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Meier N, Gordon M, van Noort S, Reynolds T, Rindos M, Di Giovanni F, Broad GR, Spasojevic T, Bennett A, Dal Pos D, Klopfstein S. Species richness estimation of the Afrotropical Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307404. [PMID: 39074088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Species richness is one of the fundamental metrics of biodiversity. Estimating species richness helps spotlight taxonomic groups that are particularly under-studied, such as the highly diverse Darwin wasps. The only available estimate of the number of Darwin wasps in the Afrotropics proposed almost 11,000 species, compared to the 2,322 recorded species. However, it relied exclusively on the ratio of morphospecies to described species in Henry Townes' personal collection. We provide an updated estimate of the Afrotropical Darwin wasp species, using empirical data from multiple sources, including the increase in species numbers following generic revisions, morphospecies sorting in natural history collections, and diversity patterns of better-studied insects (butterflies) for extrapolation. Our analyses suggest that our knowledge of Darwin wasps is highly incomplete, with only 13-22% of species known in the five most extensively studied countries in the Afrotropics. We estimate 9,206-15,577 species of Darwin wasps within the entire Afrotropics, with the highest concentration expected in the Equatorial Afrotropics and Madagascar. Due to data constraints, our approach tends to underestimate diversity at each step, rendering the upper estimate (15,577 species) more realistic. We highlight reasons contributing to the gap between recorded and estimated species richness, including logistical and financial factors, as well as post-colonial influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Meier
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mikhaila Gordon
- Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon van Noort
- Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Terry Reynolds
- Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council-Plant Health and Protection, Biosystematics, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michal Rindos
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gavin R Broad
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Spasojevic
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Bern, Switzerland
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Andrew Bennett
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Dal Pos
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Seraina Klopfstein
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Bern, Switzerland
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Pádua DG, Moreira-Muñoz A, Morales-Fierro V, Araujo RO. Chilean Darwin Wasps (Ichneumonidae): Biogeographic Relationships and Distribution Patterns. INSECTS 2024; 15:415. [PMID: 38921130 PMCID: PMC11203931 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ichneumonidae, or Chilean Darwin wasps, are an important component of South American hymenopteran diversity, but the taxonomic and distributional knowledge on this insect is still deficient. Taking advantage of recently updated taxonomic knowledge, we assessed biogeographic relationships at the genus level and biodiversity spatial patterns along the latitudinal gradient. The results show the presence of 264 species in Chile, arranged in 102 genera and 22 subfamilies. Biogeographic relationships are based on six elements (cosmopolitan (n = 50; 36%), endemic (n = 29; 21%), Neotropical (n = 22; 16%), Holarctic-Oriental (n = 19; 14%), south-temperate (n = 16; 11%) and Australasian) and composed of just three genera: Anacis, Labena, and Meringops. Species and genera show a bimodal distribution along the latitudinal gradient: around 34° and 38° S. From an ecoregional perspective, richness is concentrated in the Valdivian temperate forests, but when assessed at a 0.5 × 0.5 cell scale, several outstanding cells are in the contact zone between the temperate forests and the Chilean Matorral. On the other hand, the Atacama Desert shows little or no presence of Darwin wasps. The results agree with Charles Porter, who identified a northern province composed of Neotropical and cosmopolitan genera with their own representatives in the far north (11 genera), a distributional gap in the core of the Atacama Desert, and around 128 genera in Porter's Neantarctic realm, covering all of Chile from 25° S to Cape Horn, including the Juan Fernandez islands. These results reinforce knowledge gaps and the need for more sampling and studies of available collections. Due to sampling gaps at this stage, identifying a continued increase or decrease in richness towards higher latitudes is not possible. More taxonomic and distributional information is also needed to assess potential threats to endemic genera and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G. Pádua
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, 2241, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Vanezza Morales-Fierro
- Herbario EIF & Laboratorio de Evolución y Sistemática, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Interior Quinta Normal, s/n, Santiago 8350410, Chile
| | - Rodrigo O. Araujo
