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Cultural evolution: The third component of mental illness heritability. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e154. [PMID: 36098432 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2100162x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Uchiyama et al. provide a theoretical framework to explain the gap between reported gene-environment interactions and real-life epidemiological statistics. Through cultural evolution, informed behavioral approaches mitigate the impact of environmental risk on disease onset. Similarly, here we propose that fostering certain behavioral traits, transmitted culturally or through access to scientific knowledge, could confer resilience to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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2
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Maggini C, Dalle Luche R. An overview on Hebephrenia, a diagnostic cornerstone in the neurodevelopmental model of Schizophrenia. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY 2022; 33:34-46. [PMID: 35000477 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x211062534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pre-Kraepelinian observations converged in Kahlbaum's and Hecker's description of Hebephrenia. For Kraepelin, Hebephrenia was an 'idiopathic incurable dementia whose onset is in adolescence'. It became the core of 'Dementia Praecox', and then Bleulerian 'Schizophrenia'. In recent decades, the resurgence of the 'late neurodevelopment' hypothesis of schizophrenia has brought into focus Hecker's clinical reports of adolescents who, as a result of a putative loss of psychic energy, showed a rapidly progressive cognitive impairment leading to functional and behavioural disorganization. This paper summarizes the nineteenth-century conceptualization of Hebephrenia as a developmental illness.
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Sarieva K, Mayer S. The Effects of Environmental Adversities on Human Neocortical Neurogenesis Modeled in Brain Organoids. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686410. [PMID: 34250020 PMCID: PMC8264783 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the impact of prenatal environmental adversity on the development of the human embryonic and fetal brain. Prenatal environmental adversity includes infectious agents, medication, and substances of use as well as inherently maternal factors, such as diabetes and stress. These adversities may cause long-lasting effects if occurring in sensitive time windows and, therefore, have high clinical relevance. However, our knowledge of their influence on specific cellular and molecular processes of in utero brain development remains scarce. This gap of knowledge can be partially explained by the restricted experimental access to the human embryonic and fetal brain and limited recapitulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental events in model organisms. In the past years, novel 3D human stem cell-based in vitro modeling systems, so-called brain organoids, have proven their applicability for modeling early events of human brain development in health and disease. Since their emergence, brain organoids have been successfully employed to study molecular mechanisms of Zika and Herpes simplex virus-associated microcephaly, as well as more subtle events happening upon maternal alcohol and nicotine consumption. These studies converge on pathological mechanisms targeting neural stem cells. In this review, we discuss how brain organoids have recently revealed commonalities and differences in the effects of environmental adversities on human neurogenesis. We highlight both the breakthroughs in understanding the molecular consequences of environmental exposures achieved using organoids as well as the on-going challenges in the field related to variability in protocols and a lack of benchmarking, which make cross-study comparisons difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Sarieva
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Mayer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Rasool M, Malik A, Saleem S, Ashraf MAB, Khan AQ, Waquar S, Zahid A, Shaheen S, Abu-Elmagd M, Gauthaman K, Pushparaj PN. Role of Oxidative Stress and the Identification of Biomarkers Associated With Thyroid Dysfunction in Schizophrenics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646287. [PMID: 33995058 PMCID: PMC8118265 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a deficiency of dietary antioxidants like vitamin B6, B9, and B12 resulting in defective methylation leading to hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes mitochondrial DNA damage, oxidative stress, vascular damage, and lipid peroxidation. Oxidative stress and increase in reactive oxygen species result in 8-oxodG production which induces apoptosis of both astrocytes and thyrocytes thus predisposing them to thyroid dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the presence of excessive free radicals increases thyroid thermogenesis causing hyperthyroidism or its excess may cause hypothyroidism by inhibiting iodide uptake. In the present study, we evaluated the various biomarkers associated with thyroid dysfunction in schizophrenics. Materials and Methods: 288 patients suffering from schizophrenia and 100 control subjects were screened for liver function tests (LFTs) such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB). Also, the stress markers, namely malondialdehyde (MDA), homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, the thyroid profile including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine peroxide antibody (TPO-Ab); TSH receptor-Ab (TSHr-Ab), dietary antioxidants, lipids, cytokines, aminoacids and hormones, vitamins and trace elements, and other biochemical parameters. Results: The LFTs showed elevated levels of ALT (45.57 ± 4.87 Vs. 26.41 ± 3.76 U/L), AST (40.55 ± 1.34 Vs. 21.92 ± 3.65 U/L), ALP (121.54 ± 4.87 Vs. 83.76 ± 5.87 U/L), and total bilirubin (2.63 ± 0.987 Vs. 1.10 ± 0.056 mg/dl), in schizophrenics than controls. Increased levels of MDA (3.71 ± 0.967 Vs. 1.68 ± 0.099) and homocysteine (17.56 ± 2.612 Vs. 6.96 ± 1.987 μmol/L were observed in schizophrenics compared to the controls, indicating increased stress. Levels of cysteine and methionine were decreased in schizophrenics than the controls (1.08 ± 0.089 Vs. 4.87 ± .924 μmol/L and 17.87 ± 1.23 Vs. 99.20 ± 5.36 μmol/L). The levels of TPO-Ab (IU/ml), Tg-Ab (pmol/L), and TSHr-Ab (IU/L) were observed to be higher in the patients' group as compared to control subjects (9.84 ± 2.56 Vs. 5.81 ± 