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Spilsbury MJ, Feito A, Delgado A, Capitán MJ, Álvarez J, de Miguel JJ. Enantiosensitive growth dynamics of chiral molecules on ferromagnetic substrates and the origin of the CISS effect. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114706. [PMID: 37728205 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent demonstration of the existence of an intimate relationship between the chiral structure of some materials and the spin polarization of electrons transmitted through them, what has been called the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, is sparking interest in many related phenomena. One of the most notorious is the possibility of using magnetic materials to apply enantioselective interactions on chiral molecules and chemical reactions involving them. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize the adsorption and growth kinetics of enantiopure organic molecules on magnetic (Co) and non-magnetic (Cu) substrates. While on these latter, no significant enantiosensitive effects are found, on spin-polarized, in-plane magnetized Co surfaces, the two enantiomers have been found to deposit differently. The observed effects have been interpreted as the result of one of the enantiomers being adsorbed in a transient, weakly bound physisorbed-like state with higher mobility due to limited, spin-selective charge transfer between it and the substrate. The study of these phenomena can provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the CISS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Spilsbury
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Dpto. Física. Univ. Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Escuela de Biología, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - A Feito
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Delgado
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Capitán
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia IEM-CSIC, c/ Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera," Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J de Miguel
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera," Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Abstract
Many structures in nature look symmetric, but this is not completely accurate, because absolute symmetry is close to death. Chirality (handedness) is one form of living asymmetry. Chirality has been extensively investigated at different levels. Many rules were coined in attempts made for many decades to have control over the selection of handedness that seems to easily occur in nature. It is certain that if good control is realized on chirality, the roads will be ultimately open towards numerous developments in pharmaceutical, technological, and industrial applications. This tutorial review presents a report on chirality from single molecules to supramolecular assemblies. The realized functions are still in their infancy and have been scarcely converted into actual applications. This review provides an overview for starters in the chirality field of research on concepts, common methodologies, and outstanding accomplishments. It starts with an introductory section on the definitions and classifications of chirality at the different levels of molecular complexity, followed by highlighting the importance of chirality in biological systems and the different means of realizing chirality and its inversion in solid and solution-based systems at molecular and supramolecular levels. Chirality-relevant important findings and (bio-)technological applications are also reported accordingly.
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4
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Uralcan B, Longo TJ, Anisimov MA, Stillinger FH, Debenedetti PG. Interconversion-controlled liquid-liquid phase separation in a molecular chiral model. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204502. [PMID: 34852466 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation of fluids exhibiting interconversion between alternative states has been proposed as an underlying mechanism for fluid polyamorphism and may be of relevance to the protein function and intracellular organization. However, molecular-level insight into the interplay between competing forces that can drive or restrict phase separation in interconverting fluids remains elusive. Here, we utilize an off-lattice model of enantiomers with tunable chiral interconversion and interaction properties to elucidate the physics underlying the stabilization and tunability of phase separation in fluids with interconverting states. We show that introducing an imbalance in the intermolecular forces between