1
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Larsson M. Schooling Fish from a New, Multimodal Sensory Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1984. [PMID: 38998096 PMCID: PMC11240491 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The acoustic hypothesis suggests that schooling can result in several benefits. (1) The acoustic pattern (AP) (pressure waves and other water movements) produced by swimming are likely to serve as signals within fish shoals, communicating useful spatial and temporal information between school members, enabling synchronized locomotion and influencing join, stay or leave decisions and shoal assortment. (2) Schooling is likely to reduce the masking of environmental signals, e.g., by auditory grouping, and fish may achieve windows of silence by simultaneously stopping their movements. (3) A solitary swimming fish produces an uncomplicated AP that will give a nearby predator's lateral line organ (LLO) excellent information, but, if extra fish join, they will produce increasingly complex and indecipherable APs. (4) Fishes swimming close to one another will also blur the electrosensory system (ESS) of predators. Since predators use multimodal information, and since information from the LLO and the ESS is more important than vision in many situations, schooling fish may acquire increased survival by confusing these sensory systems. The combined effects of such predator confusion and other acoustical benefits may contribute to why schooling became an adaptive success. A model encompassing the complex effects of synchronized group locomotion on LLO and ESS perception might increase the understanding of schooling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matz Larsson
- Clinical Health Promotion Centre, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
- The Heart, Lung and Physiology Clinic, Örebro University Hospital, 70185 Örebro, Sweden
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2
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Westrelin S, Moreau M, Fourcassié V, Santoul F. Overwintering aggregation patterns of European catfish Silurus glanis. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:9. [PMID: 36750882 PMCID: PMC9903427 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Animal aggregation, particularly in large-bodied species, is both a fascinating and intriguing phenomenon. Here we analyzed the overwintering behavior of the European catfish, Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758, the largest freshwater fish in Europe. By tracking 47 subadults and adults in a shallow lake in southeastern France, we reported a consistent aggregative behavior across four successive winters. By implementing time series analysis and Cox proportional hazard models, we investigated the dynamics of these aggregations (formation, stability, dislocation), and the factors that govern it, whether external (temperature, time of the day) or specific to the fish (size, key individuals). These aggregations lasted 1.5-2 months and mainly took place in a single small 4 m-deep area whose environmental conditions (temperature, oxygen, substrate) did not differ from other parts of the lake. In some periods during winter, all tagged fish were aggregated, which suggests that a large proportion of the lake population gathered there. Low temperatures (below 9 °C) triggered the formation of aggregations. They became more stable with decreasing temperatures, while individuals more frequently left the aggregation, preferentially at dusk and at night, when temperatures increased. The largest individuals swam more frequently back and forth to the aggregation. Irrespective of their size, some individuals consistently arrived earlier in the aggregation in winter and left later. This predictable seasonal grouping of individuals and, more generally, the knowledge provided by such studies on how species use space have important operational value and are useful for species conservation as well as for species control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Westrelin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, Pôle R&D ECLA, RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne - CS 40061, 13182, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, France.
| | - Mathieu Moreau
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5169, Rue Marianne Grunberg-Manago, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Fourcassié
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5169, Rue Marianne Grunberg-Manago, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Santoul
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, UMR5174 EDB, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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3
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Kuruvilla M, Dell A, Olson AR, Knouft J, Grady JM, Forbes J, Berdahl AM. The effect of temperature on fish swimming and schooling is context dependent. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kuruvilla
- Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management Program, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Anthony Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, One Confluence Way East Alton IL USA
- Dept of Biology, Saint Louis Univ. St. Louis MO USA
- Dept of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
| | - Ashley R. Olson
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation Univ. Australia Churchill VIC Australia
| | - Jason Knouft
- Dept of Biology, Saint Louis Univ. St. Louis MO USA
| | - John M. Grady
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, One Confluence Way East Alton IL USA
| | - Jacob Forbes
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, One Confluence Way East Alton IL USA
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois Univ. Edwardsville Edwardsville IL USA
| | - Andrew M. Berdahl
- Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management Program, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
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4
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Sivaraman A, Nandakumar R, Ramachandran B. Conspecific Identity Determines Interactive Space Area in Zebrafish Shoal. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37351-37358. [PMID: 36312422 PMCID: PMC9609076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sex ratio of shoals has been shown to influence shoaling behavior in many fishes. This study tests whether the conspecific identity influences shoal performance (shoal area, interactive distances, distance traveled, and thigmotaxis) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) via group tracking. We conducted a two-dimensional analysis of shoals with different sex ratios (male only, female only, male rich, and female rich) of a five-membered shoal. Parameters describing the shoal structure and individual behavior were derived using video tracking and a custom-made program. We found that mixed-sex shoals had significantly lesser shoal area and interactive distance compared to single-sex shoals (approximate difference of 80% for shoal area and 50% for interactive distance). Our findings shed light on complex interactive behaviors of zebrafish in a shoal that are affected by differences in sex ratios of interacting individuals. The outcomes from this study can be used to design better zebrafish shoaling experiments for clinically relevant research like human nerve disorders and social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Sivaraman
- Neuronal
Plasticity Group, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Malappuram, Kerala 673635, India
| | | | - Binu Ramachandran
- Neuronal
Plasticity Group, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Malappuram, Kerala 673635, India
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5
