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del Río L, Navarro-Martínez ZM, Cobián-Rojas D, Chevalier-Monteagudo PP, Angulo-Valdes JA, Rodriguez-Viera L. Biology and ecology of the lionfish Pterois volitans/Pterois miles as invasive alien species: a review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15728. [PMID: 37520263 PMCID: PMC10377442 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lionfish is an exotic invasive fish native to the Indo-Pacific, which is established in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Lionfish can affect native fishes and invertebrates through direct predation or competition for food. The present review aims to analyze the most relevant characteristics of the biology and ecology of lionfish as an invasive alien species, with an emphasis on Cuba. We provide a current view of the well-known lionfish as a successful invasive fish, and we put in this context the information regarding lionfish in Cuban waters, enriching the background knowledge, and giving novel and relevant information. The compilation of numerous publications on the subject has allowed for a more complete analysis of essential aspects of this invader in the Cuban archipelago. The consulted literature records that the first report of lionfish in Cuba occurred in 2007; subsequently, sightings of lionfish were reported in numerous localities. In 2010, the lionfish was considered an invasive alien species, which currently is established in various habitats, at depths up to 188 m, throughout the Cuban archipelago (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, submerged artificial structures). In addition, it has reached very high densities (12.42 ind./100 m2), which exceed those reported in the Indo-Pacific as well as in many locations in the Western Atlantic. It has been confirmed that the lionfish in Cuba also presents numerous characteristics that guarantee its success as an invader, among them: less quantity and diversity of parasites than other Atlantic fishes found in similar environments, a high number of gametes in the gonads, reproductive activity during all year and wide diet. The most important fish families for the lionfish diet in Cuba have been Pomacentridae, Gobiidae, Scaridae, Holocentridae, Mullidae, Labridae and Acanthuridae; and the most important crustacean orders are Decapoda, Mysida, Stomatopoda and Isopoda. In Cuba, as in the entire invaded region, numerous investigations have been directed to evaluate the impact of this invader on ecosystems, and although there is enough information, their results differ. Additional studies are required to assess the impact of lionfish as a predator after several years of invasion on a larger geographic scale in Cuba and other areas of the region. This knowledge will allow the development of more effective control strategies. Periodic lionfish culling have been carried out in Cuban MPAs as a control strategy, and some positive results have been observed, such as the average size reduction; however, further efforts are still required. Due to the importance of the study of lionfish as an invader, this review is a necessity as it provides, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of lionfish information and results from Cuba, which is adequately contrasted with previous studies of other areas, particularly, from the Greater Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura del Río
- Center for Marine Research, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Dorka Cobián-Rojas
- Guanahacabibes National Park, Center of Research and Evironmental Services, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Pinar de Río, Cuba
| | | | | | - Leandro Rodriguez-Viera
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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The bioeconomic paradox of market-based invasive species harvest: a case study of the commercial lionfish fishery. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-02998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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3
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The Role of Citizen Science in the Research and Management of Invasive Lionfish across the Western Atlantic. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Managing invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) in the Western Atlantic Ocean is beyond the capacity of natural resource organizations alone. In response, organizations have mobilized members of the public and citizen scientists to help. We used a structured survey to assess the activities and perceptions of 71 organizations that engage the public and citizen scientists in lionfish research and management throughout the invaded range of the Western Atlantic. Five case studies were also conducted that exemplified varied and multi-pronged approaches to engagement of the public and citizen scientists in lionfish control, monitoring, and knowledge-sharing. The public has been engaged to some extent in every approach, but organizations most frequently indicated engaging members of the public in raising awareness, promoting consumption, organized culling/removal, tournaments, and data collection. Sixty-five percent of organizations surveyed engaged the public in data collection, and data collection was ranked as the scientific research activity in which the public is most often involved. Most organizations indicated their data has contributed to scientific publications, management, and government agency research and/or policy. Collectively these findings demonstrate the conservation value of citizen scientists to assist organizational efforts to control, manage, and study a large-scale marine invasion.
