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Gerhards J, Volkov LI, Corbo JC, Malan D, Sasse P. Enzymatic vitamin A 2 production enables red-shifted optogenetics. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1409-1419. [PMID: 37987804 PMCID: PMC10730639 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technology using light-sensitive proteins to control signaling pathways and physiological processes in cells and organs and has been applied in neuroscience, cardiovascular sciences, and many other research fields. Most commonly used optogenetic actuators are sensitive to blue and green light, but red-light activation would allow better tissue penetration and less phototoxicity. Cyp27c1 is a recently deorphanized cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts vitamin A1 to vitamin A2, thereby red-shifting the spectral sensitivity of visual pigments and enabling near-infrared vision in some aquatic species.Here, we investigated the ability of Cyp27c1-generated vitamin A2 to induce a shift in spectral sensitivity of the light-gated ion channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and its red-shifted homolog ReaChR. We used patch clamp to measure photocurrents at specific wavelengths in HEK 293 cells expressing ChR2 or ReaChR. Vitamin A2 incubation red-shifted the wavelength for half-maximal currents (λ50%) by 6.8 nm for ChR2 and 12.4 nm for ReaChR. Overexpression of Cyp27c1 in HEK 293 cells showed mitochondrial localization, and HPLC analysis showed conversion of vitamin A1 to vitamin A2. Notably, the λ50% of ChR2 photocurrents was red-shifted by 10.5 nm, and normalized photocurrents at 550 nm were about twofold larger with Cyp27c1 expression. Similarly, Cyp27c1 shifted the λ50% of ReaChR photocurrents by 14.3 nm and increased normalized photocurrents at 650 nm almost threefold.Since vitamin A2 incubation is not a realistic option for in vivo applications and expression of Cyp27c1 leads to a greater red-shift in spectral sensitivity, we propose co-expression of this enzyme as a novel strategy for red-shifted optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gerhards
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo I Volkov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Liu C, Li J, Qi X, Wang L, Sun D, Zhang J, Zhang K, Li J, Li Y, Wen H. Cytochrome P450 superfamily in spotted sea bass: Genome-wide identification and expression profiles under trichlorfon and environmental stresses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 46:101078. [PMID: 37121223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), as one of the most diverse enzyme superfamilies in nature, play critical functions in antioxidant reactions against endogenous and exogenous compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide characterization of CYP superfamily members and analyzed their expression patterns under several abiotic stresses in spotted sea bass, which is known as an economically important fish species in the Chinese aquaculture industry. A total of 55 CYP genes were identified and divided into 17 families within 10 clans. The analysis of phylogeny, gene structure, and syntenic relationships provided evidence for the evolution of CYP genes and confirmed their annotation and orthology. The expression of CYP genes was examined in the liver during trichlorfon stress using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that 20 tested CYP genes displayed significant mRNA expression changes, indicating that they may play crucial roles in the metabolism of trichlorfon and can be potential biomarkers for trichlorfon pollution. Moreover, by screening transcriptomic databases, 10, 3 and 19 CYP genes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to hypoxia, alkalinity and heat stress, respectively. Taken together, this study provided insights into the regulation of CYP genes by toxicological and environmental stresses, laid basis for extensive functional studies of the CYP superfamily in spotted sea bass and other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Haishen Wen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China.
