1
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van Leeuwen EJC, DeTroy SE, Haun DBM, Call J. Chimpanzees use social information to acquire a skill they fail to innovate. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:891-902. [PMID: 38448718 PMCID: PMC11132989 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Cumulative cultural evolution has been claimed to be a uniquely human phenomenon pivotal to the biological success of our species. One plausible condition for cumulative cultural evolution to emerge is individuals' ability to use social learning to acquire know-how that they cannot easily innovate by themselves. It has been suggested that chimpanzees may be capable of such know-how social learning, but this assertion remains largely untested. Here we show that chimpanzees use social learning to acquire a skill that they failed to independently innovate. By teaching chimpanzees how to solve a sequential task (one chimpanzee in each of the two tested groups, n = 66) and using network-based diffusion analysis, we found that 14 naive chimpanzees learned to operate a puzzle box that they failed to operate during the preceding three months of exposure to all necessary materials. In conjunction, we present evidence for the hypothesis that social learning in chimpanzees is necessary and sufficient to acquire a new, complex skill after the initial innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J C van Leeuwen
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sarah E DeTroy
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel B M Haun
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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2
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Roatti V, Cowlishaw G, Huchard E, Carter A. Social network inheritance and differentiation in wild baboons. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230219. [PMID: 37234491 PMCID: PMC10206475 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Immatures' social development may be fundamental to understand important biological processes, such as social information transmission through groups, that can vary with age and sex. Our aim was to determine how social networks change with age and differ between sexes in wild immature baboons, group-living primates that readily learn socially. Our results show that immature baboons inherited their mothers' networks and differentiated from them as they aged, increasing their association with partners of similar age and the same sex. Males were less bonded to their matriline and became more peripheral with age compared to females. Our results may pave the way to further studies testing a new hypothetical framework: in female-philopatric societies, social information transmission may be constrained at the matrilineal level by age- and sex-driven social clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Roatti
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Guy Cowlishaw
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Elise Huchard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alecia Carter
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Saliveros AM, Bowden-Parry M, McAusland F, Boogert NJ. Captive Asian short-clawed otters ( Aonyx cinereus) learn to exploit unfamiliar natural prey. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211819. [PMID: 35706667 PMCID: PMC9174724 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Foraging plays a vital role in animal life histories, and learning whether unfamiliar food items are palatable is a key part of this process. Animals that engage in extractive foraging must also learn how to overcome the protective measures of their prey. While otters (subfamily Lutrinae) are a taxon known for their extractive foraging behaviour, how they learn about prey palatability and acquire extractive foraging techniques remains poorly understood. Here we investigated (i) how captive Asian short-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus) learned to interact with, and extract meat from, unfamiliar natural prey and (ii) how their exploitation of such prey compared to their ability to overcome artificial foraging tasks containing familiar food rewards. Network-based diffusion analysis showed that otters learned to interact with unfamiliar natural prey by observing their group mates. However, once interacting with the prey, they learned to extract the meat mainly asocially. In addition, otters took longer to overcome the protective measures of unfamiliar natural prey than those of extractive food puzzles. Asian short-clawed otter populations are declining in the wild. Increasing our understanding of how they learn to overcome novel foraging challenges could help develop pre-release training procedures as part of reintroduction programmes for otter conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Saliveros
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Madison Bowden-Parry
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Fraser McAusland
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Neeltje J. Boogert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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4
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Easter C, Rowlands A, Hassall C, Hoppitt W. Aggression‐based social learning in the zebra finch (
Taeniopygia guttata
). Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Easter
- Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
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5
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Tóth Z, Jaloveczki B. Tutors do not facilitate rapid resource exploitation in temporary tadpole aggregations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202288. [PMID: 34040788 PMCID: PMC8113892 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of social cues is usually considered an important adaptation to living in social groups, but recent evidence suggests that social information use may be more prevalent in the animal kingdom than previously thought. However, it is debated whether such information can efficiently diffuse in temporary aggregations of non-grouping individuals where social cohesion does not facilitate information transmission. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a simple social cue, the movement of conspecifics in a structured environment affected individuals' spatial decisions in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles and thereby facilitated the discovery rate of a novel food patch. However, this was true only in those tadpole collectives that consisted solely of untutored individuals. In those collectives where tutors with prior experience with the presented food type were also present, this social effect was negligible most probably due to the difference in activity between naive and tutor individuals. We also showed that the proportion of tadpoles that discovered the food patch was higher in the control than in the tutored collectives, while the proportion of feeding tadpoles was only marginally higher in the latter collectives. Our findings indicate that social information use can influence resource acquisition in temporary aggregations of non-grouping animals, but individual differences in satiety may hinder effective information spread associated with exploitable food patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Jaloveczki
