury in the IR group was detected by histopathological examination. Vildagliptin ameliorated markedly the biochemical changes as well as liver and lung architecture in comparison to the IR group. Vildagliptin mitigated the induced lung injury by hepatic IR via suppression of oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α as well as the HIF1-α/iNOS/HGF expressions in lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman O Sherif
- Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nora H Al-Shaalan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Jiang Q, Geng X, Warren J, Eugene Paul Cosky E, Kaura S, Stone C, Li F, Ding Y. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) Mediates NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent-Pyroptotic and Apoptotic Cell Death Following Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2020; 448:126-139. [PMID: 32976985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a transcription factor that regulates oxygen levels, plays a key role in neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke. Accordingly, we investigated the mechanism of HIF-1α on pyroptotic and apoptotic cells during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The rats were then exposed to 6 or 24 h of reperfusion, with or without YC-1 (HIF-1α inhibitor, 5 mg/kg). Infarct volumes, along with mRNA and protein quantities of HIF-1α, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, Caspase-1, and co-localization of HIF-1α, and NLRP3, were assessed. We measured apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death, gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages after ischemic stroke. HIF-1α mRNA and NLRP3 inflammasome components were increased after 24 h of reperfusion. YC-1 significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1; significantly decreased infarction and pyroptotic cell death after 24 h of reperfusion; attenuated the neuroinflammatory response by reducing infiltration of CD68- and MPO-positive cells after 24 h of reperfusion; and reduced apoptotic cell death following ischemic stroke. We found that HIF-1α likely regulates inflammatory responses through the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, thus influencing both apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death after stroke. These findings suggest that future investigations are needed regarding HIF-1α and its role as a potential molecular target in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Jonathan Warren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Shawn Kaura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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18
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Fan X, Wang H, Zhang L, Tang J, Qu Y, Mu D. Neuroprotection of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic injury. Rev Neurosci 2020; 32:/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2020-0024/revneuro-2020-0024.xml. [PMID: 32866133 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal brain is susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury due to its developmental characteristics. Hypoxia-ischemia means a decreased perfusion of oxygen and glucose, which can lead to severe encephalopathy. Although early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia was reported to provide neuroprotection for infants after HI, hypothermia administered alone after the acute insult cannot reverse the severe damage that already has occurred or improve the prognosis of severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, exploring new protective mechanisms for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage are imperative. Until now, many studies reported the neuroprotective mechanisms of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in protecting the hypoxic-ischemic newborn brains. After hypoxia and ischemia, hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway is involved in the transcriptional regulation of many genes and is also play a number of different roles in protecting brains during hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning. Hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning could protect neonatal brain by several mechanisms, including vascular regulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, suppression of excitotoxicity, immune regulation, hormone levels regulation, and promote cell proliferation. This review focused on the protective mechanisms underlying hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning for neonatal brain after hypoxia-ischemia and emphasized on the important roles of hypoxia inducible factor 1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
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19
