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McGonnell M, Orr M, Backman J, Johnson SA, Davidson F, Corkum P. Examining the role of the visuospatial sketchpad in children's math calculation skills using Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104246. [PMID: 38615594 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Math difficulties (MDs) occur in about 3-7 % of children and have been associated with academic, health, and occupational challenges. To date, findings about the role of working memory in MDs have been conflicting. The Automated Working Memory Assessment Battery (AWMA), which assesses all components of Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory, was used to investigate which component of the model was most related to math calculation skills in elementary-school children. Participants were 94 (52 male) children (M age = 9 years 1 month; Range = 6 years 0 months to 11 years 8 months). As hypothesized, math calculation scores were correlated with all four working memory components (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, verbal and visuospatial central executive). After accounting for age, phonological processing, and attention, the visuospatial sketchpad was the only memory component that contributed to the prediction of math calculation scores, explaining an additional 10.2 % of unique variance. Short-term visuospatial memory should be assessed in children having difficulty with math and children could benefit from interventions that include attention to the development of both visuospatial memory and math calculation skills. This study did not use a longitudinal design and so we cannot conclude that weak visuospatial memory impedes the development of math calculation skills. Future research should use longitudinal designs and investigate other types of math skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa McGonnell
- Faculty of Education, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Matt Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joan Backman
- Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shannon A Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fiona Davidson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Penny Corkum
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Goodfellow C, Macintyre A, Knifton L, Sosu E. Associations between dimensions of mental health literacy and adolescent help-seeking intentions. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2023; 28:385-392. [PMID: 36375813 PMCID: PMC10947377 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of long-term mental health problems begin during adolescence. Low mental health literacy (MHL) may impede help-seeking for these problems. Although MHL is a multidimensional construct and adolescent help-seeking can be through formal and informal means, little is known about how dimensions of MHL influence these help-seeking intentions. This study examines associations between dimensions of MHL and formal and informal help-seeking intentions among adolescents. It also investigates whether informal help-seeking mediates the association between dimensions of MHL and formal help-seeking, and whether these associations are moderated by gender. METHODS A cross-sectional survey including measures of MHL, and help-seeking intentions was distributed to participants in 10 schools (12-17 years) across Scotland (n = 734). Data were analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). RESULTS Confirmatory Factor Analyses identified two distinct dimensions of MHL: ability to identify a mental health problem, and knowledge of treatment efficacy. Only knowledge of treatment efficacy was associated with increased intention to seek formal and informal help. Ability to identify a mental health problem was negatively associated with both forms of help-seeking intentions. Informal help-seeking mediated the association between both forms of MHL and formal help-seeking. Gender did not moderate the associations between MHL and help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS Care should be taken when providing MHL interventions to ensure that adaptive forms of MHL are promoted. Future research should investigate possible mechanisms by which discrete forms of MHL influence adolescent help-seeking as well as investigating other potential moderators of MHL and help-seeking, such as stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goodfellow
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Centre for Health PolicyUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Anna Macintyre
- School of Social Work and Social PolicyUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Lee Knifton
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Mental Health FoundationGlasgowUK
| | - Edward Sosu
- School of EducationUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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Parker A, Brine S, McGonnell M, Baert A, Corkum P. Usability Testing of the Teacher Help for Learning Disabilities Program: An eHealth Intervention for Teachers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573518825425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of evidence-based interventions for learning disabilities (LDs) in the classroom is limited by several factors such as teachers’ knowledge of LDs and access to interventions. eHealth interventions (i.e., interventions delivered via the Internet) have the potential to be a powerful tool in overcoming barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies within the classroom. The current article describes the development and usability testing of Teacher Help for LD, an eHealth professional development program that assists classroom teachers in providing evidence-based interventions to students with LDs. Specialists in LDs ( n = 18), consisting of individuals within the educational and health systems, were asked to evaluate the usability of the Teacher Help for LD intervention and provide their feedback. Results from both quantitative and qualitative data suggest that participants were very satisfied with the program and found the program highly usable. Results will help to prepare and modify the program for use with regular classroom teachers in an upcoming cluster randomized controlled trial across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Parker
- Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah Brine
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Annie Baert
- Nova Scotia Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Canada
| | - Penny Corkum
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Childhood Psychological Distress as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Early-Life Social Disadvantage and Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: Evidence From the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Psychosom Med 2017; 78:1019-1030. [PMID: 27763989 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior research on the relationship between early adversity and adult chronic disease has often relied on retrospective reports of a limited range of exposures and has not considered childhood psychological distress as a mediator. We investigate whether distress in childhood is one pathway by which early social disadvantage leads to greater cardiometabolic risk in middle adulthood. METHODS Data are from the 1958 British Birth Cohort study (sample n = 6027). We created an early social disadvantage index based on 16 exposures related to family and socioeconomic hardship from birth to age 7. Childhood psychological distress was ascertained from internalizing and externalizing symptoms at ages 7, 11, and 16 years. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed with a Z-standardized score derived from 9 immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic biomarkers measured at age 45. We used linear regression models and formal tests of mediation to assess relationships between disadvantage, distress, and subsequent cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS Higher social disadvantage predicted increased adult cardiometabolic risk (β = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.03-0.07). Mediation analyses revealed a significant direct (path c'; β = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.01-0.05) and indirect (path ab; β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.02) effect of social disadvantage on cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Child psychological distress accounted for 37% (95% CI = 34-46%) of the observed association. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest childhood distress may be one factor on the pathway linking early disadvantage to higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Such results may point to the importance of blocking the translation of psychosocial to biological risk during a potentially sensitive developmental window.