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Linardich C, Brookson CB, Green SJ. Trait-based vulnerability reveals hotspots of potential impact for a global marine invader. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4322-4338. [PMID: 34091996 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Predation from the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish is likely to amplify declines in marine fishes observed in multiple ocean basins. As the invasion intensifies and expands, there is an urgent need to identify species that are most at risk for extirpation-and possible extinction-from this added threat. To address this gap and inform conservation plans, we develop and apply a quantitative framework for classifying the relative vulnerability of fishes based on morphological and behavioural traits known to influence susceptibility to lionfish predation (e.g. body shape, water column position and aggregation behaviour), habitat overlap with lionfish, and degree of geographic range restriction. Applying the framework to fishes across the invaded Caribbean Sea and ahead of the invasion front in the southwestern Atlantic revealed the identity of at least 77 fishes with relatively small ranges that are likely to be most affected by lionfish predation. Trait-based vulnerability scores significantly predict the probability of fishes appearing within the diets of lionfish across the invaded region. Spatial richness analyses reveal hotspots of vulnerable species in the Bahamas, Belize and Curaçao. Crucially, our framework identifies 29 vulnerable fishes endemic to Brazil, which has not yet been colonized by lionfish. Of these, we suggest reefs around offshore island groups occupied by a dozen highly vulnerable and range-restricted species as priorities for intervention should lionfish spread to the region. Observations of the rate of lionfish spread across the invaded range suggest that an average of 5 years (with a median of nearly 2 years) elapses from first sighting to maximum observed densities. This lag may allow managers to mobilize plans to suppress lionfish ahead of an invasion front in priority locations. Our framework also provides a method for assessing the relative vulnerability of cryptobenthic and/or deep-reef fishes, for which population-monitoring data are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Linardich
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Cole B Brookson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Simberloff D. Maintenance management and eradication of established aquatic invaders. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2021; 848:2399-2420. [PMID: 32836349 PMCID: PMC7407435 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-020-04352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although freshwater invasions have not been targeted for maintenance management or eradication as often as terrestrial invasions have, attempts to do so are frequent. Failures as well as successes abound, but several methods have been improved and new approaches are on the horizon. Many freshwater fish and plant invaders have been eliminated, especially by chemical and physical methods for fishes and herbicides for plants. Efforts to maintain invasive freshwater fishes at low levels have sometimes succeeded, although continuing the effort has proven challenging. By contrast, successful maintenance management of invasive freshwater plants is uncommon, although populations of several species have been managed by biological control. Invasive crayfish populations have rarely been controlled for long. Marine invasions have proven far less tractable than those in fresh water, with a few striking eradications of species detected before they had spread widely, and no marine invasions have been substantially managed for long at low levels. The rapid development of technologies based on genetics has engendered excitement about possibly eradicating or controlling terrestrial invaders, and such technologies may also prove useful for certain aquatic invaders. Methods of particular interest, alone or in various combinations, are gene-silencing, RNA-guided gene drives, and the use of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Harris HE, Fogg AQ, Gittings SR, Ahrens RNM, Allen MS, Patterson Iii WF. Testing the efficacy of lionfish traps in the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230985. [PMID: 32845879 PMCID: PMC7449463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spearfishing is currently the primary approach for removing invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) to mitigate their impacts on western Atlantic marine ecosystems, but a substantial portion of lionfish spawning biomass is beyond the depth limits of SCUBA divers. Innovative technologies may offer a means to target deepwater populations and allow for the development of a lionfish trap fishery, but the removal efficiency and potential environmental impacts of lionfish traps have not been evaluated. We tested a collapsible, non-containment trap (the ‘Gittings trap’) near artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A total of 327 lionfish and 28 native fish (four were species protected with regulations) recruited (i.e., were observed within the trap footprint at the time of retrieval) to traps during 82 trap sets, catching 144 lionfish and 29 native fish (one more than recruited, indicating detection error). Lionfish recruitment was highest for single (versus paired) traps deployed <15 m from reefs with a 1-day soak time, for which mean lionfish and native fish recruitment per trap were approximately 5 and 0.1, respectively. Lionfish from traps were an average of 19 mm or 62 grams larger than those caught spearfishing. Community impacts from Gittings traps appeared minimal given that recruitment rates were >10X higher for lionfish than native fishes and that traps did not move on the bottom during two major storm events, although further testing will be necessary to test trap movement with surface floats. Additional research should also focus on design and operational modifications to improve Gittings trap deployment success (68% successfully opened on the seabed) and reduce lionfish escapement (56% escaped from traps upon retrieval). While removal efficiency for lionfish demonstrated by traps (12–24%) was far below that of spearfishing, Gittings traps appear suitable for future development and testing on deepwater natural reefs, which constitute >90% of the region’s reef habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden E Harris