two enantiomers results in nonequilibrium, arrested phase separation into microdomains. We also find that in the equilibrium case, when all interaction forces are conservative, the growth of the phase domain is restricted only by the system size. In this case, we observe phase amplification, in which one of the two alternative phases grows at the expense of the other. These findings provide novel insights on how the interplay between dynamics and thermodynamics defines the equilibrium and steady-state morphologies of phase transitions in fluids with interconverting molecular or supramolecular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Uralcan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Thomas J Longo
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Mikhail A Anisimov
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Frank H Stillinger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Pablo G Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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5
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Synchronization in Non-Mirror-Symmetrical Chirogenesis: Non-Helical π–Conjugated Polymers with Helical Polysilane Copolymers in Co-Colloids. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A curious question is whether two types of chiroptical amplifications, called sergeants-and-soldiers (Ser-Sol) and majority-rule (Maj) effects, between non-charged helical copolymers and non-charged, non-helical homopolymers occur when copolymer encounter homopolymer in co-colloids. To address these topics, the present study chose (i) two helical polysilane copolymers (HCPSs) carrying (S)- or (R)-2-methylbutyl with isobutyl groups as chiral/achiral co-pendants (type I) and (S)- and (R)-2-methylbutyl groups as chiral/chiral co-pendants (type II) and (ii) two blue luminescent π-conjugated polymers, poly[(dioctylfluorene)-alt-(trans-vinylene)] (PFV8) and poly(dioctylfluorene) (PF8). Analyses of circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectral datasets of the co-colloids indicated noticeable, chiroptical inversion in the Ser-Sol effect of PFV8/PF8 with type I HCPS. PF8 with type IIHCPS showed the anomalous Maj rule with chiroptical inversion though PFV8 with type IIHCPS was the normal Maj effect. The noticeable non-mirror-symmetric CD-and-CPL characteristics and marked differences in hydrodynamic sizes of these colloids were assumed to originate from non-mirror-symmetrical main-chain stiffness of HCPSs in dilute toluene solution. The present chirality/helicity transfer experiments alongside of previous/recent publications reported by other workers and us allowed to raise the fundamental question; is mirror symmetry on macroscopic levels in the ground and photoexcited states rigorously conserved?
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6
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Resonance in Chirogenesis and Photochirogenesis: Colloidal Polymers Meet Chiral Optofluidics. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable colloids made of crystalline and/or non-crystalline matters render abilities of photonic resonators susceptible to chiral chemical and circularly polarized light sources. By assuming that μm-size colloids and co-colloids consisting of π- and/or σ-conjugated polymers dispersed into an optofluidic medium are artificial models of open-flow, non-equilibrium coacervates, we showcase experimentally resonance effects in chirogenesis and photochirogenesis, revealed by gigantic boosted chiroptical signals as circular dichroism (CD), optical rotation dispersion, circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and CPL excitation (CPLE) spectral datasets. The resonance in chirogenesis occurs at very specific refractive indices (RIs) of the surrounding medium. The chirogenesis is susceptible to the nature of the optically active optofluidic medium. Moreover, upon an excitation-wavelength-dependent circularly polarized (CP) light source, a fully controlled absolute photochirogenesis, which includes all chiroptical generation, inversion, erase, switching, and short-/long-lived memories, is possible when the colloidal non-photochromic and photochromic polymers are dispersed in an achiral optofluidic medium with a tuned RI. The hand of the CP light source is not a determining factor for the product chirality. These results are associated with my experience concerning amphiphilic polymerizable colloids, in which, four decades ago, allowed proposing a perspective that colloids are connectable to light, polymers, helix, coacervates, and panspermia hypotheses, nuclear physics, biology, radioisotopes, homochirality question, first life, and cosmology.
