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Li W, Liu J, Yu T, Lu F, Miao Q, Meng X, Xiao W, Yang H, Zhang X. ZDHHC9-mediated Bip/GRP78 S-palmitoylation inhibits unfolded protein response and promotes bladder cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217118. [PMID: 39002690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted palmitoylation, a novel protein post-translational modification, as a key player in various signaling pathways that contribute to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Despite this, its role in bladder cancer (BCa) development remains inadequately understood. In this study, ZDHHC9 emerged as a significantly upregulated oncogene in BCa. Functionally, ZDHHC9 knockdown markedly inhibited tumor proliferation, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, and enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (CDDP). Mechanistically, SP1 was found to transcriptionally activate ZDHHC9 expression. ZDHHC9 subsequently bound to and palmitoylated the Bip protein at cysteine 420 (Cys420), thereby inhibiting the unfolded protein response (UPR). This palmitoylation at Cys420 enhanced Bip's protein stability and preserved its localization within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ZDHHC9 might become a novel therapeutic target for BCa and could also contribute to combination therapy with GEM and CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jingchong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Tiexi Yu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Feiyi Lu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiangui Meng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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2
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Liu Z, Li S, Wang C, Vidmar KJ, Bracey S, Li L, Willard B, Miyagi M, Lan T, Dickinson BC, Osme A, Pizarro TT, Xiao TS. Palmitoylation at a conserved cysteine residue facilitates gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400883121. [PMID: 38980908 PMCID: PMC11260154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400883121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptotic cell death drives inflammatory cytokine release and downstream immune responses upon inflammasome activation, which play important roles in host defense and inflammatory disorders. Upon activation by proteases, the GSDMD N-terminal domain (NTD) undergoes oligomerization and membrane translocation in the presence of lipids to assemble pores. Despite intensive studies, the molecular events underlying the transition of GSDMD from an autoinhibited soluble form to an oligomeric pore form inserted into the membrane remain incompletely understood. Previous work characterized S-palmitoylation for gasdermins from bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, as well as mammalian gasdermin E (GSDME). Here, we report that a conserved residue Cys191 in human GSDMD was S-palmitoylated, which promoted GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Mutation of Cys191 or treatment with palmitoyltransferase inhibitors cyano-myracrylamide (CMA) or 2-bromopalmitate (2BP) suppressed GSDMD palmitoylation, its localization to the membrane and dampened pyroptosis or IL-1β secretion. Furthermore, Gsdmd-dependent inflammatory responses were alleviated by inhibition of palmitoylation in vivo. By contrast, coexpression of GSDMD with palmitoyltransferases enhanced pyroptotic cell death, while introduction of exogenous palmitoylation sequences fully restored pyroptotic activities to the C191A mutant, suggesting that palmitoylation-mediated membrane localization may be distinct from other molecular events such as GSDMD conformational change during pore assembly. Collectively, our study suggests that S-palmitoylation may be a shared regulatory mechanism for GSDMD and other gasdermins, which points to potential avenues for therapeutically targeting S-palmitoylation of gasdermins in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Sai Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Chuanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Kaylynn J. Vidmar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Syrena Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics and Metabolic Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44196
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolic Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44196
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Tong Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | | | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
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3
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Griffiths G, Brügger B, Freund C. Lipid switches in the immunological synapse. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107428. [PMID: 38823638 PMCID: PMC11259711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses comprise the activation of T cells by peptide antigens that are presented by proteins of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. As a consequence of the T cell receptor interacting productively with a certain peptide-MHC complex, a specialized cell-cell junction known as the immunological synapse forms and is accompanied by changes in the spatiotemporal patterning and function of intracellular signaling molecules. Key modifications occurring at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma and internal membranes in activated T cells comprise lipid switches that affect the binding and distribution of proteins within or near the lipid bilayer. Here, we describe two major classes of lipid switches that act at this critical water/membrane interface. Phosphoinositides are derived from phosphatidylinositol, an amphiphilic molecule that contains two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that bridges the glycerol backbone to the carbohydrate inositol. The inositol ring can be variably (de-)phosphorylated by dedicated kinases and phosphatases, thereby creating phosphoinositide signatures that define the composition and properties of signaling molecules, molecular complexes, or whole organelles. Palmitoylation refers to the reversible attachment of the fatty acid palmitate to a substrate protein's cysteine residue. DHHC enzymes, named after the four conserved amino acids in their active site, catalyze this post-translational modification and thereby change the distribution of proteins at, between, and within membranes. T cells utilize these two types of molecular switches to adjust their properties to an activation process that requires changes in motility, transport, secretion, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Tang C, Duran P, Calderon-Rivera A, Loya-Lopez S, Gomez K, Perez-Miller S, Khanna R. Regulating neuronal excitability: The role of S-palmitoylation in Na V1.7 activity and voltage sensitivity. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae222. [PMID: 38894876 PMCID: PMC11184981 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation, a reversible lipid post-translational modification, regulates the functions of numerous proteins. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), pivotal in action potential generation and propagation within cardiac cells and sensory neurons, can be directly or indirectly modulated by S-palmitoylation, impacting channel trafficking and function. However, the role of S-palmitoylation in modulating NaV1.7, a significant contributor to pain pathophysiology, has remained unexplored. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by investigating if S-palmitoylation influences NaV1.7 channel function. Acyl-biotin exchange assays demonstrated that heterologously expressed NaV1.7 channels are modified by S-palmitoylation. Blocking S-palmitoylation with 2-bromopalmitate resulted in reduced NaV1.7 current density and hyperpolarized steady-state inactivation. We identified two S-palmitoylation sites within NaV1.7, both located in the second intracellular loop, which regulated different properties of the channel. Specifically, S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1126 enhanced NaV1.7 current density, while S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1152 modulated voltage-dependent inactivation. Blocking S-palmitoylation altered excitability of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Lastly, in human sensory neurons, NaV1.7 undergoes S-palmitoylation, and the attenuation of this post-translational modification results in alterations in the voltage-dependence of activation, leading to decreased neuronal excitability. Our data show, for the first time, that S-palmitoylation affects NaV1.7 channels, exerting regulatory control over their activity and, consequently, impacting rodent and human sensory neuron excitability. These findings provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies, potentially uncovering novel therapeutic avenues in the modulation of S-palmitoylation for NaV1.7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Peptide and Small Molecule Drug R&D Platform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Aida Calderon-Rivera