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Predation on schooling fish is shaped by encounters between prey during school formation using an Ideal Gas Model of animal movement. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Jolles JW, Sosna MMG, Mazué GPF, Twomey CR, Bak-Coleman J, Rubenstein DI, Couzin ID. Both prey and predator features predict the individual predation risk and survival of schooling prey. eLife 2022; 11:e76344. [PMID: 35852826 PMCID: PMC9348852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is one of the main evolutionary drivers of social grouping. While it is well appreciated that predation risk is likely not shared equally among individuals within groups, its detailed quantification has remained difficult due to the speed of attacks and the highly dynamic nature of collective prey response. Here, using high-resolution tracking of solitary predators (Northern pike) hunting schooling fish (golden shiners), we not only provide insights into predator decision-making, but show which key spatial and kinematic features of predator and prey predict the risk of individuals to be targeted and to survive attacks. We found that pike tended to stealthily approach the largest groups, and were often already inside the school when launching their attack, making prey in this frontal 'strike zone' the most vulnerable to be targeted. From the prey's perspective, those fish in central locations, but relatively far from, and less aligned with, neighbours, were most likely to be targeted. While the majority of attacks were successful (70%), targeted individuals that did manage to avoid being captured exhibited a higher maximum acceleration response just before the attack and were further away from the pike's head. Our results highlight the crucial interplay between predators' attack strategy and response of prey underlying the predation risk within mobile animal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolle Wolter Jolles
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorKonstanzGermany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Matthew MG Sosna
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Geoffrey PF Mazué
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Colin R Twomey
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Joseph Bak-Coleman
- eScience Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for an Informed Public, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorKonstanzGermany
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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7
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Lee CJ, Paull GC, Tyler CR. Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1038-1056. [PMID: 34983085 PMCID: PMC9303617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well-being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J. Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Gregory C. Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
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8
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Blonder AF, Tarvin KA. Male zebrafish (Danio rerio) do not preferentially associate with familiar over unfamiliar conspecifics. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1025-1032. [PMID: 35138635 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Members of several shoaling species have been shown to prefer to associate with familiar individuals, enhancing the benefits of aggregation. The authors used a series of social preference tasks in the laboratory to evaluate whether prior familiarity with potential partners influences preference of shoaling partner in male zebrafish (Danio rerio), a social species found in shallow, slow-moving waters. The authors found that though male zebrafish exhibited a strong preference for shoaling with a male conspecific as opposed to remaining alone, they exhibited no preference for familiar over unfamiliar conspecifics. This suggests that the benefits of familiarity for shoaling behaviour may not be as important for male zebrafish as has been shown in other social fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith A Tarvin
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
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9
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Killen SS, Cortese D, Cotgrove L, Jolles JW, Munson A, Ioannou CC. The Potential for Physiological Performance Curves to Shape Environmental Effects on Social Behavior. Front Physiol 2021; 12:754719. [PMID: 34858209 PMCID: PMC8632012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.754719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As individual animals are exposed to varying environmental conditions, phenotypic plasticity will occur in a vast array of physiological traits. For example, shifts in factors such as temperature and oxygen availability can affect the energy demand, cardiovascular system, and neuromuscular function of animals that in turn impact individual behavior. Here, we argue that nonlinear changes in the physiological traits and performance of animals across environmental gradients—known as physiological performance curves—may have wide-ranging effects on the behavior of individual social group members and the functioning of animal social groups as a whole. Previous work has demonstrated how variation between individuals can have profound implications for socially living animals, as well as how environmental conditions affect social behavior. However, the importance of variation between individuals in how they respond to changing environmental conditions has so far been largely overlooked in the context of animal social behavior. First, we consider the broad effects that individual variation in performance curves may have on the behavior of socially living animals, including: (1) changes in the rank order of performance capacity among group mates across environments; (2) environment-dependent changes in the amount of among- and within-individual variation, and (3) differences among group members in terms of the environmental optima, the critical environmental limits, and the peak capacity and breadth of performance. We then consider the ecological implications of these effects for a range of socially mediated phenomena, including within-group conflict, within- and among group assortment, collective movement, social foraging, predator-prey interactions and disease and parasite transfer. We end by outlining the type of empirical work required to test the implications for physiological performance curves in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daphne Cortese
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Cotgrove
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jolle W Jolles
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Munson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christos C Ioannou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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10
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Audira G, Lai YH, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Hsiao CD. Phenomics Approach to Investigate Behavioral Toxicity of Environmental or Occupational Toxicants in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e223. [PMID: 34387947 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, environmental pollution, especially water pollution, has become a serious issue worldwide. Thus, methods that can help us understand the impact and effects of these pollutants, especially on aquatic animals, are needed. Behavioral assessment has emerged as a crucial tool in toxicology and pharmacology because many studies have shown, in multiple animal models, that various pharmacological compounds can alter behavior, with many of the findings being translatable to humans. Moreover, behavior study can also be used as a suitable indicator in the ecotoxicological risk assessment of pollutants. Several model organisms, especially rodent models, have been extensively employed for behavior studies. However, assessments using this model are generally time consuming, expensive, and require extensive facilities for housing experimental animals. Moreover, behavioral studies typically use different measurements and assessment tools, making comparisons difficult. In addition, even though behavioral phenomics has the potential to comprehensively illustrate the toxicities of chemicals, there is only a limited number of studies focusing on animal behavior using such a global approach. Here, we describe a phenomics approach that can be used to investigate the impact of pollutants using zebrafish. The approach consists of several behavioral tests, including response to a novel environment, mirror-reflection image, predator fish, and conspecifics, after exposure to a test chemical. Phenotype fingerprinting, a method for summarizing individual phenotypes based on the results of the behavioral tests, is then conducted to reduce data complexity and display the pattern of each compound on behavioral phenotypes in zebrafish. This approach may be useful to researchers studying the potential adverse effects of different pollutants. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Novel tank test Basic Protocol 2: Shoaling test Basic Protocol 3: Aggression test (mirror biting test) Basic Protocol 4: Social interaction test Basic Protocol 5: Fear response test Basic Protocol 6: PCA and heatmap clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
