1
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Sanks J, Racicot R. Predicting ecology and hearing sensitivities in Parapontoporia-An extinct long-snouted dolphin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39010732 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Analyses of the cetacean (whale and dolphin) inner ear provide glimpses into the ecology and evolution of extinct and extant groups. The paleoecology of the long-snouted odontocete (toothed whale) group, Parapontoporia, is primarily marine with its depositional context also suggesting freshwater tolerance. As an extinct relative of the exclusively riverine Lipotes vexillifer, Parapontoporia provides insight into a transition from marine to freshwater environments. High-resolution X-ray CT scans (~3 microns or less) of three individual specimens from two species, P. sternbergi and P. pacifica, were acquired. Digital endocasts of the inner ear labyrinths were extracted non-destructively. Nine measurements of the inner ear were compared with an existing dataset covering 125 terrestrial and aquatic artiodactyls. These measurements were then subjected to a principal component analysis to interpret hearing sensitivities among other artiodactyls. Based on our analyses, Parapontoporia was likely to have been able to hear within narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) ranges. This finding indicates another convergence of NBHF-style hearing, or, more intriguingly, suggests that it may be an ancestral characteristic present among the longirostrine dolphins that dominated in the Miocene prior to the evolution of more modern lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Sanks
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel Racicot
- Messel Research and Mammalogy Department, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Coombs EJ, Knapp A, Park T, Bennion RF, McCurry MR, Lanzetti A, Boessenecker RW, McGowen MR. Drivers of morphological evolution in the toothed whale jaw. Curr Biol 2024; 34:273-285.e3. [PMID: 38118449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Toothed whales (odontocetes) emit high-frequency underwater sounds (echolocate)-an extreme and unique innovation allowing them to sense their prey and environment. Their highly specialized mandible (lower jaw) allows high-frequency sounds to be transmitted back to the inner ear. Echolocation is evident in the earliest toothed whales, but little research has focused on the evolution of mandibular form regarding this unique adaptation. Here, we use a high-density, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of 100 living and extinct cetacean species spanning their ∼50-million-year evolutionary history. Our analyses demonstrate that most shape variation is found in the relative length of the jaw and the mandibular symphysis. The greatest morphological diversity was obtained during two periods of rapid evolution: the initial evolution of archaeocetes (stem whales) in the early to mid-Eocene as they adapted to an aquatic lifestyle, representing one of the most extreme adaptive transitions known, and later on in the mid-Oligocene odontocetes as they became increasingly specialized for a range of diets facilitated by increasingly refined echolocation. Low disparity in the posterior mandible suggests the shape of the acoustic window, which receives sound, has remained conservative since the advent of directional hearing in the aquatic archaeocetes, even as the earliest odontocetes began to receive sounds from echolocation. Diet, echolocation, feeding method, and dentition type strongly influence mandible shape. Unlike in the toothed whale cranium, we found no significant asymmetry in the mandible. We suggest that a combination of refined echolocation and associated dietary specializations have driven morphology and disparity in the toothed whale mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Coombs
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Andrew Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca F Bennion
- Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, Department of Geology, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; O.D. Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew R McCurry
- Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Agnese Lanzetti
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert W Boessenecker
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael R McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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3
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Roston RA, Boessenecker RW, Geisler JH. Evolution and development of the cetacean skull roof: a case study in novelty and homology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220086. [PMID: 37183892 PMCID: PMC10184229 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skulls of living whales and dolphins (cetaceans) are telescoped-bones of the skull roof are overlapped by expanded facial bones and/or anteriorly extended occipital bones. Evolution of the underlying skull roof (calvarium), which lies between the telescoped regions, is relatively unstudied. We explore the evolution and development of the calvarium of toothed whales (odontocetes) by integrating fetal data with Oligocene odontocete fossils from North America, including eight neonatal and juvenile skulls of Olympicetus†. We identified two