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Huffman DM, Ajwad AA, Agarwal A, Lhamon ME, Donohue K, O'Hara BF, Sunderam S. Selective REM sleep restriction in mice using a device designed for tunable somatosensory stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 404:110063. [PMID: 38301833 PMCID: PMC10922658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep perturbation is widely used to investigate the physiological mechanisms that mediate sleep-wake dynamics, and to isolate the specific roles of sleep in health and disease. However, state-of-the-art methods to accomplish sleep perturbation in preclinical models are limited in their throughput, flexibility, and specificity. NEW METHOD A system was developed to deliver vibro-tactile somatosensory stimulation aimed at controlled, selective sleep perturbation. The frequency and intensity of stimulation can be tuned to target a variety of experimental applications, from sudden arousal to sub-threshold transitions between light and deep stages of NREM sleep. This device was activated in closed-loop to selectively interrupt REM sleep in mice. RESULTS Vibro-tactile stimulation effectively and selectively interrupted REM sleep - significantly reducing the average REM bout duration relative to matched, unstimulated baseline recordings. As REM sleep was repeatedly interrupted, homeostatic mechanisms prompted a progressively quicker return to REM sleep. These effects were dependent on the parameters of stimulation applied. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Existing sleep perturbation systems often require moving parts within the cage and/or restrictive housing. The system presented is unique in that it interrupts sleep without invading the animal's space. The ability to vary stimulation parameters is a great advantage over existing methods, as it allows for adaptation in response to habituation and/or circadian/homeostatic changes in arousal threshold. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method of stimulation demonstrates feasibility in affecting mouse sleep within a standard home cage environment, thus limiting environmental stress. Furthermore, the ability to tune frequency and intensity of stimulation allows for graded control over the extent of sleep perturbation, which potentially expands the utility of this technology beyond applications related to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon M Huffman
- F. Joseph Halcomb, III M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Asma'a A Ajwad
- F. Joseph Halcomb, III M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sridhar Sunderam
- F. Joseph Halcomb, III M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Ugalde-Muñiz P, Hernández-Luna MG, García-Velasco S, Lugo-Huitrón R, Murcia-Ramírez J, Martínez-Tapia RJ, Noriega-Navarro R, Navarro L. Activation of dopamine D2 receptors attenuates neuroinflammation and ameliorates the memory impairment induced by rapid eye movement sleep deprivation in a murine model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:988167. [PMID: 36278007 PMCID: PMC9579422 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.988167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory state, which may be induced by sleep deprivation, seems to be a determining factor in the development of neurodegenerative processes. Investigations of mechanisms that help to mitigate the inflammatory effects of sleep disorders are important. A new proposal involves the neurotransmitter dopamine, which may modulate the progression of the immune response by activating receptors expressed on immune cells. This study aimed to determine whether dopamine D2 receptor (D2DR) activation attenuates the proinflammatory response derived from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation in mice. REM sleep deprivation (RSD) was induced in 2-month-old male CD1 mice using the multiple platform model for three consecutive days; during this period, the D2DR receptor agonist quinpirole (QUIN) was administered (2 mg/kg/day i.p.). Proinflammatory cytokine levels were assessed in serum and homogenates of the brain cortex, hippocampus, and striatum using ELISAs. Long-term memory deficits were identified using the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Animals were trained until learning criteria were achieved; then, they were subjected to RSD and treated with QUIN for 3 days. Memory evocation was determined afterward. Moreover, we found RSD induced anhedonia, as measured by the sucrose consumption test, which is commonly related to the dopaminergic system. Our data revealed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) in both the hippocampus and serum from RSD mice. However, QUIN attenuated the increased levels of these cytokines. Furthermore, RSD caused a long-term memory evocation deficit in both the MWM and NOR tests. In contrast, QUIN coadministration during the RSD period significantly improved the performance of the animals. On the other hand, QUIN prevented the anhedonic condition induced by RSD. Based on our results, D2DR receptor activation protects against memory impairment induced by disturbed REM sleep by inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Ugalde-Muñiz
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Hernández-Luna
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Stephany García-Velasco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lugo-Huitrón
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jimena Murcia-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Jesus Martínez-Tapia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Roxana Noriega-Navarro
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luz Navarro,
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Esaki S, Nakayama M, Arima S, Sato S. Use of Actigraphy for a Rat Behavioural Sleep Study. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:409-414. [PMID: 34449568 PMCID: PMC8395400 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of animal behavioural sleep is mainly divided into two study types, observation by video recording or counts by sensor, both of which require a complex environment and procedure. An actigraph unit is a commercially available product which can provide non-invasive monitoring human rest/activity cycles. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether actigraphy can be applied for analysing behavioural sleep in rats, since no reports have described utilization of the actigraphy unit for monitoring sleep of small animals. The actigraph unit was held on the chest of eight male rats by a loose elastic belt. The rats spent two days in a normal condition, followed by two days of sleep deprivation. Total counts measured by the actigraph could be clearly divided into two phases, sleep phase and awake phase, when the rats were kept in the normal cage. Next, the rats were moved into the sleep-deviation cage, and the total counts were significantly higher during daytime, indicating the successful induction of sleep deprivation. These results showed that the actigraphy unit monitored rest/activity cycles of rats, which will contribute to making sleep behaviour experiments easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8550, Japan