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Santiago Loya-Lopez
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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6
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Speck SL, Wei X, Semenkovich CF. Depalmitoylation and cell physiology: APT1 as a mediator of metabolic signals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1034-C1041. [PMID: 38344800 PMCID: PMC11193526 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00542.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
More than half of the global population is obese or overweight, especially in Western countries, and this excess adiposity disrupts normal physiology to cause chronic diseases. Diabetes, an adiposity-associated epidemic disease, affects >500 million people, and cases are projected to exceed 1 billion before 2050. Lipid excess can impact physiology through the posttranslational modification of proteins, including the reversible process of S-palmitoylation. Dynamic palmitoylation cycling requires the S-acylation of proteins by acyltransferases and the depalmitoylation of these proteins mediated in part by acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs) such as APT1. Emerging evidence points to tissue-specific roles for the depalmitoylase APT1 in maintaining homeostasis in the vasculature, pancreatic islets, and liver. These recent findings raise the possibility that APT1 substrates can be therapeutically targeted to treat the complications of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Speck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Xiaochao Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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7
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Néré R, Kouba S, Carreras-Sureda A, Demaurex N. S-acylation of Ca2+ transport proteins: molecular basis and functional consequences. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:407-421. [PMID: 38348884 PMCID: PMC10903462 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) regulates a multitude of cellular processes during fertilization and throughout adult life by acting as an intracellular messenger to control effector functions in excitable and non-excitable cells. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels are driven by the co-ordinated action of Ca2+ channels, pumps, and exchangers, and the resulting signals are shaped and decoded by Ca2+-binding proteins to drive rapid and long-term cellular processes ranging from neurotransmission and cardiac contraction to gene transcription and cell death. S-acylation, a lipid post-translational modification, is emerging as a critical regulator of several important Ca2+-handling proteins. S-acylation is a reversible and dynamic process involving the attachment of long-chain fatty acids (most commonly palmitate) to cysteine residues of target proteins by a family of 23 proteins acyltransferases (zDHHC, or PATs). S-acylation modifies the conformation of proteins and their interactions with membrane lipids, thereby impacting intra- and intermolecular interactions, protein stability, and subcellular localization. Disruptions of S-acylation can alter Ca2+ signalling and have been implicated in the development of pathologies such as heart disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Here, we review the recent literature on the S-acylation of Ca2+ transport proteins of organelles and of the plasma membrane and highlight the molecular basis and functional consequence of their S-acylation as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting this regulation for diseases caused by alterations in cellular Ca2+ fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Néré
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sana Kouba
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Essandoh K, Teuber JP, Brody MJ. Regulation of cardiomyocyte intracellular trafficking and signal transduction by protein palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:41-53. [PMID: 38385554 PMCID: PMC10903464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established functions of protein palmitoylation in fundamental cellular processes, the roles of this reversible post-translational lipid modification in cardiomyocyte biology remain poorly studied. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of 23 zinc finger and Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing S-acyltransferases (zDHHC enzymes) and removed by select thioesterases of the lysophospholipase and α/β-hydroxylase domain (ABHD)-containing families of serine hydrolases. Recently, studies utilizing genetic manipulation of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes have begun to unveil essential functions for these enzymes in regulating cardiac development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Palmitoylation co-ordinates cardiac electrophysiology through direct modulation of ion channels and transporters to impact their trafficking or gating properties as well as indirectly through modification of regulators of channels, transporters, and calcium handling machinery. Not surprisingly, palmitoylation has roles in orchestrating the intracellular trafficking of proteins in cardiomyocytes, but also dynamically fine-tunes cardiomyocyte exocytosis and natriuretic peptide secretion. Palmitoylation has emerged as a potent regulator of intracellular signaling in cardiomyocytes, with recent studies uncovering palmitoylation-dependent regulation of small GTPases through direct modification and sarcolemmal targeting of the small GTPases themselves or by modification of regulators of the GTPase cycle. In addition to dynamic control of G protein signaling, cytosolic DNA is sensed and transduced into an inflammatory transcriptional output through palmitoylation-dependent activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which has been targeted pharmacologically in preclinical models of heart disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex regulatory mechanisms governed by protein palmitoylation in cardiomyocytes and potential emerging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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9
