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Olsen EM, Karlsen Ø, Skjæraasen JE. Large females connect Atlantic cod spawning sites. Science 2023; 382:1181-1184. [PMID: 38060630 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's ecosystems are increasingly deprived of large animals. Global simulations suggest that this downsizing of nature has serious consequences for biosphere functioning. However, the historical loss of large animals means that it is now often impossible to secure empirical data revealing their true ecological importance. We tracked 465 mature Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during their winter spawning season and show that large females (up to 114 centimeters in length), which are still found in mid-Norway, were characterized by more complex movement networks compared with smaller females. Large males were sparse but displayed similar movement patterns. Our finding implies that management programs promoting large fish will have positive impacts on population resilience by facilitating the continued use of a diversity of spawning habitats and the connectivity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Moland Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research; Flødevigen, Arendal 4817, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder; Kristiansand 4604, Norway
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Martínez-García L, Ferrari G, Cuevas A, Atmore LM, López-Arias B, Culling M, Llorente-Rodríguez L, Morales-Muñiz A, Roselló-Izquierdo E, Quirós JA, Marlasca-Martín R, Hänfling B, Hutchinson WF, Jakobsen KS, Jentoft S, Orton D, Star B, Barrett JH. Ancient DNA evidence for the ecological globalization of cod fishing in medieval and post-medieval Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221107. [PMID: 36259206 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the historical emergence and growth of long-range fisheries can provide fundamental insights into the timing of ecological impacts and the development of coastal communities during the last millennium. Whole-genome sequencing approaches can improve such understanding by determining the origin of archaeological fish specimens that may have been obtained from historic trade or distant water. Here, we used genome-wide data to individually infer the biological source of 37 ancient Atlantic cod specimens (ca 1050-1950 CE) from England and Spain. Our findings provide novel genetic evidence that eleventh- to twelfth-century specimens from London were predominantly obtained from nearby populations, while thirteenth- to fourteenth-century specimens were derived from distant sources. Our results further suggest that Icelandic cod was indeed exported to London earlier than previously reported. Our observations confirm the chronology and geography of the trans-Atlantic cod trade from Newfoundland to Spain starting by the early sixteenth century. Our findings demonstrate the utility of whole-genome sequencing and ancient DNA approaches to describe the globalization of marine fisheries and increase our understanding regarding the extent of the North Atlantic fish trade and long-range fisheries in medieval and early modern times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Martínez-García
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Giada Ferrari
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway.,Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5NZ, UK
| | - Angélica Cuevas
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Lane M Atmore
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Begoña López-Arias
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología LAZ-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Mark Culling
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Laura Llorente-Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Archaezoological Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden, Leiden 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Morales-Muñiz
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología LAZ-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Juan Antonio Quirós
- Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz 48940, Spain
| | | | - Bernd Hänfling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Freshwater Conservation, UHI-Inverness, Inverness, UK
| | - William F Hutchinson
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - David Orton
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Bastiaan Star
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - James H Barrett
- Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway
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Scarsbrook L, Mitchell KJ, Mcgee MD, Closs GP, Rawlence NJ. Ancient DNA from the extinct New Zealand grayling ( Prototroctes oxyrhynchus) reveals evidence for Miocene marine dispersal. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The evolutionary history of Southern Hemisphere graylings (Retropinnidae) in New Zealand (NZ), including their relationship to the Australian grayling, is poorly understood. The NZ grayling (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus) is the only known fish in NZ to have gone extinct since human arrival there. Despite its historical abundance, only 23 wet and dried, formalin-fixed specimens exist in museums. We used high-throughput DNA sequencing to generate mitogenomes from formalin-fixed P. oxyrhynchus specimens, and analysed these in a temporal phylogenetic framework of retropinnids and osmerids. We recovered a strong sister-relationship between NZ and Australian grayling (P. mareana), with a common ancestor ~13.8 Mya [95% highest posterior density (HPD): 6.1–23.2 Mya], after the height of Oligocene marine inundation in NZ. Our temporal phylogenetic analysis suggests a single marine dispersal between NZ and Australia, although the direction of dispersal is equivocal, followed by divergence into genetically and morphologically distinguishable species through isolation by distance. This study provides further insights into the possible extinction drivers of the NZ grayling, informs discussion regarding reintroduction of Prototroctes to NZ and highlights how advances in palaeogenetics can be used to test evolutionary hypotheses in fish, which, until relatively recently, have been comparatively neglected in ancient-DNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachie Scarsbrook
- Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Kieren J Mitchell
- Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Mcgee
- Behavioural Studies Group, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Gerard P Closs
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Nicolas J Rawlence
- Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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