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Acaz-Fonseca E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Aliena-Valero A, Salom JB, Torregrosa G, García-Segura LM. Insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex: Focus on neuroglobin, sex steroids and autophagy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2756-2770. [PMID: 32243028 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Including sex is of paramount importance in preclinical and clinical stroke researches, and molecular studies dealing in depth with sex differences in stroke pathophysiology are needed. To gain insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex, male and female adult rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) and other functionally related molecules involved in sex steroid signalling (oestrogen and androgen receptors), steroidogenesis (StAR, TSPO and aromatase) and autophagic activity (LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio, UCP2 and HIF-1α) was assessed in the ipsilateral ischaemic and contralateral non-ischaemic hemispheres. An increased expression of Ngb was detected in the injured female cerebral cortex. In contrast, increased expression of oestrogen receptor α, GPER, StAR, TSPO and UCP2, and decreased androgen receptor expression were detected in the injured male cortex. In both sexes, the ischaemic insult induced an upregulation of LC3B-II/-I ratio, indicative of increased autophagy. Therefore, the cerebral cortex activates both sex-specific and common molecular responses with neuroprotective potential after ischaemia-reperfusion, which globally results in similar stroke outcome in both sexes. Nonetheless, these different potential molecular targets should be taken into account when neuroprotective drugs aiming to reduce brain damage in ischaemic stroke are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Acaz-Fonseca
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis M García-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Wang D, Wang L, Bai L, Du Y, Liu L, Chen X. Effects of Inhibition of miR-155-5p in Neural Stem Cell Subarachnoid Transplant on Rats with Cerebral Infarction. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2020; 30:184-193. [PMID: 31618139 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction is a leading cause of death, which calls for effective prevention and treatment. Transplant of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a potential therapeutic treatment to cerebral infarction although its efficacy still needs to be improved. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to enhance the protective effects of stem cell transplant on cerebral infarction. The expression of HIF-1α is predicted to be regulated by miR-155-5p. Therefore, we regulated the expression of miR-155-5p in NSCs and evaluated the effects of miR-155-5p-regulated NSC transplant on cerebral infarction. We inhibited miR-155-5p expression in NSCs by overexpressing miR-155-5p inhibitor. HIF-1α expression, cell viability, and the expression of apoptosis markers were examined. We established the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model, and the infarct volume, neurobehavioral outcomes, inflammation, and oxidative stress were evaluated after NSC transplant. miR-155-5p directly targeted HIF-1α and negatively regulated its expression. Inhibition of miR-155-5p enhanced cell viability and prevented cell apoptosis. Transplant of miR-155-5p-inhibited NSCs significantly decreased infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral outcomes of MCAO rats. Transplant of miR-155-5p-inhibited NSCs significantly inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress. Inhibition of miR-155-5p in NSCs resulted in enhanced protection against cerebral infarction after NSC transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Luji Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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21
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Abdelzaher WY, Rofaeil RR, Ali DME, Attya ME. Protective effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in testicular torsion/detorsion in rats: a possible role of HIF-1α and nitric oxide. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 393:603-614. [PMID: 31773182 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spermatic cord torsion is a serious and common urologic emergency. It requires early diagnosis for prevention of subfertility and testicular necrosis. Vildagliptin and sitagliptin are anti-diabetic drugs of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that have a protective role against cerebral ischemic stroke and cardiac ischemia reperfusion. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of action of vildagliptin and sitagliptin in a model of testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury by testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Testicular T/D was done and vildagliptin and sitagliptin were administered either alone or in combination with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Serum total cholesterol and testosterone were measured, while in testicular tissue testosterone, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide level, caspase-3, superoxide dismutase (SOD), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) were measured. Histopathology of testicular tissue was done. Vildagliptin and sitagliptin increased serum testosterone, expression, and activity of SOD and testicular TAC. It also reduced total serum cholesterol, testicular MDA, caspase-3, HIF-1α, TNF-α, and expression of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS. Vildagliptin and sitagliptin also improved histopathological picture of testicular tissue. NOS inhibitor produced similar result to DDP-4 inhibitors; however, its co-administration augmented the effect of vildagliptin and sitagliptin on these parameters. DPP-4 inhibitors, vildagliptin, and sitagliptin were protective against testicular T/D-induced injury mostly by anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions that was augmented by NOS inhibition with a possible role for HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remon Roshdy Rofaeil
- Department of Pharmacology, Minia University, Minia, 61111, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt.