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Chen Y, Li Y, Wu L. Protein S-palmitoylation modification: implications in tumor and tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337478. [PMID: 38415253 PMCID: PMC10896991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that involves the addition of a 16-carbon palmitoyl group to a protein cysteine residue via a thioester linkage. This modification plays a crucial role in the regulation protein localization, accumulation, secretion, stability, and function. Dysregulation of protein S-palmitoylation can disrupt cellular pathways and contribute to the development of various diseases, particularly cancers. Aberrant S-palmitoylation has been extensively studied and proven to be involved in tumor initiation and growth, metastasis, and apoptosis. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that protein S-palmitoylation may also have a potential role in immune modulation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of S-palmitoylation in tumor cells and the tumor immune microenvironment is essential to improve our understanding of this process. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of S-palmitoylation in tumors and the tumor immune microenvironment, focusing on the S-palmitoylation modification of various proteins. Furthermore, we propose new ideas for immunotherapeutic strategies through S-palmitoylation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiao Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Liao D, Huang Y, Liu D, Zhang H, Shi X, Li X, Luo P. The role of s-palmitoylation in neurological diseases: implication for zDHHC family. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1342830. [PMID: 38293675 PMCID: PMC10824933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1342830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational modification, and the palmitoylation reaction in human-derived cells is mediated by the zDHHC family, which is composed of S-acyltransferase enzymes that possess the DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) structural domain. zDHHC proteins form an autoacylation intermediate, which then attaches the fatty acid to cysteine a residue in the target protein. zDHHC proteins sublocalize in different neuronal structures and exert dif-ferential effects on neurons. In humans, many zDHHC proteins are closely related to human neu-rological disor-ders. This review focuses on a variety of neurological disorders, such as AD (Alz-heimer's disease), HD (Huntington's disease), SCZ (schizophrenia), XLID (X-linked intellectual disability), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and glioma. In this paper, we will discuss and summarize the research progress regarding the role of zDHHC proteins in these neu-rological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Ocasio CA, Baggelaar MP, Sipthorp J, Losada de la Lastra A, Tavares M, Volarić J, Soudy C, Storck EM, Houghton JW, Palma-Duran SA, MacRae JI, Tomić G, Carr L, Downward J, Eggert US, Tate EW. A palmitoyl transferase chemical-genetic system to map ZDHHC-specific S-acylation. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02030-0. [PMID: 38191663 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The 23 human zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys motif-containing (ZDHHC) S-acyltransferases catalyze long-chain S-acylation at cysteine residues across an extensive network of hundreds of proteins important for normal physiology or dysregulated in disease. Here we present a technology to directly map the protein substrates of a specific ZDHHC at the whole-proteome level, in intact cells. Structure-guided engineering of paired ZDHHC 'hole' mutants and 'bumped' chemically tagged fatty acid probes enabled probe transfer to specific protein substrates with excellent selectivity over wild-type ZDHHCs. Chemical-genetic systems were exemplified for five human ZDHHCs (3, 7, 11, 15 and 20) and applied to generate de novo ZDHHC substrate profiles, identifying >300 substrates and S-acylation sites for new functionally diverse proteins across multiple cell lines. We expect that this platform will elucidate S-acylation biology for a wide range of models and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc P Baggelaar
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Utrecht University, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Group, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James Sipthorp
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Ana Losada de la Lastra
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Manuel Tavares
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Jana Volarić
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | | | - Elisabeth M Storck
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, London, UK
| | | | - Susana A Palma-Duran
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Food Science, Research Center in Food and Development A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrike S Eggert
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK.
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12
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Bian J, Xiong W, Yang Z, Li M, Song D, Zhang Y, Liu C. Identification and prognostic biomarkers among ZDHHC4/12/18/24, and APT2 in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:522. [PMID: 38177255 PMCID: PMC10767092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases are differentially expressed in various cancers and several malignant tumors and show a strong prognostic ability. Notwithstanding, the potential clinical impact of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases, particularly in the prognosis and progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), has not been clarified. Expression levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases in LUAD were investigated using TCGA. GEPIA was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases at different pathological stages. Metascape was used to investigate the biological significance of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. The Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to analyze the prognostic value of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. CBioportal was used to analyze gene alterations in S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. UALCAN was used to examine DNA promoter methylation levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. Finally, we investigated the relationship between S-palmitoylases, S-depalmitoylases, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells using TIMER. Correlations with immune checkpoint-related genes were determined using the R packages reshape2, ggpubr, ggplot2, and corrplot. PCR was also performed to assess the degree of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 transcript expression in lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal lung tissues. HPA was utilized to investigate protein levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases in LUAD and normal lung tissue. Our study found that ZDHHC2/3/4/5/6/7/9/12/13/16/18/20/21/23/24, APT1/2, PPT1, LYPLAL1, ABHD4/10/11/12/13 and ABHD17C mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD, whereas ZDHHC1/8/11/11B/14/15/17/19/22, ABHD6/16A and ABHD17A mRNA expression was significantly downregulated. The functions of the differentially expressed S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases were mainly associated with protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase and protein-cysteine S-acyltransferase activities. Patients with high expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24, APT2, ABHD4, ABHD11 and ABHD12 had a shorter overall survival. Infiltration of six immune cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) was closely associated with the expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2. ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 positively correlated with the immune checkpoint-related gene CD276. We assessed the mRNA levels of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 using qRT-PCR and found increased expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 in LUAD compared with healty control lung tissues. ZDHHC4/12/18/24, and APT2 are potential prognostic biomarkers of LUAD. Their expression levels could be related to the tumor microenvironment in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenji Xiong
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Minzhe Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University-The Eastern Division, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Echocardiography Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Samurkas A, van der Goot FG. S-acylation: an orchestrator of the life cycle and function of membrane proteins. FEBS J 2024; 291:45-56. [PMID: 37811679 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a covalent post-translational modification of proteins with fatty acids, achieved by enzymatic attachment via a labile thioester bond. This modification allows for dynamic control of protein properties and functions in association with cell membranes. This lipid modification regulates a substantial portion of the human proteome and plays an increasingly recognized role throughout the lifespan of affected proteins. Recent technical advancements have propelled the S-acylation field into a 'molecular era', unveiling new insights into its mechanistic intricacies and far-reaching implications. With a striking increase in the number of studies on this modification, new concepts are indeed emerging on the roles of S-acylation in specific cell biology processes and features. After a brief overview of the enzymes involved in S-acylation, this viewpoint focuses on the importance of S-acylation in the homeostasis, function, and coordination of integral membrane proteins. In particular, we put forward the hypotheses that S-acylation is a gatekeeper of membrane protein folding and turnover and a regulator of the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Samurkas