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11
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Fontana BD, Cleal M, Norton WHJ, Parker MO. The impact of chronic unpredictable early-life stress (CUELS) on boldness and stress-reactivity: Differential effects of stress duration and context of testing. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113526. [PMID: 34246665 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) has been shown to result in a diverse array of long-lasting impacts; for example, increasing vulnerability to disease or building 'resilience' in adulthood. Previously, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used to understand the mechanisms by which ELS induces different behavioral phenotypes in adults, with alterations in both learning and anxiety observed in exposed individuals. Here, we subjected zebrafish larvae to chronic unpredictable early-life stress (CUELS) for 7 or 14 days, to investigate the impact on boldness towards a new environment and novel object, and stress-reactivity. We observed that 7 days of CUELS resulted in increased time spent in the top of a novel tank (indicating boldness) but did not alter approach to a novel object. Although CUELS did not affect stress-reactivity in terms of cortisol levels, decreased anxiety-like response to conspecific alarm substance (CAS) was observed in both ELS groups (7 and 14 days of CUELS). Therefore, for the first time, we observe a potential negative effect of CUELS by dampening the behavioral stress response following exposure to CAS. Overall, these data support the use of zebrafish as a translational model to study the broad range of ELS-induced permanent changes in behavior. It could also be used to investigate the mechanisms underlying both the positive and the negative effects of early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Madeleine Cleal
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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12
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De Oliveira J, Chadili E, Turies C, Brion F, Cousin X, Hinfray N. A comparison of behavioral and reproductive parameters between wild-type, transgenic and mutant zebrafish: Could they all be considered the same "zebrafish" for reglementary assays on endocrine disruption? Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108879. [PMID: 32877737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic zebrafish models are efficiently used to study the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC); thereby informing on their mechanisms of action. However, given the reported differences between zebrafish strains at the genetical, physiological and behavioral levels; care should be taken before using these transgenic models for EDC testing. In the present study, we undertook a set of experiments in different transgenic and/or mutant zebrafish strains of interest for EDC testing: casper, cyp19a1a-eGFP, cyp19a1a-eGFP-casper, cyp11c1-eGFP, cyp11c1-eGFP-casper. Some behavioral traits, and some biochemical and reproductive physiological endpoints commonly used in EDC testing were assessed and compared to those obtained in WT AB zebrafish to ensure that transgene insertion and/or mutations do not negatively modify basal reproductive physiology or behavior of the fish. Behavioral traits considered as anxiety and sociality have been monitored. Sociality was evaluated by monitoring the time spent near congeners in a shuttle box while anxiety was evaluated using the Novel tank diving test. No critical difference was observed between strains for either sociality or anxiety level. Concerning reproduction, no significant difference in the number of eggs laid per female, in the viability of eggs or in the female circulating VTG concentrations was noted between the 5 transgenic/mutants and the WT AB zebrafish studied. In summary, the transgene insertion and the mutations had no influence on the endpoints measured in basal conditions. These results were a prerequisite to the use of these transgenic/mutant models for EDC testing. Next step will be to determine the sensitivity of these biological models to chemical exposure to accurately validate their use in existing fish assays for EDC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Oliveira
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Edith Chadili
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cyril Turies
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France; Univ. Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, GABI, France
| | - Nathalie Hinfray
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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13
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Gesto M, Zupa W, Alfonso S, Spedicato MT, Lembo G, Carbonara P. Using acoustic telemetry to assess behavioral responses to acute hypoxia and ammonia exposure in farmed rainbow trout of different competitive ability. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Holubová M, Blabolil P, Čech M, Vašek M, Peterka J. Species-specific schooling behaviour of fish in the freshwater pelagic habitat: an observational study. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:64-74. [PMID: 32189344 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Social living of animals is a broadly occurring phenomenon, although poorly studied in freshwater systems, fish schooling behaviour is an excellent example. The composition of fish schools, species-specific schooling tendencies and preferences of adult fish were studied in the pelagic habitat of the Římov Reservoir, Czech Republic. Video recordings captured over a total of 34 days (16 h per day) in the clear water period of three seasons were analysed. From four species identified as school-forming species - bream, bleak, roach and perch, 40% of the individuals observed formed schools of 3-36 individuals. Although conspecific schools prevailed, 20% of individuals formed heterospecific schools, except bleak that schooled strictly with conspecifics. Schools were composed of individuals of similar body size and life strategy. Heterospecific schools were significantly larger than conspecific schools and showed uneven proportion among species, that is, one species being more abundant when the school dimension increased. Probability of encounter in bleak was lowest and proved highest inclination for schooling. Gregarianism levels depended on species morphology and body size, with larger and morphologically advanced fish tending less to sociability. This indicates that the antipredator function of schooling behaviour is intensified with increasing vulnerability of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Holubová
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Blabolil
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čech
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Vašek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Peterka
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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15