1.98, 55.50 ± 2.98 Vs. 32.95 ± 2.87 and 2.95 ± 0.0045 Vs. 1.44 ± 0.0023 respectively). Levels of Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 were also significantly decreased in the patients compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: The schizophrenics, demonstrated altered liver function, increased stress markers, and decreased dietary antioxidants. Reduced primary and secondary antioxidant levels, may result in hyperhomocysteinemia and cause further DNA and mitochondrial damage. Therefore, homocysteine and/or prolactin levels may serve as candidate prognostic markers for schizophrenia. Also, both neurological symptoms and the susceptibility to thyroid disorders may be prevented in the initial stages of this debilitating disorder by appropriate dietary supplementation of antioxidants which can rectify a reduction in primary and secondary antioxidants, and disturbed prolactin-serotonin-dopamine interactions in schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Saleem
- University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Altaf Qadir Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sulayman Waquar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shaheen
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Yu J, Liao X, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Lai X, Jiao H, Yan M, Zhang Y, Ma C, Wang S. The Candidate Schizophrenia Risk Gene Tmem108 Regulates Glucose Metabolism Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:770145. [PMID: 34690937 PMCID: PMC8531597 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.770145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe psychiatric disease affected by genetic factors and environmental contributors, and premorbid abnormality of glucose metabolism is one of the SCZ characteristics supposed to contribute to the disease's pathological process. Transmembrane protein 108 (Tmem108) is a susceptible gene associated with multiple psychiatric diseases, including SCZ. Moreover, Tmem108 mutant mice exhibit SCZ-like behaviors in the measurement of sensorimotor gating. However, it is unknown whether Tmem108 regulates glucose metabolism homeostasis while it involves SCZ pathophysiological process. RESULTS In this research, we found that Tmem108 mutant mice exhibited glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and disturbed metabolic homeostasis. Food and oxygen consumption decreased, and urine production increased, accompanied by weak fatigue resistance in the mutant mice. Simultaneously, the glucose metabolic pathway was enhanced, and lipid metabolism decreased in the mutant mice, consistent with the elevated respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Furthermore, metformin attenuated plasma glucose levels and improved sensorimotor gating in Tmem108 mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia occurs more often in SCZ patients than in control, implying that these two diseases share common biological mechanisms, here we demonstrate that the Tmem108 mutant may represent such a comorbid mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yu
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xufeng Liao
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanzi Zhong
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Biology, Senior Middle School of Yongfeng, Ji’an, China
| | - Yongqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinsheng Lai
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huifeng Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaolin Ma
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Chaolin Ma, ; Shunqi Wang,
| | - Shunqi Wang
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Chaolin Ma, ; Shunqi Wang,
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Li R, Wang Q, Qiu Y, Meng Y, Wei L, Wang H, Mo R, Zou D, Liu C. A Potential Autophagy-Related Competing Endogenous RNA Network and Corresponding Diagnostic Efficacy in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:628361. [PMID: 33708146 PMCID: PMC7940829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and autophagy were related to neurological diseases. But the relationship among ceRNA, autophagy and Schizophrenia (SZ) was not clear. In this study, we obtained gene expression profile of SZ patients (GSE38484, GSE54578, and GSE16930) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then we screened the autophagy-related differentially expressed lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA (DElncRNA, DEmiRNA, and DEmRNA) combined with Gene database from The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In addition, we performed enrichment analysis. The result showed that biological processes (BPs) mainly were associated with cellular responses to oxygen concentration. The enriched pathways mainly included ErbB, AMPK, mTOR signaling pathway and cell cycle. Furthermore, we constructed autophagy-related ceRNA network based on the TargetScan database. Moreover, we explored the diagnostic efficiency of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA in ceRNA, through gene set variation analysis (GSVA). The result showed that the diagnostic efficiency was robust, especially miRNA (AUC = 0.884). The miRNA included hsa-miR-423-5p, hsa-miR-4532, hsa-miR-593-3p, hsa-miR-618, hsa-miR-4723-3p, hsa-miR-4640-3p, hsa-miR-296-5p, and hsa-miR-3943. The result of this study may be helpful for deepening the pathophysiology of SZ. In addition, our finding may provide a guideline for the clinical diagnosis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiaoye Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufen Qiu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Youshi Meng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ruikang Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunbin Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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7