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7
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Sawato T, Saito N, Yamaguchi M. Proximate stochastic chiral symmetry breaking is mechanically tunable: formation of enantiomeric hetero-double-helices and aggregates from racemic oxymethylenehelicene oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:25406-25414. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of oxymethylenehelicene (P)-hexamer and (M)-hexamer in solution exhibited chiral symmetry breaking, which was induced by mechanical stirring, during the formation of enantiomeric hetero-double-helices and their aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Sawato
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Nozomi Saito
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
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8
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Fujiki M, Koe JR, Mori T, Kimura Y. Questions of Mirror Symmetry at the Photoexcited and Ground States of Non-Rigid Luminophores Raised by Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Part 1. Oligofluorenes, Oligophenylenes, Binaphthyls and Fused Aromatics. Molecules 2018; 23:E2606. [PMID: 30314330 PMCID: PMC6222818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report experimental tests of whether non-rigid, π-conjugated luminophores in the photoexcited (S₁) and ground (S₀) states dissolved in achiral liquids are mirror symmetrical by means of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Herein, we chose ten oligofluorenes, eleven linear/cyclic oligo-p-arylenes, three binaphthyls and five fused aromatics, substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl and phenylethynyl groups and also with no substituents. Without exception, all these non-rigid luminophores showed negative-sign CPL signals in the UV-visible region, suggesting temporal generation of energetically non-equivalent non-mirror image structures as far-from equilibrium open-flow systems at the S₁ state. For comparison, unsubstituted naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene and pyrene, which are achiral, rigid, planar luminophores, did not obviously show CPL/CD signals. However, camphor, which is a rigid chiral luminophore, showed mirror-image CPL/CD signals. The dissymmetry ratio of CPL (glum) for the oligofluorenes increased discontinuously, ranging from ≈ -(0.2 to 2.0) × 10-3, when the viscosity of the liquids increased. When the fluorene ring number increased, the glum value extrapolated at [η] = 0 reached -0.8 × 10-3 at 420 nm, leading to (⁻)-CPL signals predicted in the vacuum state. Our comprehensive CPL and CD study should provide a possible answer to the molecular parity violation hypothesis arising due to the weak neutral current mediated by the Z⁰-boson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Fujiki
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0036, Japan.
| | - Julian R Koe
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), 3-10-2 Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan.
| | - Takashi Mori
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0036, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kimura
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0036, Japan.
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9
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Saito N, Yamaguchi M. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Chiral Cylindrical Molecular Complexes: Functional Heterogeneous Liquid-Solid Materials Formed by Helicene Oligomers. Molecules 2018; 23:E277. [PMID: 29382168 PMCID: PMC6017771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral cylindrical molecular complexes of homo- and hetero-double-helices derived from helicene oligomers self-assemble in solution, providing functional heterogeneous liquid-solid materials. Gels and liotropic liquid crystals are formed by fibril self-assembly in solution; molecular monolayers and fibril films are formed by self-assembly on solid surfaces; gels containing gold nanoparticles emit light; silica nanoparticles aggregate and adsorb double-helices. Notable dynamics appears during self-assembly, including multistep self-assembly, solid surface catalyzed double-helix formation, sigmoidal and stairwise kinetics, molecular recognition of nanoparticles, discontinuous self-assembly, materials clocking, chiral symmetry breaking and homogeneous-heterogeneous transitions. These phenomena are derived from strong intercomplex interactions of chiral cylindrical molecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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10
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Latinwo F, Stillinger FH, Debenedetti PG. Molecular model for chirality phenomena. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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11
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Kushida Y, Sawato T, Shigeno M, Saito N, Yamaguchi M. Deterministic and Stochastic Chiral Symmetry Breaking Exhibited by Racemic Aminomethylenehelicene Oligomers. Chemistry 2016; 23:327-333. [PMID: 27440722 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Racemic mixtures of aminomethylenehelicene (P)- and (M)-pentamers exhibited deterministic and stochastic chiral symmetry breaking during hetero-double-helix formation and self-assembly in solution. Heating a 50:50 mixture of (P)- and (M)-pentamers at 90 °C, and then cooling the mixture to 70 °C resulted in hetero-double-helix formation; a Cotton effect with negative Δε at λ=315 nm appeared. Chiral self-assembly occurred when the mixture was cooled to 25 °C. A strong tendency of deterministic chiral symmetry breaking appeared at the molecular and self-assembled levels, which was indicated by the negative Δε at λ=315 nm that appeared in most cases in repeated experiments. Mixtures containing 60:40 and 40:60 (P)-/(M)-pentamers also self-assembled with the same chirality. When a homo-double-helix (P)-/(M)-pentamer and a random coil (M)-/(P)-pentamer were mixed, the chiral self-assembly formed stochastically, and heating and cooling resulted in deterministic chiral symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Kushida