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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Lee S, Orr MC, Seung J, Yang Y, Tian Z, Lee M, Tak JH, Lee S, Bai M. Designing and Evaluating a Portable UV-LED Vane Trap to Expedite Arthropod Biodiversity Discovery. INSECTS 2024; 15:21. [PMID: 38249027 PMCID: PMC10816512 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A novel design of a portable funnel light trap (PFLT) was presented for collecting insects in ecological studies. The trap consists of a compact plastic box equipped with a light source and power source, along with two plastic polypropylene interception vanes. The PFLT costs 18.3 USD per unit and weighs approximately 300 g. A maximum of six PFLT units can be packed in one medium-sized backpack (32 cm × 45 cm × 15 cm, 20 L), making it easier to set up multiple units in remote areas wherein biodiversity research is needed. The low cost and weight of the trap also allows for large-scale deployment. The design is customizable and can be easily manufactured to fit various research needs. To validate the PFLT's efficacy in collecting insects across different habitat types, a series of field experiments were conducted in South Korea and Laos, where 37 trials were carried out. The PFLT successfully collected 7497 insects without experiencing battery issues or damage by rain or wind. Insect compositions and abundances differed across the three sampled habitat types: forests, grasslands, and watersides. This new FLT trap is an important tool for studying and protecting insect biodiversity, particularly in areas wherein conventional light traps cannot be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.L.)
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael C. Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.L.)
- International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jinbae Seung
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Yang
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Insect Pest Chemical Control Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhehao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.L.)
| | - Minhyeuk Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Tak
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Insect Pest Chemical Control Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.L.)
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Flinte V, Pádua DG, Durand EM, Hodgin C, Khattar G, da Silveira LFL, Fernandes DRR, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Macedo MV, Mayhew PJ. Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation. INSECTS 2023; 14:861. [PMID: 37999060 PMCID: PMC10671876 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity varies from place to place is a fundamental goal of ecology and an important tool for halting biodiversity loss. Parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) are a diverse and functionally important animal group, but spatial variation in their diversity is poorly understood. We survey a community of parasitic wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) using Malaise traps up a mountain in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and relate the catch to biotic and abiotic habitat characteristics. We find high species richness compared with previous similar studies, with abundance, richness, and diversity peaking at low to intermediate elevation. There is a marked change in community composition with elevation. Habitat factors strongly correlated with elevation also strongly predict changes in the pimpline community, including temperature as well as the density of bamboo, lianas, epiphytes, small trees, and herbs. These results identify several possible surrogates of pimpline communities in tropical forests, which could be used as a tool in conservation. They also contribute to the growing evidence for a typical latitudinal gradient in ichneumonid species richness, and suggest that low to medium elevations in tropical regions will sometimes conserve the greatest number of species locally, but to conserve maximal biodiversity, a wider range of elevations should also be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Flinte
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68020, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil; (V.F.); (G.K.); (L.F.L.d.S.); (R.F.M.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Diego G. Pádua
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (D.G.P.); (D.R.R.F.)
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, Talca 3605, Chile
| | - Emily M. Durand
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (E.M.D.); (C.H.)
| | - Caitlin Hodgin
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (E.M.D.); (C.H.)
| | - Gabriel Khattar
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68020, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil; (V.F.); (G.K.); (L.F.L.d.S.); (R.F.M.); (M.V.M.)
- Laboratory of Community and Quantitative Ecology, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Luiz Felipe L. da Silveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68020, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil; (V.F.); (G.K.); (L.F.L.d.S.); (R.F.M.); (M.V.M.)
- Biology Department, Western Carolina University, 1 University Drive, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
| | - Daniell R. R. Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (D.G.P.); (D.R.R.F.)
| | | | - Ricardo F. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68020, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil; (V.F.); (G.K.); (L.F.L.d.S.); (R.F.M.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Margarete V. Macedo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68020, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil; (V.F.); (G.K.); (L.F.L.d.S.); (R.F.M.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Peter J. Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (E.M.D.); (C.H.)
