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Pastor AF, Silva MR, Dos Santos WJT, Rego T, Brandão E, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rocha A. Recombinant antigens used as diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:474. [PMID: 34526120 PMCID: PMC8442287 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. It is a tropical and subtropical illness that affects approximately 67 million people worldwide and that still requires better diagnostic tools to prevent its spread and enhance the effectiveness of control procedures. Traditional parasitological tests and diagnostic methods based on whole protein extracts from different worms are known for problems related to sample time collection, sensitivity, and specificity. More recently, new diagnostic tools based on immunological methods using recombinant antigens have been developed. The current review describes the several recombinant antigens used as tools for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in antigen and antibody capture assays, highlighting their advantages and limitations as well as the main commercial tests developed based on them. The literature chronology is from 1991 to 2021. First, it describes the historical background related to the identification of relevant antigens and the generation of the recombinant polypeptides used for the LF diagnosis, also detailing features specific to each antigen. The subsequent section then discusses the use of those proteins to develop antigen and antibody capture tests to detect LF. So far, studies focusing on antibody capture assays are based on 13 different antigens with at least six commercially available tests, with five proteins further used for the development of antigen capture tests. Five antigens explored in this paper belong to the SXP/RAL-2 family (BmSXP, Bm14, WbSXP-1, Wb14, WbL), and the others are BmShp-1, Bm33, BmR1, BmVAH, WbVAH, BmALT-1, BmALT-2, and Wb123. It is expected that advances in research with these antigens will allow further development of tests combining both sensitivity and specificity with low costs, assisting the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- André Filipe Pastor
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano (IFSertao-PE), Campus Floresta, Floresta, PE, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Tamisa Rego
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Abraham Rocha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Laboratório do Hospital Otávio de Freitas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Liu H, Han M, Li J, Qin L, Chen L, Hao Q, Jiang D, Chen D, Ji Y, Han H, Long C, Zhou Y, Feng J, Wang X. A Caffeic Acid Matrix Improves In Situ Detection and Imaging of Proteins with High Molecular Weight Close to 200,000 Da in Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11920-11928. [PMID: 34405989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this was the first study in which caffeic acid (CA) was successfully evaluated as a matrix to enhance the in situ detection and imaging of endogenous proteins in three biological tissue sections (i.e., a rat brain and Capparis masaikai and germinating soybean seeds) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Our results show several properties of CA, including strong ultraviolet absorption, a super-wide MS detection mass range close to 200,000 Da, micrometer-sized matrix crystals, uniform matrix deposition, and high ionization efficiency. More high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein ion signals (m/z > 30,000) could be clearly detected in biological tissues with the use of CA, compared to two commonly used MALDI matrices, i.e., sinapinic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA). Notably, CA shows excellent performance for HMW protein in situ detection from biological tissues in the mass range m/z > 80,000, compared to the use of SA and FA. Furthermore, the use of a CA matrix also significantly enhanced the imaging of proteins on the surface of selected biological tissue sections. Three HMW protein ion signals (m/z 50,419, m/z 65,874, and m/z 191,872) from a rat brain, two sweet proteins (mabinlin-2 and mabinlin-4) from a Capparis masaikai seed, and three HMW protein ion signals (m/z 94,838, m/z 134,204, and m/z 198,738) from a germinating soybean seed were successfully imaged for the first time. Our study proves that CA has the potential to become a standard organic acid matrix for enhanced tissue imaging of HMW proteins by MALDI-MSI in both animal and plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Liu
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Manman Han
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinming Li
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qichen Hao