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Kaushik A, Kostaki E, Kyriakopoulos M. The stigma of mental illness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:469-94. [PMID: 27517643 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One in ten children and adolescents suffer with mental health difficulties at any given time, yet less than one third seek treatment. Untreated mental illness predisposes to longstanding individual difficulties and presents a great public health burden. Large scale initiatives to reduce stigmatization of mental illness, identified as a key deterrent to treatment, have been disappointing. This indicates the need for a clearer understanding of the stigmatizing processes faced by young people, so that more effective interventions are employed. A systematic review of the literature, assessing public stigma and self-stigma (i.e. internalized public stigma) specifically in children and adolescents with mental health difficulties (YP-MHD), was conducted. Forty-two studies were identified, confirming that stigmatization of YP-MHD is a universal and disabling problem, present amongst both children and adults. There was some variation by diagnosis and gender, and stigmatization was for the most part unaffected by labelling. Self-stigmatization led to more secrecy and an avoidance of interventions. The findings confirm that stigmatization of mental illness is poorly understood due to a lack of research and methodological discrepancies between existing studies. Implications for the findings are discussed, and suggestions made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Kaushik
- National and Specialist Acorn Lodge Inpatient Children's Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK.
| | - Evgenia Kostaki
- National and Specialist Acorn Lodge Inpatient Children's Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Marinos Kyriakopoulos
- National and Specialist Acorn Lodge Inpatient Children's Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Psychological Distress Across the Life Course and Cardiometabolic Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1577-1586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Díaz-Caneja CM, Pina-Camacho L, Rodríguez-Quiroga A, Fraguas D, Parellada M, Arango C. Predictors of outcome in early-onset psychosis: a systematic review. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2015; 1:14005. [PMID: 27336027 PMCID: PMC4849440 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Given the global burden of psychotic disorders, the identification of patients with early-onset psychosis (EOP; that is, onset before the age of 18) at higher risk of adverse outcome should be a priority. A systematic search of Pubmed, Embase, and PsycInfo (1980 through August 2014) was performed to identify longitudinal observational studies assessing correlates and/or predictors of clinical, functional, cognitive, and biological outcomes in EOP. Seventy-five studies were included in the review. Using multivariate models, the most replicated predictors of worse clinical, functional, cognitive, and biological outcomes in EOP were premorbid difficulties and symptom severity (especially of negative symptoms) at baseline. Longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) predicted worse clinical, functional, and cognitive outcomes. Higher risk of attempting suicide was predicted by greater severity of psychotic illness and of depressive symptoms at the first episode of psychosis. Age at onset and sex were not found to be relevant predictors of outcome in most multivariate models, whereas studies using bivariate analyses yielded inconsistent results. Lower intelligence quotient at baseline predicted lower insight at follow-up, worse functional outcomes, and a diagnostic outcome of schizophrenia. Biological predictors of outcome in EOP have been little studied and have not been replicated. Lower levels of antioxidants at baseline predicted greater brain volume changes and worse cognitive functioning at follow-up, whereas neuroimaging markers such as regional cortical thickness and gray matter volume at baseline predicted remission and better insight at follow-up, respectively. EOP patients with poorer premorbid adjustment and prominent negative symptoms at initial presentation are at risk of poor outcome. They should therefore be the target of careful monitoring and more intensive interventions to address whether the disease course can be modified in this especially severely affected group. Early intervention strategies to reduce DUP may also improve outcome in EOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pina-Camacho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Quiroga
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Nigg JT. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 33:215-28. [PMID: 23298633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by extreme levels of inattention-disorganization and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria required impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. With DSM-5 publication imminent in 2013, further evaluation of impairment in ADHD is timely. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on health-related impairments of ADHD, including smoking, drug abuse, accidental injury, sleep, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and suicidal behavior. It concludes by suggesting the need for new avenues of research on mechanisms of association and the potential for ADHD to be an early warning sign for secondary prevention of some poor health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.