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Meng X, Templeton C, Clementi C, Veit M. The role of an amphiphilic helix and transmembrane region in the efficient acylation of the M2 protein from influenza virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18928. [PMID: 37919373 PMCID: PMC10622425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, a cellular process occurring at the membrane-cytosol interface, is orchestrated by members of the DHHC enzyme family and plays a pivotal role in regulating various cellular functions. The M2 protein of the influenza virus, which is acylated at a membrane-near amphiphilic helix serves as a model for studying the intricate signals governing acylation and its interaction with the cognate enzyme, DHHC20. We investigate it here using both experimental and computational assays. We report that altering the biophysical properties of the amphiphilic helix, particularly by shortening or disrupting it, results in a substantial reduction in M2 palmitoylation, but does not entirely abolish the process. Intriguingly, DHHC20 exhibits an augmented affinity for some M2 mutants compared to the wildtype M2. Molecular dynamics simulations unveil interactions between amino acids of the helix and the catalytically significant DHHC and TTXE motifs of DHHC20. Our findings suggest that the binding of M2 to DHHC20, while not highly specific, is mediated by requisite contacts, possibly instigating the transfer of fatty acids. A comprehensive comprehension of protein palmitoylation mechanisms is imperative for the development of DHHC-specific inhibitors, holding promise for the treatment of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Meng
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clark Templeton
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Clementi
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Ge M, Zhu Y, Wei M, Piao H, He M. Improving the efficacy of anti-EGFR drugs in GBM: Where we are going? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188996. [PMID: 37805108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The therapies targeting mutations of driver genes in cancer have advanced into clinical trials for a variety of tumors. In glioblastoma (GBM), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most commonly mutated oncogene, and targeting EGFR has been widely investigated as a promising direction. However, the results of EGFR pathway inhibitors have not been satisfactory. Limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, drug resistance, and pathway compensation mechanisms contribute to the failure of anti-EGFR therapies. This review summarizes recent research advances in EGFR-targeted therapy for GBM and provides insight into the reasons for the unsatisfactory results of EGFR-targeted therapy. By combining the results of preclinical studies with those of clinical trials, we discuss that improved drug penetration across the BBB, the use of multi-target combinations, and the development of peptidomimetic drugs under the premise of precision medicine may be promising strategies to overcome drug resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxi Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang, China.
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.
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17
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Meng X, Veit M. Palmitoylation of the hemagglutinin of influenza B virus by ER-localized DHHC enzymes 1, 2, 4, and 6 is required for efficient virus replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0124523. [PMID: 37792001 PMCID: PMC10617437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses are a public health concern since they cause seasonal outbreaks and occasionally pandemics. Our study investigates the importance of a protein modification called "palmitoylation" in the replication of influenza B virus. Palmitoylation involves attaching fatty acids to the viral protein hemagglutinin and has previously been studied for influenza A virus. We found that this modification is important for the influenza B virus to replicate, as mutating the sites where palmitate is attached prevented the virus from generating viable particles. Our experiments also showed that this modification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified the specific enzymes responsible for this modification, which are different from those involved in palmitoylation of HA of influenza A virus. Overall, our research illuminates the similarities and differences in fatty acid attachment to HA of influenza A and B viruses and identifies the responsible enzymes, which might be promising targets for anti-viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Meng
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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18
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Teo S, Bossio A, Stamatakou E, Pascual-Vargas P, Jones ME, Schuhmacher LN, Salinas PC. S-acylation of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-5 by zDHHC5 controls its cellular localization and synaptogenic activity in the rodent hippocampus. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2063-2079.e9. [PMID: 37557176 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper localization of receptors for synaptic organizing factors is crucial for synapse formation. Wnt proteins promote synapse assembly through Frizzled (Fz) receptors. In hippocampal neurons, the surface and synaptic localization of Fz5 is regulated by neuronal activity, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here, we report that all Fz receptors can be post-translationally modified by S-acylation and that Fz5 is S-acylated on three C-terminal cysteines by zDHHC5. S-acylation is essential for Fz5 localization to the cell surface, axons, and presynaptic sites. Notably, S-acylation-deficient Fz5 is internalized faster, affecting its association with signalosome components at the cell surface. S-acylation-deficient Fz5 also fails to activate canonical and divergent canonical Wnt pathways. Fz5 S-acylation levels are regulated by the pattern of neuronal activity. In vivo studies demonstrate that S-acylation-deficient Fz5 expression fails to induce presynaptic assembly. Our studies show that S-acylation of Frizzled receptors is a mechanism controlling their localization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Teo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alessandro Bossio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eleanna Stamatakou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patricia Pascual-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Megan E Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura-Nadine Schuhmacher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patricia C Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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19