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.,Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander Q Fogg
- Okaloosa County Board of County Commissioners, Destin-Fort Walton Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen R Gittings
- Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert N M Ahrens
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Micheal S Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.,Nature Coast Biological Station, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Cedar Key, Florida, United States of America
| | - William F Patterson Iii
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Hunt CL, Andradi-Brown DA, Hudson CJ, Bennett-Williams J, Noades F, Curtis-Quick J, Lewis OT, Exton DA. Shelter use interactions of invasive lionfish with commercially and ecologically important native invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236200. [PMID: 32846430 PMCID: PMC7449759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indo-Pacific lionfish have become invasive throughout the western Atlantic. Their predatory effects have been the focus of much research and are suggested to cause declines in native fish abundance and diversity across the invaded range. However, little is known about their non-consumptive effects, or their effects on invertebrates. Lionfish use shelters on the reef, thus there is potential for competition with other shelter-dwelling organisms. We demonstrate similar habitat associations between invasive lionfish, native spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) and native long-spined sea urchins (Diadema antillarum), indicating the potential for competition. We then used a laboratory experiment to compare activity and shelter use of each species when alone and when lionfish were paired with each native species. Spiny lobsters increased their activity but did not change their shelter use in the presence of a lionfish, whilst long-spined sea urchins changed neither their activity nor shelter use. However, lionfish reduced their shelter use in the presence of spiny lobsters and long-spined sea urchins. This study highlights the importance not only of testing for the non-consumptive effects of invasive species, but also exploring whether native species exert non-consumptive effects on the invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Hunt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Callum J. Hudson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frankie Noades
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Curtis-Quick
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dan A. Exton
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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Underwater Anesthesia Machines? Well, Almost. Closed-Circuit Rebreathers and The Leap Forward for Advanced Diving, Exploration, and Discovery. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care 2020; 27:1-3. [PMID: 34056116 PMCID: PMC8158312 DOI: 10.2478/rjaic-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Villaseñor-Derbez JC, Fitzgerald S. Spatial variation in allometric growth of invasive lionfish has management implications. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6667. [PMID: 30972253 PMCID: PMC6450370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) are an invasive species in the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. Improving management of invasive lionfish populations requires accurate total biomass estimates, which depend on accurate estimates of allometric growth; sedentary species like lionfish often exhibit high levels of spatial variation in life history characteristics. We reviewed 17 published length-weight relationships for lionfish taken throughout their invasive range and found regional differences that led to significant misestimates when calculating weight from length observations. The spatial pattern we observed is consistent with findings from other studies focused on genetics or length-at-age. Here, the use of ex situ parameter values resulted in total biomass estimates between 76.2% and 140% of true observed biomass, and up to a threefold under- or overestimation of total weight for an individual organism. These findings can have implications for management in terms of predicting effects on local ecosystems, evaluating the effectiveness of removal programs, or estimating biomass available for harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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10
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Aggregating behaviour in invasive Caribbean lionfish is driven by habitat complexity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:783. [PMID: 30692608 PMCID: PMC6349842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caribbean lionfish (Pterois spp.) are considered the most heavily impacting invasive marine vertebrate ever recorded. However, current management is largely inadequate, relying on opportunistic culling by recreational SCUBA divers. Culling efficiency could be greatly improved by exploiting natural aggregations, but to date this behaviour has only been recorded anecdotally, and the drivers are unknown. We found aggregations to be common in situ, but detected no conspecific attraction through visual or olfactory cues in laboratory experiments. Aggregating individuals were on average larger, but showed no further differences in morphology or life history. However, using visual assessments and 3D modelling we show lionfish prefer broad-scale, but avoid fine-scale, habitat complexity. We therefore suggest that lionfish aggregations are coincidental based on individuals’ mutual attraction to similar reef structure to maximise hunting efficiency. Using this knowledge, artificial aggregation devices might be developed to concentrate lionfish densities and thus improve culling efficiency.
