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Falgueras-Cano J, Falgueras-Cano JA, Moya A. Aggregated Distribution as an Explanation for the Paradox of Plankton and Collective Animal Behavior. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1477. [PMID: 36290382 PMCID: PMC9598300 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the evolutionary consequences of different aggregation levels of species distribution with an Evolutionary Cellular Automaton (ECA). We have found that in habitats with the same carrying capacity, aggregated distributions preserve smaller populations than do uniform distributions, i.e., they are less efficient. Nonetheless, we have also found that aggregated distributions, among other factors, can help the evolutionary stability of some biological interactions, such as predator-prey interactions, despite their granting less individual fitness. Besides, the competitive exclusion principle does not usually stand in populations with aggregated distribution. We have applied ECA to study the effects of aggregated distribution in two notorious cases: in the so-called paradox of the plankton and in gregarious animals. In doing so, we intend to ratify long-established ecological knowledge explaining these phenomena from a new perspective. In the first case, due to aggregate distribution, large aggregations of digital organisms mimicking very abundant planktonic species, leave large patches or oceanic areas free for other less competitive organisms, which mimic rare species, to prosper. In this case, we can see how effects, such as ecological drift and the small portion, act simultaneously. In the second case of aggregation, the aggregate distribution of gregarious animals could be explained under specialized predator-prey interactions and interdemic competition. Thus, digital organisms that imitate predators reduce the competitive capacity of their prey, destabilizing their competitiveness against other species. The specialized predator also goes extinct if the prey goes extinct by natural selection. Predators that have an aggregate distribution compensate the prey and thus avoid exclusion. This way there are more predator-free patches in which the prey can prosper. However, by granting greater colonization capacity to its prey, the predator loses competitiveness. Therefore, it is a multilevel selection event in which group adaptation grows to the detriment of the predator as an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Falgueras-Cano
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Laan E, Fox JW. An experimental test of the effects of dispersal and the paradox of enrichment on metapopulation persistence. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Laan
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jeremy W. Fox
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
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Weterings MJA, Ewert SP, Peereboom JN, Kuipers HJ, Kuijper DPJ, Prins HHT, Jansen PA, van Langevelde F, van Wieren SE. Implications of shared predation for space use in two sympatric leporids. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3457-3469. [PMID: 30962905 PMCID: PMC6434570 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial variation in habitat riskiness has a major influence on the predator-prey space race. However, the outcome of this race can be modulated if prey shares enemies with fellow prey (i.e., another prey species). Sharing of natural enemies may result in apparent competition, and its implications for prey space use remain poorly studied. Our objective was to test how prey species spend time among habitats that differ in riskiness, and how shared predation modulates the space use by prey species. We studied a one-predator, two-prey system in a coastal dune landscape in the Netherlands with the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as sympatric prey species and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as their main predator. The fine-scale space use by each species was quantified using camera traps. We quantified residence time as an index of space use. Hares and rabbits spent time differently among habitats that differ in riskiness. Space use by predators and habitat riskiness affected space use by hares more strongly than space use by rabbits. Residence time of hare was shorter in habitats in which the predator was efficient in searching or capturing prey species. However, hares spent more time in edge habitat when foxes were present, even though foxes are considered ambush predators. Shared predation affected the predator-prey space race for hares positively, and more strongly than the predator-prey space race for rabbits, which were not affected. Shared predation reversed the predator-prey space race between foxes and hares, whereas shared predation possibly also released a negative association and promoted a positive association between our two sympatric prey species. Habitat riskiness, species presence, and prey species' escape mode and foraging mode (i.e., central-place vs. noncentral-place forager) affected the prey space race under shared predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J. A. Weterings
- Resource Ecology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Animal Management, Wildlife ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Sophie P. Ewert