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Puthenveetil R, Auger SA, Gómez-Navarro N, Rana MS, Das R, Healy LB, Suazo KF, Shi ZD, Swenson RE, Distefano MD, Banerjee A. Orthogonal Enzyme-Substrate Design Strategy for Discovery of Human Protein Palmitoyltransferase Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22287-22292. [PMID: 37774000 PMCID: PMC10591334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, with more than 5000 substrates, is the most prevalent form of protein lipidation. Palmitoylated proteins participate in almost all areas of cellular physiology and have been linked to several human diseases. Twenty-three zDHHC enzymes catalyze protein palmitoylation with extensive overlap among the substrates of each zDHHC member. Currently, there is no global strategy to delineate the physiological substrates of individual zDHHC enzymes without perturbing the natural cellular pool. Here, we outline a general approach to accomplish this on the basis of synthetic orthogonal substrates that are only compatible with engineered zDHHC enzymes. We demonstrate the utility of this strategy by validating known substrates and use it to identify novel substrates of two human zDHHC enzymes. Finally, we employ this method to discover and explore conserved palmitoylation in a family of host restriction factors against pathogenic viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbins Puthenveetil
- Section
on Structural and Chemical Biology, Neurosciences and Cellular and
Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Shelby A. Auger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Natalia Gómez-Navarro
- Section
on Structural and Chemical Biology, Neurosciences and Cellular and
Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Mitra Shumsher Rana
- Section
on Structural and Chemical Biology, Neurosciences and Cellular and
Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Riki Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Liam Brendan Healy
- Section
on Structural and Chemical Biology, Neurosciences and Cellular and
Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Kiall F. Suazo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhen-Dan Shi
- The
Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- The
Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Section
on Structural and Chemical Biology, Neurosciences and Cellular and
Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
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20
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Villanueva CE, Hagenbuch B. Palmitoylation of solute carriers. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115695. [PMID: 37481134 PMCID: PMC10530500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are an important mechanism in the regulation of protein expression, function, and degradation. Well-known post-translational modifications are phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. However, lipid modifications, including myristoylation, prenylation, and palmitoylation, are poorly studied. Since the early 2000s, researchers have become more interested in lipid modifications, especially palmitoylation. The number of articles in PubMed increased from about 350 between 2000 and 2005 to more than 600 annually during the past ten years. S-palmitoylation, where the 16-carbon saturated (C16:0) palmitic acid is added to free cysteine residues of proteins, is a reversible protein modification that can affect the expression, membrane localization, and function of the modified proteins. Various diseases like Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease have been linked to changes in protein palmitoylation. In humans, the addition of palmitic acid is mediated by 23 palmitoyl acyltransferases, also called DHHC proteins. The modification can be reversed by a few thioesterases or hydrolases. Numerous soluble and membrane-attached proteins are known to be palmitoylated, but among the approximately 400 solute carriers that are classified in 66 families, only 15 found in 8 families have so far been documented to be palmitoylated. Among the best-characterized transporters are the glucose transporters GLUT1 (SLC2A1) and GLUT4 (SLC2A4), the three monoamine transporters norepinephrine transporter (NET; SLC6A2), dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3), and serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4), and the sodium-calcium exchanger NCX1 (SLC8A1). While there is evidence from recent proteomics experiments that numerous solute carriers are palmitoylated, no details beyond the 15 transporters covered in this review are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia E Villanueva
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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21
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Harada K, Sho R, Takakura H, Yokoyama E, Koyama R, Yamamoto Y, Adachi N, Tanaka S, Hide I, Sakai N. S-Palmitoylation of the serotonin transporter promotes its cell surface expression and serotonin uptake. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 662:58-65. [PMID: 37099811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is transported back into serotonergic neurons by the serotonin transporter (SERT). SERT is a main target of antidepressants, and much effort has therefore focused on finding relationships between SERT and depression. However, it is not fully understood how SERT is regulated at the cellular level. Here, we report post-translational regulation of SERT by S-palmitoylation, in which palmitate is covalently attached to cysteine residues of proteins. Using AD293 cells (a human embryonic kidney 293-derived cell line with improved cell adherence) transiently transfected with FLAG-tagged human SERT, we observed S-palmitoylation of immature SERT containing high-mannose type N-glycans or no N-glycan, which is presumed to be localized in the early secretory pathway, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutational analysis by alanine substitutions shows that S-palmitoylation of immature SERT occurs at least at Cys-147 and Cys-155, juxtamembrane cysteine residues within the first intracellular loop. Furthermore, mutation of Cys-147 reduced cellular uptake of a fluorescent SERT substrate that mimics 5-HT without decreasing SERT on the cell surface. On the other hand, combined mutation of Cys-147 and Cys-155 inhibited SERT surface expression and reduced the uptake of the 5-HT mimic. Thus, S-palmitoylation of Cys-147 and Cys-155 is important for both the cell surface expression and 5-HT uptake capacity of SERT. Given the importance of S-palmitoylation in brain homeostasis, further investigation of SERT S-palmitoylation could provide new insights into the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Ryoma Sho
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiromiki Takakura
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Eri Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Reika Koyama
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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22
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Pham TV, Hsiao WY, Wang YT, Yeh SD, Wang SW. Protein S-palmitoylation regulates different stages of meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201755. [PMID: 36650056 PMCID: PMC9845910 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein S-palmitoylation regulates the localization and function of its target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes including meiosis. In this study, we demonstrate that S-palmitoylation mediated by Erf2-Erf4 and Akr1 palmitoylacyltransferases is required at multiple meiotic stages in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe We find that S-palmitoylation by Erf2-Erf4 is required for Ras1 localization at the cell periphery to enrich at the cell conjugation site for mating pheromone response. In the absence of Erf2 or Erf4, mutant cells are sterile. A role of Akr1 S-palmitoylating the nuclear fusion protein Tht1 to function in karyogamy is identified. We demonstrate that S-palmitoylation stabilizes and localizes Tht1 to ER, interacting with Sey1 ER fusion GTPase for proper meiotic nuclear fusion. In akr1, tht1, or sey1 mutant, meiotic cells, haploid nuclei are unfused with subsequent chromosome segregation defects. Erf2-Erf4 has an additional substrate of the spore coat protein Isp3. In the absence of Erf2, Isp3 is mislocalized from the spore coat. Together, these results highlight the versatility of the cellular processes in which protein S-palmitoylation participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Vy Pham