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3
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Qiu L, Wei S, Yang Y, Zhang R, Ru S, Zhang X. Mechanism of bisphenol S exposure on color sensitivity of zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120670. [PMID: 36395908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Color vision, initiated from cone cells, is vitally essential for identifying environmental information in vertebrate. Although the retinotoxicity of bisphenol S (BPS) has been reported, data on the influence of BPS treatment on cone cells are scarce. In the present study, transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) labeling red and ultraviolet (UV) cones were exposed to BPS (0, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L) during the early stages of retinal development, to elucidate the mechanism underlying its retinal cone toxicity of BPS. The results showed that 10 and 100 μg/L BPS induced oxidative DNA damage, structural damage (decreased number of ribbon synapses), mosaic patterning disorder, and altered expression of genes involved in the phototransduction pathway in red and UV cones. Furthermore, BPS exposure also caused abnormal development of key neurons (retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve, and hypothalamus), responsible for transmitting the light-electrical signal to brain, and thereby resulted in inhibition of light-electrical signal transduction, finally diminishing the spectral sensitivity of zebrafish larvae to long- and short-type light signal at 5 day post fertilization. This study highlights the cone-toxicity of environmental relevant concentrations of BPS, and clarifies the mechanism of color vision impairment induced by BPS at the cellular level, updating the understanding of visual behavior driven by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Qiu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuhui Wei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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4
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D MO, C TZ, R SP. Human orphan cytochromes P450: An update. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:CDM-EPUB-128186. [PMID: 36503398 DOI: 10.2174/1389200224666221209153032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orphan cytochromes P450 (CYP) are enzymes whose biological functions and substrates are unknown. However, the use of new experimental strategies has allowed obtaining more information about their relevance in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Likewise, the modulation of their expression and activity has been associated with pathogenesis and prognosis in different diseases. In this work, we review the regulatory pathways and the possible role of orphan CYP to provide evidence that allow us to stop considering some of them as orphan enzymes and to propose them as possible therapeutic targets in the design of new strategies for the treatment of diseases associated with CYP-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molina-Ortiz D
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Coyoacán, Mexico City, México, 04530
| | - Torres-Zárate C
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Coyoacán, Mexico City, México, 04530
| | - Santes-Palacios R
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Coyoacán, Mexico City, México, 04530
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5
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Lou L, Chen L, Wu Y, Zhang G, Qiu R, Su J, Zhao Z, Lu Z, Liao M, Deng X. Identification of hub genes and construction of prognostic nomogram for patients with Wilms tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:982110. [PMID: 36338682 PMCID: PMC9634477 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.982110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In children, Wilms' tumors are the most common urological cancer with unsatisfactory prognosis, but few molecular prognostic markers have been discovered for it. With the rapid development of high-throughput quantitative proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, the molecular mechanisms of various cancers have been comprehensively explored. This study aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying Wilms tumor and build predictive models by use of microarray and RNA-seq data. Methods Gene expression datasets were downloaded from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Bioinformatics methods wereutilized to identified hub genes, and these hub genes were validated by experiment. Nomogram predicting OS was developed using genetic risk score model and clinicopathological variables. Results CDC20, BUB1 and CCNB2 were highly expressed in tumor tissues and able to affect cell proliferation and the cell cycle of SK-NEP-1 cells. This may reveal molecular biology features and a new therapeutic target of Wilms tumour.7 genes were selected as prognostic genes after univariate, Lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analyses and had good accuracy, a prognostic nomogram combined gene model with clinical factors was completed with high accuracy. Conclusions The current study discovered CDC20,BUB1 and CCNB2 as hub-genes associated with Wilms tumor, providing references to understand the pathogenesis and be considered a novel candidate to target therapy and construct novel nomogram, incorporating both clinical risk factors and gene model, could be appropriately applied in preoperative individualized prediction of malignancy in patients with Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luping Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohao Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ronglin Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhang Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangjie Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijie Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Liao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogeng Deng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Wilwert E, Etienne RS, van de Zande L, Maan ME. Contribution of opsins and chromophores to cone pigment variation across populations of Lake Victoria cichlids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:365-377. [PMID: 34860424 PMCID: PMC9543281 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to heterogeneous sensory environments has been implicated as a key parameter in speciation. Cichlid fish are a textbook example of divergent visual adaptation, mediated by variation in the sequences and expression levels of cone opsin genes (encoding the protein component of visual pigments). In some vertebrates including fish, visual sensitivity is also tuned by the ratio of vitamin A1 /A2 -derived chromophores (i.e., the light-sensitive component of the visual pigment bound to