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Jolles JW, King AJ, Killen SS. The Role of Individual Heterogeneity in Collective Animal Behaviour. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:278-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Kruusmaa M, Gkliva R, Tuhtan JA, Tuvikene A, Alfredsen JA. Salmon behavioural response to robots in an aquaculture sea cage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191220. [PMID: 32269784 PMCID: PMC7137936 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal-robot studies can inform us about animal behaviour and inspire advances in agriculture, environmental monitoring and animal health and welfare. Currently, experimental results on how fish are affected by the presence of underwater robots are largely limited to laboratory environments with few individuals and a focus on model species. Laboratory studies provide valuable insight, but their results are not necessarily generalizable to larger scales such as marine aquaculture. This paper examines the effects of underwater robots and a human diver in a large fish aggregation within a Norwegian aquaculture facility, with the explicit purpose to improve the use of underwater robots for fish observations. We observed aquaculture salmon's reaction to the flipper-propelled robot U-CAT in a sea cage with 188 000 individuals. A significant difference in fish behaviour was found using U-CAT when compared to a thruster-driven underwater robot, Argus Mini and a human diver. Specifically, salmon were more likely to swim closer to U-CAT at a lower tailbeat frequency. Fish reactions were not significantly different when considering motor noise or when U-CAT's colour was changed from yellow to silver. No difference was observed in the distance or tailbeat frequency as a response to thruster or flipper motion, when actuated and passively floating robots were compared. These results offer insight into how large aggregations of aquaculture salmon respond to underwater robots. Furthermore, the proposed underwater video processing workflow to assess fish's response to underwater robots is simple and reproducible. This work provides a practical method to study fish-robot interactions, which can lead to improved underwater robot designs to provide more affordable, scalable and effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kruusmaa
- Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Otto Nielsens Veg 10, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
- Centre for Biorobotics, Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - R. Gkliva
- Centre for Biorobotics, Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - J. A. Tuhtan
- Centre for Biorobotics, Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A. Tuvikene
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R.Kreutzwald 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - J. A. Alfredsen
- Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Otto Nielsens Veg 10, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
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17
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Ward AJW, Kent MIA, Webster MM. Social Recognition and Social Attraction in Group-Living Fishes. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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18
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Aimon C, Le Bayon N, Le Floch S, Claireaux G. Food deprivation reduces social interest in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.190553. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Periods of food deprivation up to several months are common features for fishes and in such conditions, fitness will be determined by their capacity to maximize food encounter while minimizing predation risk. In this context, the propensity to take risk and the willingness to associate with conspecifics are particularly important as they contribute to alleviating the trade-off between predation avoidance and foraging efficiency. This study examined to what extent food deprivation modulates fish risk-taking and social behaviours, as well as the relationship between them. To address these issues juvenile European sea bass were either fed daily with a maintenance ration or food-deprived during 3 weeks. Risk-taking and sociability were assessed through measurements of fish willingness to explore a novel environment, to interact with a novel object or a conspecific. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of three behaviours, risk-taking, exploratory activity and solitariness. Food-deprived fish interacted less with conspecifics than control fish. After food-deprivation, no difference in terms of risk-taking and exploratory patterns was observed. Finally, the relationship between risky-taking and solitariness was influenced by the feeding status. When food-deprived fish with higher propensity to take risk displayed increased solitariness while, when fed normally they interacted more with conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Aimon
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
- CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Le Bayon
- Ifremer, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
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19
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Ward AJW, Schaerf TM, Burns ALJ, Lizier JT, Crosato E, Prokopenko M, Webster MM. Cohesion, order and information flow in the collective motion of mixed-species shoals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181132. [PMID: 30662732 PMCID: PMC6304150 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the frequency with which mixed-species groups are observed in nature, studies of collective behaviour typically focus on single-species groups. Here, we quantify and compare the patterns of interactions between three fish species, threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) in both single- and mixed-species shoals in the laboratory. Pilot data confirmed that the three species form both single- and mixed-species shoals in the wild. In our laboratory study, we found that single-species groups were more polarized than mixed-species groups, while single-species groups of threespine sticklebacks and roach were more cohesive than mixed shoals of these species. Furthermore, while there was no difference between the inter-individual distances between threespine and ninespine sticklebacks within mixed-species groups, there was some evidence of segregation by species in mixed groups of threespine sticklebacks and roach. There were differences between treatments in mean pairwise transfer entropy, and in particular we identify species-differences in information use within the mixed-species groups, and, similarly, differences in responses to conspecifics and heterospecifics in mixed-species groups. We speculate that differences in the patterns of interactions between species in mixed-species groups may determine patterns of fission and fusion in such groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. W. Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - T. M. Schaerf
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - A. L. J. Burns
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J. T. Lizier
- Complex Systems Research Group and Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - E. Crosato
- Complex Systems Research Group and Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. Prokopenko
- Complex Systems Research Group and Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. M. Webster
- School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK
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20
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Hintz WD, Lonzarich DG. Maximizing foraging success: the roles of group size, predation risk, competition, and ontogeny. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hintz
- Department of Biology; University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire; 105 Garfield Avenue Eau Claire Wisconsin 54702 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 110 8th Street Troy New York 12180 USA
| | - David G. Lonzarich
- Department of Biology; University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire; 105 Garfield Avenue Eau Claire Wisconsin 54702 USA
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21
