1
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Maki T, Sannomiya N, Hirao T, Fukui D. Scale-dependent influences of environmental, historical, and spatial processes on taxonomic and functional beta diversity of Japanese bat assemblages. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11277. [PMID: 38628917 PMCID: PMC11019122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relative influences of environmental, spatial, and historical factors, including the island-specific history of land connectivity, on bat assemblages in the Japanese Archipelago. We collected bat distribution data from 1408 studies and assigned them to Japan's First Standard Grid (approximately 6400 km2). Japanese bat assemblages were analyzed at two scales: the entire Japanese Archipelago comprised 16 islands and exclusively the four main islands. At first, we calculated taxonomic and functional total beta diversity (β total) by Jaccard pairwise dissimilarity and then divided this into turnover (β repl) and richness-difference (β rich) components. We conducted hierarchical clustering of taxonomic beta diversity to examine the influence of the two representative sea straits, Tsugaru and Tokara, which are considered biogeographical borders. Variation partitioning was conducted to evaluate the relative effects of the three factors on the beta diversity. Clustering revealed that the Tokara Strait bordered the two major clades; however, the Tsugaru Strait did not act as a biogeographical border for bats. In the variation partitioning, shared fraction between spatial and historical factors significantly explained taxonomic and functional β total and taxonomic β repl at the entire archipelago scale, but not at the four main islands scale extending only Tsugaru Strait but not Tokara Strait. Pure environmental factors significantly explained functional β total at both scales and taxonomic β total only at the four main islands scale. These results suggest that spatial and historical factors are more pronounced in biogeographical borders, primarily structuring assemblage composition at the entire archipelago scale, especially in taxonomic dimension. However, current environmental factors primarily shape the assemblage composition of Japanese bats at the main island scale. The difference in results between the two scales highlights that the primary processes governing assemblages of both dimensions depend on the quality of the dispersal barriers between terrestrial and aquatic barriers for bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maki
- Amami Station, International Center for Island StudiesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nozomi Sannomiya
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toshihide Hirao
- The University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoSaitamaJapan
| | - Dai Fukui
- Fuji Iyashinomori Woodland Study Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYamanashiJapan
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2
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Barreto E, Rangel TF, Pellissier L, Graham CH. Area, isolation and climate explain the diversity of mammals on islands worldwide. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211879. [PMID: 34905709 PMCID: PMC8670959 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insular biodiversity is expected to be regulated differently than continental biota, but their determinants remain to be quantified at a global scale. We evaluated the importance of physical, environmental and historical factors on mammal richness and endemism across 5592 islands worldwide. We fitted generalized linear and mixed models to accommodate variation among biogeographic realms and performed analyses separately for bats and non-volants. Richness on islands ranged from one to 234 species, with up to 177 single island endemics. Diversity patterns were most consistently influenced by the islands' physical characteristics. Area positively affected mammal diversity, in particular the number of non-volant endemics. Island isolation, both current and past, was associated with lower richness but greater endemism. Flight capacity modified the relative importance of past versus current isolation, with bats responding more strongly to current and non-volant mammals to past isolation. Biodiversity relationships with environmental factors were idiosyncratic, with a tendency for greater effects sizes with endemism than richness. The historical climatic change was positively associated with endemism. In line with theory, we found that area and isolation were among the strongest drivers of mammalian biodiversity. Our results support the importance of past conditions on current patterns, particularly of non-volant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Programa de pósgraduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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3
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Saito T, Hirano T, Ye B, Prozorova L, Shovon MS, Do TV, Kimura K, Surenkhorloo P, Kameda Y, Morii Y, Fukuda H, Chiba S. A comprehensive phylogeography of the widespread pond snail genus Radix revealed restricted colonization due to niche conservatism. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18446-18459. [PMID: 35003683 PMCID: PMC8717273 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the effect of niche conservatism on evolutionary history, we focused on freshwater snails, which have different ecological and phylogenetic properties from previously tested taxa. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using 750 lymnaeid individuals from 357 sites of eleven Radix species. Then, we estimated the ancestral distribution using the geographic coordinates and colonization routes. In addition, a statistical test of the colonization distances in the latitudinal and longitudinal directions was performed. We also conducted ecological niche modeling for two widely distributed species using climatic data. Ancestral geographic reconstruction estimated the origin of the genus to be around the Indian subcontinental region and showed that latitudinal immigration distances were shorter than longitudinal immigration distances in the diversification process. Ecological niche models suggested that the current distribution was restricted by climate, with annual mean temperature and precipitation of the driest month as particularly strong factors. Niche conservatism to the climate can affect the diversification of freshwater snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Saito