the opsin protein), where higher proportions of A2 cause a more red-shifted wavelength absorbance. This study explores the variation in chromophore ratios across multiple cichlid populations in Lake Victoria, using as a proxy the expression of the gene Cyp27c1, which has been shown to regulate the conversion of vitamin A1 into vitamin A2 in several vertebrates. This study focuses on sympatric Pundamilia cichlids, where species with blue or red male coloration co-occur at multiple islands but occupy different depths and consequently different visual habitats. In the red species, we found higher cyp27c1 expression in populations from turbid waters than from clear waters, but there was no such pattern in the blue species. Across populations, differences between the sympatric species in cyp27c1 expression had a consistent relationship with species differences in opsin expression patterns, but the red/blue identity reversed between clear and turbid waters. To assess the contribution of heritable vs. environmental causes of variation, we tested whether light manipulations induce a change in cyp27c1 expression in the laboratory. We found that cyp27c1 expression was not influenced by experimental light conditions, suggesting that the observed variation in the wild is due to genetic differences. Nonetheless, compared to other cichlid species, cyp27c1 is expressed at very low levels in Pundamilia, suggesting that it may not be relevant for visual adaptation in this species. Conclusively, establishing the biological importance of this variation requires testing of actual A1 /A2 ratios in the eye, as well as its consequences for visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Wilwert
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rampal S. Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martine E. Maan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)GroningenThe Netherlands
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7
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Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. A hyperpolarizing rod bipolar cell in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb243949. [PMID: 35319772 PMCID: PMC10658897 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinal bipolar cells receive direct input from rod and cone photoreceptors and send axons into the inner retina, synapsing onto amacrine and ganglion cells. Bipolar cell responses can be either depolarizing (ON) or hyperpolarizing (OFF); in lower vertebrates, bipolar cells receive mixed rod and cone input, whereas in mammals, input is mostly segregated into 14 classes of cone ON and OFF cells and a single rod ON bipolar cell. We show that lamprey, like mammals, have rod bipolar cells with little or no cone input, but these cells are OFF rather than ON. They have a characteristic morphology and a spectral sensitivity nearly indistinguishable from that of rod photoreceptors. In background light known to saturate rods, rod bipolar cells are also saturated and cannot respond to increment flashes. Our results suggest that early vertebrate progenitors of both agnathans and gnathostomes may have had a more fluid retinal organization than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Frederiksen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
| | - Gordon L. Fain
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Alapakkam P. Sampath
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
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8
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Corbo JC. Vitamin A 1/A 2 chromophore exchange: Its role in spectral tuning and visual plasticity. Dev Biol 2021; 475:145-155. [PMID: 33684435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors detect light via a specialized organelle called the outer segment. This structure is packed with light-sensitive molecules known as visual pigments that consist of a G-protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane protein known as opsin, and a chromophore prosthetic group, either 11-cis retinal ('A1') or 11-cis 3,4-didehydroretinal ('A2'). The enzyme cyp27c1 converts A1 into A2 in the retinal pigment epithelium. Replacing A1 with A2 in a visual pigment red-shifts its spectral sensitivity and broadens its bandwidth of absorption at the expense of decreased photosensitivity and increased thermal noise. The use of vitamin A2-based visual pigments is strongly associated with the occupation of aquatic habitats in which the ambient light is red-shifted. By modulating the A1/A2 ratio in the retina, an organism can dynamically tune the spectral sensitivity of the visual system to better match the predominant wavelengths of light in its environment. As many as a quarter of all vertebrate species utilize A2, at least during a part of their life cycle or under certain environmental conditions. A2 utilization therefore represents an important and widespread mechanism of sensory plasticity. This review provides an up-to-date account of the A1/A2 chromophore exchange system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, United States.
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9
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Morshedian A, Huynh TH, Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Pupillary light reflex of lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R65-R66. [PMID: 33497630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries of the photopigment melanopsin and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have revealed novel mechanisms of light detection now known to control several kinds of non-image-forming vision, including regulation of mood, the circadian rhythm, and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). These remarkable discoveries have been made mostly on mammals, but many vertebrates express melanopsin and adjust the diameter of the pupil to the ambient light intensity to extend the operating range of vision and reduce spherical aberration1. We were curious to know whether a PLR controlled by melanopsin is also present in lamprey, which are members of the only remaining group of jawless vertebrates (agnathans) which diverged from all other vertebrates about 500 million years ago2. We now show that lamprey have a robust PLR mediated by melanopsin apparently without any contribution from signals of rods and cones, suggesting that non-image-forming perception emerged long before the radiation of present vertebrate lines and was already present in the late Cambrian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Morshedian
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
| | - Theodore Henry Huynh
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
| | - Rikard Frederiksen
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA
| | - Gordon L Fain
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA.