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Boison D, Rho JM. Epigenetics and epilepsy prevention: The therapeutic potential of adenosine and metabolic therapies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107741. [PMID: 31419398 PMCID: PMC7220211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of epilepsy and its progression remains the most urgent need for epilepsy research and therapy development. Novel conceptual advances are required to meaningfully address this fundamental challenge. Maladaptive epigenetic changes, which include methylation of DNA and acetylation of histones - among other mechanisms, are now well recognized to play a functional role in the development of epilepsy and its progression. The methylation hypothesis of epileptogenesis suggests that changes in DNA methylation are implicated in the progression of the disease. In this context, global DNA hypermethylation is particularly associated with chronic epilepsy. Likewise, acetylation changes of histones have been linked to epilepsy development. Clinical as well as experimental evidence demonstrate that epilepsy and its progression can be prevented by metabolic and biochemical manipulations that target previously unrecognized epigenetic functions contributing to epilepsy development and maintenance of the epileptic state. This review will discuss epigenetic mechanisms implicated in epilepsy development as well as metabolic and biochemical interactions thought to drive epileptogenesis. Therefore, metabolic and biochemical mechanisms are identified as novel targets for epilepsy prevention. We will specifically discuss adenosine biochemistry as a novel therapeutic strategy to reconstruct the DNA methylome as antiepileptogenic strategy as well as metabolic mediators, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate, which affect histone acetylation. Finally, metabolic dietary interventions (such as the ketogenic diet) which have the unique potential to prevent epileptogenesis through recently identified epigenetic mechanisms will be reviewed. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Jong M Rho
- Depts. of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92117, USA
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8
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Keskinen E, Marttila R, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Moilanen K, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Timonen M, Isohanni M, McGrath J, Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E. Search for protective factors for psychosis - a population-based sample with special interest in unaffected individuals with parental psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:869-878. [PMID: 27619055 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To find factors that are associated with not having psychotic illness in a prospective general population sample, with a special interest in individuals with parental psychosis. METHODS Data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 10 458) and several registers were used to detect individuals with and without parental psychosis. Altogether, 594 persons had parent(s) with psychosis and 48 of them also had psychosis subsequently. Variables related to pregnancy and birth, family and childhood, health and habits in adolescence, school performance and physical activity were studied to identify determinants of unaffected status among individuals with and without parental psychosis. RESULTS In the parental psychosis group, the unaffected persons had more likely a mother who was non-depressed during pregnancy, and who worked outside the home or studied than among those who developed psychosis. CONCLUSIONS Protective factors for psychosis were surprisingly few in this sample. These factors were related to the mother's non-depressed mood and the mother's work outside the home or studies. This could relate to better health and functioning of a mother. This work highlights the need for more research on protective factors for psychosis in order to identify methods for prevention of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Keskinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Marttila
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital (KUH), Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, South-Savonia Hospital District, Mikkeli, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, SOSTERI, Savonlinna, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, SOTE, Iisalmi, Finland
| | - Kristiina Moilanen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Timonen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - John McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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9
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van Os J, van der Steen Y, Islam MA, Gülöksüz S, Rutten BP, Simons CJ. Evidence that polygenic risk for psychotic disorder is expressed in the domain of neurodevelopment, emotion regulation and attribution of salience. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2421-2437. [PMID: 28436345 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liability-threshold model of psychosis risk predicts stronger phenotypic manifestation of the polygenic risk score (PRS) in the healthy relatives of patients, as compared with healthy comparison subjects. METHODS First-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorder (871 siblings and 812 parents) and healthy comparison subjects (n = 523) were interviewed three times in 6 years. Repeated measures of two psychosis phenotypes, the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE; self-report - subscales of positive, negative and depressive symptoms) and the Structured Interview for Schizotypy - Revised (SIS-R; clinical interview - subscales of positive and negative schizotypy), were examined for association with PRS. Interview-based lifetime rate of depressive and manic episodes were also examined, as was association with repeated measures of intelligence quotient (IQ). RESULTS In the relatives, PRS was associated with CAPE/SIS-R total score (respectively, B = 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.22 and B = 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.20), the SIS-R positive subscale (B = 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.28), the CAPE depression subscale (B = 0.21, 95% CI 0.07-0.34), any lifetime affective episode (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.04-9.3), but not with IQ (B = -1.8, 95% CI -8.0 to 4.4). In the controls, similar associations were apparent between PRS on the one hand and SIS-R total score, SIS-R positive, SIS-R negative, any lifetime affective episode and, in contrast, lower IQ (B = -8.5, 95% CI -15.5 to -1.6). CONCLUSIONS In non-ill people, polygenic risk for psychotic disorder is expressed pleiotropically in the domain of neurodevelopment, emotion regulation and attribution of salience. In subjects at elevated genetic risk, emerging expression of neurodevelopmental alterations may create floor effects, obscuring genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Y van der Steen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Md A Islam
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - S Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - B P Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - C J Simons