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Laker PR, Hoppitt W, Weiss M, Madden JR. The modularity of a social group does not affect the transmission speed of a novel, socially learned behaviour, or the formation of local variants. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202614. [PMID: 33757345 PMCID: PMC8059538 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of a group is critical in determining how a socially learnt behaviour will spread. Predictions from theoretical models indicate that specific parameters of social structure differentially influence social transmission. Modularity describes how the structure of a group or network is divided into distinct subgroups or clusters. Theoretical modelling indicates that the modularity of a network will predict the rate of behavioural spread within a group, with higher modularity slowing the rate of spread and facilitating the establishment of local behavioural variants which can prelude local cultures. Despite prolific modelling approaches, empirical tests via manipulations of group structure remain scarce. We experimentally manipulated the modularity of populations of domestic fowl chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, to affect the transmission of a novel foraging behaviour. We compared the spread of behaviour in populations with networks of high or low modularity against control populations where social transmission was prevented. We found the foraging behaviour to spread socially between individuals when the social transmission was permitted; however, modularity did not increase the speed of behavioural spread nor lead to the initial establishments of shared behavioural variants. This result suggests that factors in the social transmission process additional to the network structure may influence behavioural spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Hoppitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Joah R. Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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7
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Tóth Z, Jaloveczki B, Tarján G. Diffusion of Social Information in Non-grouping Animals. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.586058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that the utilization of social information, produced inadvertently by other individuals through their spatial location and/or interaction with the environment, may be ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. If so, social information-mediated effects on population growth and interspecies interactions may be more prevalent than previously thought. However, little is known about how social information may spread among non-grouping individuals, i.e., in animals that do not form cohesive groups and therefore social attraction among group-mates does not facilitate information diffusion. Are there any perception-related, temporal, and/or spatial parameters that may facilitate or limit the spread of social information in temporary aggregations or among dispersed individuals in a population? We argue that living in cohesive groups is not necessarily required for the diffusion of social information and for social information-mediated effects to emerge in a population. We propose that while learning complex problem-solving techniques socially is less likely to occur in non-grouping animals, the spread of adaptive responses to social stimuli, especially to non-visual cues, can be common and may affect population, and/or community dynamics in a wide range of taxa. We also argue that network-based diffusion analysis could be a suitable analytical method for studying information diffusion in future investigations, providing comparable estimations of social effects on information spread to previous studies on group-living animals. We conclude that more studies are warranted to verify what intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence information propagation among incidentally and/or indirectly interacting individuals if we are to better understand the role of social information in animal populations and how the social and ecological characteristics of species are related to information spread in natural communities.
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8
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Saliveros AM, Blyth EC, Easter C, Hume GV, McAusland F, Hoppitt W, Boogert NJ. Learning strategies and long-term memory in Asian short-clawed otters ( Aonyx cinereus). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201215. [PMID: 33391803 PMCID: PMC7735368 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Social learning, where information is acquired from others, is taxonomically widespread. There is growing evidence that animals selectively employ 'social learning strategies', which determine e.g. when to copy others instead of learning asocially and whom to copy. Furthermore, once animals have acquired new information, e.g. regarding profitable resources, it is beneficial for them to commit it to long-term memory (LTM), especially if it allows access to profitable resources in the future. Research into social learning strategies and LTM has covered a wide range of taxa. However, otters (subfamily Lutrinae), popular in zoos due to their social nature and playfulness, remained neglected until a recent study provided evidence of social learning in captive smooth-coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata), but not in Asian short-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus). We investigated Asian short-clawed otters' learning strategies and LTM performance in a foraging context. We presented novel extractive foraging tasks twice to captive family groups and used network-based diffusion analysis to provide evidence of a capacity for social learning and LTM in this species. A major cause of wild Asian short-clawed otter declines is prey scarcity. Furthering our understanding of how they learn about and remember novel food sources could inform key conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Saliveros
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Eleanor C. Blyth
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Carrie Easter
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Georgina V. Hume
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Fraser McAusland
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - William Hoppitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Neeltje J. Boogert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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9
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Hasenjager MJ, Leadbeater E, Hoppitt W. Detecting and quantifying social transmission using network-based diffusion analysis. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:8-26. [PMID: 32745269 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although social learning capabilities are taxonomically widespread, demonstrating that freely interacting animals (whether wild or captive) rely on social learning has proved remarkably challenging. Network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) offers a means for detecting social learning using observational data on freely interacting groups. Its core assumption is that if a target behaviour is socially transmitted, then its spread should follow the connections in a social network that reflects social learning opportunities. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide for using NBDA. We first introduce its underlying mathematical framework and present the types of questions that NBDA can address. We then guide researchers through the process of selecting an appropriate social network for their research question; determining which NBDA variant should be used; and incorporating other variables that may impact asocial and social learning. Finally, we discuss how to interpret an NBDA model's output and provide practical recommendations for model selection. Throughout, we highlight extensions to the basic NBDA framework, including incorporation of dynamic networks to capture changes in social relationships during a diffusion and using a multi-network NBDA to estimate information flow across multiple types of social relationship. Alongside this information, we provide worked examples and tutorials demonstrating how to perform analyses using the newly developed nbda package written in the R programming language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hasenjager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Ellouise Leadbeater
