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Cid-Jofré V, Moreno M, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Cruz G, Renard GM. Modafinil Administration to Preadolescent Rat Impairs Non-Selective Attention, Frontal Cortex D 2 Expression and Mesolimbic GABA Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126602. [PMID: 35743046 PMCID: PMC9223864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The misuse of psychostimulants is an increasing behavior among young people, highlighting in some countries the abuse of modafinil (MOD) as a neuropotentiator. However, several clinical trials are investigating MOD as an alternative pharmacological treatment for attentional deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. On the other hand, the early use of psychostimulants and the misdiagnosis rates in ADHD make it crucial to investigate the brain effects of this type of drug in young healthy individuals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of chronic MOD treatment on neurochemicals (γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate), dopamine receptor 2 (D2) expression and behavior (non-selective attention "NSA") in the mesocorticolimbic system of young healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. Preadolescent male rats were injected with MOD (75 mg/kg, i.p.) or a vehicle for 14 days (from postnatal day 22 to 35). At postnatal day 36, we measured the GLU and GABA contents and their extracellular levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In addition, the GLU and GABA contents were measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and D2 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Chronic use of MOD during adolescence induces behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with the mesocorticolimbic system, such as a reduction in PFC D2 expression, VTA GABA levels and NSA. These results contribute to the understanding of the neurological effects of chronic MOD use on a young healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Cid-Jofré
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9160019, Chile; (V.C.-J.); (M.M.)
| | - Macarena Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9160019, Chile; (V.C.-J.); (M.M.)
- Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Georgina M. Renard
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9160019, Chile; (V.C.-J.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Elgueta-Reyes M, Martínez-Pinto J, Renard GM, Sotomayor-Zárate R. Neonatal programming with sex hormones: Effect on expression of dopamine D 1 receptor and neurotransmitters release in nucleus accumbens in adult male and female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 902:174118. [PMID: 33905702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sex hormones produce physiological effects in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, such as the brain. In the brain, sex hormones receptors are expressed in cortical, limbic and midbrain areas modulating memory, arousal, fear and motivation between other behaviors. One neurotransmitters system regulated by sex hormones is dopamine (DA), where during adulthood, sex hormones promote neurophysiological and behavioral effects on DA systems such as tuberoinfundibular (prolactin secretion), nigrostriatal (motor circuit regulation) and mesocorticolimbic (driving of motivated behavior). However, the long-term effects induced by neonatal exposure to sex hormones on DA release induced by D1 receptor activation and its expression in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) have not been fully studied. To answer this question, neurochemical, cellular and molecular techniques were used. The data show sex differences in NAcc DA extracellular levels induced by D1 receptor activation and protein content of this receptor in male and female control rats. In addition, neonatal programming with a single dose of TP increases the NAcc protein content of D1 receptors of adult male and female rats. Our results show new evidence related with sex differences that could explain the dependence to drug of abuse in males and females, which may be associated with increased reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/administration & dosage
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/administration & dosage
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/pharmacology
- Injections
- Male
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- Testosterone Propionate/administration & dosage
- Testosterone Propionate/pharmacology
- Time
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Elgueta-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Georgina M Renard
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Fischer KD, Knackstedt LA, Rosenberg PA. Glutamate homeostasis and dopamine signaling: Implications for psychostimulant addiction behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104896. [PMID: 33159978 PMCID: PMC8489281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse disorders are serious worldwide health problems. To date, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of these disorders. Elucidation of the biochemical underpinnings contributing to psychostimulant addiction is critical for the development of effective therapies. Excitatory signaling and glutamate homeostasis are well known pathophysiological substrates underlying addiction-related behaviors spanning multiple types of psychostimulants. To alleviate relapse behavior to psychostimulants, considerable interest has focused on GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the brain. While many brain regions are implicated in addiction behavior, this review focuses on two regions well known for their role in mediating the effects of cocaine and amphetamines, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In addition, because many investigators have utilized Cre-driver lines to selectively control gene expression in defined cell populations relevant for psychostimulant addiction, we discuss potential off-target effects of Cre-recombinase that should be considered in the design and interpretation of such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lori A Knackstedt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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López‐Gambero AJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Energy sensors in drug addiction: A potential therapeutic target. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12936. [PMID: 32638485 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is defined as the repeated exposure and compulsive seek of psychotropic drugs that, despite the harmful effects, generate relapse after the abstinence period. The psychophysiological processes associated with drug addiction (acquisition/expression, withdrawal, and relapse) imply important alterations in neurotransmission and changes in presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity and cellular structure (neuroadaptations) in neurons of the reward circuits (dopaminergic neuronal activity) and other corticolimbic regions. These neuroadaptation mechanisms imply important changes in neuronal energy balance and protein synthesis machinery. Scientific literature links drug-induced stimulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways along with presence of neurotrophic factors with alterations in synaptic plasticity and membrane excitability driven by metabolic sensors. Here, we provide current knowledge of the role of molecular targets that constitute true metabolic/energy sensors such as AMPK, mTOR, ERK, or KATP in the development of the different phases of addiction standing out the main brain regions (ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala) constituting the hubs in the development of addiction. Because the available treatments show very limited effectiveness, evaluating the drug efficacy of AMPK and mTOR specific modulators opens up the possibility of testing novel pharmacotherapies for an individualized approach in drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús López‐Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
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Wu CS, Jew CP, Sun H, Ballester Rosado CJ, Lu HC. mGlu5 in GABAergic neurons modulates spontaneous and psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:345-361. [PMID: 31646346 PMCID: PMC7024012 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) in regulating spontaneous locomotion and psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity has been proposed. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine if mGlu5 in GABAergic neurons regulates spontaneous or psychostimulant-induced locomotion. METHODS We generated mice specifically lacking mGlu5 in forebrain GABAergic neuron by crossing DLX-Cre mice with mGlu5flox/flox mice to generate DLX-mGlu5 KO mice. The locomotion of adult mice was examined in the open-field assay (OFA) and home cage setting. The effects of the mGlu5 antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), cocaine, and methylphenidate on acute motor behaviors in DLX-mGlu5 KO and littermate control mice were assessed in OFA. Striatal synaptic plasticity of these mice was examined with field potential electrophysiological recordings. RESULTS Deleting mGlu5 from forebrain GABAergic neurons results in failure to induce long-term depression (LTD) in the dorsal striatum and absence of habituated locomotion in both novel and familiar settings. In a familiar environment (home cage), DLX-mGlu5 KO mice were hyperactive. In the OFA, DLX-mGlu5 KO mice exhibited initial hypo-activity, and then gradually increased their locomotion with time, resulting in no habituation response. DLX-mGlu5 KO mice exhibited almost no locomotor response to MPEP (40 mg/kg), while the same dose elicited hyperlocomotion in control mice. The DLX-mGlu5 KO mice also showed reduced hyperactivity response to cocaine, while they retained normal hyperactivity response to methylphenidate, albeit with delayed onset. CONCLUSION mGlu5 in forebrain GABAergic neurons is critical to trigger habituation upon the initiation of locomotion as well as to mediate MPEP-induced hyperlocomotion and modulate psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, 123 Cater-Mattil, 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Christopher P Jew
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Carlos J Ballester Rosado
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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mGluR5 upregulation and the effects of repeated methamphetamine administration and withdrawal on the rewarding efficacy of ketamine and social interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Serotonin-1A receptor dependent modulation of pain and reward for improving therapy of chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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González LF, Henríquez-Belmar F, Delgado-Acevedo C, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Arriagada G, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Murphy DL, Moya PR. Neurochemical and behavioral characterization of neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 heterozygous mice. Biol Res 2017; 50:29. [PMID: 28927446 PMCID: PMC5605982 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe neuropsychiatric condition affecting 1–3% of the worldwide population. OCD has a strong genetic component, and the SLC1A1 gene that encodes neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 is a strong candidate for this disorder. To evaluate the impact of reduced EAAT3 expression in vivo, we studied male EAAT3 heterozygous and wild-type littermate mice using a battery of behavioral paradigms relevant to anxiety (open field test, elevated plus maze) and compulsivity (marble burying), as well as locomotor activity induced by amphetamine. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we also determined tissue neurotransmitter levels in cortex, striatum and thalamus—brain areas that are relevant to OCD. Results Compared to wild-type littermates, EAAT3 heterozygous male mice have unaltered baseline anxiety-like, compulsive-like behavior and locomotor activity. Administration of acute amphetamine (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) increased locomotion with no differences across genotypes. Tissue levels of glutamate, GABA, dopamine and serotonin did not vary between EAAT3 heterozygous and wild-type mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that reduced EAAT3 expression does not impact neurotransmitter content in the corticostriatal circuit nor alter anxiety or compulsive-like behaviors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0138-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F González
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisca Henríquez-Belmar
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Delgado-Acevedo
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gloria Arriagada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. .,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile. .,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Valparaíso, Chile.
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