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Sääksjärvi IE, Kaunisto KM, Sharkey M, Stedenfeld S, Smith MA, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. Cryptic biodiversity of tropical hesperiid caterpillar-attacking parasitoid wasps: three new species of Creagrura Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Costa Rica and Perú. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e91486. [PMID: 36761541 PMCID: PMC9836575 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e91486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe three new species of the previously monotypic genus Creagrura Townes from Central and South America: C.alejandromasisi sp. n. and C.rogerblancoi sp. n. from Costa Rica and C.allpahuaya sp. n. from Peru, all of which emphasise the unknown parasitoid insect diversity yet to be revealed in the tropics. New information Host relationships of the two Costa Rican species are described in detail. In addition, it is inferred that the Creagrura wasps find and oviposit in the caterpillar when it is exposed at night, rather than when it is concealed during daylight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari E. Sääksjärvi
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, FinlandBiodiversity Unit, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Kari M. Kaunisto
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, FinlandBiodiversity Unit, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Michael Sharkey
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of AmericaDepartment of Entomology, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKentuckyUnited States of America
| | - Shelby Stedenfeld
- University of Kentucky, Department of Entomology, Kentucky, United States of AmericaUniversity of Kentucky, Department of EntomologyKentuckyUnited States of America
| | - M. Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, CanadaUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of AmericaDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaUnited States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of AmericaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States of America
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Varga O. First record of the genus Gnathochorisis Frster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) from the Afrotropical region, with descriptions of two new species from Kenya. Zootaxa 2021; 5052:441-446. [PMID: 34810862 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The genus Gnathochorisis Frster, 1869 is recorded from the Afrotropical region for the first time: G. malavensis sp. n. and G. ventralis sp. n. are described from Kenya. A key to the Afrotropical species of the genus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Varga
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Vul. B. Khmelnytskogo 15, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine. .
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Pádua DG, Fernandes DRR, Sääksjärvi IE. Pimpla Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Uruguay: a replacement name, new records, and an identification key to the species. Zookeys 2021; 1007:23-47. [PMID: 33505181 PMCID: PMC7788073 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1007.56328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report new faunistic records of Pimpla Fabricius, 1804 from Uruguay. The following species are reported from the country for the first time: P.albomarginata Cameron, 1846, P.caerulea Brullé, 1846, P.perssoni Gauld, 1991, and P.semirufa Brullé, 1846. In addition, we propose a replacement name for Pimplarufipes Brullé, 1846 and provide diagnosis, digital images, and an identification key for all the Pimpla species known to occur in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Pádua
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Daniell R R Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Ilari E Sääksjärvi
- Biodiversity Unit, Zoological Museum, University of Turku, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland University of Turku Turku Finland
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Shimizu S, Broad GR, Maeto K. Integrative taxonomy and analysis of species richness patterns of nocturnal Darwin wasps of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Japan. Zookeys 2020; 990:1-144. [PMID: 33269011 PMCID: PMC7674391 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.990.55542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominantly tropical ophionine genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is one of the largest genera of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), with more than 700 extant species worldwide that are usually crepuscular or nocturnal and are parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. In the present study, the Japanese species of Enicospilus are revised using an integrative approach (combined morphology and DNA barcoding). On the basis of 3,110 specimens, 47 Enicospilus species are recognised in Japan, eight of which are new species (E.acutus Shimizu, sp. nov., E.kunigamiensis Shimizu, sp. nov., E.limnophilus Shimizu, sp. nov., E.matsumurai Shimizu, sp. nov., E.pseudopuncticulatus Shimizu, sp. nov., E.sharkeyi Shimizu, sp. nov., E.takakuwai Shimizu, sp. nov., and E.unctus Shimizu, sp. nov.), seven are new records from Japan (E.jilinensis Tang, 1990, E.laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), E.multidens Chiu, 1954, stat. rev., E.puncticulatus Tang, 1990, E.stenophleps Cushman, 1937, E.vestigator (Smith, 1858), and E.zeugos Chiu, 1954, stat. rev.), 32 had already been recorded in Japan; three (E.biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, E.flavicaput (Morley, 1912), and E.merdarius (Gravenhorst, 1829)) have been erroneously recorded from Japan based on misidentifications, and four names that were previously on the Japanese list are deleted through synonymy. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: E.vacuus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, syn. nov. (= E.formosensis (Uchida, 1928)); E.multidensstat. rev.; E.striatus Cameron, 1899, syn. nov. = E.lineolatus (Roman, 1913), syn. nov. = E.uniformis Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E.flatus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E.gussakovskii Viktorov, 1957, syn. nov. = E.striolatus Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, syn. nov. = E.unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1969, syn. nov. = E.unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1970, syn. nov. (= E.pungens (Smith, 1874)); E.iracundus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E.sakaguchii (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926)); E.sigmatoides Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E.shikokuensis (Uchida, 1928)); E.yamanakai (Uchida, 1930), syn. nov. (= E.shinkanus (Uchida, 1928)); E.ranunculus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E.yezoensis (Uchida, 1928)); and E.zeugosstat. rev. = E.henrytownesi Chao & Tang, 1991, syn. nov. In addition, the following new regional and country records are also provided: E.flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), E.puncticulatus, and E.vestigator from the Eastern Palaearctic region, E.laqueatus from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oceanic regions, and E.maruyamanus (Uchida, 1928) from the Oriental region; E.abdominalis (Szépligeti, 1906) from Nepal, E.flavocephalus from Laos, E.formosensis from Laos and Malaysia, E.insinuator (Smith, 1860) from Taiwan, E.maruyamanus from India and Philippines, E.nigronotatus Cameron, 1903, E.riukiuensis (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926), and E.sakaguchii from Indonesia, E.pungens from 14 countries (Australia, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, and Taiwan), and E.yezoensis from South Korea. An identification key to all Japanese species of Enicospilus is proposed. Although 47 species are recognised in the present study, approximately 55 species could potentially be found in Japan based on ACE and Chao 1 estimators. The latitudinal diversity gradient of Enicospilus species richness is also tested in the Japanese archipelago based on the constructed robust taxonomic framework and extensive samples. Enicospilus species richness significantly increases towards the south, contrary to the ‘anomalous’ pattern of some other ichneumonid subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shimizu
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kôbe University, Rokkôdaichô 1-1, Nada, Kôbe, Hyôgo 657-8501, Japan Kôbe University Kôbe Japan.,DC and Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tôkyô, Japan The Natural History Museum London United Kingdom.,Depertment of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Gavin R Broad
- Depertment of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaoru Maeto
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kôbe University, Rokkôdaichô 1-1, Nada, Kôbe, Hyôgo 657-8501, Japan Kôbe University Kôbe Japan
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Ronquist F, Forshage M, Häggqvist S, Karlsson D, Hovmöller R, Bergsten J, Holston K, Britton T, Abenius J, Andersson B, Buhl PN, Coulianos CC, Fjellberg A, Gertsson CA, Hellqvist S, Jaschhof M, Kjærandsen J, Klopfstein S, Kobro S, Liston A, Meier R, Pollet M, Riedel M, Roháček J, Schuppenhauer M, Stigenberg J, Struwe I, Taeger A, Ulefors SO, Varga O, Withers P, Gärdenfors U. Completing Linnaeus's inventory of the Swedish insect fauna: Only 5,000 species left? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228561. [PMID: 32130216 PMCID: PMC7055846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country's insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ronquist
- Dept. Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Forshage
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rasmus Hovmöller
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Holston
- Dept. Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Britton
- Dept. Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jostein Kjærandsen
- Tromsø University Museum, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sverre Kobro
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Andrew Liston
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum and Dept. Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | - Meike Schuppenhauer
- Dept. Soil Zoology, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Julia Stigenberg
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Oleksandr Varga
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Phil Withers
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gärdenfors
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Bakker FT, Antonelli A, Clarke JA, Cook JA, Edwards SV, Ericson PGP, Faurby S, Ferrand N, Gelang M, Gillespie RG, Irestedt M, Lundin K, Larsson E, Matos-Maraví P, Müller J, von Proschwitz T, Roderick GK, Schliep A, Wahlberg N, Wiedenhoeft J, Källersjö M. The Global Museum: natural history collections and the future of evolutionary science and public education. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8225. [PMID: 32025365 PMCID: PMC6993751 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural history museums are unique spaces for interdisciplinary research and educational innovation. Through extensive exhibits and public programming and by hosting rich communities of amateurs, students, and researchers at all stages of their careers, they can provide a place-based window to focus on integration of science and discovery, as well as a locus for community engagement. At the same time, like a synthesis radio telescope, when joined together through emerging digital resources, the global community of museums (the ‘Global Museum’) is more than the sum of its parts, allowing insights and answers to diverse biological, environmental, and societal questions at the global scale, across eons of time, and spanning vast diversity across the Tree of Life. We argue that, whereas natural history collections and museums began with a focus on describing the diversity and peculiarities of species on Earth, they are now increasingly leveraged in new ways that significantly expand their impact and relevance. These new directions include the possibility to ask new, often interdisciplinary questions in basic and applied science, such as in biomimetic design, and by contributing to solutions to climate change, global health and food security challenges. As institutions, they have long been incubators for cutting-edge research in biology while simultaneously providing core infrastructure for research on present and future societal needs. Here we explore how the intersection between pressing issues in environmental and human health and rapid technological innovation have reinforced the relevance of museum collections. We do this by providing examples as food for thought for both the broader academic community and museum scientists on the evolving role of museums. We also identify challenges to the realization of the full potential of natural history collections and the Global Museum to science and society and discuss the critical need to grow these collections. We then focus on mapping and modelling of museum data (including place-based approaches and discovery), and explore the main projects, platforms and databases enabling this growth. Finally, we aim to improve relevant protocols for the long-term storage of specimens and tissues, ensuring proper connection with tomorrow’s technologies and hence further increasing the relevance of natural history museums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek T Bakker
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julia A Clarke
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per G P Ericson
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nuno Ferrand
- Museu de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magnus Gelang
- Department of Zoology, Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Essig Museum of Entomology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Martin Irestedt
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kennet Lundin
- Department of Zoology, Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Larsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Johannes Müller
- Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ted von Proschwitz
- Department of Zoology, Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - George K Roderick
- Essig Museum of Entomology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Schliep
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - John Wiedenhoeft
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mari Källersjö
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Matos-Maraví P, Duarte Ritter C, Barnes CJ, Nielsen M, Olsson U, Wahlberg N, Marquina D, Sääksjärvi I, Antonelli A. Biodiversity seen through the perspective of insects: 10 simple rules on methodological choices and experimental design for genomic studies. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6727. [PMID: 31106048 PMCID: PMC6499058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel DNA sequencing opens up opportunities for bridging multiple temporal and spatial dimensions in biodiversity research, thanks to its efficiency to recover millions of nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, we identify the current status, discuss the main challenges, and look into future perspectives on biodiversity genomics focusing on insects, which arguably constitute the most diverse and ecologically important group among all animals. We suggest 10 simple rules that provide a succinct step-by-step guide and best-practices to anyone interested in biodiversity research through the study of insect genomics. To this end, we review relevant literature on biodiversity and evolutionary research in the field of entomology. Our compilation is targeted at researchers and students who may not yet be specialists in entomology or molecular biology. We foresee that the genomic revolution and its application to the study of non-model insect lineages will represent a major leap to our understanding of insect diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pável Matos-Maraví
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Camila Duarte Ritter
- Department of Eukaryotic Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Nielsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urban Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Marquina
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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12
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Bennett AM, Sheffield CS, deWaard JR. Hymenoptera of Canada. Zookeys 2019; 819:311-360. [PMID: 30713450 PMCID: PMC6355736 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.28510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the numbers of species of the 83 families of Hymenoptera recorded in Canada is provided. In total, 8757 described species are recorded compared to approximately 6000 in 1979, which is a 46% increase. Of the families recognized in 1979, three have been newly recorded to Canada since the previous survey: Anaxyelidae (Anaxyleoidea), Liopteridae (Cynipoidea), and Mymarommatidae (Mymarommatoidea). More than 18,400 BINs of Canadian Hymenoptera are available in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) implying that nearly 9650 undescribed or unrecorded species of Hymenoptera may be present in Canada (and more than 10,300 when taking into account additional species that have not been DNA barcoded). The estimated number of unrecorded species is very similar to that of 1979 (10,637 species), but the percentage of the fauna described/recorded has increased from 36% in 1979 to approximately 45% in 2018. Summaries of the state of knowledge of the major groups of Hymenoptera are presented, including brief comments on numbers of species, biology, changes in classification since 1979, and relevant taxonomic references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M.R. Bennett