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Gress E, Arroyo-Gerez MJ, Wright G, Andradi-Brown DA. Assessing mesophotic coral ecosystems inside and outside a Caribbean marine protected area. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180835. [PMID: 30473832 PMCID: PMC6227970 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Widespread shallow coral reef loss has led to calls for more holistic approaches to coral reef management, requiring inclusion of ecosystems interacting with shallow coral reefs in management plans. Yet, almost all current reef management is biased towards shallow reefs, and overlooks that coral reefs extend beyond shallow waters to mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; 30-150 m). We present the first detailed quantitative characterization of MCEs off Cozumel, Mexico, on the northern Mesoamerican Reef in the Mexican Caribbean, and provide insights into their general state. We documented MCE biodiversity, and assessed whether MCEs adjacent to a major town and port, where coastal development has caused shallow reef damage, have similar benthic and fish communities to MCEs within a National Park. Our results show that overall MCE communities are similar regardless of protection, though some taxa-specific differences exist in benthic communities between sites within the MPA and areas outside. Regardless of protection and location, and in contrast to shallow reefs, all observed Cozumel MCEs were continuous reefs with the main structural habitat complexity provided by calcareous macroalgae, sponges, gorgonians and black corals. Hard corals were present on MCEs, although at low abundance. We found that 42.5% of fish species recorded on Cozumel could be found on both shallow reefs and MCEs, including 39.6% of commercially valuable fish species. These results suggest that MCEs could play an important role in supporting fish populations. However, regardless of protection and depth, we found few large-body fishes (greater than 500 mm), which were nearly absent at all studied sites. Cozumel MCEs contain diverse benthic and fish assemblages, including commercially valuable fisheries species and ecosystem engineers, such as black corals. Because of their inherent biodiversity and identified threats, MCEs should be incorporated into shallow-reef-focused Cozumel National Park management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gress
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Maria J. Arroyo-Gerez
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Georgina Wright
- Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 4EX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A. Andradi-Brown
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund - US, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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Graham RE, Fanning LM. A comparison of eight country plans for the Invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish in the Wider Caribbean. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gress E, Andradi-Brown DA, Woodall L, Schofield PJ, Stanley K, Rogers AD. Lionfish ( Pterois spp.) invade the upper-bathyal zone in the western Atlantic. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3683. [PMID: 28828275 PMCID: PMC5563435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native lionfish have been recorded throughout the western Atlantic on both shallow and mesophotic reefs, where they have been linked to declines in reef health. In this study we report the first lionfish observations from the deep sea (>200 m) in Bermuda and Roatan, Honduras, with lionfish observed to a maximum depth of 304 m off the Bermuda platform, and 250 m off West End, Roatan. Placed in the context of other deeper lionfish observations and records, our results imply that lionfish may be present in the 200-300 m depth range of the upper-bathyal zone across many locations in the western Atlantic, but currently are under-sampled compared to shallow habitats. We highlight the need for considering deep-sea lionfish populations in future invasive lionfish management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gress
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A. Andradi-Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Operation Wallacea, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Woodall
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karl Stanley
- Roatan Institute of Deepsea Exploration, West End, Roatan, Honduras
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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