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands
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10
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Giegling I, Hosak L, Mössner R, Serretti A, Bellivier F, Claes S, Collier DA, Corrales A, DeLisi LE, Gallo C, Gill M, Kennedy JL, Leboyer M, Maier W, Marquez M, Massat I, Mors O, Muglia P, Nöthen MM, Ospina-Duque J, Owen MJ, Propping P, Shi Y, St Clair D, Thibaut F, Cichon S, Mendlewicz J, O'Donovan MC, Rujescu D. Genetics of schizophrenia: A consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:492-505. [PMID: 28112043 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1268715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease affecting about 1% of the general population. The relative contribution of genetic factors has been estimated to be up to 80%. The mode of inheritance is complex, non-Mendelian, and in most cases involving the combined action of large numbers of genes. METHODS This review summarises recent efforts to identify genetic variants associated with schizophrenia detected, e.g., through genome-wide association studies, studies on copy-number variants or next-generation sequencing. RESULTS A large, new body of evidence on genetics of schizophrenia has accumulated over recent years. Many new robustly associated genetic loci have been detected. Furthermore, there is consensus that at least a dozen microdeletions and microduplications contribute to the disease. Genetic overlap between schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and neurodevelopmental syndromes raised new questions regarding the current classification of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases. CONCLUSIONS Future studies will address especially the functional characterisation of genetic variants. This will hopefully open the doors to our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related diseases. Complementary, integrated systems biology approaches to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics may also play crucial roles in enabling a precision medicine approach to the treatment of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Giegling
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Ladislav Hosak
- c Department of Psychiatriy , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rainald Mössner
- d Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- e Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Frank Bellivier
- f Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Pôle Neurosciences , Paris , France.,g Equipe 1, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Stephan Claes
- h GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,i Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - David A Collier
- j Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.,k Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Erl Wood Manor , Surrey , UK
| | - Alejo Corrales
- l Argentinean Association of Biological Psychiatry , National University, UNT, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- m VA Boston Health Care System , Brockton , MA , USA.,n Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Carla Gallo
- o Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Michael Gill
- p Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - James L Kennedy
- q Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.,r Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.,s Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,t Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Marion Leboyer
- u Equipe Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Inserm U955 , Créteil , France.,v DHU Pe-Psy, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie , AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor , Créteil , France.,w Pôle de Psychiatrie , Hôpital Albert Chenevier , Créteil , France.,x Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- y Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bonn, Bonn , Germany
| | - Miguel Marquez
- z Asistencia, Docencia e Investigación en Neurociencia , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Isabelle Massat
- aa UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ab National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ac Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ad UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - Ole Mors
- ae Psychosis Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark.,af The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- aj Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Michael J Owen
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | | | - YongYong Shi
- an Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,ao Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabloic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China.,ap Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - David St Clair
- aq Department of Psychiatry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Florence Thibaut
- ar INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne Paris Cité (Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes) , Paris , France
| | - Sven Cichon
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany.,as Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,at Genomic Imaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine , Research Center Juelich , Juelich , Germany
| | - Julien Mendlewicz
- au Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Centre Europe´en de Psychologie Medicale , Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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11
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Schneider JL, Miller AM, Woesner ME. Autophagy and Schizophrenia: A Closer Look at How Dysregulation of Neuronal Cell Homeostasis Influences the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:34-39. [PMID: 28239307 DOI: 10.23861/ejbm201631752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of degrading intracellular components in lysosomes, plays an important role in the central nervous system by contributing to neuronal homeostasis. Autophagic failure has been linked to neurologic dysfunction and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent investigation has revealed a novel role for autophagy in the context of mental illness, namely in schizophrenia. This article summarizes the phenomenology, genetics, and structural/histopathological brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. We review studies that demonstrate for the first time a connection between autophagy malfunction and schizophrenia. Transcriptional profiling in schizophrenia patients uncovered a dysregulation of autophagy-related genes spatially confined to a specific area of the cortex, Brodmann Area 22, which has been previously implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We also discuss the role of autophagy activators in schizophrenia and whether they may be useful adjuvants to the traditional antipsychotic medications currently used as the standard of care. In summary, the field has progressed beyond the basic concept that autophagy impairment predisposes to neurodegeneration, to a mechanistic understanding that loss of autophagy can disrupt neuronal cell biology and predispose to mood disorders, psychotic symptoms, and behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | - Ann M Miller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY.; Bronx Psychiatric Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Mary E Woesner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY.; Bronx Psychiatric Center, Bronx, NY