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Kingston D, Sword W, Krueger P, Hanna S, Markle-Reid M. Life course pathways to prenatal maternal stress. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012; 41:609-26. [PMID: 22738193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of childhood stressors, recalled childhood stress, and stressors in adulthood on perceived stress in pregnancy. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Pregnant women were recruited from pre-birth clinics in two communities. PARTICIPANTS Four-hundred and twenty-one pregnant women. RESULTS Perceived prenatal maternal stress was the main outcome measure. Recalled childhood stress was positively associated with prenatal stress (β = .54) after adjusting for other child and adult factors. Low family cohesion during childhood was indirectly associated with prenatal stress through its effects on recalled childhood stress, current family cohesion, and current subjective socioeconomic position (SEP). Low levels of adult subjective SEP (β = -.44) and family cohesion (β = -.25) were directly associated with prenatal stress. Perceived social support during childhood was indirectly associated with prenatal stress through its effect on recalled childhood stress and perceived social support in adulthood. Childhood subjective SEP indirectly influenced prenatal stress through its effect on adult subjective SEP and recalled childhood stress. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal stress is a result of the interplay between factors from childhood and adulthood. The study findings can be used to inform psychosocial risk assessment and interventions across the lifespan to decrease prenatal stress and its adverse outcomes.
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Nair MKC, Russell PS. Adolescent health care in India: progressive, regressive or at the cross-roads? Indian J Pediatr 2012; 79 Suppl 1:S1-5. [PMID: 21611714 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
India has a sizeable adolescent population. Adolescents constitute a vulnerable population for both mental and physical illnesses, and yet their health-care needs and delivery systems are neither well defined nor developed. Many of the mental, reproductive and nutritional health needs of this population are required to be addressed and can be addressed in the primary-care pediatric setting itself if the current system of health-care can be re-organized. This restructuring will be more effective for this population if adolescent friendly approaches, public-private partnership and policy as well as sectoral linkage between the NRHM and other national programs are achieved. The health program for this age group should have promotive and preventive as well as remedial and curative components. Also, improving the availability of trained personnel in these areas of health, culturally sensitive evidence based approaches and capacity building in the primary-care approach is essential to ensure the viability of adolescent health-care in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K C Nair
- Child Development Centre, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011 Kerala, India.
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Pilot Investigation of Service Use by Children Referred to A School-Mental Health Program in Alberta, Canada. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-010-9040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The substantial increase in the prevalence of autism necessitates that practicing physicians become more familiar with the presentation of symptoms to improve early diagnoses and interventions, thus improving the prognosis for affected children. Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a triad of core impairments in social interactions, repetitive behaviors, and communication. Clinically, autism appears as a spectrum, with many variations in the severity of defining behaviors and associated symptoms among children. Although the etiology of autism is unknown, it is thought to involve a genetic susceptibility that may be triggered by environmental factors. Because of the high variability in behaviors, biologic findings, and response to treatment, many specialists are assuming a theory of many different autisms, each of which may have a somewhat different etiology and response to treatment. Although there is no known cure for autism, many treatments are available to improve core and associated symptoms.
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Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Naimark B. Health risk behaviors and mental health problems as mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health. Am J Public Health 2008; 99:847-54. [PMID: 18703446 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health risk behaviors, and we explored whether adult health risk behaviors or mental health problems mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health problems and health care utilization. METHODS We used logistic regression to analyze data from the Mental Health Supplement of the Ontario Health Survey, a representative population sample (N = 8116) of respondents aged 15 to 64 years. RESULTS We found relationships between childhood sexual abuse and smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16, 1.99), alcohol problems (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.74, 3.44), obesity (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.27), having more than 1 sexual partner in the previous year (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.44, 3.80), and mental health problems (OR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.78. 2.87). We also found relationships between these factors (with the exception of obesity) and childhood physical abuse. Mediation analysis suggested that health risk behaviors and particularly mental health problems are partial mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health. CONCLUSIONS Public health approaches that aim to decrease child abuse by supporting positive parent-child relationships, reducing the development of health risk behaviors, and addressing children's mental health are likely to improve long-term population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette J Chartier
- Healthy Child Manitoba, Government of Manitoba, Room 219, 114 Garry St, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 4V6, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to review the basis of the 'youth model' and new 'headspace' service delivery structures, proposed as a solution to the problem of high rates of psychiatric disorder in the youth period of life. Several issues were examined through asking key questions and answering these from the perspective of two academically oriented child and adolescent psychiatrists. CONCLUSIONS As half of all mental disorders appear during childhood and early adolescence, more research into the origin and emergence of these problems should focus on this early period of life. Prevention research should also focus largely on children and adolescents, with interventions targeted through sequential assessment at pivotal stages. The current problem of access to mental health care for youth in the adult mental health service system could be improved with additional funding and culture change - it is not necessary to create a new service system. Indeed, there are dangers in establishing new services for 12-25-year-olds, as the 12-17-year-old population has different needs from 18-25-year-olds. In particular, the younger group are at risk of 'adultification' by being grouped together with young adults, and this risk needs to be actively managed. Health service planning must pay attention to developmental differences. Several suggestions are proposed for addressing the mental health needs of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Birleson
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioural Sciences, Deakin University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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