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - William Hoppitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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10
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Information use in foraging flocks of songbirds: no evidence for social transmission of patch quality. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Canteloup C, Puga‐Gonzalez I, Sueur C, Waal E. The effects of data collection and observation methods on uncertainty of social networks in wild primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23137. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Canteloup
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
- UMR 7206 Eco‐anthropologie, CNRS, MNHN, Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Ivan Puga‐Gonzalez
- Institute for Global Development and Planning, University of Agder Kristiansand Norway
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178 Strasbourg France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
| | - Erica Waal
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
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12
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Hasenjager MJ, Hoppitt W, Leadbeater E. Network-based diffusion analysis reveals context-specific dominance of dance communication in foraging honeybees. Nat Commun 2020; 11:625. [PMID: 32005817 PMCID: PMC6994492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The honeybee (Apis mellifera) dance communication system is a marvel of collective behaviour, but the added value it brings to colony foraging efficiency is poorly understood. In temperate environments, preventing communication of foraging locations rarely decreases colony food intake, potentially because simultaneous transmission of olfactory information also plays a major role in foraging. Here, we employ social network analyses that quantify information flow across multiple temporally varying networks (each representing a different interaction type) to evaluate the relative contributions of dance communication and hive-based olfactory information transfer to honeybee recruitment events. We show that virtually all successful recruits to novel locations rely upon dance information rather than olfactory cues that could otherwise guide them to the same resource. Conversely, during reactivation to known sites, dances are relatively less important, as foragers are primarily guided by olfactory information. By disentangling the contributions of multiple information networks, the contexts in which dance communication truly matters amid a complex system full of redundancy can now be identified. Honeybees have a sophisticated system to communicate foraging locations through a “dance”, but they also share food-related olfactory cues. Here, Hasenjager and colleagues use social network analysis to disentangle how foraging information is transmitted through these systems in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hasenjager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - William Hoppitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ellouise Leadbeater
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
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13
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Canteloup C, Hoppitt W, van de Waal E. Wild primates copy higher-ranked individuals in a social transmission experiment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 31974385 PMCID: PMC6978360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how multiple social learning strategies interact and how organisms integrate both individual and social information. Here we combine, in a wild primate, an open diffusion experiment with a modeling approach: Network-Based Diffusion Analysis using a dynamic observation network. The vervet monkeys we study were not provided with a trained model; instead they had access to eight foraging boxes that could be opened in either of two ways. We report that individuals socially learn the techniques they observe in others. After having learnt one option, individuals are 31x more likely to subsequently asocially learn the other option than individuals naïve to both options. We discover evidence of a rank transmission bias favoring learning from higher-ranked individuals, with no evidence for age, sex or kin bias. This fine-grained analysis highlights a rank transmission bias in a field experiment mimicking the diffusion of a behavioral innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Canteloup
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, KwaZulu Natal, 3115, South Africa. .,Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - William Hoppitt
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Erica van de Waal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, KwaZulu Natal, 3115, South Africa.,Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Snijders L, Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Tump AN, Ramnarine IW, Krause J. Females facilitate male food patch discovery in a wild fish population. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1950-1960. [PMID: 31407342 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Responding to the information provided by others is an important foraging strategy in many species. Through social foraging, individuals can more efficiently find unpredictable resources and thereby increase their foraging success. When individuals are more socially responsive to particular phenotypes than others, however, the advantage they obtain from foraging socially is likely to depend on the phenotype composition of the social environment. We tested this hypothesis by performing experimental manipulations of guppy, Poecilia reticulata, sex compositions in the wild. Males found fewer novel food patches in the absence of females than in mixed-sex compositions, while female patch discovery did not differ regardless of the presence or absence of males. We argue that these results were driven by sex-dependent mechanisms of social association: Markov chain-based fission-fusion modelling revealed that less social individuals found fewer patches and that males reduced sociality when females were absent. In contrast, females were similarly social with or without males. Our findings highlight the relevance of considering how individual- and population-level traits interact in shaping the advantages of social foraging in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysanne Snijders
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alan N Tump
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Indar W Ramnarine
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universitӓt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Wascher CAF, Kulahci IG, Langley EJG, Shaw RC. How does cognition shape social relationships? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0293. [PMID: 30104437 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships.This article is part of the theme issue 'Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A F Wascher
- Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Ipek G Kulahci
- Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Distillery Fields, North Mall Campus, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Rachael C Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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16