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12
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KCNH2-3.1 expression impairs cognition and alters neuronal function in a model of molecular pathology associated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1517-1526. [PMID: 26857598 PMCID: PMC4980295 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression in humans of KCNH2-3.1, which encodes a primate-specific and brain-selective isoform of the human ether-a-go-go-related potassium channel, is associated with impaired cognition, inefficient neural processing and schizophrenia. Here, we describe a new mouse model that incorporates the KCNH2-3.1 molecular phenotype. KCNH2-3.1 transgenic mice are viable and display normal sensorimotor behaviors. However, they show alterations in neuronal structure and microcircuit function in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas affected in schizophrenia. Specifically, in slice preparations from the CA1 region of the hippocampus, KCNH2-3.1 transgenic mice have fewer mature dendrites and impaired theta burst stimulation long-term potentiation. Abnormal neuronal firing patterns characteristic of the fast deactivation kinetics of the KCNH2-3.1 isoform were also observed in prefrontal cortex. Transgenic mice showed significant deficits in a hippocampal-dependent object location task and a prefrontal cortex-dependent T-maze working memory task. Interestingly, the hippocampal-dependent alterations were not present in juvenile transgenic mice, suggesting a developmental trajectory to the phenotype. Suppressing KCNH2-3.1 expression in adult mice rescues both the behavioral and physiological phenotypes. These data provide insight into the mechanism of association of KCNH2-3.1 with variation in human cognition and neuronal physiology and may explain its role in schizophrenia.
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13
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Fullard JF, Halene TB, Giambartolomei C, Haroutunian V, Akbarian S, Roussos P. Understanding the genetic liability to schizophrenia through the neuroepigenome. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:115-124. [PMID: 26827128 PMCID: PMC4963306 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-Schizophrenia Workgroup (PGC-SCZ) recently identified 108 loci associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). The vast majority of these variants reside within non-coding sequences of the genome and are predicted to exert their effects by affecting the mechanism of action of cis regulatory elements (CREs), such as promoters and enhancers. Although a number of large-scale collaborative efforts (e.g. ENCODE) have achieved a comprehensive mapping of CREs in human cell lines or tissue homogenates, it is becoming increasingly evident that many risk-associated variants are enriched for expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) and CREs in specific tissues or cells. As such, data derived from previous research endeavors may not capture fully cell-type and/or region specific changes associated with brain diseases. Coupling recent technological advances in genomics with cell-type specific methodologies, we are presented with an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the genetics of normal brain development and function and, in turn, the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we will outline ongoing efforts towards this goal and will discuss approaches with the potential to shed light on the mechanism(s) of action of cell-type specific cis regulatory elements and their putative roles in disease, with particular emphasis on understanding the manner in which the epigenome and CREs influence the etiology of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Fullard
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tobias B. Halene
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Both subjective and objective assessments of sleep patterns in schizophrenia include a wide range of dyssomnias, with insomnia being the most frequently cited. Early and middle insomnia can range from mild disruption to total sleeplessness. Severe insomnia is a prodromal sign of clinical exacerbation or relapse. In general, most antipsychotic agents (APs) ameliorate this insomnia. However, in some schizophrenics APs can be associated with residual insomnia or with significant daytime somnolence. Furthermore, in some schizophrenics APs can induce or exacerbate comorbid sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome, sleep-disordered breathing, and parasomnias such as sleepwalking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Benson
- Neuroimaging Section, McLean Hospital, 115 Milk Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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15