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Gaffney KA, Webster MM. Consistency of fish-shoal social network structure under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1574-1589. [PMID: 29624696 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the consistency of association network structure for groups of sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus. Each group was observed twice and we varied the duration between observations and the size of the experimental arena that they were observed in. At the dyad level, we found positive correlations between dyad interaction frequencies across observations. At the group level we found variation in four network metrics between observations, but only in treatments where the duration between observations was short. Specifically, fish formed more and smaller groups in the second observation in this treatment. Fish were also organized into more subunits in the larger arenas. Finally, we saw positive correlations between some group network metrics across observations suggesting relative consistency at the group level. There are several processes that might drive these interaction patterns. Our findings have implications for experimental design and the comparison and integration of findings of experiments from different studies carried out under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gaffney
- School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, U.K
| | - M M Webster
- School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, U.K
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22
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Killen SS, Marras S, Nadler L, Domenici P. The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0233. [PMID: 28673911 PMCID: PMC5498295 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals of gregarious species often group with conspecifics to which they are phenotypically similar. This among-group assortment has been studied for body size, sex and relatedness. However, the role of physiological traits has been largely overlooked. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which physiological traits—particularly those related to metabolism and locomotor performance—may result in phenotypic assortment not only among but also within animal groups. At the among-group level, varying combinations of passive assortment, active assortment, phenotypic plasticity and selective mortality may generate phenotypic differences among groups. Even within groups, however, individual variation in energy requirements, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, neurological lateralization and tolerance to environmental stressors are likely to produce differences in the spatial location of individuals or associations between group-mates with specific physiological phenotypes. Owing to the greater availability of empirical research, we focus on groups of fishes (i.e. shoals and schools). Increased knowledge of physiological mechanisms influencing among- and within-group assortment will enhance our understanding of fundamental concepts regarding optimal group size, predator avoidance, group cohesion, information transfer, life-history strategies and the evolutionary effects of group membership. In a broader perspective, predicting animal responses to environmental change will be impossible without a comprehensive understanding of the physiological basis of the formation and functioning of animal social groups. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Lauren Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
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23
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Camacho-Cervantes M, Ojanguren AF, Domínguez-Domínguez O, Magurran AE. Sociability between invasive guppies and native topminnows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192539. [PMID: 29444149 PMCID: PMC5812616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interspecific social interactions during species invasions may be more decisive than previously thought. Research has revealed that invasive fish improve their foraging success by shoaling with native Mexican species, and potentially increase the chances of invasion success. However, do native individuals tend to associate with invaders as well? We tested the hypothesis that the twoline skiffia (Neotoca bilineata) and the Lerma livebearer (Poeciliopsis infans), both native endemic Mexican topminnows, will associate with guppies, a notorious invasive species present in Mexico. Our investigation shows that guppies, twoline skiffias and Lerma livebearers have a mutual tendency to associate with each other. Although there is a marked tendency to shoal with heterospecifics in this system, shoaling partners do not necessarily benefit equally from the association. Further research on invasive-native social interactions is needed to promote our understanding of potential facilitation by natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morelia Camacho-Cervantes
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfredo F. Ojanguren
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Domínguez-Domínguez
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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24
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Tang ZH, Wu H, Huang Q, Kuang L, Fu SJ. The shoaling behavior of two cyprinid species in conspecific and heterospecific groups. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3397. [PMID: 28584722 PMCID: PMC5452940 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed-species shoals of fish are frequently found in the field; however, little is known about individual-level interactions within these groups. We examined the collective motion of two cyprinid species (Chinese bream, Parabramis pekinensis, and qingbo, Spinibarbus sinensis) that occupy partially overlapping habitats but differ in social behavior (high vs low aggressiveness) and preferred flow regime (slow vs fast water velocity). We extracted measures of collective motion from video recordings of eight replicate groups of four individuals of either Chinese bream or qingbo (conspecific group) or two Chinese bream plus two qingbo (heterospecific group). Chinese bream in conspecific groups showed lower percent time moving and mean swimming speed but a similar speed while moving as compared to the qingbo conspecific groups. However, the difference in mean swimming speed and percent time moving vanished in the heterospecific group as Chinese bream elevated their swimming activity to coordinate with qingbo. This finding suggests that the two species may share similar interaction rules regarding shoaling behavior. The conspecific groups of qingbo exhibited a greater distance between group members than Chinese bream, suggesting a difference in cohesion. However, the inter-individual distances of all fish were similar in the heterospecific group. Qingbo in the heterospecific group swam more frequently at the front compared to Chinese bream, possibly due to their higher activity level. We also measured the startle response to an artificial stimulus and found that there was no significant difference among groups. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that in the heterospecific groups, Chinese bream elevated their percent time moving while qingbo decreased their inter-individual distance to achieve consistent collective movement; thus, the two species showed similar behavior in the mixed-species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Tang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Kuang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Cattelan S, Lucon-Xiccato T, Pilastro A, Griggio M. Is the mirror test a valid measure of fish sociability? Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Abstract
The striking patterns of collective animal behavior, including ant trails, bird flocks, and fish schools, can result from local interactions among animals without centralized control. Several of these rules of interaction have been proposed, but it has proven difficult to discriminate which ones are implemented in nature. As a method to better discriminate among interaction rules, we propose to follow the slow birth of a rule of interaction during animal development. Specifically, we followed the development of zebrafish, Danio rerio, and found that larvae turn toward each other from 7 days postfertilization and increase the intensity of interactions until 3 weeks. This developmental dataset allows testing the parameter-free predictions of a simple rule in which animals attract each other part of the time, with attraction defined as turning toward another animal chosen at random. This rule makes each individual likely move to a high density of conspecifics, and moving groups naturally emerge. Development of attraction strength corresponds to an increase in the time spent in attraction behavior. Adults were found to follow the same attraction rule, suggesting a potential significance for adults of other species.