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Webster MM, Chouinard-Thuly L, Herczeg G, Kitano J, Riley R, Rogers S, Shapiro MD, Shikano T, Laland KN. A four-questions perspective on public information use in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181735. [PMID: 30891285 PMCID: PMC6408396 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whether learning primarily reflects general processes or species-specific challenges is a long-standing matter of dispute. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of public information use (PI-use) in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae). PI-use is a form of social learning by which animals are able to assess the relative quality of resources, here prey patches, by observing the behaviour of others. PI-use was highly specific with only Pungitius and their closest relative Culaea inconstans showing evidence of PI-use. We saw no effects of ontogenetic experience upon PI-use in Pungitius pungitius. Experiments with live demonstrators and animated fish revealed that heightened activity and feeding strikes by foraging conspecifics are important cues in the transmission of PI. Finally, PI-use was the only form of learning in which P. pungitius and another stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus differed. PI-use in sticklebacks is species-specific and may represent an 'ecological specialization' for social foraging. Whether this reflects selection on perception, attentional or cognitive processes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M. Webster
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Laura Chouinard-Thuly
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Gabor Herczeg
- Ecological Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Jun Kitano
- Division of Ecological Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Riva Riley
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean Rogers
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael D. Shapiro
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Takahito Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kevin N. Laland
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK
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17
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Ellis S, Franks DW, Nattrass S, Cant MA, Weiss MN, Giles D, Balcomb KC, Croft DP. Mortality risk and social network position in resident killer whales: sex differences and the importance of resource abundance. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1313. [PMID: 29070720 PMCID: PMC5666093 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's ecological environment affects their mortality risk, which in turn has fundamental consequences for life-history evolution. In many species, social relationships are likely to be an important component of an individual's environment, and therefore their mortality risk. Here, we examine the relationship between social position and mortality risk in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) using over three decades of social and demographic data. We find that the social position of male, but not female, killer whales in their social unit predicts their mortality risk. More socially integrated males have a significantly lower risk of mortality than socially peripheral males, particularly in years of low prey abundance, suggesting that social position mediates access to resources. Male killer whales are larger and require more resources than females, increasing their vulnerability to starvation in years of low salmon abundance. More socially integrated males are likely to have better access to social information and food-sharing opportunities which may enhance their survival in years of low salmon abundance. Our results show that observable variation in the social environment is linked to variation in mortality risk, and highlight how sex differences in social effects on survival may be linked to sex differences in life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ellis
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - D W Franks
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK
| | - S Nattrass
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK
| | - M A Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - M N Weiss
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - D Giles
- Center for Whale Research, 355 Smugglers Cove Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - K C Balcomb
- Center for Whale Research, 355 Smugglers Cove Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - D P Croft
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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18
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Hoppitt W. The conceptual foundations of network-based diffusion analysis: choosing networks and interpreting results. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0418. [PMID: 29061891 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) is a statistical technique for detecting the social transmission of behavioural innovations in groups of animals, including humans. The strength of social transmission is inferred from the extent to which the diffusion (spread) of the innovation follows a social network. NBDA can have two goals: (a) to establish whether social transmission is occurring and how strong its effects are; and/or (b) to establish the typical pathways of information transfer. The technique has been used in a range of taxa, including primates, cetaceans, birds and fish, using a range of different types of network. Here I investigate the conceptual underpinnings of NBDA, in order to establish the meaning of results using different networks. I develop a model of the social transmission process where each individual observation of the target behaviour affects the rate at which the observer learns that behaviour. I then establish how NBDAs using different networks relate to this underlying process, and thus how we can interpret the results of each. My analysis shows that a different network or networks are appropriate depending on the specific goal or goals of the study, and establishes how the parameter estimates yielded from an NBDA can be interpreted for different networks.This article is part of the themed issue 'Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Hoppitt
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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19
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Gaffney KA, Webster MM. Consistency of fish-shoal social network structure under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1574-1589. [PMID: 29624696 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the consistency of association network structure for groups of sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus. Each group was observed twice and we varied the duration between observations and the size of the experimental arena that they were observed in. At the dyad level, we found positive correlations between dyad interaction frequencies across observations. At the group level we found variation in four network metrics between observations, but only in treatments where the duration between observations was short. Specifically, fish formed more and smaller groups in the second observation in this treatment. Fish were also organized into more subunits in the larger arenas. Finally, we saw positive correlations between some group network metrics across observations suggesting relative consistency at the group level. There are several processes that might drive these interaction patterns. Our findings have implications for experimental design and the comparison and integration of findings of experiments from different studies carried out under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gaffney