potential synapomorphies of crown Cetacea: contact of interparietals with frontals, and a single anterior median interparietal (AMI) element. Within Odontoceti, loss of contact between the parietals diagnoses the clade including Delphinida, Ziphiidae and Platanistidae (=Synrhina). Delphinida is characterized by a greatly enlarged interparietal. New fetal series of delphinoids reveal a consistent developmental pattern with three elements: the AMI and bilateral posterior interparietals (PIs). The PIs most resemble the medial interparietal elements of terrestrial artiodactyls, suggesting that the AMI of cetaceans could be a unique ossification. More broadly, the paucity of conserved anatomical relationships of the interparietals, as well as the fact that the elements often do not coalesce into a single bone, demonstrates that assessing homology of the interparietals across mammals remains challenging. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Roston
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - R. W. Boessenecker
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. H. Geisler
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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4
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Velez-Juarbe J. New heterodont odontocetes from the Oligocene Pysht Formation in Washington State, U.S.A., and a reevaluation of Simocetidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15576. [PMID: 37377790 PMCID: PMC10292202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Odontocetes first appeared in the fossil record by the early Oligocene, and their early evolutionary history can provide clues as to how some of their unique adaptations, such as echolocation, evolved. Here, three new specimens from the early to late Oligocene Pysht Formation are described further increasing our understanding of the richness and diversity of early odontocetes, particularly for the North Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the new specimens are part of a more inclusive, redefined Simocetidae, which now includes Simocetus rayi, Olympicetus sp. 1, Olympicetus avitus, O. thalassodon sp. nov., and a large unnamed taxon (Simocetidae gen. et sp. A), all part of a North Pacific clade that represents one of the earliest diverging groups of odontocetes. Amongst these, Olympicetus thalassodon sp. nov. represents one of the best known simocetids, offering new information on the cranial and dental morphology of early odontocetes. Furthermore, the inclusion of CCNHM 1000, here considered to represent a neonate of Olympicetus sp., as part of the Simocetidae, suggests that members of this group may not have had the capability of ultrasonic hearing, at least during their early ontogenetic stages. Based on the new specimens, the dentition of simocetids is interpreted as being plesiomorphic, with a tooth count more akin to that of basilosaurids and early toothed mysticetes, while other features of the skull and hyoid suggest various forms of prey acquisition, including raptorial or combined feeding in Olympicetus spp., and suction feeding in Simocetus. Finally, body size estimates show that small to moderately large taxa are present in Simocetidae, with the largest taxon represented by Simocetidae gen. et sp. A with an estimated body length of 3 m, which places it as the largest known simocetid, and amongst the largest Oligocene odontocetes. The new specimens described here add to a growing list of Oligocene marine tetrapods from the North Pacific, further promoting faunistic comparisons across other contemporaneous and younger assemblages, that will allow for an improved understanding of the evolution of marine faunas in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Velez-Juarbe
- Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Lanzetti A, Crouch N, Portela Miguez R, Fernandez V, Goswami A. Developing echolocation: distinctive patterns in the ontogeny of the tympanoperiotic complex in baleen and toothed whales (Cetacea). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cetaceans (baleen and toothed whales) present a unique set of adaptations for life in water. Among other abilities, the two living groups can hear and produce different sound frequencies: baleen whales use low frequencies primarily for communication, whereas toothed whales acquired the ability to echolocate using high-frequency sounds. Both groups exhibit modifications to the morphology of the ear bones (tympanic bulla and periotic) that closely track their behaviour and ecology. The evolution of sound reception in whales is being investigated thoroughly, whereas the changes in prenatal development (ontogeny) that generate these disparate ear bone morphologies remain mostly unknown. In this study, we characterize the ontogeny of the ear bones in Cetacea by looking at the progression of ossification and associated changes in morphology using a combination of traditional measurements and an innovative landmark-free method to quantify shape on a newly assembled three-dimensional dataset spanning the ontogeny and phylogeny of extant Cetacea. We have found that the two groups of Cetacea share some aspects of ear ontogeny, such as a common growth trajectory of the periotic. However, differences in ossification, allometry and growth trajectory, particularly in the periotic bone, reflect their divergent inner ear morphology and hearing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Lanzetti