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA.
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10
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Thyroid hormone receptors mediate two distinct mechanisms of long-wavelength vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15262-15269. [PMID: 32541022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920086117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays an important role in the regulation of long-wavelength vision in vertebrates. In the retina, thyroid hormone receptor β (thrb) is required for expression of long-wavelength-sensitive opsin (lws) in red cone photoreceptors, while in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), TH regulates expression of a cytochrome P450 enzyme, cyp27c1, that converts vitamin A1 into vitamin A2 to produce a red-shifted chromophore. To better understand how TH controls these processes, we analyzed the phenotype of zebrafish with mutations in the three known TH nuclear receptor transcription factors (thraa, thrab, and thrb). We found that no single TH nuclear receptor is required for TH-mediated induction of cyp27c1 but that deletion of all three (thraa -/- ;thrab -/- ;thrb -/- ) completely abrogates its induction and the resulting conversion of A1- to A2-based retinoids. In the retina, loss of thrb resulted in an absence of red cones at both larval and adult stages without disruption of the underlying cone mosaic. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed significant down-regulation of only five genes in adult thrb -/- retina, of which three (lws1, lws2, and miR-726) occur in a single syntenic cluster. In the thrb -/- retina, retinal progenitors destined to become red cones were transfated into ultraviolet (UV) cones and horizontal cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate cooperative regulation of cyp27c1 by TH receptors and a requirement for thrb in red cone fate determination. Thus, TH signaling coordinately regulates both spectral sensitivity and sensory plasticity.
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11
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Carleton KL, Escobar-Camacho D, Stieb SM, Cortesi F, Marshall NJ. Seeing the rainbow: mechanisms underlying spectral sensitivity in teleost fishes. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb193334. [PMID: 32327561 PMCID: PMC7188444 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among vertebrates, teleost eye diversity exceeds that found in all other groups. Their spectral sensitivities range from ultraviolet to red, and the number of visual pigments varies from 1 to over 40. This variation is correlated with the different ecologies and life histories of fish species, including their variable aquatic habitats: murky lakes, clear oceans, deep seas and turbulent rivers. These ecotopes often change with the season, but fish may also migrate between ecotopes diurnally, seasonally or ontogenetically. To survive in these variable light habitats, fish visual systems have evolved a suite of mechanisms that modulate spectral sensitivities on a range of timescales. These mechanisms include: (1) optical media that filter light, (2) variations in photoreceptor type and size to vary absorbance and sensitivity, and (3) changes in photoreceptor visual pigments to optimize peak sensitivity. The visual pigment changes can result from changes in chromophore or changes to the opsin. Opsin variation results from changes in opsin sequence, opsin expression or co-expression, and opsin gene duplications and losses. Here, we review visual diversity in a number of teleost groups where the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying their spectral sensitivities have been relatively well determined. Although we document considerable variability, this alone does not imply functional difference per se. We therefore highlight the need for more studies that examine species with known sensitivity differences, emphasizing behavioral experiments to test whether such differences actually matter in the execution of visual tasks that are relevant to the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Carleton
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Sara M Stieb
- Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
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12
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Govardovskii V, Rotov A, Astakhova L, Nikolaeva D, Firsov M. Visual cells and visual pigments of the river lamprey revisited. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:71-84. [PMID: 31942647 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinas of the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis were studied by microspectrophotometry, electroretinography and single-photoreceptor electrophysiology to reconcile the apparently contradictory conclusions on the nature of lamprey photoreceptor cells drawn in the early work by Govardovskii and Lychakov (J Comp Physiology A 154:279-286, 1984) and in recent studies. In agreement with recent works, we confirmed former identification of short photoreceptors as rods and of long photoreceptors as cones. In line with the results of 1984, we show that within a certain range of light intensities the lamprey retina exhibits "color discrimination". We found that the overlap of working intensity ranges of rods and cones is not a unique feature of lamprey short receptors, and suggest that rod-cone (possibly color) vision may be common among vertebrates. We show that the decay of meta-intermediates in lamprey cones occurs almost 100 times faster than in typical rod metarhodopsins. Rate of decay of metarhodopsins of lamprey rods take an intermediate position between typical rods and cones. This makes lamprey rhodopsin similar to transmuted cone visual pigment in "rods" of nocturnal geckos. We argue that defining various types of photoreceptors as simply "rods" and "cones" may be functionally correct, but neglects their genetic, biochemical and morphological features and evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Govardovskii