- School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, U.K
| | - M M Webster
- School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, U.K
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20
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Kulahci IG, Ghazanfar AA, Rubenstein DI. Knowledgeable Lemurs Become More Central in Social Networks. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1306-1310.e2. [PMID: 29628372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Strong relationships exist between social connections and information transmission [1-9], where individuals' network position plays a key role in whether or not they acquire novel information [2, 3, 5, 6]. The relationships between social connections and information acquisition may be bidirectional if learning novel information, in addition to being influenced by it, influences network position. Individuals who acquire information quickly and use it frequently may receive more affiliative behaviors [10, 11] and may thus have a central network position. However, the potential influence of learning on network centrality has not been theoretically or empirically addressed. To bridge this epistemic gap, we investigated whether ring-tailed lemurs' (Lemur catta) centrality in affiliation networks changed after they learned how to solve a novel foraging task. Lemurs who had frequently initiated interactions and approached conspecifics before the learning experiment were more likely to observe and learn the task solution. Comparing social networks before and after the learning experiment revealed that the frequently observed lemurs received more affiliative behaviors than they did before-they became more central after the experiment. This change persisted even after the task was removed and was not caused by the observed lemurs initiating more affiliative behaviors. Consequently, quantifying received and initiated interactions separately provides unique insights into the relationships between learning and centrality. While the factors that influence network position are not fully understood, our results suggest that individual differences in learning and becoming successful can play a major role in social centrality, especially when learning from others is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek G Kulahci
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Asif A Ghazanfar
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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21
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Riddell J, Webster MM. How does hunger affect convergence on prey patches in a social forager? Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Riddell
- School of Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Mike M. Webster
- School of Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews Fife UK
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22
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Jones TB, Aplin LM, Devost I, Morand-Ferron J. Individual and ecological determinants of social information transmission in the wild. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Webster MM, Whalen A, Laland KN. Fish pool their experience to solve problems collectively. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:135. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Fisher DN, Ilany A, Silk MJ, Tregenza T. Analysing animal social network dynamics: the potential of stochastic actor-oriented models. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:202-212. [PMID: 28004848 PMCID: PMC6849756 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Animals are embedded in dynamically changing networks of relationships with conspecifics. These dynamic networks are fundamental aspects of their environment, creating selection on behaviours and other traits. However, most social network‐based approaches in ecology are constrained to considering networks as static, despite several calls for such analyses to become more dynamic. There are a number of statistical analyses developed in the social sciences that are increasingly being applied to animal networks, of which stochastic actor‐oriented models (SAOMs) are a principal example. SAOMs are a class of individual‐based models designed to model transitions in networks between discrete time points, as influenced by network structure and covariates. It is not clear, however, how useful such techniques are to ecologists, and whether they are suited to animal social networks. We review the recent applications of SAOMs to animal networks, outlining findings and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of SAOMs when applied to animal rather than human networks. We go on to highlight the types of ecological and evolutionary processes that SAOMs can be used to study. SAOMs can include effects and covariates for individuals, dyads and populations, which can be constant or variable. This allows for the examination of a wide range of questions of interest to ecologists. However, high‐resolution data are required, meaning SAOMs will not be useable in all study systems. It remains unclear how robust SAOMs are to missing data and uncertainty around social relationships. Ultimately, we encourage the careful application of SAOMs in appropriate systems, with dynamic network analyses likely to prove highly informative. Researchers can then extend the basic method to tackle a range of existing questions in ecology and explore novel lines of questioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amiyaal Ilany
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Matthew J Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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25
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How New Caledonian crows solve novel foraging problems and what it means for cumulative culture. Learn Behav 2017; 44:18-28. [PMID: 26276368 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-015-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New Caledonian crows make and use tools, and tool types vary over geographic landscapes. Social learning may explain the variation in tool design, but it is unknown to what degree social learning accounts for the maintenance of these designs. Indeed, little is known about the mechanisms these crows use to obtain information from others, despite the question's importance in understanding whether tool behavior is transmitted via social, genetic, or environmental means. For social transmission to account for tool-type variation, copying must utilize a mechanism that is action specific (e.g., pushing left vs. right) as well as context specific (e.g., pushing a particular object vs. any object). To determine whether crows can copy a demonstrator's actions as well as the contexts in which they occur, we conducted a diffusion experiment using a novel foraging task. We used a nontool task to eliminate any confounds introduced by individual differences in their prior tool experience. Two groups had demonstrators (trained in isolation on different options of a four-option task, including a two-action option) and one group did not. We found that crows socially learn about context: After observers see a demonstrator interact with the task, they are more likely to interact with the same parts of the task. In contrast, observers did not copy the demonstrator's specific actions. Our results suggest it is unlikely that observing tool-making behavior transmits tool types. We suggest it is possible that tool types are transmitted when crows copy the physical form of the tools they encounter.