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK
| | - Natasha Crouch
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK
| | - Roberto Portela Miguez
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK
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6
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Churchill M, Baltz C. Evolution of orbit size in toothed whales (Artiodactyla: Odontoceti). J Anat 2021; 239:1419-1437. [PMID: 34287886 PMCID: PMC8602015 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many marine tetrapods, vision is important for finding food and navigating underwater, and eye size has increased to improve the capture of light in dim ocean depths. Odontocete whales, in contrast, rely instead on echolocation for navigation and prey capture. We tested whether the evolution of echolocation has influenced the orbit size, a proxy for eye size, and examined how orbit size evolved over time. We also assessed variation in orbit size amongst whales and tested how body size, diving ability, sound production, foraging habitat, and prey capture strategy influenced the orbit size using phylogenetic independent contrasts and phylogenetic ANOVAs. Using measurements of orbit length and bizygomatic width, we calculated proportional orbit size for 70 extant and 29 extinct whale taxa, with an emphasis on Odontoceti. We then performed ancestral character state reconstruction on a time-calibrated composite phylogeny. Our analysis revealed that there was no shift in proportional orbit size from archaeocetes through stem odontocetes, indicating that the evolution of echolocation did not influence the orbit size. Proportional orbit size increased in Ziphiidae, Phocoenidae, and Cephalorhynchus. Proportional orbit size decreased in Balaenidae, Physeteridae, Platanistidae, and Lipotidae. Body size, diving ability, foraging environment, and prey capture strategy had a significant influence on orbit size, but only without phylogenetic correction. An increase in orbit size is associated with deep diving behavior in beaked whales, while progenesis and retention of juvenile features into adulthood explain the pattern observed in Phocoenidae and Cephalorhynchus. Decrease in proportional orbit size is associated with adaptation toward murky freshwater environments in odontocetes and skim feeding in balaenids. Our study reveals that the evolution of echolocation had little effect on orbit size, which is variable in whales, and that adaptation for different feeding modes and habitat explains some of this variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Churchill
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin OshkoshOshkoshWIUSA
| | - Colin Baltz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin OshkoshOshkoshWIUSA
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7
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Racicot R. Evolution of whale sensory ecology: Frontiers in nondestructive anatomical investigations. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:736-752. [PMID: 34546007 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies surrounding the evolution of sensory system anatomy in cetaceans over the last ~100 years have shed light on aspects of the early evolution of hearing sensitivities, the small relative size of the organ of balance (semicircular canals and vestibule), brain (endocast) shape and relative volume changes, and ontogenetic development of sensory-related structures. Here, I review advances in our knowledge of sensory system anatomy as informed by the use of nondestructive imaging techniques, with a focus on applied methods in computed tomography (CT and μCT), and identify the key questions that remain to be addressed. Of these, the most important are: Is lower frequency hearing sensitivity the ancestral condition for whales? Did echolocation evolve more than once in odontocetes; and if so, when and why? How has the structure of the cetacean brain changed, through the evolution of whales, and does this correspond to changes in hearing sensitivities? Finally, what are the general pathways of ontogenetic development of sensory systems in odontocetes and mysticetes? Answering these questions will allow us to understand important macroevolutionary patterns in a fully aquatic mammalian group and provides baseline data on species for which we have limited biological information because of logistical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Racicot
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Groves SL, Peredo CM, Pyenson ND. What are the limits on whale ear bone size? Non-isometric scaling of the cetacean bulla. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10882. [PMID: 33604200 PMCID: PMC7869665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of cetaceans demonstrates dramatic macroevolutionary changes that have aided their transformation from terrestrial to obligate aquatic mammals. Their fossil record shows extensive anatomical modifications that facilitate life in a marine environment. To better understand the constraints on this transition, we examined the physical dimensions of the bony auditory complex, in relation to body size, for both living and extinct cetaceans. We compared the dimensions of the tympanic bulla, a conch-shaped ear bone unique to cetaceans, with bizygomatic width—a proxy for cetacean body size. Our results demonstrate that cetacean ears scale non-isometrically with body size, with about 70% of variation explained by increases in bizygomatic width. Our results, which encompass the breadth of the whale fossil record, size diversity, and taxonomic distribution, suggest that functional auditory capacity is constrained by congruent factors related to cranial morphology, as opposed to allometrically scaling with body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Groves