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Difan Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Li X, Wang Y, Wang S, Liang C, Pu G, Chen Y, Wang L, Xu H, Shi Y, Yang Z. A strong CD8 + T cell-stimulating supramolecular hydrogel. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2111-2117. [PMID: 31913398 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecules with immune stimulatory properties is crucial for cancer immunotherapy. In this work, we combined two peptide-based molecules, tuftsin (TKPR) and Nap-GDFDFDY, to develop a novel self-assembling molecule Nap-GDFDFDYTKPR (Comp.3), which has strong CD8+ T cell stimulatory properties. Comp.3 could self-assemble into nanofibers and hydrogels, which significantly improved the stability of tuftsin against enzyme digestion. The nanofibers of Comp.3 enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages, promoted the maturation of DCs, and stimulated the expression of cytokines. In addition, it demonstrated an excellent anti-tumor efficacy in vivo by eliciting a strong CD8+ T immune response. Taken together, our observations revealed a powerful immune stimulating nanomaterial that is a promising compound for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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Paul R, Ilamaran M, Khatri V, Amdare N, Reddy MVR, Kaliraj P. Immunological evaluation of fusion protein of Brugia malayi abundant larval protein transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and Tuftsin in experimental mice model. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00092. [PMID: 30847408 PMCID: PMC6378782 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Filariasis, a neglected tropical helminth disease needs vaccine besides mass drug administration for its successful eradication. Methods An attempt was made to produce a fusion protein (P-TUFT-ALT-2) of abundant larval transcript protein-2 and Tuftsin to enhance its immunogenicity. The fusion construct was expressed in Pichia pastoris, a nonexpensive commercial expression system. This study focused on the evaluation of immunological response produced by P-TUFT-ALT-2 in Balb/c mice. Result and discussion P-TUFT-ALT-2 showed an enhanced IgG peak titre compared to E. coli expressed E-ALT-2 and P. pastoris expressed P-ALT-2. IgG2b, IgG2a and IgG1 production were predominant indicating a balanced Th1/Th2 response. P-TUFT-ALT-2 also induced about 28% and 9.5% higher splenocyte proliferation over control and E-ALT-2 respectively. Splenocytes produced predominant IFN-γ followed by IL-5, IL-2 and IL-10 specifying a balanced Th1/Th2 response. P-TUFT-ALT-2 showed 55% to 80% with an average of 65% cytotoxicity in B. malayi L3 larvae in in vitro ADCC assay. Conclusion This experiment validates P-TUFT-ALT-2 as a potential vaccine candidate for human lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Paul
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meganathan Ilamaran
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry & J.B. Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Amdare
- Department of Biochemistry & J.B. Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maryada Venkata Rami Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry & J.B. Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Perumal Kaliraj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Paul R, Karthik S, Vimalraj P, Meenakshisundaram S, Kaliraj P. Cloning, large-scale production and characterization of fusion protein (P-TUFT-ALT-2) of Brugian abundant larval transcript-2 with tuftsin in Pichia pastoris. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:823-833. [PMID: 30303452 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1514511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a "disease of poor people" due to a large section of affected people with economic backwardness. Therefore, successful elimination of this disease requires a cost-effective prophylactic agent such as vaccine along with conventional drugs. The Abundant Larval Transcript-2 (BmALT-2) protein of Brugia malayi has been recognized as the most potential vaccine candidate. Tuftsin, a tetra-peptide immunopotentiator has already shown the enhanced immunogenicity of various vaccine antigens in earlier studies. This study deals with the development of tuft-alt-2 fusion construct and a suitable culture condition for its large-scale production in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant P. pastoris/tuft-alt-2 with 9-11 copies of the gene construct exhibited the highest expression level. The molecular weight of P-TUFT-ALT-2 was determined as 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE including 3 kDa due to glycosylation. The dry cell biomass was 57.4 gL-1 in the bioreactor. The P-TUFT-ALT-2 expression was measured as about 35 mg L-1, which was 102% higher than flask culture. The P-TUFT-ALT-2 produced the highest 65,000 IgG peak titer in Balb/c mice. Moreover, P-TUFT-ALT-2 exhibited about 9.46% higher splenocyte proliferation than E. coli expressed E-ALT-2 alone. The enhanced secreted production of P-TUFT-ALT-2 in bioreactor would step up its commercialization as an inexpensive commercial vaccine for human lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Paul
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
| | | | | | | | - Perumal Kaliraj
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
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