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Rotov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Luba Astakhova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Nikolaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Firsov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Fain GL. Lamprey vision: Photoreceptors and organization of the retina. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 106:5-11. [PMID: 31711759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lamprey is an important non-model vertebrate because it is an agnathan or jawless vertebrate and belongs to the superclass cyclostomata, a group that split off from the rest of the vertebrates 500 million years ago. Investigation of the lamprey retina may therefore reveal attributes of visual function that were characteristic of even the most primitive vertebrates. The rod and cone photoreceptors are a striking example, because the biochemistry and physiology of phototransduction is remarkably similar between lamprey and the rest of the vertebrates, including mammals. The fundamental mechanism of light sensation seems therefore to have emerged very early in the evolution of vertebrates in the late Cambrian. Some other characteristics of the retina are also similar and may be very old, but other features such as the morphology of ganglion cells are rather different in lamprey and other vertebrates. Even these differences may provide new insight into the various mechanisms vertebrates use for visual detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Fain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-7000, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-7000,United States.
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14
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Yuan YH, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Xu MD, Wu J, Li W, Wu MY, Li DM. Identification of key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells using bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1117-1132. [PMID: 31423172 PMCID: PMC6607041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, the β-catenin-transcription factor 7 like 1 (TCF7L1) complex activates transcription and regulates downstream target genes that serve important roles in the pathology of pancreatic cancer. To identify associated key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells, the current study used the gene expression profiles GSE57728 and GSE90926 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. GSE57728 is an array containing information regarding β-catenin knockdown and GSE90926 was developed by high throughput sequencing to provide information regarding TCF7L1 knockdown. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted separately and the shared 88 DEGs, including 37 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes, were screened. Clustering analysis of these DEGs was performed by heatmap analysis. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were then performed using FunRich software and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, which revealed that the DEGs were predominantly enriched in terms associated with transport, transcription factor activity, and cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway process. A DEG-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, consisting of 58 nodes and 171 edges, was then constructed using Cytoscape software and the 15 genes with top node degrees were selected as the hub genes. Overall survival (OS) analysis of the 88 DEGs was performed and the relevant gene expression datasets were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Consequently, three upregulated and seven downregulated genes were identified to be associated with prognosis. Furthermore, high expression levels of five downregulated genes, including CXCL5, CYP27C1, FUBP1, CDK14 and TRIM24, were associated with worse OS. In addition, CDK14 and TRIM24 were revealed as hub genes in the PPI network and both were confirmed to be involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Promoter analysis was also applied to the five downregulated DEGs associated with prognosis, which revealed that TCF7L1 may serve as a transcription factor of the DEGs. In conclusion, the genes and pathways identified in the current study may provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Dan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P.R. China.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Ming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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15
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Hume JB, Wagner M. A death in the family: Sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) avoidance of confamilial alarm cues diminishes with phylogenetic distance. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3751-3762. [PMID: 29686855 PMCID: PMC5901161 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarm signals released after predator attack function as reliable public information revealing areas of high risk. The utility of this information can extend beyond species boundaries, benefiting heterospecifics capable of recognizing and responding appropriately to the signal. Nonmutually exclusive hypotheses explaining the acquisition of heterospecific reactivity to cues suggest it could be conserved phylogenetically following its evolution in a common ancestor (a species‐level effect) and/or learned during periods of shared risk (a population‐level effect; e.g., shared predators). Using a laboratory‐based space‐use behavioral assay, we tested the response of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to the damage‐released alarm cues of five confamilial (sympatric and allopatric) species and two distantly related out‐groups: a sympatric teleost (white sucker Catostomus commersonii) and an allopatric agnathan (Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa). We found that sea lamprey differed in their response to conspecific and heterospecific odors; exhibiting progressively weaker avoidance of cues derived from more phylogenetically distant confamilials regardless of current overlap in distribution. Odors from out‐groups elicited no response. These findings suggest that a damage‐released alarm cue is at least partially conserved within the Petromyzontidae and that sea lamprey perceives predator attacks directed to closely related taxa. These findings are consistent with similar observations from gastropod, amphibian and bony fish taxa, and we discuss this in an eco‐evo context to provide a plausible explanation for the acquisition and maintenance of the response in sea lamprey.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Hume