- Department of Animal Management, Wildlife ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey N. Peereboom
- Department of Animal Management, Wildlife ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Henry J. Kuipers
- Department of Animal Management, Wildlife ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Resource Ecology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanamá
| | - Frank van Langevelde
- Resource Ecology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
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Laplacian matrices and Turing bifurcations: revisiting Levin 1974 and the consequences of spatial structure and movement for ecological dynamics. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-018-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Stasek DJ, Radl JN, Crist TO. The Effects of Dispersal and Predator Density on Prey Survival in an Insect-Red Clover Metacommunity. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:4781595. [PMID: 29301047 PMCID: PMC5751075 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trophic interactions are often studied within habitat patches, but among-patch dispersal of individuals may influence local patch dynamics. Metacommunity concepts incorporate the effects of dispersal on local and community dynamics. There are few experimental tests of metacommunity theory using insects compared to those conducted in microbial microcosms. Using connected experimental mesocosms, we varied the density of the leafhopper Agallia constricta Van Duzee (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and a generalist insect predator, the damsel bug (Nabis spp., Heteroptera: Nabidae), to determine the effects of conspecific and predator density and varying the time available to dispersal among mesocosms on predation rates, dispersal rates, and leafhopper survival. Conspecific and damsel bug density did not affect dispersal rates in leafhoppers, but this may be due to leafhoppers' aversion to leaving the host plants or the connecting tubes between mesocosms hindering leafhopper movement. Leafhopper dispersal was higher in high-dispersal treatments. Survival rates of A. constricta were also lowest in treatments where dispersal was not limited. This is one of the first experimental studies to vary predator density and the time available to dispersal. Our results indicate that dispersal is the key to understanding short-term processes such as prey survival in predator-prey metacommunities. Further work is needed to determine how dispersal rates influence persistence of communities in multigenerational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stasek
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Coastal Georgia, Brunswick, GA
| | - James N Radl
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Lampert A, Hastings A. Stability and distribution of predator–prey systems: local and regional mechanisms and patterns. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:279-88. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lampert
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Mathematical Computational and Modeling Science Center Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
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Govindan BN, Feng Z, DeWoody YD, Swihart RK. Intermediate disturbance in experimental landscapes improves persistence of beetle metapopulations. Ecology 2015; 96:728-36. [PMID: 26236869 DOI: 10.1890/14-0044.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human-dominated landscapes often feature patches that fluctuate in suitability through space and time, but there is little experimental evidence relating the consequences of dynamic patches for species persistence. We used a spatially and temporally dynamic metapopulation model to assess and compare metapopulation capacity and persistence for red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) in experimental landscapes differentiated by resource structure, patch dynamics (destruction and restoration), and connectivity. High connectivity increased the colonization rate of beetles, but this effect was less pronounced in heterogeneous relative to homogeneous landscapes. Higher connectivity and faster patch dynamics increased extinction rates in landscapes. Lower connectivity promoted density-dependent emigration. Heterogeneous landscapes containing patches of different carrying capacity enhanced landscape-level occupancy probability. The highest metapopulation capacity and persistence was observed in landscapes with heterogeneous patches, low connectivity, and slow patch dynamics. Control landscapes with no patch dynamics exhibited rapid declines in abundance and approached extinction due to increased adult mortality in the matrix, higher pupal cannibalism by adults, and extremely low rates of exchange between remaining habitable patches. Our results highlight the role of intermediate patch dynamics, intermediate connectivity, and the nature of density dependence of emigration for persistence of species in heterogeneous landscapes. Our results also demonstrate the importance of incorporating local dynamics into the estimation of metapopulation capacity for conservation planning.
