1
|
Bhide S, Gombalova D, Mönke G, Stegmaier J, Zinchenko V, Kreshuk A, Belmonte JM, Leptin M. Mechanical competition alters the cellular interpretation of an endogenous genetic program. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212605. [PMID: 34449835 PMCID: PMC8406609 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic genetic program of a cell is not sufficient to explain all of the cell's activities. External mechanical stimuli are increasingly recognized as determinants of cell behavior. In the epithelial folding event that constitutes the beginning of gastrulation in Drosophila, the genetic program of the future mesoderm leads to the establishment of a contractile actomyosin network that triggers apical constriction of cells and thereby tissue folding. However, some cells do not constrict but instead stretch, even though they share the same genetic program as their constricting neighbors. We show here that tissue-wide interactions force these cells to expand even when an otherwise sufficient amount of apical, active actomyosin is present. Models based on contractile forces and linear stress-strain responses do not reproduce experimental observations, but simulations in which cells behave as ductile materials with nonlinear mechanical properties do. Our models show that this behavior is a general emergent property of actomyosin networks in a supracellular context, in accordance with our experimental observations of actin reorganization within stretching cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Bhide
- Director's Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denisa Gombalova
- Director's Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Mönke
- Director's Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Zinchenko
- Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julio M Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Maria Leptin
- Director's Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Organization, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coudert Y, Harris S, Charrier B. Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis in Filamentous Organisms. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1149-R1162. [PMID: 31689405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation of life on Earth was accompanied by the diversification of multicellular body plans in the eukaryotic kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Chromista. Branching forms are ubiquitous in nature and evolved repeatedly in the above lineages. The developmental and genetic basis of branch formation is well studied in the three-dimensional shoot and root systems of land plants, and in animal organs such as the lung, kidney, mammary gland, vasculature, etc. Notably, recent thought-provoking studies combining experimental analysis and computational modeling of branching patterns in whole animal organs have identified global patterning rules and proposed unifying principles of branching morphogenesis. Filamentous branching forms represent one of the simplest expressions of the multicellular body plan and constitute a key step in the evolution of morphological complexity. Similarities between simple and complex branching forms distantly related in evolution are compelling, raising the question whether shared mechanisms underlie their development. Here, we focus on filamentous branching organisms that represent major study models from three distinct eukaryotic kingdoms, including the moss Physcomitrella patens (Plantae), the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. (Chromista), and the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans (Fungi), and bring to light developmental regulatory mechanisms and design principles common to these lineages. Throughout the review we explore how the regulatory mechanisms of branching morphogenesis identified in other models, and in particular animal organs, may inform our thinking on filamentous systems and thereby advance our understanding of the diverse strategies deployed across the eukaryotic tree of life to evolve similar forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Steven Harris
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ben Amar M, Nassoy P, LeGoff L. Physics of growing biological tissues: the complex cross-talk between cell activity, growth and resistance. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180070. [PMID: 30879412 PMCID: PMC6452036 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For many organisms, shapes emerge from growth, which generates stresses, which in turn can feedback on growth. In this review, theoretical methods to analyse various aspects of morphogenesis are discussed with the aim to determine the most adapted method for tissue mechanics. We discuss the need to work at scales intermediate between cells and tissues and emphasize the use of finite elasticity for this. We detail the application of these ideas to four systems: active cells embedded in tissues, brain cortical convolutions, the cortex of Caenorhabditis elegans during elongation and finally the proliferation of epithelia on extracellular matrix. Numerical models well adapted to inhomogeneities are also presented. This article is part of the theme issue 'Rivlin's legacy in continuum mechanics and applied mathematics'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Faculté de médecine, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Sorbonne Université, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS UMR 5298, Université de Bordeaux and Institut d'Optique F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Loic LeGoff
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qian L, Zhao H. Nanoindentation of Soft Biological Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E654. [PMID: 30544918 PMCID: PMC6316095 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation techniques, with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity, have recently been moved into the center of the spotlight for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials, especially bridging the scales from the molecular via the cellular and tissue all the way to the organ level, whereas characterizing soft biomaterials, especially down to biomolecules, is fraught with more pitfalls compared with the hard biomaterials. In this review we detail the constitutive behavior of soft biomaterials under nanoindentation (including AFM) and present the characteristics of experimental aspects in detail, such as the adaption of instrumentation and indentation response of soft biomaterials. We further show some applications, and discuss the challenges and perspectives related to nanoindentation of soft biomaterials, a technique that can pinpoint the mechanical properties of soft biomaterials for the scale-span is far-reaching for understanding biomechanics and mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Qian
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Hao YK, Li B, Feng XQ, Gao H. Wrinkling patterns in soft shells. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1681-1688. [PMID: 29419847 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Curvature plays an important role in the morphological evolution of soft shells under stretch. Here, through a combination of experiment, theory and simulation, we investigate the behavior of a hemispherical soft shell subject to an increasing outward point force at its pole. In contrast to an inward point force inducing a polygonal pattern of buckling in the shell, we observe a four-stage morphological transition and symmetry breaking under an increasing outward point force. The shell undergoes axisymmetric deformation around its pole and then buckles into a non-axisymmetric shape with a number of shallow wrinkles emanating from the pole, followed by the emergence of crater-like deep crumples and ultimately a transformation into a wrinkled pseudocone. Our theoretical analysis and numerical simulations yield the critical conditions for the morphological transitions at each stage of deformation and reveal the underlying interplays between elastic bending and stretching energies and the curvature of the shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Determination of the Structural Characteristics of Microalgal Cells Walls under the Influence of Turbulent Mixing Energy in Open Raceway Ponds. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|