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceToho UniversityFunabashiJapan
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Bin Ye
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Larisa Prozorova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial BiodiversityFar Eastern BranchRussian Academy of SciencesVladivostokRussia
| | | | - Tu Van Do
- Institute of Ecology and Biological ResourcesVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHa NoiVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHa NoiVietnam
| | - Kazuki Kimura
- Department of BiologyResearch Institute for Ulleung‐do and Dok‐do IslandsKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | | | - Yuichi Kameda
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity ResearchNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaJapan
| | - Yuta Morii
- Laboratory of Animal EcologyDepartment of ZoologyGraduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- The Hakubi CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuda
- Conservation of Aquatic BiodiversityFaculty of AgricultureOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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4
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Corro EJ, Villalobos F, Lira-Noriega A, Guevara R, Guimarães PR, Dáttilo W. Annual precipitation predicts the phylogenetic signal in bat-fruit interaction networks across the Neotropics. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210478. [PMID: 34847787 PMCID: PMC8633800 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely related species tend to be more similar than randomly selected species from the same phylogenetic tree. This pattern, known as a phylogenetic signal, has been extensively studied for intrinsic (e.g. morphology), as well as extrinsic (e.g. climatic preferences), properties but less so for ecological interactions. Phylogenetic signals of species interactions (i.e. resource use) can vary across time and space, but the causes behind such variations across broader spatial extents remain elusive. Here, we evaluated how current and historical climates influence phylogenetic signals of bat-fruit interaction networks across the Neotropics. We performed a model selection relating the phylogenetic signals of each trophic level (bats and plants) with a set of current and historical climatic factors deemed ecologically important in shaping biotic interactions. Bat and plant phylogenetic signals in bat-fruit interaction networks varied little with climatic factors, although bat phylogenetic signals positively covaried with annual precipitation. These findings indicated that water availability could increase resource availability, favouring higher niche partitioning of trophic resources among bat species and hence bat phylogenetic signals across bat-fruit interaction networks. Overall, our study advances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of bat-fruit interactions by highlighting the association of current climatic factors with phylogenetic patterns of biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. Corro
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, CP 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Córdoba, CP 94500, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, CP 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Andrés Lira-Noriega
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, CP 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, CP 03940, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, CP 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, CP 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
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5
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Turcios-Casco MA, Gatti RC, Dri GF, Cáceres N, Stevens R, de Sales Dambros C. Ecological gradients explain variation of phyllostomid bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) diversity in Honduras. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Aguiar LMS, Pereira MJR, Zortéa M, Machado RB. Where are the bats? An environmental complementarity analysis in a megadiverse country. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria João R. Pereira
- PPGBAN and PPG Ecologia Department of Zoology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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7
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Zhu WB, Zhao CL, Liao CL, Zou B, Xu D, Zhu W, Zhao T, Jiang JP. Spatial and temporal patterns of amphibian species richness on Tianping Mountain, Hunan Province, China. Zool Res 2020; 41:182-187. [PMID: 31957371 PMCID: PMC7109012 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Chun-Lin Liao
- National Nature Reserve of Badagongshan, Sangzhi, Hunan 427100, China
| | - Bei Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail:
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail:
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8
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Etienne RS, Cabral JS, Hagen O, Hartig F, Hurlbert AH, Pellissier L, Pontarp M, Storch D. A Minimal Model for the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient Suggests a Dominant Role for Ecological Limits. Am Nat 2019; 194:E122-E133. [DOI: 10.1086/705243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Varzinczak LH, Moura MO, Passos FC. Shifts to multiple optima underlie climatic niche evolution in New World phyllostomid bats. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate underlies species distribution patterns, especially in species where climate limits distributions, such as the phyllostomid bats, which are mostly restricted to the New World tropics. The evolutionary dynamics that shaped phyllostomid climatic niches remain unclear, and a broad phylogenetic perspective is required to uncover their patterns. We used geographical distributions and evolutionary relationships of 130 species, climate data and phylogenetic comparative methods to uncover dynamics of phyllostomid climatic niche evolution. Diversification of climatic niches began early in phyllostomid evolution (~34 Mya), with most changes taking place ~20 Mya. Although most of these bats were found in tropical regions, shifts towards different evolutionary optima were common. Shifts were mostly towards temperate climates, reflecting complexities in phyllostomid evolution highlighted by the probable role of species-specific adaptations to cope with these climates, the influence of palaeoclimatic events, and biogeographical effects related to the evolution and dispersal of clades in the New World. Our results broaden our understanding of the relationships between phyllostomid bats and climate, filling an important gap in knowledge and suggesting a complex evolution in their occupation of the climatic niche space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Varzinczak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mauricio O Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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10