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22
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Wang D, Wang L, Bai L, Du Y, Liu L, Chen X. Effects of inhibition of miR-155-5p in neural stem cell subarachnoid transplant on rats with cerebral infarction. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China, 050000
| | - Liang Wang
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Luji Liu
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 71213, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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23
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Kawano T, Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Kanki H, Sasaki T, Mochizuki H. Temporal and spatial profile of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) in ischemic stroke in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215482. [PMID: 31048856 PMCID: PMC6497247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although T cells play important roles in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, the dynamics of T cells remains unclear. In cancer, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) contribute to the maintenance of the tumor microenvironment by suppressing T cells. However, the presence of these cells has never been examined in ischemic brain. Therefore, we examined the temporal and spatial profiles of PMN-MDSCs, which are defined as the CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ cells with higher expression levels of Nox2 and C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) mRNA than normal neutrophil. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis showed that the count of CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ cells was increased in the ischemic hemisphere and bone marrow at 72 hours, as well as in the spleen 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. In contrast, the contralateral hemisphere, normal bone marrow, and normal spleen contained few CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ cells. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ cells sorted from brain and spleen 72 hours after ischemia had greater expression of Nox2 and CHOP mRNA than neutrophils in bone marrow, suggesting that these cells constitute PMN-MDSCs. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD11b+Ly6G+ cells were located in the ischemic core and border zone, indicating that PMN-MDSCs might be endemic to these regions. Although neutrophils are believed to invade infarct regions 48–72 hours after ischemia, the present study suggested that some of these cells are in fact PMN-MDSCs. Further studies on the function of PMN-MDSCs might unveil the unknown mechanisms of T cell activation and recruitment in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kawano
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kanki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Kaviarasi S, Yuba E, Harada A, Krishnan UM. Emerging paradigms in nanotechnology for imaging and treatment of cerebral ischemia. J Control Release 2019; 300:22-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Attenuate Neuronal Damage by Suppressing Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Activated Microglial Cells. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:7675496. [PMID: 30911291 PMCID: PMC6397982 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7675496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is usually followed by inflammatory responses mediated by microglia. However, the effect of statins on directly preventing posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding healthy neurons is unclear. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, which have different physical properties regarding their lipid and water solubility, are the most common HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and might directly block posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding neurons. Neuronal damage and microglial activation of the peri-infarct areas were investigated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence after 24 hours in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. The decrease in neurons was in accordance with the increase in microglia, which could be reversed by both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. The effects of statins on blocking secretions from posthypoxia microglia and reducing the secondary damage to surrounding normal neurons were studied in a coculture system in vitro. BV2 microglia were cultured under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 hours and then cocultured following reperfusion for 24 hours in the upper wells of transwell plates with primary neurons being cultured in the bottom wells. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which are activated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in OGD-induced BV2 microglia, promoted decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and apoptosis of neurons in the coculture systems according to ELISA and Western blotting. However, pretreatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin significantly reduced neuronal death, synaptic injury, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, which might lead to increased low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) in BV2 microglia. We concluded that the proinflammatory mediators released from postischemia damage could cause damage to surrounding normal neurons, while HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevented neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injury by inactivating microglia through blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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26
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Sprick JD, Mallet RT, Przyklenk K, Rickards CA. Ischaemic and hypoxic conditioning: potential for protection of vital organs. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:278-294. [PMID: 30597638 DOI: 10.1113/ep087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) and hypoxic preconditioning as novel therapeutic approaches for cardiac and neuroprotection. What advances does it highlight? There is improved understanding of mechanisms and signalling pathways associated with ischaemic and hypoxic preconditioning, and potential pitfalls with application of these therapies to clinical trials have been identified. Novel adaptations of preconditioning paradigms have also been developed, including intermittent hypoxia training, RIPC training and RIPC-exercise, extending their utility to chronic settings. ABSTRACT Myocardial infarction and stroke remain leading causes of death worldwide, despite extensive resources directed towards developing effective treatments. In this Symposium Report we highlight the potential applications of intermittent ischaemic and hypoxic conditioning protocols to combat the deleterious consequences of heart and brain ischaemia. Insights into mechanisms underlying the protective effects of intermittent hypoxia training are discussed, including the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and Nrf2 transcription factors, synthesis of antioxidant and ATP-generating enzymes, and a shift in microglia from pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Although there is little argument regarding the efficacy of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) in pre-clinical models, this strategy has not consistently translated into the clinical arena. This lack of translation may be related to the patient populations targeted thus far, and the anaesthetic regimen used in two of the major RIPC clinical trials. Additionally, we do not fully understand the mechanism through which RIPC protects the vital organs, and co-morbidities (e.g. hypercholesterolemia, diabetes) may interfere with its efficacy. Finally, novel adaptations have been made to extend RIPC to more chronic settings. One adaptation is RIPC-exercise (RIPC-X), an innovative paradigm that applies cyclical RIPC to blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE). Recent findings suggest that this novel exercise modality attenuates the exaggerated haemodynamic responses that may limit the use of conventional BFRE in some clinical settings. Collectively, intermittent ischaemic and hypoxic conditioning paradigms remain an exciting frontier for the protection against ischaemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Sprick
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA.,Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
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27
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Peña-Ortega F. Clinical and experimental aspects of breathing modulation by inflammation. Auton Neurosci 2018; 216:72-86. [PMID: 30503161 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is produced by local or systemic alterations and mediated mainly by glia, affecting the activity of various neural circuits including those involved in breathing rhythm generation and control. Several pathological conditions, such as sudden infant death syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea and asthma exert an inflammatory influence on breathing-related circuits. Consequently breathing (both resting and ventilatory responses to physiological challenges), is affected; e.g., responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia are compromised. Moreover, inflammation can induce long-lasting changes in breathing and affect adaptive plasticity; e.g., hypoxic acclimatization or long-term facilitation. Mediators of the influences of inflammation on breathing are most likely proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines and prostaglandins. The focus of this review is to summarize the available information concerning the modulation of the breathing function by inflammation and the cellular and molecular aspects of this process. I will consider: 1) some clinical and experimental conditions in which inflammation influences breathing; 2) the variety of experimental approaches used to understand this inflammatory modulation; 3) the likely cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México.