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sawato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nozomi Saito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Supramolecular Chirality: Solvent Chirality Transfer in Molecular Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry. Symmetry (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/sym6030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Ruiz-Mirazo K, Briones C, de la Escosura A. Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life. Chem Rev 2013; 114:285-366. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biophysics
Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, and Department of Logic and Philosophy
of Science, University of the Basque Country, Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20080 Donostia−San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Department
of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC−INTA, associated to the NASA Astrobiology Institute), Carretera de Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Ricci F, Stillinger FH, Debenedetti PG. Creation and Persistence of Chiral Asymmetry in a Microscopically Reversible Molecular Model. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:602-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3093644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ricci
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Frank H. Stillinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey 08544, United States
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15
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Li F, Fitz D, Rode BM. Isoleucine as a possible bridge between exogenous delivery and terrestrial enhancement of homochirality. Amino Acids 2012; 44:725-32. [PMID: 22968664 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly enantioselective oligomerization of isoleucine stereomers in the salt-induced peptide formation reaction under plausibly prebiotic earth conditions. Up to 6.5-fold superiority in reactivity of L-isoleucine was observed, compared to its D-enantiomer, after 14 evaporation cycles in the presence of Cu(2+) and NaCl. Since isoleucine is among the proteinogenic amino acids that were found enantioenriched in meteorites, this present work may further correlate the extraterrestrial delivery and endogenous production of biological homochirality by virtue of a protein constituent rather than the rarely occurring α-methylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Danger G, Plasson R, Pascal R. Pathways for the formation and evolution of peptides in prebiotic environments. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5416-29. [PMID: 22688720 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino acids are easily accessible through abiotic processes and were likely present before the emergence of life. However, the role they could have played in the process remains uncertain. Chemical pathways that could have brought about features of self-organization in a peptide world are considered in this review and discussed in relation with their possible contribution to the origin of life. An overall scheme is proposed with an emphasis on possibilities that may have led to dynamically stable far from equilibrium states. This analysis defines new lines of investigation towards a better understanding of the contribution of the systems chemistry of amino acids and peptides to the emergence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Danger
- Spectrométries et Dynamique Moléculaire, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (UMR CNRS 7345, Université de Provence) - Centre de St Jérôme - case 252, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niémen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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17
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Evans AC, Meinert C, Giri C, Goesmann F, Meierhenrich UJ. Chirality, photochemistry and the detection of amino acids in interstellar ice analogues and comets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5447-58. [PMID: 22576562 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The primordial appearance of chiral amino acids was an essential component of the asymmetric evolution of life on Earth. In this tutorial review we will explore the original life-generating, symmetry-breaking event and summarise recent thoughts on the origin of enantiomeric excess in the universe. We will then highlight the transfer of asymmetry from chiral photons to racemic amino acids and elucidate current experimental data on the photochemical synthesis of amino and diamino acid structures in simulated interstellar and circumstellar ice environments. The chirality inherent within actual interstellar (cometary) ice environments will be considered in this discussion: in 2014 the Rosetta Lander Philae onboard the Rosetta space probe is planned to detach from the orbiter and soft-land on the surface of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It is equipped for the in situ enantioselective analysis of chiral prebiotic organic species in cometary ices. The scientific design of this mission will therefore be presented in the context of analysing the formation of amino acid structures within interstellar ice analogues as a means towards furthering understanding of the origin of asymmetric biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Evans
- University of Cambridge, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge CB3 0DF, UK.