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Ramanantsalama RV, Noroalintseheno Lalarivoniaina OS, Raselimanana AP, Goodman SM. Seasonal Variation in Diurnal Cave-Roosting Behavior of a Malagasy Fruit Bat (Rousettus madagascariensis, Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riana V. Ramanantsalama
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Achille P. Raselimanana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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11
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Stevens RD, Rowe RJ, Badgley C. Gradients of mammalian biodiversity through space and time. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rowe
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Catherine Badgley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Marin J, Rapacciuolo G, Costa GC, Graham CH, Brooks TM, Young BE, Radeloff VC, Behm JE, Helmus MR, Hedges SB. Evolutionary time drives global tetrapod diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2378. [PMID: 29436494 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global variation in species richness is widely recognized, but the explanation for what drives it continues to be debated. Previous efforts have focused on a subset of potential drivers, including evolutionary rate, evolutionary time (maximum clade age of species restricted to a region), dispersal (migration from one region to another), ecological factors and climatic stability. However, no study has evaluated these competing hypotheses simultaneously at a broad spatial scale. Here, we examine their relative contribution in determining the richness of the most comprehensive dataset of tetrapods to our knowledge (84% of the described species), distinguishing between the direct influences of evolutionary rate, evolutionary time and dispersal, and the indirect influences of ecological factors and climatic stability through their effect on direct factors. We found that evolutionary time exerted a primary influence on species richness, with evolutionary rate being of secondary importance. By contrast, dispersal did not significantly affect richness patterns. Ecological and climatic stability factors influenced species richness indirectly by modifying evolutionary time (i.e. persistence time) and rate. Overall, our findings suggest that global heterogeneity in tetrapod richness is explained primarily by the length of time species have had to diversify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Marin
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA .,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité UMR 7205, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne-Universités, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Giovanni Rapacciuolo
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA 95340, USA.,NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Department of Biology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.,World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Bruce E Young
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Behm
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.,Department of Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Helmus
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - S Blair Hedges
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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13
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A synthesis of ecological and evolutionary determinants of bat diversity across spatial scales. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:18. [PMID: 29890975 PMCID: PMC5996565 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diversity patterns result from ecological to evolutionary processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Species trait variation determine the spatial scales at which organisms perceive the environment. Despite this knowledge, the coupling of all these factors to understand how diversity is structured is still deficient. Here, we review the role of ecological and evolutionary processes operating across different hierarchically spatial scales to shape diversity patterns of bats—the second largest mammal order and the only mammals with real flight capability. Main body We observed that flight development and its provision of increased dispersal ability influenced the diversification, life history, geographic distribution, and local interspecific interactions of bats, differently across multiple spatial scales. Niche packing combined with different flight, foraging and echolocation strategies and differential use of air space allowed the coexistence among bats as well as for an increased diversity supported by the environment. Considering distinct bat species distributions across space due to their functional characteristics, we assert that understanding such characteristics in Chiroptera improves the knowledge on ecological processes at different scales. We also point two main knowledge gaps that limit progress on the knowledge on scale-dependence of ecological and evolutionary processes in bats: a geographical bias, showing that research on bats is mainly done in the New World; and the lack of studies addressing the mesoscale (i.e. landscape and metacommunity scales). Conclusions We propose that it is essential to couple spatial scales and different zoogeographical regions along with their functional traits, to address bat diversity patterns and understand how they are distributed across the environment. Understanding how bats perceive space is a complex task: all bats can fly, but their perception of space varies with their biological traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-018-0174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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14