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26
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Snijders L, Naguib M. Communication in Animal Social Networks. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Hasenjager MJ, Dugatkin LA. Familiarity affects network structure and information flow in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) shoals. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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28
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Webster MM. Experience and motivation shape leader–follower interactions in fish shoals. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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29
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Eifler D, Eifler M, Malela K, Childers J. Social networks in the Little Scrub Island ground lizard (Ameiva corax). J ETHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-016-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Kulahci IG, Rubenstein DI, Bugnyar T, Hoppitt W, Mikus N, Schwab C. Social networks predict selective observation and information spread in ravens. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160256. [PMID: 27493780 PMCID: PMC4968472 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Animals are predicted to selectively observe and learn from the conspecifics with whom they share social connections. Yet, hardly anything is known about the role of different connections in observation and learning. To address the relationships between social connections, observation and learning, we investigated transmission of information in two raven (Corvus corax) groups. First, we quantified social connections in each group by constructing networks on affiliative interactions, aggressive interactions and proximity. We then seeded novel information by training one group member on a novel task and allowing others to observe. In each group, an observation network based on who observed whose task-solving behaviour was strongly correlated with networks based on affiliative interactions and proximity. Ravens with high social centrality (strength, eigenvector, information centrality) in the affiliative interaction network were also central in the observation network, possibly as a result of solving the task sooner. Network-based diffusion analysis revealed that the order that ravens first solved the task was best predicted by connections in the affiliative interaction network in a group of subadult ravens, and by social rank and kinship (which influenced affiliative interactions) in a group of juvenile ravens. Our results demonstrate that not all social connections are equally effective at predicting the patterns of selective observation and information transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek G. Kulahci
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel I. Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Bugnyar
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nace Mikus
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Schwab
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Carter AJ, Torrents Ticó M, Cowlishaw G. Sequential phenotypic constraints on social information use in wild baboons. eLife 2016; 5:e13125. [PMID: 27067236 PMCID: PMC4829417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social information allows the rapid dissemination of novel information among individuals. However, an individual's ability to use information is likely to be dependent on phenotypic constraints operating at three successive steps: acquisition, application, and exploitation. We tested this novel framework by quantifying the sequential process of social information use with experimental food patches in wild baboons (Papio ursinus). We identified phenotypic constraints at each step of the information use sequence: peripheral individuals in the proximity network were less likely to acquire and apply social information, while subordinate females were less likely to exploit it successfully. Social bonds and personality also played a limiting role along the sequence. As a result of these constraints, the average individual only acquired and exploited social information on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia J Carter
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miquel Torrents Ticó
- Zoological Society of London, Tsaobis Baboon Project, Institute of Zoology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Cowlishaw
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Whalen A, Hoppitt WJE. Bayesian Model Selection with Network Based Diffusion Analysis. Front Psychol 2016; 7:409. [PMID: 27092089 PMCID: PMC4820461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have used Network Based Diffusion Analysis (NBDA) to detect the role of social transmission in the spread of a novel behavior through a population. In this paper we present a unified framework for performing NBDA in a Bayesian setting, and demonstrate how the Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC) can be used for model selection. We present a specific example of applying this method to Time to Acquisition Diffusion Analysis (TADA). To examine the robustness of this technique, we performed a large scale simulation study and found that NBDA using WAIC could recover the correct model of social transmission under a wide range of cases, including under the presence of random effects, individual level variables, and alternative models of social transmission. This work suggests that NBDA is an effective and widely applicable tool for uncovering whether social transmission underpins the spread of a novel behavior, and may still provide accurate results even when key model assumptions are relaxed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Whalen
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, UK
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33
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Battesti M, Pasquaretta C, Moreno C, Teseo S, Joly D, Klensch E, Petit O, Sueur C, Mery F. Ecology of information: social transmission dynamics within groups of non-social insects. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142480. [PMID: 25589603 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While many studies focus on how animals use public information, the dynamics of information spread and maintenance within groups, i.e. the 'ecology of information', have received little attention. Here we use fruitflies trained to lay eggs on specific substrates to implement information into groups containing both trained and untrained individuals. We quantify inter-individual interactions and then measure the spread of oviposition preference with behavioural tests. Untrained individuals increase their interactive approaches in the presence of trained individuals, and the oviposition preference transmission is directly proportional to how much trained and untrained individuals interact. Unexpectedly, the preference of trained individuals to their trained oviposition substrate decreases after interactions with untrained individuals, leading to an overall informational loss. This shows that social learning alone is not enough to support informational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Battesti
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, bat 13 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Département de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cristian Pasquaretta
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Celine Moreno
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, bat 13 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Département de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Serafino Teseo
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, bat 13 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Département de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Joly
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, bat 13 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Département de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Elizabeth Klensch
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Odile Petit
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cedric Sueur
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederic Mery
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, bat 13 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Département de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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34