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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16
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Morshedian A, Toomey MB, Pollock GE, Frederiksen R, Enright JM, McCormick SD, Cornwall MC, Fain GL, Corbo JC. Cambrian origin of the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A 1-to-A 2 switch, a key mechanism of vertebrate sensory plasticity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170362. [PMID: 28791166 PMCID: PMC5541561 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The spectral composition of ambient light varies across both space and time. Many species of jawed vertebrates adapt to this variation by tuning the sensitivity of their photoreceptors via the expression of CYP27C1, an enzyme that converts vitamin A1 into vitamin A2, thereby shifting the ratio of vitamin A1-based rhodopsin to red-shifted vitamin A2-based porphyropsin in the eye. Here, we show that the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless vertebrate that diverged from jawed vertebrates during the Cambrian period (approx. 500 Ma), dynamically shifts its photoreceptor spectral sensitivity via vitamin A1-to-A2 chromophore exchange as it transitions between photically divergent aquatic habitats. We further show that this shift correlates with high-level expression of the lamprey orthologue of CYP27C1, specifically in the retinal pigment epithelium as in jawed vertebrates. Our results suggest that the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A1-to-A2 switch is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism of sensory plasticity that appeared not long after the origin of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Morshedian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew B. Toomey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gabriel E. Pollock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rikard Frederiksen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Enright
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Turners Falls, MA 01370, USA
| | - M. Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Gordon L. Fain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Authors for correspondence: Gordon L. Fain e-mail:
| | - Joseph C. Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Authors for correspondence: Joseph C. Corbo e-mail:
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17
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Morshedian A, Fain GL. Light adaptation and the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors. J Physiol 2017; 595:4947-4960. [PMID: 28488783 DOI: 10.1113/jp274211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Lamprey are cyclostomes, a group of vertebrates that diverged from lines leading to jawed vertebrates (including mammals) in the late Cambrian, 500 million years ago. It may therefore be possible to infer properties of photoreceptors in early vertebrate progenitors by comparing lamprey to other vertebrates. We show that lamprey rods and cones respond to light much like rods and cones in amphibians and mammals. They operate over a similar range of light intensities and adapt to backgrounds and bleaches nearly identically. These correspondences are pervasive and detailed; they argue for the presence of rods and cones very early in the evolution of vertebrates with properties much like those of rods and cones in existing vertebrate species. ABSTRACT The earliest vertebrates were agnathans - fish-like organisms without jaws, which first appeared near the end of the Cambrian radiation. One group of agnathans became cyclostomes, which include lamprey and hagfish. Other agnathans gave rise to jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes, the group including all other existing vertebrate species. Because cyclostomes diverged from other vertebrates 500 million years ago, it may be possible to infer some of the properties of the retina of early vertebrate progenitors by comparing lamprey to other vertebrates. We have previously shown that rods and cones in lamprey respond to light much like photoreceptors in other vertebrates and have a similar sensitivity. We now show that these affinities are even closer. Both rods and cones adapt to background light and to bleaches in a manner almost identical to other vertebrate photoreceptors. The operating range in darkness is nearly the same in lamprey and in amphibian or mammalian rods and cones; moreover background light shifts response-intensity curves downward and to the right over a similar range of ambient intensities. Rods show increment saturation at about the same intensity as mammalian rods, and cones never saturate. Bleaches decrease sensitivity in part by loss of quantum catch and in part by opsin activation of transduction. These correspondences are so numerous and pervasive that they are unlikely to result from convergent evolution but argue instead that early vertebrate progenitors of both cyclostomes and mammals had photoreceptors much like our own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Morshedian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Gordon L Fain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7000, USA
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