| | - Meiho Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Meiho Sleep & Balance Clinic, Nagoya 450-0002, Japan
| | - Sachie Arima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-853-8256
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El Aidy S, Bolsius YG, Raven F, Havekes R. A brief period of sleep deprivation leads to subtle changes in mouse gut microbiota. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e12920. [PMID: 31515894 PMCID: PMC7757181 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Not getting enough sleep is a common problem in our society and contributes to numerous health problems, including high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity. Related to these observations, a wealth of studies has underscored the negative impact of both acute and chronic sleep deprivation on cognitive function. More recently it has become apparent that the gut microbiota composition can be rapidly altered, modulates brain function and is affected by the aforementioned health problems. As such, changes in the microbiota composition may contribute to the behavioural and physiological phenotypes associated with sleep deprivation. It is unclear, however, whether a brief period of sleep deprivation can also negatively impact the gut microbiota. Here, we examined the impact of 5 hr of sleep deprivation on gut microbiota composition of male C57Bl6/J mice. Despite the fact that the overall microbial composition did not change between the control- and sleep-deprived groups, the relative abundance of the Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae were slightly altered in sleep-deprived animals compared to controls. Together, these data suggest that depriving mice of sleep for 5 hr leads to subtle changes in the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Youri G. Bolsius
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Raven
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Robbert Havekes
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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5
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Heckman PR, Roig Kuhn F, Meerlo P, Havekes R. A brief period of sleep deprivation negatively impacts the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of object-location memories. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kuhn M, Hertenstein E, Feige B, Landmann N, Spiegelhalder K, Baglioni C, Hemmerling J, Durand D, Frase L, Klöppel S, Riemann D, Nissen C. Declarative virtual water maze learning and emotional fear conditioning in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res 2018; 27:e12693. [PMID: 29722088 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthy sleep restores the brain's ability to adapt to novel input through memory formation based on activity-dependent refinements of the strength of neural transmission across synapses (synaptic plasticity). In line with this framework, patients with primary insomnia often report subjective memory impairment. However, investigations of memory performance did not produce conclusive results. The aim of this study was to further investigate memory performance in patients with primary insomnia in comparison to healthy controls, using two well-characterized learning tasks, a declarative virtual water maze task and emotional fear conditioning. Twenty patients with primary insomnia according to DSM-IV criteria (17 females, three males, 43.5 ± 13.0 years) and 20 good sleeper controls (17 females, three males, 41.7 ± 12.8 years) were investigated in a parallel-group study. All participants completed a hippocampus-dependent virtual Morris water maze task and amygdala-dependent classical fear conditioning. Patients with insomnia showed significantly delayed memory acquisition in the virtual water maze task, but no significant difference in fear acquisition compared with controls. These findings are consistent with the notion that memory processes that emerge from synaptic refinements in a hippocampal-neocortical network are particularly sensitive to chronic disruptions of sleep, while those in a basic emotional amygdala-dependent network may be more resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hertenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Landmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Hemmerling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diana Durand
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Services, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Services, Bern, Switzerland.,Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Differential modulation of global and local neural oscillations in REM sleep by homeostatic sleep regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1727-E1736. [PMID: 28193862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615230114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic rebound in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep normally occurs after acute sleep deprivation, but REM sleep rebound settles on a persistently elevated level despite continued accumulation of REM sleep debt during chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Using high-density EEG in mice, we studied how this pattern of global regulation is implemented in cortical regions with different functions and network architectures. We found that across all areas, slow oscillations repeated the behavioral pattern of persistent enhancement during CSR, whereas high-frequency oscillations showed progressive increases. This pattern followed a common rule despite marked topographic differences. The findings suggest that REM sleep slow oscillations may translate top-down homeostatic control to widely separated brain regions whereas fast oscillations synchronizing local neuronal ensembles escape this global command. These patterns of EEG oscillation changes are interpreted to reconcile two prevailing theories of the function of sleep, synaptic homeostasis and sleep dependent memory consolidation.