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, CanadaCanadian National Collection of InsectsOttawaCanada
| | - Cory S. Sheffield
- Royal Saskatchewan Museum, 2340 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4P 2V7, CanadaRoyal Saskatchewan MuseumReginaCanada
| | - Jeremy R. deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CanadaUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
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13
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Forbes AA, Bagley RK, Beer MA, Hippee AC, Widmayer HA. Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 30001194 PMCID: PMC6042248 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, is more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps-specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts-allows for estimation of relative richness. RESULTS We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the "genus-specific parasitoid-host ratio" from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5-3.2× more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Robin K Bagley
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marc A Beer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Heather A Widmayer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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14
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Agroecological Pest Management in the City: Experiences from California and Chiapas. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10062068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Šigut M, Kostovčík M, Šigutová H, Hulcr J, Drozd P, Hrček J. Performance of DNA metabarcoding, standard barcoding, and morphological approach in the identification of host-parasitoid interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187803. [PMID: 29236697 PMCID: PMC5728528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interactions between herbivores and parasitoids is essential for successful biodiversity protection and monitoring and for biological pest control. Morphological identifications employ insect rearing and are complicated by insects’ high diversity and crypsis. DNA barcoding has been successfully used in studies of host–parasitoid interactions as it can substantially increase the recovered real host–parasitoid diversity distorted by overlooked species complexes, or by species with slight morphological differences. However, this approach does not allow the simultaneous detection and identification of host(s) and parasitoid(s). Recently, high-throughput sequencing has shown high potential for surveying ecological communities and trophic interactions. Using mock samples comprising insect larvae and their parasitoids, we tested the potential of DNA metabarcoding for identifying individuals involved in host–parasitoid interactions to different taxonomic levels, and compared it to standard DNA barcoding and morphological approaches. For DNA metabarcoding, we targeted the standard barcoding marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I using highly degenerate primers, 2*300 bp sequencing on a MiSeq platform, and RTAX classification using paired-end reads. Additionally, using a large host–parasitoid dataset from a Central European floodplain forest, we assess the completeness and usability of a local reference library by confronting the number of Barcoding Index Numbers obtained by standard barcoding with the number of morphotypes. Overall, metabarcoding recovery was high, identifying 92.8% of the taxa present in mock samples, and identification success within individual taxonomic levels did not significantly differ among metabarcoding, standard barcoding, and morphology. Based on the current local reference library, 39.4% parasitoid and 90.7% host taxa were identified to the species level. DNA barcoding estimated higher parasitoid diversity than morphotyping, especially in groups with high level of crypsis. This study suggests the potential of metabarcoding for effectively recovering host–parasitoid diversity, together with more accurate identifications obtained from building reliable and comprehensive reference libraries, especially for parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (HŠ); (PD)
| | - Jiří Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (HŠ); (PD)
| | - Jan Hrček
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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16
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Smith MS, Shirley A, Strand MR. Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Rapidly Alters Production of Soldier Embryos in Response to Competition. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 110:501-505. [PMID: 29563646 PMCID: PMC5846696 DOI: 10.1093/aesa/sax056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most social insects are free living and produce castes that develop in response to extrinsic environmental cues. Caste-forming polyembryonic insects, in contrast, are all endoparasitoids that form social groups inside the bodies of host insects. The best studied polyembryonic wasp is Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead), which produces ∼3,000 clonal offspring that develop into two castes named reproductive and soldier larvae. Caste determination in this species is mediated by whether or not embryos inherit primary germ cells (PGCs). Prior results showed that C. floridanum increases the proportion of female soldier larvae it produces per host in response to other parasitoids like Microplitis demolitor. Here we show that caste ratio shifts occur through increased formation of embryos lacking PGCs. Our results further indicated that increased soldier production was a specific response to multiparasitism elicited by the chorion of M. demolitor eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA 30597 (; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Andrew Shirley