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27
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Kruusmaa M, Rieucau G, Montoya JCC, Markna R, Handegard NO. Collective responses of a large mackerel school depend on the size and speed of a robotic fish but not on tail motion. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:056020. [PMID: 27710926 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/5/056020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
So far, actuated fish models have been used to study animal interactions in small-scale controlled experiments. This study, conducted in a semi-controlled setting, investigates robot5 interactions with a large wild-caught marine fish school (∼3000 individuals) in their natural social environment. Two towed fish robots were used to decouple size, tail motion and speed in a series of sea-cage experiments. Using high-resolution imaging sonar and sonar-video blind scoring, we monitored and classified the school's collective reaction towards the fish robots as attraction or avoidance. We found that two key releasers-the size and the speed of the robotic fish-were responsible for triggering either evasive reactions or following responses. At the same time, we found fish reactions to the tail motion to be insignificant. The fish evaded a fast-moving robot even if it was small. However, mackerels following propensity was greater towards a slow small robot. When moving slowly, the larger robot triggered significantly more avoidance responses than a small robot. Our results suggest that the collective responses of a large school exposed to a robotic fish could be manipulated by tuning two principal releasers-size and speed. These results can help to design experimental methods for in situ observations of wild fish schools or to develop underwater robots for guiding and interacting with free-ranging aggregated aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Kruusmaa
- Centre for Biorobotics, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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28
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Hansen MJ, Schaerf TM, Ward AJW. The influence of nutritional state on individual and group movement behaviour in shoals of crimson-spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia duboulayi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Caubet Y, Richard FJ. NEIGHBOUR-IN: Image processing software for spatial analysis of animal grouping. Zookeys 2015; 515:173-89. [PMID: 26261448 PMCID: PMC4525043 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.515.9390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal grouping is a very complex process that occurs in many species, involving many individuals under the influence of different mechanisms. To investigate this process, we have created an image processing software, called NEIGHBOUR-IN, designed to analyse individuals' coordinates belonging to up to three different groups. The software also includes statistical analysis and indexes to discriminate aggregates based on spatial localisation of individuals and their neighbours. After the description of the software, the indexes computed by the software are illustrated using both artificial patterns and case studies using the spatial distribution of woodlice. The added strengths of this software and methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Caubet
- Université de Poitiers - Faculté des Sciences, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI – “Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose”, Bat. B8-B35; 6, rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Freddie-Jeanne Richard
- Université de Poitiers - Faculté des Sciences, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI – “Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose”, Bat. B8-B35; 6, rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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30
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Wilson AD, Brownscombe JW, Krause J, Krause S, Gutowsky LF, Brooks EJ, Cooke SJ. Integrating network analysis, sensor tags, and observation to understand shark ecology and behavior. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Atton N, Galef BJ, Hoppitt W, Webster MM, Laland KN. Familiarity affects social network structure and discovery of prey patch locations in foraging stickleback shoals. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140579. [PMID: 25009061 PMCID: PMC4100505 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors affect the fine-scale social structure of animal groups, but it is unclear how important such factors are in determining how individuals encounter resources. Familiarity affects shoal choice and structure in many social fishes. Here, we show that familiarity between shoal members of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) affects both fine-scale social organization and the discovery of resources. Social network analysis revealed that sticklebacks remained closer to familiar than to unfamiliar individuals within the same shoal. Network-based diffusion analysis revealed that there was a strong untransmitted social effect on patch discovery, with individuals tending to discover a task sooner if a familiar individual from their group had previously done so than if an unfamiliar fish had done so. However, in contrast to the effect of familiarity, the frequency with which individuals had previously associated with one another had no effect upon the likelihood of prey patch discovery. This may have been due to the influence of fish on one another's movements; the effect of familiarity on discovery of an empty ‘control’ patch was as strong as for discovery of an actual prey patch. Our results demonstrate that factors affecting fine-scale social interactions can also influence how individuals encounter and exploit resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Atton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - B J Galef
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - W Hoppitt
- Animal and Environment Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - M M Webster
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - K N Laland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
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32
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Hemelrijk CK, Hildenbrandt H. Diffusion and topological neighbours in flocks of starlings: relating a model to empirical data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126913. [PMID: 25993474 PMCID: PMC4436282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving in a group while avoiding collisions with group members causes internal dynamics in the group. Although these dynamics have recently been measured quantitatively in starling flocks (Sturnus vulgaris), it is unknown what causes them. Computational models have shown that collective motion in groups is likely due to attraction, avoidance and, possibly, alignment among group members. Empirical studies show that starlings adjust their movement to a fixed number of closest neighbours or topological range, namely 6 or 7 and assume that each of the three activities is done with the same number of neighbours (topological range). Here, we start from the hypothesis that escape behavior is more effective at preventing collisions in a flock when avoiding the single closest neighbor than compromising by avoiding 6 or 7 of them. For alignment and attraction, we keep to the empirical topological range. We investigate how avoiding one or several neighbours affects the internal dynamics of flocks of starlings in our computational model StarDisplay. By comparing to empirical data, we confirm that internal dynamics resemble empirical data more closely if flock members avoid merely their single, closest neighbor. Our model shows that considering a different number of interaction partners per activity represents a useful perspective and that changing a single parameter, namely the number of interaction partners that are avoided, has several effects through selforganisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Collective learning and optimal consensus decisions in social animal groups. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003762. [PMID: 25101642 PMCID: PMC4125046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning has been studied extensively in the context of isolated individuals. However, many organisms are social and consequently make decisions both individually and as part of a collective. Reaching consensus necessarily means that a single option is chosen by the group, even when there are dissenting opinions. This decision-making process decouples the otherwise direct relationship between animals' preferences and their experiences (the outcomes of decisions). Instead, because an individual's learned preferences influence what others experience, and therefore learn about, collective decisions couple the learning processes between social organisms. This introduces a new, and previously unexplored, dynamical relationship between preference, action, experience and learning. Here we model collective learning within animal groups that make consensus decisions. We reveal how learning as part of a collective results in behavior that is fundamentally different from that learned in isolation, allowing grouping organisms to spontaneously (and indirectly) detect correlations between group members' observations of environmental cues, adjust strategy as a function of changing group size (even if that group size is not known to the individual), and achieve a decision accuracy that is very close to that which is provably optimal, regardless of environmental contingencies. Because these properties make minimal cognitive demands on individuals, collective learning, and the capabilities it affords, may be widespread among group-living organisms. Our work emphasizes the importance and need for theoretical and experimental work that considers the mechanism and consequences of learning in a social context. Learning is ubiquitous among animal species, allowing individuals to adjust their behavior in response to their environment to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. However, while many animals live and make decisions within social groups, it is not well understood how associative learning functions within a social context. We describe an empirically derived model of collective learning and compare the learned performance of animals within groups to the optimal behavior for a wide range of environmental conditions and group sizes. We find that the learning rules derived from experiments with individual animals readily generalize to a social context, and these relatively simple rules result in behavior that is close to optimal, even when individuals know neither the size of their group nor the properties of environmental cues. Individuals that learn in isolation and subsequently join together as a group make substantially worse decisions. These results demonstrate the importance of learning within a collective context and highlight the need for experimental work to investigate the role of collective learning in enhancing decision accuracy in animal groups.