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LeCraw RM, Kratina P, Srivastava DS. Food web complexity and stability across habitat connectivity gradients. Oecologia 2014; 176:903-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lobelle D, Kenyon EJ, Cook KJ, Bull JC. Local competition and metapopulation processes drive long-term seagrass-epiphyte population dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57072. [PMID: 23437313 PMCID: PMC3578831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ecological processes such as population regulation and natural enemy interactions potentially occur over a range of spatial scales, and there is a substantial body of literature developing theoretical understanding of the interplay between these processes. However, there are comparatively few studies quantifying the long-term effects of spatial scaling in natural ecosystems. A key challenge is that trophic complexity in real-world biological communities quickly obscures the signal from a focal process. Seagrass meadows provide an excellent opportunity in this respect: in many instances, seagrasses effectively form extensive natural monocultures, in which hypotheses about endogenous dynamics can be formulated and tested. We present amongst the longest unbroken, spatially explict time series of seagrass abundance published to date. Data include annual measures of shoot density, total above-ground abundance, and associated epiphyte cover from five Zostera marina meadows distributed around the Isles of Scilly, UK, from 1996 to 2011. We explore empirical patterns at the local and metapopulation scale using standard time series analysis and develop a simple population dynamic model, testing the hypothesis that both local and metapopulation scale feedback processes are important. We find little evidence of an interaction between scales in seagrass dynamics but that both scales contribute approximately equally to observed local epiphyte abundance. By quantifying the long-term dynamics of seagrass-epiphyte interactions we show how measures of density and extent are both important in establishing baseline information relevant to predicting responses to environmental change and developing management plans. We hope that this study complements existing mechanistic studies of physiology, genetics and productivity in seagrass, whilst highlighting the potential of seagrass as a model ecosystem. More generally, this study provides a rare opportunity to test some of the predictions of ecological theory in a natural ecosystem of global conservation and economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lobelle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Kenyon
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United Kingdom
| | | | - James C. Bull
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Strevens CMJ, Bonsall MB. The impact of alternative harvesting strategies in a resource-consumer metapopulation. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Modeling the clonal heterogeneity of stem cells. Theor Biol Med Model 2010; 7:44. [PMID: 21083923 PMCID: PMC2998476 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental studies suggest that tissue stem cell pools are composed of functionally diverse clones. Metapopulation models in ecology concentrate on collections of populations and their role in stabilizing coexistence and maintaining selected genetic or epigenetic variation. Such models are characterized by expansion and extinction of spatially distributed populations. We develop a mathematical framework derived from the multispecies metapopulation model of Tilman et al (1994) to study the dynamics of heterogeneous stem cell metapopulations. In addition to normal stem cells, the model can be applied to cancer cell populations and their response to treatment. In our model disturbances may lead to expansion or contraction of cells with distinct properties, reflecting proliferation, apoptosis, and clonal competition. We first present closed-form expressions for the basic model which defines clonal dynamics in the presence of exogenous global disturbances. We then extend the model to include disturbances which are periodic and which may affect clones differently. Within the model framework, we propose a method to devise an optimal strategy of treatments to regulate expansion, contraction, or mutual maintenance of cells with specific properties.
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Strevens C, Bonsall MB. Regional and local scale metapopulation dynamics in the interaction between Callosobruchus maculatus and Anisopteromalus calandrae. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Background Spatial structure across fragmented landscapes can enhance regional population persistence by promoting local “rescue effects.” In small, vulnerable populations, where chance or random events between individuals may have disproportionately large effects on species interactions, such local processes are particularly important. However, existing theory often only describes the dynamics of metapopulations at regional scales, neglecting the role of multispecies population dynamics within habitat patches. Findings By coupling analysis across spatial scales we quantified the interaction between local scale population regulation, regional dispersal and noise processes in the dynamics of experimental host-parasitoid metapopulations. We find that increasing community complexity increases negative correlation between local population dynamics. A potential mechanism underpinning this finding was explored using a simple population dynamic model. Conclusions Our results suggest a paradox: parasitism, whilst clearly damaging to hosts at the individual level, reduces extinction risk at the population level.