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18
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Non-racemic amino acid production by ultraviolet irradiation of achiral interstellar ice analogs with circularly polarized light: comment on "Photochirogenesis: photochemical models on the absolute asymmetric formation of amino acids in interstellar space" by Uwe J. Meierhenrich et al. Phys Life Rev 2011; 8:333-4; discussion 337-8. [PMID: 21907648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Bast R, Koers A, Gomes ASP, Iliaš M, Visscher L, Schwerdtfeger P, Saue T. Analysis of parity violation in chiral molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:864-76. [PMID: 21140024 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to guide the experimental search for parity violation in molecular systems, in part motivated by the possible link to biomolecular homochirality, we present a detailed analysis in a relativistic framework of the mechanism behind the tiny energy difference between enantiomers induced by the weak force. A decomposition of the molecular expectation value into atomic contributions reveals that the effect can be thought of as arising from a specific mixing of valence s(1/2) and p(1/2) orbitals on a single center induced by a chiral molecular field. The intra-atomic nature of the effect is further illustrated by visualization of the electron chirality density and suggests that a simple model for parity violation in molecules may be constructed by combining pre-calculated atomic quantities with simple bonding models. A 2-component relativistic computational procedure is proposed which bridges the relativistic and non-relativistic approaches to the calculation of parity violation in chiral molecules and allows us to explore the single-center theorem in a variational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Bast
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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20
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Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Helical Polysilanes: Preference between Left and Right of Chemical and Physical Origin. Symmetry (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/sym2031625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Possible Physical Mechanisms in the Galaxy to Cause Homochiral Biomaterials for Life. Symmetry (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/sym2031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Plasson R, Brandenburg A. Homochirality and the need for energy. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2010; 40:93-110. [PMID: 19911301 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for explaining how a stable asymmetric chemical system can be formed from a symmetric chemical system, in the absence of any asymmetric influence other than statistical fluctuations, have been developed during the last decades, focusing on the non-linear kinetic aspects. Besides the absolute necessity of self-amplification processes, the importance of energetic aspects is often underestimated. Going down to the most fundamental aspects, the distinction between a single object-that can be intrinsically asymmetric-and a collection of objects-whose racemic state is the more stable one-must be emphasized. A system of strongly interacting objects can be described as one single object retaining its individuality and a single asymmetry; weakly or non-interacting objects keep their own individuality, and are prone to racemize towards the equilibrium state. In the presence of energy fluxes, systems can be maintained in an asymmetric non-equilibrium steady-state. Such dynamical systems can retain their asymmetry for times longer than their racemization time.
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23
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Fujiki M. Mirror symmetry breaking of silicon polymersâfrom weak bosons to artificial helix. CHEM REC 2009; 9:271-98. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.200900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Sorrenti A, Diociaiuti M, Corvaglia V, Chistolini P, Mancini G. Chiral recognition of dipeptides in Langmuir monolayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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MacDermott AJ, Fu T, Hyde GO, Nakatsuka R, Coleman AP. Electroweak parity-violating energy shifts of amino acids: the "conformation problem". ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2009; 39:407-37. [PMID: 19291419 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The preceding paper described our coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock (CPHF) and density functional theory (DFT) methods of computing the parity-violating energy shift (PVES). This paper addresses the "conformation problem"-the difficulty determining which hand of amino acids in solution is favoured by the weak force due to the difficulty determining the solution conformation. We attempt to resolve this by using the methods of the preceding paper to compute the PVES of solution and gas-phase amino acid structures determined by other groups from high level optimizations that include solvation. We conclude that the conformational hypersensitivity of the PVES still precludes a definite conclusion as to the sign of the PVES of L-alanine in solution, but that there is no problem in the gas phase: the PVES of gas-phase L-alanine is decisively negative. We show that the PVES is very sensitive to certain torsion angles, but is not hypersensitive to bondlengths or bond angles. In determining structures for PVES computations, there is therefore no need for expensive full optimizations: one can just optimize the crucial torsion angles. We present new computations of gas-phase amino acids PVESs, using partial optimizations with small basis sets, and the results agree well with those from higher level techniques. In the following paper we apply these less costly techniques to larger amino acids. The "conformation problem" has led some to dismiss the PVES as the source of life's handedness, but we believe this is premature: we show here that amino acids are a special case because their favoured conformations are almost achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDermott
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Computing and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA.