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Demeter K, Török B, Fodor A, Varga J, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ, Eszik I, Szegedi V, Zelena D. Possible contribution of epigenetic changes in the development of schizophrenia-like behavior in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Burrows EL, Hannan AJ. Cognitive endophenotypes, gene-environment interactions and experience-dependent plasticity in animal models of schizophrenia. Biol Psychol 2015; 116:82-9. [PMID: 26687973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating brain disorder caused by a complex and heterogeneous combination of genetic and environmental factors. In order to develop effective new strategies to prevent and treat schizophrenia, valid animal models are required which accurately model the disorder, and ideally provide construct, face and predictive validity. The cognitive deficits in schizophrenia represent some of the most debilitating symptoms and are also currently the most poorly treated. Therefore it is crucial that animal models are able to capture the cognitive dysfunction that characterizes schizophrenia, as well as the negative and psychotic symptoms. The genomes of mice have, prior to the recent gene-editing revolution, proven the most easily manipulable of mammalian laboratory species, and hence most genetic targeting has been performed using mouse models. Importantly, when key environmental factors of relevance to schizophrenia are experimentally manipulated, dramatic changes in the phenotypes of these animal models are often observed. We will review recent studies in rodent models which provide insight into gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia. We will focus specifically on environmental factors which modulate levels of experience-dependent plasticity, including environmental enrichment, cognitive stimulation, physical activity and stress. The insights provided by this research will not only help refine the establishment of optimally valid animal models which facilitate development of novel therapeutics, but will also provide insight into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, thus identifying molecular and cellular targets for future preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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17
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Ayhan Y, McFarland R, Pletnikov MV. Animal models of gene-environment interaction in schizophrenia: A dimensional perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 136:1-27. [PMID: 26510407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been considered as a disorder with multifactorial origins. Recent discoveries have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of the disease. However, even with the increase of identified risk variants, heritability estimates suggest an important contribution of non-genetic factors. Various environmental risk factors have been proposed to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. These include season of birth, maternal infections, obstetric complications, adverse events at early childhood, and drug abuse. Despite the progress in identification of genetic and environmental risk factors, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms whereby gene-environment interactions (G × E) operate in schizophrenia and psychoses at large. In this review we provide a critical analysis of current animal models of G × E relevant to psychotic disorders and propose that dimensional perspective will advance our understanding of the complex mechanisms of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Ayhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Turkey
| | - Ross McFarland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
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18
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Schalinski I, Fischer Y, Rockstroh B. Impact of childhood adversities on the short-term course of illness in psychotic spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:633-40. [PMID: 26099657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates an impact of childhood adversities on the severity and course of mental disorders, whereas this impact on psychotic disorders remains to be specified. Effects of childhood adversities on comorbidity, on symptom severity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and global functioning across four months (upon admission, 1 and 4 months after initial assessment), as well as the course of illness (measured by the remission rate, number of re-hospitalizations and dropout rate) were evaluated in 62 inpatients with psychotic spectrum disorders. Adverse experiences (of at least 1 type) were reported by 73% of patients. Patients with higher overall level of childhood adversities (n=33) exhibited more co-morbid disorders, especially alcohol/substance abuse and dependency, and higher dropout rates than patients with a lower levels of adverse experiences (n=29), together with higher levels of positive symptoms and symptoms of excitement and disorganization. Emotional and physical neglect were particularly related to symptom severity. Results suggest that psychological stress in childhood affects the symptom severity and, additionally, a more unfavorable course of disorder in patients diagnosed with psychoses. This impact calls for its consideration in diagnostic assessment and psychiatric care.
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19
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Byars SG, Stearns SC, Boomsma JJ. Opposite risk patterns for autism and schizophrenia are associated with normal variation in birth size: phenotypic support for hypothesized diametric gene-dosage effects. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140604. [PMID: 25232142 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opposite phenotypic and behavioural traits associated with copy number variation and disruptions to imprinted genes with parent-of-origin effects have led to the hypothesis that autism and schizophrenia share molecular risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms, but a direct phenotypic comparison of how their risks covary has not been attempted. Here, we use health registry data collected on Denmark's roughly 5 million residents between 1978 and 2009 to detect opposing risks of autism and schizophrenia depending on normal variation (mean ± 1 s.d.) in adjusted birth size, which we use as a proxy for diametric gene-dosage variation in utero. Above-average-sized babies (weight, 3691-4090 g; length, 52.8-54.3 cm) had significantly higher risk for autism spectrum (AS) and significantly lower risk for schizophrenia spectrum (SS) disorders. By contrast, below-average-sized babies (2891-3290 g; 49.7-51.2 cm) had significantly lower risk for AS and significantly higher risk for SS disorders. This is the first study directly comparing autism and schizophrenia risks in the same population, and provides the first large-scale empirical support for the hypothesis that diametric gene-dosage effects contribute to these disorders. Only the kinship theory of genomic imprinting predicts the opposing risk patterns that we discovered, suggesting that molecular research on mental disease risk would benefit from considering evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Byars