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Abstract
Infectious disease influences the dynamics of host populations and the structure of species communities via impacts on host demography. Species that share infectious diseases are well-known to interact indirectly through the process of apparent competition, but there has been little attention given to the role of vectors in these indirect interactions. Here we explore how vector-borne disease and host-vector interactions can drive apparent competitive interactions. We show that different facets of the ecology associated with vector-host-host interactions affect the structure of the three-species assemblage. Crucially, the patterns associated with invasion of alternative hosts, the spread of the infectious disease by the vector, and the dynamics of the community interactions are influenced by the mode of transmission. We highlight the role of alternative hosts on disease amplification, dilution and magnification and discuss the results with reference to recent developments in apparent competition and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford
- St. Peter’s College, New Inn Hall Street
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Reiss J, Forster J, Cássio F, Pascoal C, Stewart R, Hirst AG. When Microscopic Organisms Inform General Ecological Theory. ADV ECOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385005-8.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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DeCesare NJ, Hebblewhite M, Robinson HS, Musiani M. Endangered, apparently: the role of apparent competition in endangered species conservation. Anim Conserv 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oliver M, Luque-Larena JJ, Lambin X. Do rabbits eat voles? Apparent competition, habitat heterogeneity and large-scale coexistence under mink predation. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Costantini C, Ayala D, Guelbeogo WM, Pombi M, Some CY, Bassole IHN, Ose K, Fotsing JM, Sagnon N, Fontenille D, Besansky NJ, Simard F. Living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in Anopheles gambiae. BMC Ecol 2009; 9:16. [PMID: 19460144 PMCID: PMC2702294 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing lineage splitting within the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is compatible with ecological speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation by divergent natural selection acting on two populations exploiting alternative resources. Divergence between two molecular forms (M and S) identified by fixed differences in rDNA, and characterized by marked, although incomplete, reproductive isolation is occurring in West and Central Africa. To elucidate the role that ecology and geography play in speciation, we carried out a countrywide analysis of An. gambiae M and S habitat requirements, and that of their chromosomal variants, across Burkina Faso. RESULTS Maps of relative abundance by geostatistical interpolators produced a distinct pattern of distribution: the M-form dominated in the northernmost arid zones, the S-form in the more humid southern regions. Maps of habitat suitability, quantified by Ecological Niche Factor Analysis based on 15 eco-geographical variables revealed less contrast among forms. M was peculiar as it occurred proportionally more in habitat of marginal quality. Measures of ecological niche breadth and overlap confirmed the mismatch between the fundamental and realized patterns of habitat occupation: forms segregated more than expected from the extent of divergence of their environmental envelope--a signature of niche expansion. Classification of chromosomal arm 2R karyotypes by multilocus genetic clustering identified two clusters loosely corresponding to molecular forms, with 'mismatches' representing admixed individuals due to shared ancestral polymorphism and/or residual hybridization. In multivariate ordination space, these karyotypes plotted in habitat of more marginal quality compared to non-admixed, 'typical', karyotypes. The distribution of 'typical' karyotypes along the main eco-climatic gradient followed a consistent pattern within and between forms, indicating an adaptive role of inversions at this geographical scale. CONCLUSION Ecological segregation between M and S is consistent with niche expansion into marginal habitats by chromosomal inversion variants during early lineage divergence; presumably, this process is promoted by inter-karyotype competition in the higher-quality core habitat. We propose that the appearance of favourable allelic combinations in other regions of suppressed recombination (e.g. pericentromeric portions defining speciation islands in An. gambiae) fosters development of reproductive isolation to protect linkage between separate chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR016, and Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 171, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), BP 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diego Ayala
- Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR016, 911 Av Agropolis, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Marco Pombi
- Parasitology Unit, Dept. Public Health, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Corentin Y Some
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2IE), 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Imael HN Bassole
- Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Kenji Ose
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), US140, Pôle Géomatique ESPACE-IRD, 5 rue du Carbone, 45072 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Jean-Marie Fotsing