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA 30597 (; )
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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17
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Eagalle T, Smith MA. Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of insect parasitoids (Hymenoptera) has long been thought to be anomalous because it doesn’t appear to increase rapidly with decreasing latitude. However, due to the presence of undiscovered cryptic species and the under-sampling of hyper-diverse tropical areas, such apparently anomalous gradients may, in fact, be artifacts of limited geographic and taxonomic sampling. We attempted to circumvent such taxonomic impediments by elucidating a diversity/latitude relationship for parasitoid wasps, using publicly available DNA sequences to quantify diversity (via a species proxy molecular operational taxonomic unit (the DNA Barcode Index Number) and phylogenetic diversity) across a latitudinal gradient of ∼5000 km. We compared these diversity values to the abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation) that may drive the diversity/latitude relationship. We found no significant relationship between either diversity measure with latitude or with the environmental variables. Although ours is the first work to enumerate different DNA-based measures of parasitoid diversity across this geographic scale in a standardized fashion using publicly available sequences, further standardized collections over long time periods and a rapid movement of sequences into the public arena are needed to facilitate the further testing of macroecological trends elucidated with public DNA sequence libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanushi Eagalle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M. Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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18
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Mumladze L, Ulrich W, Asanidze Z, Japoshvili G. An inverse elevational species richness gradient of Caucasian vascular plants and Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ECOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2017.1324717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levan Mumladze
- Invertebrate Research Center (IRC), Tbilisi, Georgia
- Biodiversity Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Zezva Asanidze
- Invertebrate Research Center (IRC), Tbilisi, Georgia
- Biodiversity Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - George Japoshvili
- Invertebrate Research Center (IRC), Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
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19
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Mikó I, Trietsch C, Sandall EL, Yoder MJ, Hines H, Deans AR. Malagasy Conostigmus (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) and the secret of scutes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2682. [PMID: 27994960 PMCID: PMC5157207 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We revise the genus Conostigmus Dahlbom 1858 occurring in Madagascar, based on data from more specimens than were examined for the latest world revision of the genus. Our results yield new information about intraspecific variability and the nature of the atypical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) observed in Ceraphronoidea. We also investigate cellular processes that underlie body size polyphenism, by utilizing the correspondence between epidermal cells and scutes, polygonal units of leather-like microsculpture. Our results reveal that body size polyphenism in Megaspilidae is most likely related to cell number and not cell size variation, and that cell size differs between epithelial fields of the head and that of the mesosoma. Three species, Conostigmus ballescoracas Dessart, 1997, C. babaiax Dessart, 1996 and C. longulus Dessart, 1997, are redescribed. Females of C. longulus are described for the first time, as are nine new species: C. bucephalus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. clavatus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. fianarantsoaensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. lucidus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. macrocupula, Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. madagascariensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. missyhazenae Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. pseudobabaiax Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., and C. toliaraensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov. A fully illustrated identification key for Malagasy Conostigmus species and a Web Ontology Language (OWL) representation of the taxonomic treatment, including specimen data, nomenclature, and phenotype descriptions, in both natural and formal languages, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mikó
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn Trietsch
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emily L. Sandall
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Jon Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Heather Hines
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Robert Deans
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Humala AE, Kruidhof HM, Woelke JB. New species of Megastylus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) reared from larvae of Keroplatidae fungus gnats (Diptera) in a Dutch orchid greenhouse. J NAT HIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1257074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Humala
- Forest Research Institute, Karelian Centre of Russian Academy of Science, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - H. Marjolein Kruidhof
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef B. Woelke