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28
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Neckář J, Hsu A, Hye Khan MA, Gross GJ, Nithipatikom K, Cyprová M, Benák D, Hlaváčková M, Sotáková-Kašparová D, Falck JR, Sedmera D, Kolář F, Imig JD. Infarct size-limiting effect of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog EET-B is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α via downregulation of prolyl hydroxylase 3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1148-H1158. [PMID: 30074840 PMCID: PMC6734065 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00726.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) decrease cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, the mechanism of their protective effect remains elusive. Here, we investigated the cardioprotective action of a novel EET analog, EET-B, in reperfusion and the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in such action of EET-B. Adult male rats were subjected to 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Administration of 14,15-EET (2.5 mg/kg) or EET-B (2.5 mg/kg) 5 min before reperfusion reduced infarct size expressed as a percentage of the area at risk from 64.3 ± 1.3% in control to 42.6 ± 1.9% and 46.0 ± 1.6%, respectively, and their coadministration did not provide any stronger effect. The 14,15-EET antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5( Z)-enoic acid (2.5 mg/kg) inhibited the infarct size-limiting effect of EET-B (62.5 ± 1.1%). Similarly, the HIF-1α inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol (2.5 mg/kg) and acriflavine (2 mg/kg) completely abolished the cardioprotective effect of EET-B. In a separate set of experiments, the immunoreactivity of HIF-1α and its degrading enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 3 (PHD3) were analyzed in the ischemic areas and nonischemic septa. At the end of ischemia, the HIF-1α immunogenic signal markedly increased in the ischemic area compared with the septum (10.31 ± 0.78% vs. 0.34 ± 0.08%). After 20 min and 2 h of reperfusion, HIF-1α immunoreactivity decreased to 2.40 ± 0.48% and 1.85 ± 0.43%, respectively, in the controls. EET-B blunted the decrease of HIF-1α immunoreactivity (7.80 ± 0.69% and 6.44 ± 1.37%, respectively) and significantly reduced PHD3 immunogenic signal in ischemic tissue after reperfusion. In conclusion, EET-B provides an infarct size-limiting effect at reperfusion that is mediated by HIF-1α and downregulation of its degrading enzyme PHD3. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study shows that EET-B is an effective agonistic 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog, and its administration before reperfusion markedly reduced myocardial infarction in rats. Most importantly, we demonstrate that increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α levels play a role in cardioprotection mediated by EET-B in reperfusion likely by mechanisms including downregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor -1α-degrading enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 3.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacology
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases/metabolism
- Male
- Myocardial Infarction/enzymology
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Proteolysis
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Neckář
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Physiology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Garrett J Gross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kasem Nithipatikom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michaela Cyprová
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Benák
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Hlaváčková
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Dita Sotáková-Kašparová
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - David Sedmera
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - František Kolář
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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29
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Plescher M, Seifert G, Hansen JN, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Halle A. Plaque-dependent morphological and electrophysiological heterogeneity of microglia in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Glia 2018; 66:1464-1480. [PMID: 29493017 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the central nervous system resident innate immune cells, cluster around Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The activation phenotype of these plaque-associated microglial cells, and their differences to microglia distant to Aβ plaques, are incompletely understood. We used novel three-dimensional cell analysis software to comprehensively analyze the morphological properties of microglia in the TgCRND8 mouse model of AD in spatial relation to Aβ plaques. We found strong morphological changes exclusively in plaque-associated microglia, whereas plaque-distant microglia showed only minor changes. In addition, patch-clamp recordings of microglia in acute cerebral slices of TgCRND8 mice revealed increased K+ currents in plaque-associated but not plaque-distant microglia. Within the subgroup of plaque-associated microglia, two different current profiles were detected. One subset of cells displayed only increased inward currents, while a second subset showed both increased inward and outward currents, implicating that the plaque microenvironment differentially impacts microglial ion channel expression. Using pharmacological