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M. The Evolution of Climatic Niches and its Role in Shaping Diversity Patterns in Diprotodontid Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Geographic variation in the relationship between large-scale environmental determinants and bat species richness. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Velasco JA, Villalobos F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Algar AC, Flores-Villela O, KÖhler G, Poe S, Martinez-Meyer E. Climatic and evolutionary factors shaping geographical gradients of species richness in Anolis lizards. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Velasco
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil
| | | | - Adam C Algar
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Sir Clive Granger Building, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Gunther KÖhler
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Enrique Martinez-Meyer
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF and Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, AC, Villahermosa, Mexico
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17
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Hernández-Canchola G, León-Paniagua L. Genetic and ecological processes promoting early diversification in the lowland Mesoamerican bat Sturnira parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017. [PMID: 28647618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With 22 species, Sturnira is the most speciose genus of frugivorous Neotropical bats. Sturnira parvidens inhabits lowland tropical areas from Mexico to Central America. The elevation of this taxon to species level was recent, and discrepancies with respect to its geographic limits and phylogenetic position continue to exist. In order to identify genetic and ecological processes likely involved in the diversification and current distribution of S. parvidens, we evaluated relationships, researched phylogeographic and demographic history, and tested the divergence/conservatism of the climatic niche of this bat. We used data from mitochondrial loci (cytochrome b and the hypervariable D-loop region I) and the nuclear recombination activating gene 1, in 173 samples of S. parvidens and 77 samples of related species. We performed Bayesian analyses to infer phylogenetic relationships and analyzed phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity, divergence times and historical demography. Sturnira bakeri is the sister group of S. parvidens, and inhabits Western Ecuador. The two species diverged c. 1.84Ma, and their distributions are disjunct and separated by Sturnira luisi. Within S. parvidens there are two haplogroups with nearly allopatric distributions that are limited to the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the Mexican Pacific Slope. The divergence time between haplogroups was c. 0.423Ma and we detected signals of demographic expansion. We also analyzed 526 occurrence data of S. parvidens to test for changes in environmental niche of this species. We detected signals of divergence of climatic niche, mainly in temperature and seasonality variables. Likely, both genetic and ecological processes have shaped the evolutionary history of S. parvidens. Despite many climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene, only the most intense oscillations had an impact on these bats. In addition, ecological differentiation prevents admixture of genetic lineages that are in contact and lack apparent geographical barriers at the southern Sierra Madre del Sur. We concluded that speciation in Sturnira was promoted by this taxon's ability to colonize new geographical and environmental spaces and form genetically structured groups when populations become isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Hernández-Canchola
- Museo de Zoología - Mastozoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Livia León-Paniagua
- Museo de Zoología - Mastozoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Alves DMCC, Diniz-Filho JAF, Villalobos F. Geographical diversification and the effect of model and data inadequacies: the bat diversity gradient as a case study. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Patrick LE, Stevens RD. Phylogenetic community structure of North American desert bats: influence of environment at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1118-30. [PMID: 27061399 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous processes influence community structure. The relative importance of these processes is thought to vary with spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales: density-dependent interactions are thought to be most important at small scales; at intermediate scales, environmental conditions may be the most influential factor; and biogeographic processes are thought to be of greater importance at larger scales. Additionally, the stress-dominance hypothesis suggests that communities experiencing harsher environmental conditions will be predominantly structured by habitat filtering, whereas communities experiencing more favourable conditions will be structured predominantly by density-dependent interactions such as competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental factors on phylogenetic community structure (PCS) of North American desert bats at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales. We also examined whether the stress-dominance hypothesis is upheld in desert bats across an environmental gradient. Phylogenetic community structure metrics were calculated using species pools that differed in spatial (from all deserts to individual deserts) and taxonomic (all bat taxa, a single family and a single genus) scales. We calculated mean temperature, precipitation and seasonality for each site to determine whether environmental gradients were related to degree of community structure. At the largest spatial and taxonomic scales, communities were significantly phylogenetically clustered while degree of clustering decreased at the smallest spatial and taxonomic scales. Climatic data, particularly mean temperature and temperature seasonality, were important predictors of PCS at larger scales and under harsher conditions, but at smaller scales and in less stressful conditions there was a weaker relationship between PCS and climate. This suggests that North American deserts, while harsh, are not uniform in the challenges they present to the faunas residing in them. Overall, the relationship between PCS and climatic data at large spatial and taxonomic scales, and in harsher conditions, suggests the influence of habitat filtering has been important in North American desert bat community assembly and that other processes have been important at smaller scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei E Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Richard D Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Museum of Texas Tech University, 007D Goddard Hall, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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20