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Abstract
How is movement of individuals coordinated as a group? This is a fundamental question of social behaviour, encompassing phenomena such as bird flocking, fish schooling, and the innumerable activities in human groups that require people to synchronise their actions. We have developed an experimental paradigm, the HoneyComb computer-based multi-client game, to empirically investigate human movement coordination and leadership. Using economic games as a model, we set monetary incentives to motivate players on a virtual playfield to reach goals via players' movements. We asked whether (I) humans coordinate their movements when information is limited to an individual group member's observation of adjacent group member motion, (II) whether an informed group minority can lead an uninformed group majority to the minority's goal, and if so, (III) how this minority exerts its influence. We showed that in a human group – on the basis of movement alone – a minority can successfully lead a majority. Minorities lead successfully when (a) their members choose similar initial steps towards their goal field and (b) they are among the first in the whole group to make a move. Using our approach, we empirically demonstrate that the rules of swarming behaviour apply to humans. Even complex human behaviour, such as leadership and directed group movement, follow simple rules that are based on visual perception of local movement. Our article gives empirical evidence of group coordination mechanisms and basic rules of leadership that assist in leading a human group. Using a computer-based multi-client game that blocks explicit signals or other typical human information transfer, we offer a model of human group movement patterns applicable to group scenarios such as emergency, rescue, and sports where inter-individual communication is hindered but the reading of movement is still possible. Results show that even in these communication-restricted situations, movement of an informed minority that is efficient and consistent can effectively pull the majority towards a target goal.
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Kleinhappel TK, Burman OHP, John EA, Wilkinson A, Pike TW. Diet-mediated social networks in shoaling fish. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Marras S, Domenici P. Schooling fish under attack are not all equal: some lead, others follow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65784. [PMID: 23776547 PMCID: PMC3680440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal groups such as fish schools, bird flocks and insect swarms appear to move so synchronously that they have long been considered egalitarian, leaderless units. In schooling fish, video observations of their spatial-temporal organization have, however, shown that anti-predator manoeuvres are not perfectly synchronous and that individuals have spatial preferences within the school. Nonetheless, when facing life-or-death situations, it is not known whether schooling fish react to a threat following a random or a hierarchically-based order. Using high-speed video analysis, here we show that schooling fish (Golden grey mullet, Liza aurata) evade a threat in a non-random order, therefore individuals that are first or last to react tend to do so repeatedly over sequential stimulations. Furthermore, startle order is strongly correlated with individual positional preferences. Because school members are known to follow individuals that initiate a manoeuvre, early responders are likely to exert the strongest influence on the escape strategy of the whole school. Our results present new evidence of the intrinsic heterogeneity among school members and provide new rules governing the collective motion of gregarious animals under predator attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
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Godde S, Humbert L, Côté SD, Réale D, Whitehead H. Correcting for the impact of gregariousness in social network analyses. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fischer S, Frommen JG. Eutrophication alters social preferences in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ritz DA, Hobday AJ, Montgomery JC, Ward AJW. Social aggregation in the pelagic zone with special reference to fish and invertebrates. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2011; 60:161-227. [PMID: 21962752 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385529-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aggregations of organisms, ranging from zooplankton to whales, are an extremely common phenomenon in the pelagic zone; perhaps the best known are fish schools. Social aggregation is a special category that refers to groups that self-organize and maintain cohesion to exploit benefits such as protection from predators, and location and capture of resources more effectively and with greater energy efficiency than could a solitary individual. In this review we explore general aggregation principles, with specific reference to pelagic organisms; describe a range of new technologies either designed for studying aggregations or that could potentially be exploited for this purpose; report on the insights gained from theoretical modelling; discuss the relationship between social aggregation and ocean management; and speculate on the impact of climate change. Examples of aggregation occur in all animal phyla. Among pelagic organisms, it is possible that repeated co-occurrence of stable pairs of individuals, which has been established for some schooling fish, is the likely precursor leading to networks of social interaction and more complex social behaviour. Social network analysis has added new insights into social behaviour and allows us to dissect aggregations and to examine how the constituent individuals interact with each other. This type of analysis is well advanced in pinnipeds and cetaceans, and work on fish is progressing. Detailed three-dimensional analysis of schools has proved to be difficult, especially at sea, but there has been some progress recently. The technological aids for studying social aggregation include video and acoustics, and have benefited from advances in digitization, miniaturization, motion analysis and computing power. New techniques permit three-dimensional tracking of thousands of individual animals within a single group which has allowed novel insights to within-group interactions. Approaches using theoretical modelling of aggregations have a long history but only recently have hypotheses been tested empirically. The lack of synchrony between models and empirical data, and lack of a common framework to schooling models have hitherto hampered progress; however, recent developments in this field offer considerable promise. Further, we speculate that climate change, already having effects on ecosystems, could have dramatic effects on aggregations through its influence on species composition by altering distribution ranges, migration patterns, vertical migration, and oceanic acidity. Because most major commercial fishing targets schooling species, these changes could have important consequences for the dependent businesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ritz