channel blockers, multiplex single-cell PCR analysis and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified Kir and Kv channel types contributing to the in- and outward K+ conductance in plaque-associated microglia. In summary, we have identified a previously unrecognized level of morphological and electrophysiological heterogeneity of microglia in relation to amyloid plaques, suggesting that microglia may display multiple activation states in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Plescher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Hansen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Wu W, Wei W, Lu M, Zhu X, Liu N, Niu Y, Sun T, Li Y, Yu J. Neuroprotective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3186-3198. [PMID: 28755288 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and permanent neurological disability worldwide and the effective treatment strategies are not yet available. It has been demonstrated that Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) exerts protective effect in vitro ischemic brain injury. However, no information is available on possible effects of COS on neonatal HIBD. To investigate the hypothesis of the potential neuroprotective effect of COS on the brain injury due to HIBD, 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with left carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% oxygen (balanced with nitrogen) for 2.5 h at 37 °C. After COS treatment, the cerebral damage was measured by behavior tasks, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC), Hematoxyline-Eosin(HE), Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)staining. In addition, the oxidative stress were assayed with ipsilateral hemisphere homogenates. Immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the activation of the astrocyte and microglia. Expression of inflammatory-related proteins were analyzed by western-blot analysis. In this study we found that administration of COS ameliorated early neurological reflex behavior, significantly reduce brain infarct volume and attenuated neuronal cell injury and degeneration. Furthermore, COS markedly decreased the level of MDA, lactic acid and increased SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC. COS attenuated hypoxic-ischemic induced up-regulation of expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), meanwhile it dramatically increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10). These results suggest that COS exerts neuroprotection on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats, it implies COS might be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China. .,Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China.
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Kovacs ZI, Kim S, Jikaria N, Qureshi F, Milo B, Lewis BK, Bresler M, Burks SR, Frank JA. Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E75-E84. [PMID: 27994152 PMCID: PMC5224365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614777114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI-guided pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) combined with systemic infusion of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles (MB) causes localized blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption that is currently being advocated for increasing drug or gene delivery in neurological diseases. The mechanical acoustic cavitation effects of opening the BBB by low-intensity pFUS+MB, as evidenced by contrast-enhanced MRI, resulted in an immediate damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) response including elevations in heat-shock protein 70, IL-1, IL-18, and TNFα indicative of a sterile inflammatory response (SIR) in the parenchyma. Concurrent with DAMP presentation, significant elevations in proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, and trophic factors along with neurotrophic and neurogenesis factors were detected; these elevations lasted 24 h. Transcriptomic analysis of sonicated brain supported the proteomic findings and indicated that the SIR was facilitated through the induction of the NFκB pathway. Histological evaluation demonstrated increased albumin in the parenchyma that cleared by 24 h along with TUNEL+ neurons, activated astrocytes, microglia, and increased cell adhesion molecules in the vasculature. Infusion of fluorescent beads 3 d before pFUS+MB revealed the infiltration of CD68+ macrophages at 6 d postsonication, as is consistent with an innate immune response. pFUS+MB is being considered as part of a noninvasive adjuvant treatment for malignancy or neurodegenerative diseases. These results demonstrate that pFUS+MB induces an SIR compatible with ischemia or mild traumatic brain injury. Further investigation will be required before this approach can be widely implemented in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia I Kovacs
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Saejeong Kim
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Neekita Jikaria
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Farhan Qureshi
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blerta Milo
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bobbi K Lewis
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michele Bresler