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), US140, Pôle Géomatique ESPACE-IRD, 5 rue du Carbone, 45072 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR016, 911 Av Agropolis, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 317 Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR016, and Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Hunt JJFG, Bonsall MB. The effects of colonization, extinction and competition on co-existence in metacommunities. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:866-79. [PMID: 19302319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The co-existence of competitors in heterogeneous landscapes depends on the processes of colonization, extinction and spatial scale. In this study, we explore the metapopulation dynamics of competitive interactions. 2. Rather than simply evaluating the outcome of interspecific competition in the traditional manner, we focus on both the local population dynamic effects and the regional metapopulation processes affecting species co-existence. 3. We develop a theoretical model of regional co-existence to generate a set of predictions on the patterns of colonization necessary for co-existence and the regional processes that can lead to competitive exclusion. We empirically test these predictions using metacommunity microcosms of the interaction between two bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus chinensis, Callosobruchus maculatus). 4. Using well-replicated time series of the interaction between the bruchids and statistical methods of model fitting, we show how the qualitative and quantitative pattern of interspecific competition between the bruchid beetles is shaped by the structure of the metacommunity. 5. In unlimited dispersal metacommunities, the global exclusion of the inferior competitor is shown to be influenced more by the processes associated with extinction rather than low colonization ability. In restricted dispersal metacommunities, we show how the co-existence of competitors in a spatially heterogeneous habitat (patches connected through limited dispersal) is affected by Allee effects and life-history [colonization (dispersal) - competition] trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J F G Hunt
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606;
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Smith RA, Mooney KA, Agrawal AA. Coexistence of three specialist aphids on common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Ecology 2008; 89:2187-96. [PMID: 18724729 DOI: 10.1890/07-1441.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coexistence of host-specific herbivores on plants is believed to be governed by interspecific interactions, but few empirical studies have systematically unraveled these dynamics. We investigated the role of several factors in promoting coexistence among the aphids Aphis nerii, Aphis asclepiadis, and Myzocallis asclepiadis that all specialize on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Competitive exclusion is thought to occur when interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition. Consequently, we investigated whether predators, mutualists, or resource quality affected the strength of intra- vs. interspecific competition among aphids in factorial manipulations of competition with exposure to predation, ants, and variable plant genotypes in three separate experiments. In the predation x competition experiment, predators reduced aphid per capita growth by 66%, but the strength of intra- and interspecific competition did not depend on predators. In the ants x competition experiment, ants reduced per capita growth of A. nerii and M. asclepiadis (neither of which were mutualists with ants) by approximately one-half. In so doing, ants ameliorated the negative effects of these competitors on ant-tended A. asclepiadis by two-thirds, representing a novel benefit of ant-aphid mutualism. Nevertheless, ants alone did not explain the persistence of competitively inferior A. asclepiadis as, even in the presence of ants, interspecific competition remained stronger than intraspecific competition. In the plant genotype x competition experiment, both A. asclepiadis and M. asclepiadis were competitively inferior to A. nerii, with the strength of interspecific competition exceeding that of intraspecific competition by 83% and 23%, respectively. Yet these effects differed among milkweed genotypes, and there were one or more plant genotypes for each aphid species where coexistence was predicted. A synthesis of our results shows that predators play little or no role in preferentially suppressing competitively dominant A. nerii. Nonetheless, A. asclepiadis benefits from ants, and A. asclepiadis and M. asclepiadis may escape competitive exclusion by A. nerii on select milkweed genotypes. Taken as a whole, the coexistence of three host-specific aphid species sharing the same resource was promoted by the dual action of ants as antagonists and mutualists and by genetic diversity in the plant population itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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22
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Bull JC, Bonsall MB. Overcompensatory population dynamic responses to environmental stochasticity. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:1296-305. [PMID: 18647195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. To quantify the interactions between density-dependent, population regulation and density-independent limitation, we studied the time-series dynamics of an experimental laboratory insect microcosm system in which both environmental noise and resource limitation were manipulated. 2. A hierarchical Bayesian state-space approach is presented through which it is feasible to capture all sources of uncertainty, including observation error to accurately quantify the density dependence operating on the dynamics. 3. The regulatory processes underpinning the dynamics of two different bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis) are principally determined by environmental conditions, with fluctuations in abundance explained in terms of changes in overcompensatory dynamics and stochastic processes. 4. A general, stochastic population model is developed to explore the link between abundance fluctuations and the interaction between density dependence and noise. Taking account of time-lags in population regulation can substantially increase predicted population fluctuations resulting from underlying noise processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Bull
- Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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23
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Cronin JT. SHARED PARASITOIDS IN A METACOMMUNITY: INDIRECT INTERACTIONS INHIBIT HERBIVORE MEMBERSHIP IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES. Ecology 2007; 88:2977-90. [PMID: 18229833 DOI: 10.1890/07-0253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1715, USA.