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26
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MacDermott AJ, Hyde GO, Cohen AJ. Evaluation of coupled perturbed and density functional methods of computing the parity-violating energy difference between enantiomers. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2009; 39:439-57. [PMID: 19301142 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We present new coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock (CPHF) and density functional theory (DFT) computations of the parity-violating energy difference (PVED) between enantiomers for H(2)O(2) and H(2)S(2). Our DFT PVED computations are the first for H(2)S(2) and the first with the new HCTH and OLYP functionals. Like other "second generation" PVED computations, our results are an order of magnitude larger than the original "first generation" uncoupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock computations of Mason and Tranter. We offer an explanation for the dramatically larger size in terms of cancellation of contributions of opposing signs, which also explains the basis set sensitivity of the PVED, and its conformational hypersensitivity (addressed in the following paper). This paper also serves as a review of the different types of "second generation" PVED computations: we set our work in context, comparing our results with those of four other groups, and noting the good agreement between results obtained by very different methods. DFT PVEDs tend to be somewhat inflated compared to the CPHF values, but this is not a problem when only sign and order of magnitude are required. Our results with the new OLYP functional are less inflated than those with other functionals, and OLYP is also more efficient computationally. We therefore conclude that DFT computation offers a promising approach for low-cost extension to larger biosystems, especially polymers. The following two papers extend to terrestrial and extra-terrestrial amino acids respectively, and later work will extend to polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDermott
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Computing and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA.
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27
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Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 17, 2006) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-009-9506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Nandi N. Chiral discrimination in the confined environment of biological nanospace: reactions and interactions involving amino acids and peptides. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350902999682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. Spontaneous emergence of homochirality via coherently coupled antagonistic and reversible reaction cycles. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:2359-71. [PMID: 18942050 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis aims at obtaining enantio-enriched products in stereoselective reactions under a chiral influence. We demonstrate both mathematically and numerically that, even under nominally achiral conditions, fully homochiral steady states can be obtained in open reactive systems by spontaneous mirror-symmetry breaking in the homogenous solution phase when the autocatalytic reaction network is closed in the form of coherently coupled antagonistic reversible reaction cycles which, paradoxically, allow for complete recycling of the reactant. We show that the fully reversible Frank mechanism for spontaneous mirror-symmetry breaking is closely related to the Lotka-Volterra system, which models predator-prey relations in ecosystems. Amplification of total enantiomeric excess and the principle of microscopic reversibility are not in conflict for all conceivable reactions. A viable and widely applicable reaction protocol is introduced and discussed, and it permits the theoretical implications to be applied to practical laboratory examples. Implications for the possible origin of biological homochirality on early earth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- G.E. Tranter
- a Theoretical Chemistry Department , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3TG , England
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31
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Plasson R, Kondepudi DK, Bersini H, Commeyras A, Asakura K. Emergence of homochirality in far-from-equilibrium systems: mechanisms and role in prebiotic chemistry. Chirality 2007; 19:589-600. [PMID: 17559107 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the model proposed by Frank (Frank FC, Biochem Biophys Acta 1953;11:459-463), several alternative models have been developed to explain how an asymmetric non-racemic steady state can be reached by a chirally symmetric chemical reactive system. This paper explains how a stable non-racemic regime can be obtained as a symmetry breaking occurring in a far-from-equilibrium reactive system initiated with an initial imbalance. Departing from the variations around the original Frank's model that are commonly described in the literature, i.e. open-flow systems of direct autocatalytic reactions, we discuss recent developments emphasizing both an active recycling of components and an autocatalytic network of simple reactions. We will present our APED model as the most natural realization of such thermodynamic openness and non-equilibrium, of recycling and of network autocatalysis, each of these in prebiotic conditions. The different experimental and theoretical models in the literature will be classified according to mechanism. The place and role of such self-structured networks responsible for the presence of homochirality in the primitive Earth will be detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Plasson
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohamashi, Japan.
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32
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Soai K, Kawasaki T. Discovery of asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of chirality and its implication in chiral homogeneity of biomolecules. Chirality 2007; 18:469-78. [PMID: 16676331 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601 Japan.