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8
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Caron AM, Stephenson R. Sleep deprivation does not affect neuronal susceptibility to mild traumatic brain injury in the rat. Nat Sci Sleep 2015; 7:63-72. [PMID: 26124685 PMCID: PMC4482367 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s82888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) (and concussion) occur frequently as a result of falls, automobile accidents, and sporting activities, and are a major cause of acute and chronic disability. Fatigue and excessive sleepiness are associated with increased risk of accidents, but it is unknown whether prior sleep debt also affects the pathophysiological outcome of concussive injury. Using the "dark neuron" (DN) as a marker of reversible neuronal damage, we tested the hypothesis that acute (48 hours) total sleep deprivation (TSD) and chronic sleep restriction (CSR; 10 days, 6-hour sleep/day) affect DN formation following mild TBI in the rat. TSD and CSR were administered using a walking wheel apparatus. Mild TBI was administered under anesthesia using a weight-drop impact model, and the acute neuronal response was observed without recovery. DNs were detected using standard bright-field microscopy with toluidine blue stain following appropriate tissue fixation. DN density was low under home cage and sleep deprivation control conditions (respective median DN densities, 0.14% and 0.22% of neurons), and this was unaffected by TSD alone (0.1%). Mild TBI caused significantly higher DN densities (0.76%), and this was unchanged by preexisting acute or chronic sleep debt (TSD, 0.23%; CSR, 0.7%). Thus, although sleep debt may be predicted to increase the incidence of concussive injury, the present data suggest that sleep debt does not exacerbate the resulting neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Caron
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Stephenson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wallace E, Kim DY, Kim KM, Chen S, Blair Braden B, Williams J, Jasso K, Garcia A, Rho JM, Bimonte-Nelson H, Maganti R. Differential effects of duration of sleep fragmentation on spatial learning and synaptic plasticity in pubertal mice. Brain Res 2015; 1615:116-128. [PMID: 25957790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To examine the differential effects of acute and chronic sleep fragmentation (SF) on spatial learning and memory, and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in pubertal mice. METHODS Two studies were performed during which adolescent C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to acute-SF 24h a day × 3 days or chronic-SF for 12h a day × 2 weeks using a programmable rotating lever that provides tactile stimulus with controls housed in similar cages. Spatial learning and memory was examined using the Morris water maze, and long-term potentiation (LTP) was evaluated after stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in CA1 hippocampus post SF. Actigraphy was used during the period of SF to monitor rest-activity patterns. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were acquired for analysis of vigilance state patterns and delta-power. Serum corticosterone was measured to assess stress levels. RESULTS Acute-SF via tactile stimulation negatively impacted spatial learning, as well as LTP maintenance, compared to controls with no tactile stimulation. While actigraphy showed significantly increased motor activity during SF in both groups, EEG data indicated that overall sleep efficiency did not differ between baseline and SF days, but significant increases in number of wakeful bouts and decreases in average NREM and REM bout lengths were seen during lights-on. Acute sleep fragmentation did not impact corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that, during development in pubertal mice, acute-SF for 24h a day × 3 days negatively impacted spatial learning and synaptic plasticity. Further studies are needed to determine if any inherent long-term homeostatic mechanisms in the adolescent brain afford greater resistance to the deleterious effects of chronic-SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Wallace
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Do Young Kim
- Barrow Neurological Institute/St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kye-Min Kim
- Barrow Neurological Institute/St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Barrow Neurological Institute/St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - B Blair Braden
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremy Williams
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kalene Jasso
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Heather Bimonte-Nelson
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rama Maganti