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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Thaker M, Vanak AT, Owen CR, Ogden MB, Slotow R. Group dynamics of zebra and wildebeest in a woodland savanna: effects of predation risk and habitat density. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20862216 PMCID: PMC2942830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group dynamics of gregarious ungulates in the grasslands of the African savanna have been well studied, but the trade-offs that affect grouping of these ungulates in woodland habitats or dense vegetation are less well understood. We examined the landscape-level distribution of groups of blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, and Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli, in a predominantly woodland area (Karongwe Game Reserve, South Africa; KGR) to test the hypothesis that group dynamics are a function of minimizing predation risk from their primary predator, lion, Panthera leo. Methodology/Principal Findings Using generalized linear models, we examined the relative importance of habitat type (differing in vegetation density), probability of encountering lion (based on utilization distribution of all individual lions in the reserve), and season in predicting group size and composition. We found that only in open scrub habitat, group size for both ungulate species increased with the probability of encountering lion. Group composition differed between the two species and was driven by habitat selection as well as predation risk. For both species, composition of groups was, however, dominated by males in open scrub habitats, irrespective of the probability of encountering lion. Conclusions/Significance Distribution patterns of wildebeest and zebra groups at the landscape level directly support the theoretical and empirical evidence from a range of taxa predicting that grouping is favored in open habitats and when predation risk is high. Group composition reflected species-specific social, physiological and foraging constraints, as well as the importance of predation risk. Avoidance of high resource open scrub habitat by females can lead to loss of foraging opportunities, which can be particularly costly in areas such as KGR, where this resource is limited. Thus, landscape-level grouping dynamics are species specific and particular to the composition of the group, arising from a tradeoff between maximizing resource selection and minimizing predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thaker
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Shoaling preferences of two common killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus and F. diaphanus) in the laboratory and in the field: a new analysis of heterospecific shoaling. Behav Processes 2009; 81:119-25. [PMID: 19429206 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterospecific grouping behavior of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) and banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) was analyzed in the laboratory and in a freshwater tidal marsh in Cremona, Maryland. Several parameters of wild, intact shoals were measured, including species composition, body length, parasite load, gender, and any physical abnormalities. Fish collected were used for laboratory analysis of shoaling preferences. When size was equal, banded killifish and mummichogs preferred conspecific shoals to heterospecific shoals, consisting of mummichogs, banded killifish, and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegates). Shoal collection from the field resulted in mixed species shoals with individuals predominantly unaffected by parasites or other physical abnormalities. Size appeared to be a sorting mechanism. A temporal shift in lengths was evident. Initial shoals caught contained significantly smaller fish compared to the final shoals caught. Results are compared with previous studies on heterospecific shoaling in killifish and new characteristics of heterospecific shoals inhabiting freshwater tidal marshes are discussed.
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Gómez-Laplaza LM. Recent social environment affects colour-assortative shoaling in juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Behav Processes 2009; 82:39-44. [PMID: 19376208 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that fish should show colour-assortative shoaling in order to avoid the oddity effect whereby individuals that differ in some feature from the group majority appear to incur increased risk of predation. It has also been shown that early experience plays an important role in affecting social preferences in some fish species. In this study, the importance of colour phenotype in promoting assortative shoaling and the role played by the recent social environment on its expression were investigated in juvenile angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare. Individuals of the uniformly black and golden colour morphs were housed in a group with conspecifics of like and unlike body colour to themselves, as well as in mixed-colour groups for 4 weeks. Subsequently, they were subjected to a binary choice to shoal with a group of conspecifics composed of unfamiliar fish of either a like or unlike colour phenotype to themselves. The response of the individuals to the colour attributes of the shoals was related to their recent social environment. Fish in like- and mixed-colour previous treatments showed a preferential association with like colour conspecifics. In contrast, the shoaling behaviour exhibited by fish previously maintained with a group of unlike-coloured conspecifics (cross-housed treatment) indicated no significant preference for any of the shoals. The results suggest that angelfish use body colouration as an intraspecific shoaling cue and that learning, in the form of recent familiarization with a specific colour phenotype of conspecifics, can affect colour-assortative shoaling preferences in this species. This learning component of the choice need not be restricted to early developmental stages.
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Factors affecting information transfer from knowledgeable to naive individuals in groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thomas P, Croft D, Morrell L, Davis A, Faria J, Dyer J, Piyapong C, Ramnarine I, Ruxton G, Krause J. Does defection during predator inspection affect social structure in wild shoals of guppies? Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Turesson H, Brönmark C. Predator-prey encounter rates in freshwater piscivores: effects of prey density and water transparency. Oecologia 2007; 153:281-90. [PMID: 17453254 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most fundamental components of predator-prey models is encounter rate, modelled as the product of prey density and search efficiency. Encounter rates have, however, rarely been measured in empirical studies. In this study, we used a video system approach to estimate how encounter rates between piscivorous fish that use a sit-and-wait foraging strategy and their prey depend on prey density and environmental factors such as turbidity. We first manipulated prey density in a controlled pool and field enclosure experiments where environmental factors were held constant. In a correlative study of 15 freshwater lakes we then estimated encounter rates in natural habitats and related the results to both prey fish density and environmental factors. We found the expected positive dependence of individual encounter rates on prey density in our pool and enclosure experiments, whereas the relation between school encounter rate and prey density was less clear. In the field survey, encounter rates did not correlate with prey density but instead correlated positively with water transparency. Water transparency decreases with increasing prey density along the productivity gradient and will reduce prey detection distance and thus predator search efficiency. Therefore, visual predator-prey encounter rates do not increase, and may even decrease, with increasing productivity despite increasing prey densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Turesson
- Department of Ecology, Limnology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Wright D, Ward A, Croft D, Krause J. Social Organization, Grouping, and Domestication in Fish. Zebrafish 2006; 3:141-55. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wright
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A.J.W. Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - D.P. Croft
- Institute for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J. Krause
- Institute for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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