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Farine DR, Whitehead H. Constructing, conducting and interpreting animal social network analysis. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1144-63. [PMID: 26172345 PMCID: PMC4973823 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Animal social networks are descriptions of social structure which, aside from their intrinsic interest for understanding sociality, can have significant bearing across many fields of biology. 2. Network analysis provides a flexible toolbox for testing a broad range of hypotheses, and for describing the social system of species or populations in a quantitative and comparable manner. However, it requires careful consideration of underlying assumptions, in particular differentiating real from observed networks and controlling for inherent biases that are common in social data. 3. We provide a practical guide for using this framework to analyse animal social systems and test hypotheses. First, we discuss key considerations when defining nodes and edges, and when designing methods for collecting data. We discuss different approaches for inferring social networks from these data and displaying them. We then provide an overview of methods for quantifying properties of nodes and networks, as well as for testing hypotheses concerning network structure and network processes. Finally, we provide information about assessing the power and accuracy of an observed network. 4. Alongside this manuscript, we provide appendices containing background information on common programming routines and worked examples of how to perform network analysis using the r programming language. 5. We conclude by discussing some of the major current challenges in social network analysis and interesting future directions. In particular, we highlight the under-exploited potential of experimental manipulations on social networks to address research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien R Farine
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- Department of Anthropology (Evolutionary), University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Hal Whitehead
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1
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35
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Feng S, McGhee KE, Bell AM. Effect of maternal predator exposure on the ability of stickleback offspring to generalize a learned colour-reward association. Anim Behav 2015; 107:61-69. [PMID: 29046591 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal stress can have long-term negative consequences for offspring learning performance. However, it is unknown whether these maternal effects extend to the ability of offspring to apply previously learned information to new situations. In this study, we first demonstrate that juvenile threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, are indeed capable of generalizing an association between a colour and a food reward learned in one foraging context to a new foraging context (i.e. they can apply previously learned knowledge to a new situation). Next, we examined whether this ability to generalize was affected by maternal predator stress. We manipulated whether mothers were repeatedly chased by a model predator while yolking eggs (i.e. before spawning) and then assessed the learning performance of their juvenile offspring in groups and pairs using a colour discrimination task that associated a colour with a food reward. We found that maternal predator exposure affected the tendency of offspring to use social cues: offspring of predator-exposed mothers were faster at copying a leader's behaviour towards the rewarded colour than offspring of unexposed mothers. However, once the colour-reward association had been learned, offspring of predator-exposed and unexposed mothers were equally able to generalize their learned association to a new foraging task. These results suggest that offspring of predator-exposed mothers might be able to overcome learning deficits caused by maternal stress by relying more on social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Feng
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Katie E McGhee
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alison M Bell
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
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36
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Nightingale GF, Laland KN, Hoppitt W, Nightingale P. Bayesian Spatial NBDA for Diffusion Data with Home-Base Coordinates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130326. [PMID: 26135317 PMCID: PMC4489808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) is a statistical method that allows the researcher to identify and quantify a social influence on the spread of behaviour through a population. Hitherto, NBDA analyses have not directly modelled spatial population structure. Here we present a spatial extension of NBDA, applicable to diffusion data where the spatial locations of individuals in the population, or of their home bases or nest sites, are available. The method is based on the estimation of inter-individual associations (for association matrix construction) from the mean inter-point distances as represented on a spatial point pattern of individuals, nests or home bases. We illustrate the method using a simulated dataset, and show how environmental covariates (such as that obtained from a satellite image, or from direct observations in the study area) can also be included in the analysis. The analysis is conducted in a Bayesian framework, which has the advantage that prior knowledge of the rate at which the individuals acquire a given task can be incorporated into the analysis. This method is especially valuable for studies for which detailed spatially structured data, but no other association data, is available. Technological advances are making the collection of such data in the wild more feasible: for example, bio-logging facilitates the collection of a wide range of variables from animal populations in the wild. We provide an R package, spatialnbda, which is hosted on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). This package facilitates the construction of association matrices with the spatial x and y coordinates as the input arguments, and spatial NBDA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna F. Nightingale
- School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin N. Laland
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - William Hoppitt
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nightingale
- School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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37
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Atton N, Galef BJ, Hoppitt W, Webster MM, Laland KN. Familiarity affects social network structure and discovery of prey patch locations in foraging stickleback shoals. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140579. [PMID: 25009061 PMCID: PMC4100505 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors affect the fine-scale social structure of animal groups, but it is unclear how important such factors are in determining how individuals encounter resources. Familiarity affects shoal choice and structure in many social fishes. Here, we show that familiarity between shoal members of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) affects both fine-scale social organization and the discovery of resources. Social network analysis revealed that sticklebacks remained closer to familiar than to unfamiliar individuals within the same shoal. Network-based diffusion analysis revealed that there was a strong untransmitted social effect on patch discovery, with individuals tending to discover a task sooner if a familiar individual from their group had previously done so than if an unfamiliar fish had done so. However, in contrast to the effect of familiarity, the frequency with which individuals had previously associated with one another had no effect upon the likelihood of prey patch discovery. This may have been due to the influence of fish on one another's movements; the effect of familiarity on discovery of an empty ‘control’ patch was as strong as for discovery of an actual prey patch. Our results demonstrate that factors affecting fine-scale social interactions can also influence how individuals encounter and exploit resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Atton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - B J Galef
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - W Hoppitt
- Animal and Environment Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - M M Webster
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - K N Laland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
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38