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Zielinski MR, Kim Y, Karpova SA, McCarley RW, Strecker RE, Gerashchenko D. Chronic sleep restriction elevates brain interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and attenuates brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:27-31. [PMID: 25093703 PMCID: PMC4162816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute sleep loss increases pro-inflammatory and synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the brain, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These molecules enhance non-rapid eye movement sleep slow wave activity (SWA), also known as electroencephalogram delta power, and modulate neurocognitive performance. Evidence suggests that chronic sleep restriction (CSR), a condition prevalent in today's society, does not elicit the enhanced SWA that is seen after acute sleep loss, although it cumulatively impairs neurocognitive functioning. Rats were continuously sleep deprived for 18h per day and allowed 6h of ad libitum sleep opportunity for 1 (SR1), 3 (SR3), or 5 (SR5) successive days (i.e., CSR). IL-1β, TNF-α, and BDNF mRNA levels were determined in the somatosensory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain. Largely, brain IL-1β and TNF-α expression were significantly enhanced throughout CSR. In contrast, BDNF mRNA levels were similar to baseline values in the cortex after 1 day of SR and significantly lower than baseline values in the hippocampus after 5 days of SR. In the basal forebrain, BDNF expression remained elevated throughout the 5 days of CSR, although IL-1β expression was significantly reduced. The chronic elevations of IL-1β and TNF-α and inhibition of BDNF might contribute to the reported lack of SWA responses reported after CSR. Further, the CSR-induced enhancements in brain inflammatory molecules and attenuations in hippocampal BDNF might contribute to neurocognitive and vigilance detriments that occur from CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
| | - Svetlana A Karpova
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
| | - Dmitry Gerashchenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
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11
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Increases in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the frontal cortex and basal forebrain during chronic sleep restriction in rats: Possible role in initiating allostatic adaptation. Neuroscience 2014; 277:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Stuchlik A. Dynamic learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis: an update. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:106. [PMID: 24744707 PMCID: PMC3978286 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian memory is the result of the interaction of millions of neurons in the brain and their coordinated activity. Candidate mechanisms for memory are synaptic plasticity changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is essentially an electrophysiological phenomenon manifested in hours-lasting increase on postsynaptic potentials after synapse tetanization. It is thought to ensure long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in distributed networks, leading to persistent changes in the behavioral patterns, actions and choices, which are often interpreted as the retention of information, i.e., memory. Interestingly, new neurons are born in the mammalian brain and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is proposed to provide a substrate for dynamic and flexible aspects of behavior such as pattern separation, prevention of interference, flexibility of behavior and memory resolution. This work provides a brief review on the memory and involvement of LTP and adult neurogenesis in memory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Colavito V, Fabene PF, Grassi-Zucconi G, Pifferi F, Lamberty Y, Bentivoglio M, Bertini G. Experimental sleep deprivation as a tool to test memory deficits in rodents. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:106. [PMID: 24379759 PMCID: PMC3861693 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paradigms of sleep deprivation (SD) and memory testing in rodents (laboratory rats and mice) are here reviewed. The vast majority of these studies have been aimed at understanding the contribution of sleep to cognition, and in particular to memory. Relatively little attention, instead, has been devoted to SD as a challenge to induce a transient memory impairment, and therefore as a tool to test cognitive enhancers in drug discovery. Studies that have accurately described methodological aspects of the SD protocol are first reviewed, followed by procedures to investigate SD-induced impairment of learning and memory consolidation in order to propose SD protocols that could be employed as cognitive challenge. Thus, a platform of knowledge is provided for laboratory protocols that could be used to assess the efficacy of drugs designed to improve memory performance in rodents, including rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases that cause cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer's disease in particular. Issues in the interpretation of such preclinical data and their predictive value for clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Colavito
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo F Fabene
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | | | - Fabien Pifferi
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Brunoy, France
| | - Yves Lamberty
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma s.a. Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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Zielinski MR, Kim Y, Karpova SA, Winston S, McCarley RW, Strecker RE, Gerashchenko D. Sleep active cortical neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase are active after both acute sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction. Neuroscience 2013; 247:35-42. [PMID: 23685166 PMCID: PMC3801181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) delta power (~0.5-4 Hz), also known as slow wave activity (SWA), is typically enhanced after acute sleep deprivation (SD) but not after chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Recently, sleep-active cortical neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were identified and associated with enhanced SWA after short acute bouts of SD (i.e., 6h). However, the relationship between cortical nNOS neuronal activity and SWA during CSR is unknown. We compared the activity of cortical neurons expressing nNOS (via c-Fos and nNOS immuno-reactivity, respectively) and sleep in rats in three conditions: (1) after 18-h of acute SD; (2) after five consecutive days of sleep restriction (SR) (18-h SD per day with 6h ad libitum sleep opportunity per day); (3) and time-of-day matched ad libitum sleep controls. Cortical nNOS neuronal activity was enhanced during sleep after both 18-h SD and 5 days of SR treatments compared to control treatments. SWA and NREM sleep delta energy (the product of NREM sleep duration and SWA) were positively correlated with enhanced cortical nNOS neuronal activity after 18-h SD but not 5days of SR. That neurons expressing nNOS were active after longer amounts of acute SD (18h vs. 6h reported in the literature) and were correlated with SWA further suggest that these cells might regulate SWA. However, since these neurons were active after CSR when SWA was not enhanced, these findings suggest that mechanisms downstream of their activation are altered during CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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15
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Kim Y, Chen L, McCarley RW, Strecker RE. Sleep allostasis in chronic sleep restriction: the role of the norepinephrine system. Brain Res 2013; 1531:9-16. [PMID: 23916734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction may be very different from those observed after acute total sleep deprivation. Specifically, when sleep restriction is repeated for several consecutive days, animals express attenuated compensatory increases in sleep time and intensity during daily sleep opportunities. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these adaptive, or more specifically, allostatic, changes in sleep homeostasis are unknown. Several lines of evidence indicate that norepinephrine may play a key role in modulating arousal states and NREM EEG delta power, which is widely recognized as a marker for sleep intensity. Therefore, we investigated time course changes in brain adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in response to chronic sleep restriction using a rat model. Here, we observed that significantly altered mRNA levels of the α1- adrenergic receptor in the basal forebrain as well as α2- and β1-adrenergic receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex only on the first sleep restriction day. On the other hand, the frontal cortex α1-, α2-, and β1-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels were reduced throughout the period of sleep restriction. Combined with our earlier findings on EEG that sleep time and intensity significantly increased only on the first sleep restriction days, these results suggest that alterations in the brain norepinephrine system in the basal forebrain and cingulate cortex may mediate allostatic changes in sleep time and intensity observed during chronic sleep restriction.
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MESH Headings
- Allostasis/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiology
- Electroencephalography/methods
- Male
- Norepinephrine/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Sleep Deprivation/metabolism
- Sleep Deprivation/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301-5596, USA.
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16
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Zielinski MR, Davis JM, Fadel JR, Youngstedt SD. Influence of chronic moderate sleep restriction and exercise training on anxiety, spatial memory, and associated neurobiological measures in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:74-80. [PMID: 23644185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation can have deleterious effects on cognitive function and mental health. Moderate exercise training has myriad beneficial effects on cognition and mental health. However, physiological and behavioral effects of chronic moderate sleep restriction and its interaction with common activities, such as moderate exercise training, have received little investigation. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of chronic moderate sleep restriction and moderate exercise training on anxiety-related behavior, spatial memory, and neurobiological correlates in mice. Male mice were randomized to one of four 11-week treatments in a 2 [sleep restriction (∼4h loss/day) vs. ad libitum sleep] × 2 [exercise (1h/day/6 d/wk) vs. sedentary activity] experimental design. Anxiety-related behavior was assessed with the elevated-plus maze, and spatial learning and memory were assessed with the Morris water maze. Chronic moderate sleep restriction did not alter anxiety-related behavior, but exercise training significantly attenuated anxiety-related behavior. Spatial learning and recall, hippocampal cell activity (i.e., number of c-Fos positive cells), and brain derived neurotrophic factor were significantly lower after chronic moderate sleep restriction, but higher after exercise training. Further, the benefit of exercise training for some memory variables was evident under normal sleep, but not chronic moderate sleep restriction conditions. These data indicate clear detrimental effects of chronic moderate sleep restriction on spatial memory and that the benefits of exercise training were impaired after chronic moderate sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury,MA 02132, United States.
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