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
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21
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Rousse P, Quicke DLJ, Matthee CA, Lefeuvre P, van Noort S. A molecular and morphological reassessment of the phylogeny of the subfamily Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rousse
- Natural History Department; Iziko South African Museum; PO Box 61 Cape Town 8000 South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Evolutionary Genomics Group; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Donald L. J. Quicke
- Faculty of Science; Chulalongkorn University; 254 Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok Thailand
| | - Conrad A. Matthee
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Evolutionary Genomics Group; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- Cirad; UMR PVBMT; 7 Chemin Ligne Paradis 97410 St Pierre France
| | - Simon van Noort
- Natural History Department; Iziko South African Museum; PO Box 61 Cape Town 8000 South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Town; Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
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22
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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23
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Humala AE, Choi JK, Lee JW. A review of the genera Gnathochorisis Förster and Symplecis Förster of South Korea, with notes on Korean orthocentrines (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae). Zookeys 2016:85-104. [PMID: 27006623 PMCID: PMC4768469 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.562.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genera of Korean Orthocentrinae, Gnathochorisis and Symplecis, are reviewed, and keys to species of these genera are provided here. Two new species, Gnathochorisisfuscipes Humala & Lee, sp. n. and Gnathochorisiskoreensis Humala & Lee, sp. n. are described from South Korea. The current state of the taxonomy of Eastern Palaearctic orthocentrines is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Humala
- Forest Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Jin-Kyung Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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24
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Vesterinen EJ, Ruokolainen L, Wahlberg N, Peña C, Roslin T, Laine VN, Vasko V, Sääksjärvi IE, Norrdahl K, Lilley TM. What you need is what you eat? Prey selection by the batMyotis daubentonii. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1581-94. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eero J. Vesterinen
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group; Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Latokartanonkaari 5 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Viikinkaari 1 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Sölvegatan 35 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Carlos Peña
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group; Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Latokartanonkaari 5 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Veronika N. Laine
- Department of Animal Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); PO Box 50 6700AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ville Vasko
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
| | - Ilari E. Sääksjärvi
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
| | - Kai Norrdahl
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
| | - Thomas M. Lilley
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 1 FI-20014 Turku Finland
- Biology Department; Bucknell University; 1 Dent Drive Lewisburg PA 17837 USA
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25
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Celebrating with the 'beetle' man: Terry Erwin's 75(th) birthday. Zookeys 2015:1-40. [PMID: 26798278 PMCID: PMC4714375 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.541.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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26
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Condon MA, Scheffer SJ, Lewis ML, Wharton R, Adams DC, Forbes AA. Lethal Interactions Between Parasites and Prey Increase Niche Diversity in a Tropical Community. Science 2014; 343:1240-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1245007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Malm T, Nyman T. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 2014; 31:1-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Malm
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; Turku FI-20014 Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
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Ruíz-Cancino E, Rafaelevich-Kasparyan D, González-Moreno A, Khalaim AI, Coronado-Blanco JM. Biodiversidad de Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) en México. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Lees DC, Kawahara AY, Rougerie R, Ohshima I, Kawakita A, Bouteleux O, De Prins J, Lopez-Vaamonde C. DNA barcoding reveals a largely unknown fauna of Gracillariidae leaf-mining moths in the Neotropics. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:286-96. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Lees
- Department of Zoology; Cambridge University; Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - A. Y. Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - R. Rougerie
- INRA; UR633 Zoologie Forestière; Orléans F-45075 France
| | - I. Ohshima
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto Prefectural University; Kyoto Japan
| | - A. Kawakita
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - O. Bouteleux
- INRA; UR633 Zoologie Forestière; Orléans F-45075 France
| | - J. De Prins
- Entomology Section; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 Tervuren B-3080 Belgium
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