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Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in Malagasy Miniopterus bats. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Pyron RA, Costa GC, Patten MA, Burbrink FT. Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1248-62. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G Street NW Washington DC 20052 U.S.A
| | - Gabriel C. Costa
- Departamento de Ecologia; Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova Natal, 59072-970 Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Michael A. Patten
- Oklahoma Biological Survey; University of Oklahoma; 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK 73019 U.S.A
- Department of Biology; University of Oklahoma; 730 Van Vleet Oval Norman OK 73019 U.S.A
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Department of Biology; The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York; 365 5th Avenue New York NY 10016 U.S.A
- Department of Biology; The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York; 2800 Victory Boulevard Staten Island NY 10314 U.S.A
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Villalobos F, Lira-Noriega A, Soberón J, Arita HT. Co-diversity and co-distribution in phyllostomid bats: Evaluating the relative roles of climate and niche conservatism. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Stevens RD. Gradients of Bat Diversity in Atlantic Forest of South America: Environmental Seasonality, Sampling Effort and Spatial Autocorrelation. Biotropica 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
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Stevens RD, Tello JS, Gavilanez MM. Stronger tests of mechanisms underlying geographic gradients of biodiversity: insights from the dimensionality of biodiversity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56853. [PMID: 23451099 PMCID: PMC3581556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inference involving diversity gradients typically is gathered by mechanistic tests involving single dimensions of biodiversity such as species richness. Nonetheless, because traits such as geographic range size, trophic status or phenotypic characteristics are tied to a particular species, mechanistic effects driving broad diversity patterns should manifest across numerous dimensions of biodiversity. We develop an approach of stronger inference based on numerous dimensions of biodiversity and apply it to evaluate one such putative mechanism: the mid-domain effect (MDE). Species composition of 10,000-km(2) grid cells was determined by overlaying geographic range maps of 133 noctilionoid bat taxa. We determined empirical diversity gradients in the Neotropics by calculating species richness and three indices each of phylogenetic, functional and phenetic diversity for each grid cell. We also created 1,000 simulated gradients of each examined metric of biodiversity based on a MDE model to estimate patterns expected if species distributions were randomly placed within the Neotropics. For each simulation run, we regressed the observed gradient onto the MDE-expected gradient. If a MDE drives empirical gradients, then coefficients of determination from such an analysis should be high, the intercept no different from zero and the slope no different than unity. Species richness gradients predicted by the MDE fit empirical patterns. The MDE produced strong spatially structured gradients of taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional and phenetic diversity. Nonetheless, expected values generated from the MDE for most dimensions of biodiversity exhibited poor fit to most empirical patterns. The MDE cannot account for most empirical patterns of biodiversity. Fuller understanding of latitudinal gradients will come from simultaneous examination of relative effects of random, environmental and historical mechanisms to better understand distribution and abundance of the current biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
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Villalobos F, Rangel TF, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic fields of species: cross-species patterns of phylogenetic structure and geographical coexistence. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122570. [PMID: 23390100 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential coexistence among species underlies geographical patterns of biodiversity. Understanding such patterns has relied either on ecological or historical approaches applied separately. Recently, macroecology and community phylogenetics have tried to integrate both ecological and historical approaches. However, macroecology is mostly non-phylogenetic, whereas community phylogenetics is largely focused on local scales. Here, we propose a conceptual framework to link macroecology and community phylogenetics by exploring the evolutionary context of large-scale species coexistence, introducing the phylogenetic field concept. This is defined as the phylogenetic structure of species co-occurrence within a focal species' geographical range. We developed concepts and methods for analysing phylogenetic fields and applied them to study coexistence patterns of the bat family Phyllostomidae. Our analyses showed that phyllostomid bats coexist mostly with closely related species, revealing a north-south gradient from overdispersed to clustered phylogenetic fields. Patterns at different phylogenetic levels (i.e. all species versus close relatives only) presented the same gradient. Results support the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, potentially mediated by higher speciation rates in the region of origin coupled with shared environmental preferences among species. The phylogenetic field approach enables species-based community phylogenetics, instead of those that are site-based, allowing the description of historical processes at more appropriate macroecological and biogeographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Villalobos
- Depto. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil.