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen C Stearns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Al Ameri M, Al Mansouri S, Al Maamari A, Bahi A. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid reduces ethanol consumption and ethanol-conditioned place preference in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1583:122-31. [PMID: 25108044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms such as chromatin modification (specifically histone acetylation) may play a crucial role in the development of addictive behavior. However, little is known about the role of epigenetic modifications in the rewarding properties of ethanol. In the current study, we studied the effects of systemic injection of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA) on ethanol consumption and ethanol-elicited conditioned place preference (CPP). The effect of VPA (300 mg/kg) on voluntary ethanol intake and preference was assessed using continuous two-bottle choice procedure with escalating concentrations of alcohol (2.5-20% v/v escalating over 4 weeks). Taste sensitivity was studies using saccharin (sweet; 0.03% and 0.06%) and quinine (bitter; 20 µM and 40 µM) tastants solutions. Ethanol conditioned reward was investigated using an unbiased CPP model. Blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was also measured. Compared to vehicle, VPA-injected rats displayed significantly lower preference and consumption of ethanol in a two-bottle choice paradigm, with no significant difference observed with saccharin and quinine. More importantly, 0.5 g/kg ethanol-induced-CPP acquisition was blocked following VPA administration. Finally, vehicle- and VPA-treated mice had similar BECs. Taken together, our results implicated HDAC inhibition in the behavioral and reinforcement-related effects of alcohol and raise the question of whether specific drugs that target HDAC could potentially help to tackle alcoholism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouza Al Ameri
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Shamma Al Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Alyazia Al Maamari
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
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21
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McOmish CE, Burrows EL, Hannan AJ. Identifying novel interventional strategies for psychiatric disorders: integrating genomics, 'enviromics' and gene-environment interactions in valid preclinical models. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4719-28. [PMID: 24846457 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders affect a substantial proportion of the population worldwide. This high prevalence, combined with the chronicity of the disorders and the major social and economic impacts, creates a significant burden. As a result, an important priority is the development of novel and effective interventional strategies for reducing incidence rates and improving outcomes. This review explores the progress that has been made to date in establishing valid animal models of psychiatric disorders, while beginning to unravel the complex factors that may be contributing to the limitations of current methodological approaches. We propose some approaches for optimizing the validity of animal models and developing effective interventions. We use schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders as examples of disorders for which development of valid preclinical models, and fully effective therapeutics, have proven particularly challenging. However, the conclusions have relevance to various other psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders. We address the key aspects of construct, face and predictive validity in animal models, incorporating genetic and environmental factors. Our understanding of psychiatric disorders is accelerating exponentially, revealing extraordinary levels of genetic complexity, heterogeneity and pleiotropy. The environmental factors contributing to individual, and multiple, disorders also exhibit breathtaking complexity, requiring systematic analysis to experimentally explore the environmental mediators and modulators which constitute the 'envirome' of each psychiatric disorder. Ultimately, genetic and environmental factors need to be integrated via animal models incorporating the spatiotemporal complexity of gene-environment interactions and experience-dependent plasticity, thus better recapitulating the dynamic nature of brain development, function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E McOmish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia; The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Moser P. Evaluating negative-symptom-like behavioural changes in developmental models of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:774-87. [PMID: 24332891 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia has a major developmental component and that environmental factors that disrupt key stages of development, such as maternal stress during pregnancy as a result of infection or malnutrition, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia in later life. This review examines how non-clinical neurodevelopmental models pertinent to schizophrenia have been evaluated for their ability to reproduce behavioural deficits related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The more frequently used are the prenatal application of the mitotoxic agent methylazoxymethanol, prenatal immune challenge and the neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion model. In general they have been extensively evaluated in models considered relevant to positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In contrast, very few studies have examined tests related to negative symptoms and, when they have, it has almost exclusively been a social interaction model. Other aspects related to negative symptoms such as anhedonia, affective flattening and avolition have almost never been studied. Further studies examining other components of negative symptomatology are needed to more clearly associate these deficits with a schizophrenia-like profile as social withdrawal is a hallmark of many disorders. Although there are no truly effective treatments for negative symptoms, better characterisation with a broader range of drugs used in schizophrenia will be necessary to better evaluate the utility of these models. In summary, developmental models of schizophrenia have been extensively studied as models of positive symptoms but, given the unmet need in the clinic, the same effort now needs to be made with regard to negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moser
- Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, 81106 Castres Cédex, France.