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Mauricio Peredo
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University - Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas D Pyenson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Paleontology and Geology, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Ichishima H, Kawabe S, Sawamura H. The so-called foramen singulare in cetacean periotics is actually the superior vestibular area. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1792-1799. [PMID: 33432669 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is nearly 100 years ago that the "foramen singulare" was first identified in cetacean periotics. Since then, the "foramen singulare" has been recognized in periotics of many cetacean species, extant or extinct. Surprisingly, however, it has never been confirmed if the foramen singulare in cetacean periotics is really homologous to that in other mammals. It is known that in mammals including humans the posterior ampullary nerve, which innervates the posterior semicircular duct, passes through the foramen singulare. We use an X-ray micro-CT scan to examine endocasts of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear of cetacean periotics, showing that the osseous canal extending from the so-called foramen singulare goes toward the anterior bony ampulla, meaning that the alleged foramen singulare in cetacean periotics is really the superior vestibular area, through which the utriculoampullary nerve enters. The transverse crest is quite significant to identify each quadrant of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus, but in many cetacean species the transverse crest is poorly developed, almost imperceptible in some species, and this could have brought confusion into the interpretation over the superior vestibular area and the foramen singulare. The bony septum separating the cerebral aperture of the facial canal from the foramen singulare is not the transverse crest, but the perpendicular crest. The foramen singulare is not a distinct foramen separated from the inferior vestibular area. Instead, the true foramen singulare opens near the inferior vestibular area in the internal acoustic meatus in cetacean periotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soichiro Kawabe
- Institute of Dinosaur Research, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
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10
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Coombs EJ, Clavel J, Park T, Churchill M, Goswami A. Wonky whales: the evolution of cranial asymmetry in cetaceans. BMC Biol 2020; 18:86. [PMID: 32646447 PMCID: PMC7350770 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike most mammals, toothed whale (Odontoceti) skulls lack symmetry in the nasal and facial (nasofacial) region. This asymmetry is hypothesised to relate to echolocation, which may have evolved in the earliest diverging odontocetes. Early cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) such as archaeocetes, namely the protocetids and basilosaurids, have asymmetric rostra, but it is unclear when nasofacial asymmetry evolved during the transition from archaeocetes to modern whales. We used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to reconstruct the evolution of asymmetry in the skulls of 162 living and extinct cetaceans over 50 million years. RESULTS In archaeocetes, we found asymmetry is prevalent in the rostrum and also in the squamosal, jugal, and orbit, possibly reflecting preservational deformation. Asymmetry in odontocetes is predominant in the nasofacial region. Mysticetes (baleen whales) show symmetry similar to terrestrial artiodactyls such as bovines. The first significant shift in asymmetry occurred in the stem odontocete family Xenorophidae during the Early Oligocene. Further increases in asymmetry occur in the physeteroids in the Late Oligocene, Squalodelphinidae and Platanistidae in the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene, and in the Monodontidae in the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene. Additional episodes of rapid change in odontocete skull asymmetry were found in the Mid-Late Oligocene, a period of rapid evolution and diversification. No high-probability increases or jumps in asymmetry were found in mysticetes or archaeocetes. Unexpectedly, no increases in asymmetry were recovered within the highly asymmetric ziphiids, which may result from the extreme, asymmetric shape of premaxillary crests in these taxa not being captured by landmarks alone. CONCLUSIONS Early ancestors of living whales had little cranial asymmetry and likely were not able to echolocate. Archaeocetes display high levels of asymmetry in the rostrum, potentially related to directional hearing, which is lost in early neocetes-the taxon including the most recent common ancestor of living cetaceans. Nasofacial asymmetry becomes a significant feature of Odontoceti skulls in the Early Oligocene, reaching its highest levels in extant taxa. Separate evolutionary regimes are reconstructed for odontocetes living in acoustically complex environments, suggesting that these niches impose strong selective pressure on echolocation ability and thus increased cranial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Coombs