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Dan Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Win Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
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23
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Nguyen PL, Greentree WK, Kawate T, Linder ME. GCP16 stabilizes the DHHC9 subfamily of protein acyltransferases through a conserved C-terminal cysteine motif. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167094. [PMID: 37035671 PMCID: PMC10076531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible lipid post-translational modification that allows dynamic regulation of processes such as protein stability, membrane association, and localization. Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC9 (DHHC9) is one of the 23 human DHHC acyltransferases that catalyze protein S-acylation. Dysregulation of DHHC9 is associated with X-linked intellectual disability and increased epilepsy risk. Interestingly, activation of DHHC9 requires an accessory protein-GCP16. However, the exact role of GCP16 and the prevalence of a requirement for accessory proteins among other DHHC proteins remain unclear. Here, we report that one role of GCP16 is to stabilize DHHC9 by preventing its aggregation through formation of a protein complex. Using a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and palmitoyl acyltransferase assays, we demonstrate that only properly folded DHHC9-GCP16 complex is enzymatically active in vitro. Additionally, the ZDHHC9 mutations linked to X-linked intellectual disability result in reduced protein stability and DHHC9-GCP16 complex formation. Notably, we discovered that the C-terminal cysteine motif (CCM) that is conserved among the DHHC9 subfamily (DHHC14, -18, -5, and -8) is required for DHHC9 and GCP16 complex formation and activity in vitro. Co-expression of GCP16 with DHHCs containing the CCM improves DHHC protein stability. Like DHHC9, DHHC14 and DHHC18 require GCP16 for their enzymatic activity. Furthermore, GOLGA7B, an accessory protein with 75% sequence identity to GCP16, improves protein stability of DHHC5 and DHHC8, but not the other members of the DHHC9 subfamily, suggesting selectivity in accessory protein interactions. Our study supports a broader role for GCP16 and GOLGA7B in the function of human DHHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshimitsu Kawate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Maurine E. Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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24
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Niki Y, Adachi N, Fukata M, Fukata Y, Oku S, Makino-Okamura C, Takeuchi S, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Declercq L, Yarosh DB, Mammone T, Nishigori C, Saito N, Ueyama T. S-Palmitoylation of Tyrosinase at Cysteine 500 Regulates Melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:317-327.e6. [PMID: 36063887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a lipid modification involving the attachment of palmitic acid to a cysteine residue, thereby affecting protein function. We investigated the effect of palmitoylation of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, using a human three-dimensional skin model system and melanocyte culture. The palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate, increased melanin content and tyrosinase protein levels in melanogenic cells by suppressing tyrosinase degradation. The palmitoylation site was Cysteine500 in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of tyrosinase. The nonpalmitoylatable mutant, tyrosinase (C500A), was slowly degraded and less ubiquitinated than wild-type tyrosinase. Screening for the Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) family of proteins for tyrosinase palmitoylation suggested that DHHC2, 3, 7, and 15 are involved in tyrosinase palmitoylation. Knockdown of DHHC2, 3, or 15 increased tyrosinase protein levels and melanin content. Determination of their subcellular localization in primary melanocytes revealed that DHHC2, 3, and 15 were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and/or melanosomes, whereas only DHHC2 was localized in the melanosomes. Immunoprecipitation showed that DHHC2 and DHHC3 predominantly bind to mature and immature tyrosinase, respectively. Taken together, tyrosinase palmitoylation at Cysteine500 by DHHC2, 3, and/or 15, especially DHHC2 in trans-Golgi apparatus and melanosomes and DHHC3 in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi apparatus, regulate melanogenesis by modulating tyrosinase protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Niki
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lieve Declercq
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Daniel B Yarosh
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Mammone
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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25
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Wild AR, Hogg PW, Flibotte S, Kochhar S, Hollman RB, Haas K, Bamji SX. CellPalmSeq: A curated RNAseq database of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzyme expression in human cell types and laboratory cell lines. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1110550. [PMID: 36760531 PMCID: PMC9904442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversible lipid modification protein S-palmitoylation can dynamically modify the localization, diffusion, function, conformation and physical interactions of substrate proteins. Dysregulated S-palmitoylation is associated with a multitude of human diseases including brain and metabolic disorders, viral infection and cancer. However, the diverse expression patterns of the genes that regulate palmitoylation in the broad range of human cell types are currently unexplored, and their expression in commonly used cell lines that are the workhorse of basic and preclinical research are often overlooked when studying palmitoylation dependent processes. We therefore created CellPalmSeq (https://cellpalmseq.med.ubc.ca), a curated RNAseq database and interactive webtool for visualization of the expression patterns of the genes that regulate palmitoylation across human single cell types, bulk tissue, cancer cell lines and commonly used laboratory non-human cell lines. This resource will allow exploration of these expression patterns, revealing important insights into cellular physiology and disease, and will aid with cell line selection and the interpretation of results when studying important cellular processes that depend on protein S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Wild
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W. Hogg
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shruti Kochhar
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rocio B. Hollman
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt Haas
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shernaz X. Bamji
- Bamji Lab, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada,*Correspondence: Shernaz X. Bamji,
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26
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Butler L, Locatelli C, Allagioti D, Lousa I, Lemonidis K, Tomkinson NCO, Salaun C, Chamberlain LH. S-acylation of Sprouty and SPRED proteins by the S-acyltransferase zDHHC17 involves a novel mode of enzyme-substrate interaction. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102754. [PMID: 36442513 PMCID: PMC9800311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S-acylation is an essential post-translational modification, which is mediated by a family of 23 zDHHC enzymes in humans. Several thousand proteins are modified by S-acylation; however, we lack a detailed understanding of how enzyme-substrate recognition and specificity is achieved. Previous work showed that the ankyrin repeat domain of zDHHC17 (ANK17) recognizes a short linear motif, known as the zDHHC ANK binding motif (zDABM) in substrate protein SNAP25, as a mechanism of substrate recruitment prior to S-acylation. Here, we investigated the S-acylation of the Sprouty and SPRED family of proteins by zDHHC17. Interestingly, although Sprouty-2 (Spry2) contains a zDABM that interacts with ANK17, this mode of binding is dispensable for S-acylation, and indeed removal of the zDABM does not completely ablate binding to zDHHC17. Furthermore, the related SPRED3 protein interacts with and is efficiently S-acylated by zDHHC17, despite lacking a zDABM. We undertook mutational analysis of SPRED3 to better understand the basis of its zDABM-independent interaction with zDHHC17. This analysis found that the cysteine-rich SPR domain of SPRED3, which is the defining feature of all Sprouty and SPRED proteins, interacts with zDHHC17. Surprisingly, the interaction with SPRED3 was independent of ANK17. Our mutational analysis of Spry2 was consistent with the SPR domain of this protein containing a zDHHC17-binding site, and Spry2 also showed detectable binding to a zDHHC17 mutant lacking the ANK domain. Thus, zDHHC17 can recognize its substrates through zDABM-dependent and/or zDABM-independent mechanisms, and some substrates display more than one mode of binding to this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Butler