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Shibata R, Saito Y, Hyuga H. Diffusion accelerates and enhances chirality selection. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:026117. [PMID: 17025513 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.026117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion effect on chirality selection in a two-dimensional reaction-diffusion model is studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The model consists of achiral reactants A which turn into either of the chiral products R or S in a solvent of chemically inactive vacancies V . The reaction contains a nonlinear autocatalysis as well as a recycling process, and the chiral symmetry breaking is monitored by an enantiomeric excess (ee) phi. Without dilution a strong nonlinear autocatalysis ensures chiral symmetry breaking. By diluting a diffusionless system, the ee phi decreases and a racemic state is recovered below a critical concentration c(c) . When the diffusion is allowed, the steady value of phi increases and c(c) decreases. As for the relation between the ee phi and the concentration c , a formula interpolating between the diffusionless (D=0) and the homogeneous (D=infinity) limits is proposed by incorporating the diffusional enhancement of the concentrations of chiral species. Diffusion also accelerates the development of the chiral order, and the time required to establish the order in a system of a size L(2) is inversely proportional to the diffusion constant D as L(2)/D .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shibata
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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35
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Faglioni F, Passalacqua A, Lazzeretti P. Parity violation energy of biomolecules--I: polypeptides. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2005; 35:461-75. [PMID: 16231209 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-005-3511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A computational algorithm is developed to compute the energy of parity-violation (E(pv)) due to weak-nuclear forces acting within chain polymers. The method is applied to estimate the magnitude of E(pv) associated with the folding of alpha-helices in polypeptide chains and, in turn, of typical proteins. Implications to the development of biological homochirality in nature are discussed in terms of a simple evolutionary model to assess the likelihood for energies of the order of the computed E(pv) to have determined the direction of natural homochirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Faglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi, Via G. Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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36
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Cline DB. Supernova antineutrino interactions cause chiral symmetry breaking and possibly homochiral biomaterials for life. Chirality 2005; 17 Suppl:S234-9. [PMID: 15962283 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is some evidence that nonracemic hydrocarbons occur in meteorites. This would indicate an extraterrestrial origin of the homochirality in living systems (proteins, DNA, RNA). The weak interaction breaks chiral symmetry, but a robust process is needed. We propose that, in an SNII explosion, antineutrinos could provide this mechanism in the solar cloud. Pre-simple estimates of this possibility are given here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Cline
- Astrophysics Division, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Plasson R, Bersini H, Commeyras A. Recycling Frank: Spontaneous emergence of homochirality in noncatalytic systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16733-8. [PMID: 15548617 PMCID: PMC534711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405293101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a prebiotically relevant protometabolic pattern corresponding to an engine of deracemization by using an external energy source. The spontaneous formation of a nonracemic mixture of chiral compounds can be observed in out-of-equilibrium systems via a symmetry-breaking phenomenon. This observation is possible thanks to chirally selective autocatalytic reactions (Frank's model) [Frank, F. C. (1953) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 11, 459-463]. We show that the use of a Frank-like model in a recycled system composed of reversible chemical reactions, rather than the classical irreversible system, allows for the emergence of a synergetic autoinduction from simple reactions, without any autocatalytic or even catalytic reaction. This model is described as a theoretical framework, based on the stereoselective reactivity of preexisting chiral monomeric building blocks (polymerization, epimerization, and depolymerization) maintained out of equilibrium by a continuous energy income, via an activation reaction. It permits the self-conversion of all monomeric subunits into a single chiral configuration. Real prebiotic systems of amino acid derivatives can be described on this basis. They are shown to be able to spontaneously reach a stable nonracemic state in a few centuries. In such systems, the presence of epimerization reactions is no more destructive, but in contrast is the central driving force of the unstabilization of the racemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Plasson
- Organisation Moléculaire: Evolution et Matériaux Fluorés, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5073, CC017, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier 5, France.