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23
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Akdeniz C, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. The neurobiology of social environmental risk for schizophrenia: an evolving research field. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:507-17. [PMID: 24638893 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a severe and complex brain disorder that usually manifests in early adulthood and disturbs a wide range of human functions. More than 100 years after its initial description, the pathophysiology of the disorder is still incompletely understood. Many epidemiological studies strongly suggest a complex interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of the disorder. While there is considerable evidence for a social environmental component of this risk, the links between adverse social factors and altered brain function have just come into focus. METHODS In the present review, we first summarize epidemiological evidence for the significance of social environmental risk factors, outline the role of altered social stress processing in mental illness, and review the latest experimental evidence for the neural correlates of social environmental risk for schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The studies we have discussed in this review provide a selection of the current work in the field. We suggest that many of the social environmental risk factors may impact on perceived social stress and engage neural circuits in the brain whose functional and structural architecture undergoes detrimental change in response to prolonged exposure. We conclude that multidisciplinary approaches involving various fields and thoroughly constructed longitudinal designs are necessary to capture complex structure of social environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Akdeniz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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24
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Malaspina D, Dracxler R, Walsh-Messinger J, Harlap S, Goetz RR, Keefe D, Perrin MC. Telomere length, family history, and paternal age in schizophrenia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 2:326-31. [PMID: 25077175 PMCID: PMC4113273 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is longer in association with advanced paternal age, but this association has not been examined along with family history (FH) in schizophrenia. LTL was measured by PCR and compared across cases and controls as part of a study to examine the characteristics of paternal age related schizophrenia. The 53 schizophrenia cases had similar mean LTL as 20 controls, although cases were significantly older than controls and overwhelmingly smoked cigarettes. Multivariate analyses showed that a FH of schizophrenia was associated with longer LTL in both male and female cases. Later paternal age was also related to longer LTL in male cases, but with shorter LTL in female cases. Male cases with older fathers and a FH had the longest LTL. The genetic architecture associated with a familial risk for schizophrenia may include pathways that lengthen LTL. Paternal aging conferred an additional increase in LTL lengthening in male cases, but reduced LTL in female cases. The gender difference in LTL for paternal aging is consistent with the severe illness features reported for female cases with older fathers and could implicate epigenetic alterations in the paternal X chromosomal region with advanced paternal age in association with the risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York ; Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, NY State Office of Mental Health New York, New York
| | - Roberta Dracxler
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York
| | - Julie Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York
| | - Susan Harlap
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York
| | - Raymond R Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York ; Division of Clinical Phenomenology, New York State Psychiatric Institute New York, New York
| | - David Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York
| | - Mary C Perrin
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine New York, New York
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Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Phenotype-Based Genetic Association Studies (PGAS)-Towards Understanding the Contribution of Common Genetic Variants to Schizophrenia Subphenotypes. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:97-105. [PMID: 24705289 PMCID: PMC3978514 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from schizophrenia to affective disorders and autism are heritable, highly complex and heterogeneous conditions, diagnosed purely clinically, with no supporting biomarkers or neuroimaging criteria. Relying on these "umbrella diagnoses", genetic analyses, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), were undertaken but failed to provide insight into the biological basis of these disorders. "Risk genotypes" of unknown significance with low odds ratios of mostly <1.2 were extracted and confirmed by including ever increasing numbers of individuals in large multicenter efforts. Facing these results, we have to hypothesize that thousands of genetic constellations in highly variable combinations with environmental co-factors can cause the individual disorder in the sense of a final common pathway. This would explain why the prevalence of mental diseases is so high and why mutations, including copy number variations, with a higher effect size than SNPs, constitute only a small part of variance. Elucidating the contribution of normal genetic variation to (disease) phenotypes, and so re-defining disease entities, will be extremely labor-intense but crucial. We have termed this approach PGAS ("phenotype-based genetic association studies"). Ultimate goal is the definition of biological subgroups of mental diseases. For that purpose, the GRAS (Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia) data collection was initiated in 2005. With >3000 phenotypical data points per patient, it comprises the world-wide largest currently available schizophrenia database (N > 1200), combining genome-wide SNP coverage and deep phenotyping under highly standardized conditions. First PGAS results on normal genetic variants, relevant for e.g., cognition or catatonia, demonstrated proof-of-concept. Presently, an autistic subphenotype of schizophrenia is being defined where an unfortunate accumulation of normal genotypes, so-called pro-autistic variants of synaptic genes, explains part of the phenotypical variance. Deep phenotyping and comprehensive clinical data sets, however, are expensive and it may take years before PGAS will complement conventional GWAS approaches in psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Mason OJ. The Duality of Schizotypy: Is it Both Dimensional and Categorical? Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 25309463 PMCID: PMC4173218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver John Mason
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London , London , UK
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27
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Burrows EL, Hannan AJ. Decanalization mediating gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders with neurodevelopmental etiology. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:157. [PMID: 24312026 PMCID: PMC3826253 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
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