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Scott R Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph A Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Astorino TA, Harness ET, White AC. Efficacy of Acute Intermittent Hypoxia on Physical Function and Health Status in Humans with Spinal Cord Injury: A Brief Review. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:409625. [PMID: 26167303 PMCID: PMC4475712 DOI: 10.1155/2015/409625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a loss of motor and sensory function and is consequent with reductions in locomotion, leading to a relatively sedentary lifestyle which predisposes individuals to premature morbidity and mortality. Many exercise modalities have been employed to improve physical function and health status in SCI, yet they are typically expensive, require many trained clinicians to implement, and are thus relegated to specialized rehabilitation centers. These characteristics of traditional exercise-based rehabilitation in SCI make their application relatively impractical considering the time-intensive nature of these regimens and patients' poor access to exercise. A promising approach to improve physical function in persons with SCI is exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the form of a small amount of sessions of brief, repeated exposures to low oxygen gas mixtures interspersed with normoxic breathing. This review summarizes the clinical application of IH in humans with SCI, describes recommended dosing and potential side effects of IH, and reviews existing data concerning the efficacy of relatively brief exposures of IH to modify health and physical function. Potential mechanisms explaining the effects of IH are also discussed. Collectively, IH appears to be a safe, time-efficient, and robust approach to enhance physical function in chronic, incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
| | | | - Ailish C. White
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
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Parmar J, Jones NM. Hypoxic preconditioning can reduce injury-induced inflammatory processes in the neonatal rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:35-42. [PMID: 25824817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Studies have shown that hypoxic preconditioning (HP) can ameliorate brain damage, but its effects on inflammation remain unknown. Postnatal day 6 (P6), Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normoxia and hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) groups. On P7, some pups underwent a right carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) while under 1.5% isofluorane anesthesia and the remaining pups underwent sham surgery without occlusion. Animals were sacrificed 5 days later and fixed tissue was used to examine changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the cortex. Fresh tissue was collected to determine cortical levels of proinflammatory cytokines using ELISA. There was a significant loss in the number of NeuN positive cells in the cortex following HI injury, which was improved when HP was given prior to HI. There was an increase in cortical area of astrocyte staining after HI injury compared to control. HP before HI was able to reduce area of GFAP staining back to control levels. HI caused a large increase in the number of activated microglia compared to control and HP was able to significantly reduce this, although not back to control levels. HP alone increased microglial activation. Interleukin-1β levels were increased in the cortex 5 days after HI, but HP was not able to significantly reduce this change. The neuroprotective effects of HP appear to be mediated by affecting cellular inflammatory processes in the brain following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia.
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Verges S, Chacaroun S, Godin-Ribuot D, Baillieul S. Hypoxic Conditioning as a New Therapeutic Modality. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:58. [PMID: 26157787 PMCID: PMC4476260 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning refers to a procedure by which a single noxious stimulus below the threshold of damage is applied to the tissue in order to increase resistance to the same or even different noxious stimuli given above the threshold of damage. Hypoxic preconditioning relies on complex and active defenses that organisms have developed to counter the adverse consequences of oxygen deprivation. The protection it confers against ischemic attack for instance as well as the underlying biological mechanisms have been extensively investigated in animal models. Based on these data, hypoxic conditioning (consisting in recurrent exposure to hypoxia) has been suggested a potential non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention to enhance some physiological functions in individuals in whom acute or chronic pathological events are anticipated or existing. In addition to healthy subjects, some benefits have been reported in patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as in overweight and obese individuals. Hypoxic conditioning consisting in sessions of intermittent exposure to moderate hypoxia repeated over several weeks may induce hematological, vascular, metabolic, and neurological effects. This review addresses the existing evidence regarding the use of hypoxic conditioning as a potential therapeutic modality, and emphasizes on many remaining issues to clarify and future researches to be performed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Verges
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Samarmar Chacaroun
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Diane Godin-Ribuot
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Sébastien Baillieul
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
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