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Sato I, Kadowaki K, Ohgo Y, Soai K. Highly enantioselective asymmetric autocatalysis induced by chiral ionic crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cline DB. Supernova antineutrino interactions cause chiral symmetry breaking and possibly homochiral biomaterials for life. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2004. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2004v014n06abeh002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Buschmann H, Thede R, Heller D. New Developments in the Origins of the Homochirality of Biologically Relevant Molecules The authors would like to thank the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:4033-4036. [PMID: 11093195 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001117)39:22<4033::aid-anie4033>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Buschmann
- Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Forschungszentrum Zieglerstrasse 6, 52078 Aachen (Germany)
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43
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Abstract
Parity violation at the level of terrestrial biopolymers, as seen in proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and parity violation at the level of nuclear processes, as evident in longitudinally polarized beta-particles and parity-violating energy differences (PVEDs), are discussed and their fundamental importances are emphasized. Attempts to find a causal connection between the unique homochirality of biopolymers and parity violation at the nuclear level, and speculations that the former is a consequence of the latter, are reviewed. Consideration of all lines of evidence leads to the conclusion that there is no substantiation for such a causal connection, and that the two levels of parity violation are entirely independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bonner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Bakasov A, Ha TK, Quack M. Ab initio calculation of molecular energies including parity violating interactions. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Bakasov
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH-Zürich (Zentrum), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tae-Kyu Ha
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH-Zürich (Zentrum), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Quack
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH-Zürich (Zentrum), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Computational studies of the electroweak origin of biomolecular handedness in natural sugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1992.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The violation of parity by the weak interactions ensures that enantiomeric chiral molecules have inequivalent energies. These parity violating energy differences have been calculated, using
ab initio
methods, for the biologically important sugars deoxyribose, ribose, arabinose, xylose and lyxose. It is found that in each case the choice of which enantiomer is of lower energy is dependent on the molecular conformation adopted, particularly the type of furanose ring pucker. In general the D-enantiomers are favoured for molecules having a C
2
-endo pucker, whereas the L-series are preferred for C
3
-endo puckers. The significance of these energy differences for the transition from a prebiotic racemic geochemistry to a homochiral biochemistry in terrestrial evolution is discussed.
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Bonner WA. Enantioselective autocatalysis. IV. Implications for parity violation effects. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1996; 26:27-46. [PMID: 11536745 DOI: 10.1007/bf01808158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Historically, parity violation at the contemporary biomolecular level (i.e., only L-amino acids in proteins and D-sugars in DNA and RNA) has been postulated to be the inevitable result of parity violations at the elementary particle level, involving either beta-decay electrons or parity violating energy differences (PVEDs) between enantiomers. These two chiral biases have in turn allegedly impressed a small but persistent chirality onto prebiotic chemistry which, after appropriate amplification, has culminated in our contemporary homochiral biopolymers. Experiments and controversies pertaining to the efficacy of these two chiral biases are reviewed briefly, with the conclusions that: a) there is no experimental evidence supporting the capability of beta-decay electrons or other spin-polarized chiral particles to generate chiral molecules, and b) only theoretical calculations, but no experimental evidence, support the allegation of a causal relation between PVEDs and biomolecular homochirality. We here attempt to examine the latter allegation experimentally. Spontaneous resolution under racemization conditions (SRURC) during the crystallization of the bromofluoro-1,4-benzodiazepinooxazole derivative I is capable of affording products of high enantiomeric purity. This process, which involves very efficient stereoselective autocatalysis, has now been examined statistically. If PVED effects are operative, the SRURC of racemic I should provide, either exclusively or with a strong and consistent bias, only one enantiomer of crystalline I. However, crystallization experiments of racemic I showed no bias in its SRURC, leading to the conclusion that PVED effects are ineffective in dictating a preferred chirality in this system. Several earlier experiments in the literature leading to a similar conclusion as to the inefficacy of PVED effects in promoting a preferred chirality are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bonner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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