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24
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Bull JC, Pickup NJ, Pickett B, Hassell MP, Bonsall MB. Metapopulation extinction risk is increased by environmental stochasticity and assemblage complexity. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:87-96. [PMID: 17018431 PMCID: PMC1679879 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction risk is a key area of investigation for contemporary ecologists and conservation biologists. Practical conservation efforts for vulnerable species can be considerably enhanced by thoroughly understanding the ecological processes that interact to determine species persistence or extinction. Theory has highlighted the importance of both extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic demographic processes. In laboratory microcosms, single-species single-habitat patch experimental designs have been widely used to validate the theoretical prediction that environmental heterogeneity can increase extinction risk. Here, we develop on this theme by testing the effects of fluctuating resource levels in experimental multispecies metapopulations. We compare a three-species host-parasitoid assemblage that exhibits apparent competition to the individual pairwise, host-parasitoid interactions. Existing theory is broadly supported for two-species assemblages: environmental stochasticity reduces trophic interaction persistence time, while metapopulation structure increases persistence time. However, with increasing assemblage complexity, the effects of trophic interactions mask environmental impacts and persistence time is further reduced, regardless of resource renewal regime. We relate our findings to recent theory, highlighting the importance of taking into account both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, over a range of spatial scales, in order to understand resource-consumer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Bull
- Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonRegent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Nicola J Pickup
- Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Brian Pickett
- Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Michael P Hassell
- Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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25
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Bull JC, Pickup NJ, Hassell MP, Bonsall MB. Habitat shape, metapopulation processes and the dynamics of multispecies predator-prey interactions. J Anim Ecol 2006; 75:899-907. [PMID: 17009753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of habitat shape, connectivity and the metapopulation processes of persistence and extinction are explored in a multispecies resource-consumer interaction. 2. The spatial dynamics of the indirect interaction between two prey species (Callosobruchus chinensis, Callosobruchus maculatus) and a predator (Anisopteromalus calandrae) are investigated and we show how the persistence time of this interaction is altered in different habitat configurations by the presence of an apparent competitor. 3. Habitat structure has differential effects on the dynamics of the resource-consumer interaction. Across all habitat types, the pairwise interaction between C. chinensis and A. calandrae is highly prone to extinction, while the interaction between C. maculatus and A. calandrae shows sustained long-term fluctuations. Contrary to expectations from theory, habitat shape has no significant effect on persistence time of the full, three-species resource-consumer assemblage. 4. A stochastic metapopulation model for a range of habitat configurations, incorporating different forms of regulatory processes, highlights that it is the spatially explicit population dynamics rather than the shape of the metapopulation that is the principal determinant of interaction persistence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Bull
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
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26
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Bull JC, Jepson PD, Ssuna RK, Deaville R, Allchin CR, Law RJ, Fenton A. The relationship between polychlorinated biphenyls in blubber and levels of nematode infestations in harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Parasitology 2006; 132:565-73. [PMID: 16388689 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200500942x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem examinations of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, regularly reveal heavy parasitic worm burdens. These same post-mortem records show varying levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulating in the blubber of porpoises. Although a number of papers have documented geospatial and temporal changes of PCBs and their detrimental effects on marine mammal health, as yet none have examined their role in determining nematode burdens in wild marine mammal populations. Using a data set consisting of harbour porpoises stranded in the UK between 1989 and 2002, we found a significant, positive association between PCB levels and nematode burdens, although the nature of the relationship was confounded with porpoise sex, age and cause of death. It was also apparent that individuals with the heaviest infestations of nematodes did not have the highest PCB level: while PCBs are important, they are clearly not the sole determinants of nematode burdens in wild populations of the harbour porpoise around the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bull
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
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