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Locatelli
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Allagioti
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Lousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kimon Lemonidis
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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27
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Song JX, Villagomes D, Zhao H, Zhu M. cGAS in nucleus: The link between immune response and DNA damage repair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1076784. [PMID: 36591232 PMCID: PMC9797516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first barrier of host defense, innate immunity sets up the parclose to keep out external microbial or virus attacks. Depending on the type of pathogens, several cytoplasm pattern recognition receptors exist to sense the attacks from either foreign or host origins, triggering the immune response to battle with the infections. Among them, cGAS-STING is the major pathway that mainly responds to microbial DNA, DNA virus infections, or self-DNA, which mainly comes from genome instability by-product or released DNA from the mitochondria. cGAS was initially found functional in the cytoplasm, although intriguing evidence indicates that cGAS exists in the nucleus where it is involved in the DNA damage repair process. Because the close connection between DNA damage response and immune response and cGAS recognizes DNA in length-dependent but DNA sequence-independent manners, it is urgent to clear the function balance of cGAS in the nucleus versus cytoplasm and how it is shielded from recognizing the host origin DNA. Here, we outline the current conception of immune response and the regulation mechanism of cGAS in the nucleus. Furthermore, we will shed light on the potential mechanisms that are restricted to be taken away from self-DNA recognition, especially how post-translational modification regulates cGAS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xian Song
- Institute for Translation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deana Villagomes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Min Zhu
- Institute for Translation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Min Zhu,
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28
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Nasseri GG, Matin N, Wild AR, Tosefsky K, Flibotte S, Stacey RG, Hollman RB, Foster LJ, Bamji SX. Synaptic activity-dependent changes in the hippocampal palmitoylome. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eadd2519. [PMID: 36473050 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic protein S-palmitoylation is critical for neuronal function, development, and synaptic plasticity. Synaptic activity-dependent changes in palmitoylation have been reported for a small number of proteins. Here, we characterized the palmitoylome in the hippocampi of male mice before and after context-dependent fear conditioning. Of the 121 differentially palmitoylated proteins identified, just over half were synaptic proteins, whereas others were associated with metabolic functions, cytoskeletal organization, and signal transduction. The synapse-associated proteins generally exhibited increased palmitoylation after fear conditioning. In contrast, most of the proteins that exhibited decreased palmitoylation were associated with metabolic processes. Similar results were seen in cultured rat hippocampal neurons in response to chemically induced long-term potentiation. Furthermore, we found that the palmitoylation of one of the synaptic proteins, plasticity-related gene-1 (PRG-1), also known as lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 4 (LPPR4), was important for synaptic activity-induced insertion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) into the postsynaptic membrane. The findings identify proteins whose dynamic palmitoylation may regulate their role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory G Nasseri
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nusrat Matin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Angela R Wild
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kira Tosefsky
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - R Greg Stacey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rocio B Hollman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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29
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Wild AR, Hogg PW, Flibotte S, Nasseri G, Hollman R, Abazari D, Haas K, Bamji SX. Exploring the expression patterns of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the mouse brain using the curated RNA-seq database BrainPalmSeq. eLife 2022; 11:75804. [PMID: 35819139 PMCID: PMC9365392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that plays a critical role in neuronal development and plasticity, while dysregulated S-palmitoylation underlies a number of severe neurological disorders. Dynamic S-palmitoylation is regulated by a large family of ZDHHC palmitoylating enzymes, their accessory proteins, and a small number of known de-palmitoylating enzymes. Here, we curated and analyzed expression data for the proteins that regulate S-palmitoylation from publicly available RNAseq datasets, providing a comprehensive overview of their distribution in the mouse nervous system. We developed a web-tool that enables interactive visualization of the expression patterns for these proteins in the nervous system (http://brainpalmseq.med.ubc.ca/), and explored this resource to find region and cell-type specific expression patterns that give insight into the function of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the brain and neurological disorders. We found coordinated expression of ZDHHC enzymes with their accessory proteins, de-palmitoylating enzymes and other brain-expressed genes that included an enrichment of S-palmitoylation substrates. Finally, we utilized ZDHHC expression patterns to predict and validate palmitoylating enzyme-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Wild
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter W Hogg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Glory Nasseri
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rocio Hollman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danya Abazari