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Carter AJ, Lee AEG, Marshall HH, Ticó MT, Cowlishaw G. Phenotypic assortment in wild primate networks: implications for the dissemination of information. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140444. [PMID: 26064652 PMCID: PMC4453262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' access to social information can depend on their social network. Homophily-a preference to associate with similar phenotypes-may cause assortment within social networks that could preclude information transfer from individuals who generate information to those who would benefit from acquiring it. Thus, understanding phenotypic assortment may lead to a greater understanding of the factors that could limit the transfer of information between individuals. We tested whether there was assortment in wild baboon (Papio ursinus) networks, using data collected from two troops over 6 years for six phenotypic traits-boldness, age, dominance rank, sex and the propensity to generate/exploit information-using two methods for defining a connection between individuals-time spent in proximity and grooming. Our analysis indicated that assortment was more common in grooming than proximity networks. In general, there was homophily for boldness, age, rank and the propensity to both generate and exploit information, but heterophily for sex. However, there was considerable variability both between troops and years. The patterns of homophily we observed for these phenotypes may impede information transfer between them. However, the inconsistency in the strength of assortment between troops and years suggests that the limitations to information flow may be quite variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia J. Carter
- Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Author for correspondence: Alecia J. Carter e-mail:
| | - Alexander E. G. Lee
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Berkshire, UK
| | - Harry H. Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Miquel Torrents Ticó
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Guy Cowlishaw
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
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39
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Farine DR, Aplin LM, Sheldon BC, Hoppitt W. Interspecific social networks promote information transmission in wild songbirds. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142804. [PMID: 25673683 PMCID: PMC4345451 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional links between social structure and population processes is a central aim of evolutionary ecology. Multiple types of interactions can be represented by networks drawn for the same population, such as kinship, dominance or affiliative networks, but the relative importance of alternative networks in modulating population processes may not be clear. We illustrate this problem, and a solution, by developing a framework for testing the importance of different types of association in facilitating the transmission of information. We apply this framework to experimental data from wild songbirds that form mixed-species flocks, recording the arrival (patch discovery) of individuals to novel foraging sites. We tested whether intraspecific and interspecific social networks predicted the spread of information about novel food sites, and found that both contributed to transmission. The likelihood of acquiring information per unit of connection to knowledgeable individuals increased 22-fold for conspecifics, and 12-fold for heterospecifics. We also found that species varied in how much information they produced, suggesting that some species play a keystone role in winter foraging flocks. More generally, these analyses demonstrate that this method provides a powerful approach, using social networks to quantify the relative transmission rates across different social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien R Farine
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Lucy M Aplin
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2000, Australia
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - William Hoppitt
- Animal and Environment Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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40
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Space-use and sociability are not related to public-information use in ninespine sticklebacks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Webster M, Laland K. Public information use by foraging ninespine sticklebacks: Social learning or an unlearned social influence on travel direction? BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
If we are to understand the cognitive basis and evolutionary origins of a particular behaviour, it is necessary to identify its underlying mechanism. Ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) can identify the richer of two prey patches by observing other foragers’ success. This may be due to social learning, or an unlearned social effect on travel direction, brought about by the fish being more likely to face and subsequently travel towards areas where they have observed more feeding activity. Here we show that observer orientation does not predict patch choice, and that fish are still more likely to spend more time in richer patches even if they have to take an indirect route to reach them. This suggests that sticklebacks can learn the location of the richer patch through observation, and viewed in conjunction with other published findings, suggests that learned local enhancement lies behind public information use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Webster
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
| | - K.N. Laland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
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42
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Boogert NJ, Nightingale GF, Hoppitt W, Laland KN. Perching but not foraging networks predict the spread of novel foraging skills in starlings. Behav Processes 2014; 109 Pt B:135-44. [PMID: 25178191 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The directed social learning hypothesis suggests that information does not spread evenly through animal groups, but rather individual characteristics and patterns of physical proximity guide the social transmission of information along specific pathways. Network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) allows researchers to test whether information spreads following a social network. However, the explanatory power of different social networks has rarely been compared, and current models do not easily accommodate random effects (e.g. allowing for individuals within groups to correlate in their asocial solving rates). We tested whether the spread of two novel foraging skills through captive starling groups was affected by individual- and group-level random and fixed effects (i.e. sex, age, body condition, dominance rank and demonstrator status) and perching or foraging networks. We extended NBDA to include random effects and conducted model discrimination in a Bayesian context. We found that social learning increased the rate at which birds acquired the novel foraging task solutions by 6.67 times, and acquiring one of the two novel foraging task solutions facilitated the asocial acquisition of the other. Surprisingly, the spread of task solutions followed the perching rather than the foraging social network. Upon acquiring a task solution, foraging performance was facilitated by the presence of group mates. Our results highlight the importance of considering more than one social network when predicting the spread of information through animal groups. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cognition in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje J Boogert
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | | | - William Hoppitt
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin N Laland
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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43
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Galef BG. Imitation and local enhancement: Detrimental effects of consensus definitions on analyses of social learning in animals. Behav Processes 2013; 100:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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44
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Rendell L, Gero S. The behavioral ecologist's essential social networks cookbook--comment on Pinter-Wollman et al. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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45
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Webster M, Laland K. Local enhancement via eavesdropping on courtship displays in male guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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