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Julien Clavel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Morgan Churchill
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Martins MCI, Park T, Racicot R, Cooper N. Intraspecific variation in the cochleae of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and its implications for comparative studies across odontocetes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8916. [PMID: 32322439 PMCID: PMC7161573 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In morphological traits, variation within species is generally considered to be lower than variation among species, although this assumption is rarely tested. This is particularly important in fields like palaeontology, where it is common to use a single individual as representative of a species due to the rarity of fossils. Here, we investigated intraspecific variation in the cochleae of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Interspecific variation of cochlear morphology is well characterised among odontocetes (toothed whales) because of the importance of the structure in echolocation, but generally these studies use only a single cochlea to represent each species. In this study we compare variation within the cochleae of 18 specimens of P. phocoena with variations in cochlear morphology across 51 other odontocete species. Using both 3D landmark and linear measurement data, we performed Generalised Procrustes and principal component analyses to quantify shape variation. We then quantified intraspecific variation in our sample of P. phocoena by estimating disparity and the coefficient of variation for our 3D and linear data respectively. Finally, to determine whether intraspecific variation may confound the results of studies of interspecific variation, we used multivariate and univariate analyses of variance to test whether variation within the specimens of P. phocoena was significantly lower than that across odontocetes. We found low levels of intraspecific variation in the cochleae of P. phocoena, and that cochlear shape within P. phocoena was significantly less variable than across odontocetes. Although future studies should attempt to use multiple cochleae for every species, our results suggest that using just one cochlea for each species should not strongly influence the conclusions of comparative studies if our results are consistent across Cetacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Iruzun Martins
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Racicot
- Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum, Senckenberg der SNG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Department of Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Racicot RA, Boessenecker RW, Darroch SAF, Geisler JH. Evidence for convergent evolution of ultrasonic hearing in toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190083. [PMID: 31088283 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) are the most diverse group of modern cetaceans, originating during the Eocene/Oligocene transition approximately 38 Ma. All extant odontocetes echolocate; a single origin for this behaviour is supported by a unique facial source for ultrasonic vocalizations and a cochlea adapted for hearing the corresponding echoes. The craniofacial and inner ear morphology of Oligocene odontocetes support a rapid (less than 5 Myr) early evolution of echolocation. Although some cranial features in the stem odontocetes Simocetus and Olympicetus suggest an ability to generate ultrasonic sound, until now, the bony labyrinths of taxa of this grade have not been investigated. Here, we use µCT to examine a petrosal of a taxon with clear similarities to Olympicetus avitus. Measurements of the bony labyrinth, when added to an extensive dataset of cetartiodactyls, resulted in this specimen sharing a morphospace with stem whales, suggesting a transitional inner ear. This discovery implies that either the lineage leading to this Olympicetus--like taxon lost the ability to hear ultrasonic sound, or adaptations for ultrasonic hearing evolved twice, once in xenorophids and again on the stem of the odontocete crown group. We favour the latter interpretation as it matches a well-documented convergence of craniofacial morphology between xenorophids and extant odontocetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Racicot
- 1 W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges , Claremont, CA 91711 , USA.,2 Vertebrate Paleontology Department and The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , Los Angeles, CA 90007 , USA.,3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37340 , USA
| | - Robert W Boessenecker
- 4 Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston , Charleston, SC 29414 , USA
| | - Simon A F Darroch
- 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37340 , USA
| | - Jonathan H Geisler
- 5 Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine , Old Westbury, NY 11568 , USA
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