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kurt Haas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Tien CF, Tsai WT, Chen CH, Chou HJ, Zhang MM, Lin JJ, Lin EJ, Dai SS, Ping YH, Yu CY, Kuo YP, Tsai WH, Chen HW, Yu GY. Glycosylation and S-palmitoylation regulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein intracellular trafficking. iScience 2022; 25:104709. [PMID: 35813875 PMCID: PMC9250814 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation and palmitoylation, are critical to protein folding, stability, intracellular trafficking, and function. Understanding regulation of PTMs of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein could help the therapeutic drug design. Herein, the VSV vector was used to produce SARS-CoV-2 S pseudoviruses to examine the roles of the 611LYQD614 and cysteine-rich motifs in S protein maturation and virus infectivity. Our results show that 611LY612 mutation alters S protein intracellular trafficking and reduces cell surface expression level. It also changes S protein glycosylation pattern and decreases pseudovirus infectivity. The S protein contains four cysteine-rich clusters with clusters I and II as the main palmitoylation sites. Mutations of clusters I and II disrupt S protein trafficking from ER-to-Golgi, suppress pseudovirus production, and reduce spike-mediated membrane fusion activity. Taken together, glycosylation and palmitoylation orchestrate the S protein maturation processing and are critical for S protein-mediated membrane fusion and infection. 611LY612 mutation alters the glycosylation pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 611LY612 mutation reduces S protein surface expression level Palmitoylation targets mature S protein to the Golgi and plasma membrane Palmitoylation is required for pseudovirus and SARS-CoV-2 production
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31
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Molecular Dynamics of DHHC20 Acyltransferase Suggests Principles of Lipid and Protein Substrate Selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095091. [PMID: 35563480 PMCID: PMC9105814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid modification of viral proteins with fatty acids of different lengths (S-acylation) is crucial for virus pathogenesis. The reaction is catalyzed by members of the DHHC family and proceeds in two steps: the autoacylation is followed by the acyl chain transfer onto protein substrates. The crystal structure of human DHHC20 (hDHHC20), an enzyme involved in the acylation of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, revealed that the acyl chain may be inserted into a hydrophobic cavity formed by four transmembrane (TM) α-helices. To test this model, we used molecular dynamics of membrane-embedded hDHHC20 and its mutants either in the absence or presence of various acyl-CoAs. We found that among a range of acyl chain lengths probed only C16 adopts a conformation suitable for hDHHC20 autoacylation. This specificity is altered if the small or bulky residues at the cavity's ceiling are exchanged, e.g., the V185G mutant obtains strong preferences for binding C18. Surprisingly, an unusual hydrophilic ridge was found in TM helix 4 of hDHHC20, and the responsive hydrophilic patch supposedly involved in association was found in the 3D model of the S-protein TM-domain trimer. Finally, the exchange of critical Thr and Ser residues in the spike led to a significant decrease in its S-acylation. Our data allow further development of peptide/lipid-based inhibitors of hDHHC20 that might impede replication of Corona- and other enveloped viruses.
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32
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Petropavlovskiy A, Kogut J, Leekha A, Townsend C, Sanders S. A sticky situation: regulation and function of protein palmitoylation with a spotlight on the axon and axon initial segment. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210005. [PMID: 34659801 PMCID: PMC8495546 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the axon and axon initial segment (AIS) are critical structures for action potential initiation and propagation. Their formation and function rely on tight compartmentalisation, a process where specific proteins are trafficked to and retained at distinct subcellular locations. One mechanism which regulates protein trafficking and association with lipid membranes is the modification of protein cysteine residues with the 16-carbon palmitic acid, known as S-acylation or palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, akin to phosphorylation, is reversible, with palmitate cycling being mediated by substrate-specific enzymes. Palmitoylation is well-known to be highly prevalent among neuronal proteins and is well studied in the context of the synapse. Comparatively, how palmitoylation regulates trafficking and clustering of axonal and AIS proteins remains less understood. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical regulation of palmitoylation, its involvement in various neurological diseases, and the most up-to-date perspective on axonal palmitoylation. Through a palmitoylation analysis of the AIS proteome, we also report that an overwhelming proportion of AIS proteins are likely palmitoylated. Overall, our review and analysis confirm a central role for palmitoylation in the formation and function of the axon and AIS and provide a resource for further exploration of palmitoylation-dependent protein targeting to and function at the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshia Leekha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte A. Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Y, Qin Z, Sun W, Chu F, Zhou F. Function of Protein S-Palmitoylation in Immunity and Immune-Related Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661202. [PMID: 34557182 PMCID: PMC8453015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a covalent and reversible lipid modification that specifically targets cysteine residues within many eukaryotic proteins. In mammalian cells, the ubiquitous palmitoyltransferases (PATs) and serine hydrolases, including acyl protein thioesterases (APTs), catalyze the addition and removal of palmitate, respectively. The attachment of palmitoyl groups alters the membrane affinity of the substrate protein changing its subcellular localization, stability, and protein-protein interactions. Forty years of research has led to the understanding of the role of protein palmitoylation in significantly regulating protein function in a variety of biological processes. Recent global profiling of immune cells has identified a large body of S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Localization of many immune molecules to the cellular membrane is required for the proper activation of innate and adaptive immune signaling. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that palmitoylation plays to immune function, especially in partitioning immune signaling proteins to the membrane as well as to lipid rafts. More importantly, aberrant PAT activity and fluctuations in palmitoylation levels are strongly correlated with human immunologic diseases, such as sensory incompetence or over-response to pathogens. Therefore, targeting palmitoylation is a novel therapeutic approach for treating human immunologic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role that palmitoylation plays in both immunity and immunologic diseases as well as the significant potential of targeting palmitoylation in disease treatment.
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Abstract
Fatty acylation is a widespread form of protein modification that occurs on specific intracellular and secreted proteins. Beyond increasing hydrophobicity and the affinity of the modified protein for lipid bilayers, covalent attachment of a fatty acid exerts effects on protein localization, inter- and intramolecular interactions and signal transduction. As such, research into protein fatty acylation has been embraced by an extensive community of biologists. This special issue highlights advances at the forefront of the field, by focusing on two families of enzymes that catalyse post-translational protein fatty acylation, zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferases and membrane-bound O-acyl transferases, and signalling pathways regulated by their fatty acylated protein substrates. The collected contributions catalogue the tremendous progress that has been made in enzyme and substrate identification. In addition, articles in this special issue provide insights into the pivotal functions of fatty acylated proteins in immune cell, insulin and EGF receptor-mediated signalling pathways. As selective inhibitors of protein fatty acyltransferases are generated, the future holds great promise for therapeutic targeting of fatty acyltransferases that play key roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D. Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 143, New York, NY 10075, USA
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