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Abstract
Two conflicting hypotheses have been proposed to explain large-scale species diversity patterns and dynamics. The unbounded hypothesis proposes that regional diversity depends only on time and diversification rate and increases without limit. The bounded hypothesis proposes that ecological constraints place upper limits on regional diversity and that diversity is usually close to its limit. Recent evidence from the fossil record, phylogenetic analysis, biogeography, and phenotypic disparity during lineage diversification suggests that diversity is constrained by ecological processes but that it is rarely asymptotic. Niche space is often unfilled or can be more finely subdivided and still permit coexistence, and new niche space is often created before ecological limits are reached. Damped increases in diversity over time are the prevalent pattern, suggesting the need for a new 'damped increase hypothesis'. The damped increase hypothesis predicts that diversity generally increases through time but that its rate of increase is often slowed by ecological constraints. However, slowing due to niche limitation must be distinguished from other possible mechanisms creating similar patterns. These include sampling artifacts, the inability to detect extinctions or declines in clade diversity with some methods, the distorting effects of correlated speciation-extinction dynamics, the likelihood that opportunities for allopatric speciation will vary in space and time, and the role of undetected natural enemies in reducing host ranges and thus slowing speciation rates. The taxonomic scope of regional diversity studies must be broadened to include all ecologically similar species so that ecological constraints may be accurately inferred. The damped increase hypothesis suggests that information on evolutionary processes such as time-for-speciation and intrinsic diversification rates as well as ecological factors will be required to explain why regional diversity varies among times, places and taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard V Cornell
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Smith BT, Bryson RW, Houston DD, Klicka J. An asymmetry in niche conservatism contributes to the latitudinal species diversity gradient in New World vertebrates. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1318-1325. [PMID: 22909289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis is a leading explanation for why biodiversity increases towards the equator. The model suggests that most lineages have tropical origins, with few dispersing into temperate regions. However, biotas are comprised of lineages with differing geographical origins, thus it is unclear whether lineages that originated on different continents will exhibit similar patterns of niche conservatism. Here, we summarised biogeographical patterns of New World vertebrates and compared species diversity patterns between families that originated in North and South America. Overall, families with southern origins exhibit niche conservatism with many lineages restricted to the Neotropics, whereas many northern-origin families are distributed across the Neotropics and the Nearctic. Consequently, northern lineages have contributed to high tropical biodiversity, but southern lineages have contributed relatively little to temperate biodiversity in North America. The asymmetry in niche conservatism between northern and southern lineages is an important contributor to the biodiversity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tilston Smith
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Robert W Bryson
- Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Derek D Houston
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 401 WIDB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - John Klicka
- Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
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28
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Quantifying phylogenetic beta diversity: distinguishing between 'true' turnover of lineages and phylogenetic diversity gradients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42760. [PMID: 22912736 PMCID: PMC3422232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary dissimilarity between communities (phylogenetic beta diversity PBD) has been increasingly explored by ecologists and biogeographers to assess the relative roles of ecological and evolutionary processes in structuring natural communities. Among PBD measures, the PhyloSor and UniFrac indices have been widely used to assess the level of turnover of lineages over geographical and environmental gradients. However, these indices can be considered as ‘broad-sense’ measures of phylogenetic turnover as they incorporate different aspects of differences in evolutionary history between communities that may be attributable to phylogenetic diversity gradients. In the present study, we extend an additive partitioning framework proposed for compositional beta diversity to PBD. Specifically, we decomposed the PhyloSor and UniFrac indices into two separate components accounting for ‘true’ phylogenetic turnover and phylogenetic diversity gradients, respectively. We illustrated the relevance of this framework using simple theoretical and archetypal examples, as well as an empirical study based on coral reef fish communities. Overall, our results suggest that using PhyloSor and UniFrac may greatly over-estimate the level of spatial turnover of lineages if the two compared communities show contrasting levels of phylogenetic diversity. We therefore recommend that future studies use the ‘true’ phylogenetic turnover component of these indices when the studied communities encompass a large phylogenetic diversity gradient.
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Lessard JP, Borregaard MK, Fordyce JA, Rahbek C, Weiser MD, Dunn RR, Sanders NJ. Strong influence of regional species pools on continent-wide structuring of local communities. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:266-74. [PMID: 21676973 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long tradition in ecology of evaluating the relative contribution of the regional species pool and local interactions on the structure of local communities. Similarly, a growing number of studies assess the phylogenetic structure of communities, relative to that in the regional species pool, to examine the interplay between broad-scale evolutionary and fine-scale ecological processes. Finally, a renewed interest in the influence of species source pools on communities has shown that the definition of the source pool influences interpretations of patterns of community structure. We use a continent-wide dataset of local ant communities and implement ecologically explicit source pool definitions to examine the relative importance of regional species pools and local interactions for shaping community structure. Then we assess which factors underlie systematic variation in the structure of communities along climatic gradients. We find that the average phylogenetic relatedness of species in ant communities decreases from tropical to temperate regions, but the strength of this relationship depends on the level of ecological realism in the definition of source pools. We conclude that the evolution of climatic niches influences the phylogenetic structure of regional source pools and that the influence of regional source pools on local community structure is strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Lessard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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