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Meira A, Byers JE, Sousa R. A global synthesis of predation on bivalves. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1015-1057. [PMID: 38294132 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Predation is a dominant structuring force in ecological communities. In aquatic environments, predation on bivalves has long been an important focal interaction for ecological study because bivalves have central roles as ecosystem engineers, basal components of food webs, and commercial commodities. Studies of bivalves are common, not only because of bivalves' central roles, but also due to the relative ease of studying predatory effects on this taxonomic group. To understand patterns in the interactions of bivalves and their predators we synthesised data from 52 years of peer-reviewed studies on bivalve predation. Using a systematic search, we compiled 1334 studies from 75 countries, comprising 61 bivalve families (N = 2259), dominated by Mytilidae (29% of bivalves), Veneridae (14%), Ostreidae (8%), Unionidae (7%), and Dreissenidae and Tellinidae (6% each). A total of 2036 predators were studied, with crustaceans the most studied predator group (34% of predators), followed by fishes (24%), molluscs (17%), echinoderms (10%) and birds (6%). The majority of studies (86%) were conducted in marine systems, in part driven by the high commercial value of marine bivalves. Studies in freshwater ecosystems were dominated by non-native bivalves and non-native predator species, which probably reflects the important role of biological invasions affecting freshwater biodiversity. In fact, while 81% of the studied marine bivalve species were native, only 50% of the freshwater species were native to the system. In terms of approach, most studies used predation trials, visual analysis of digested contents and exclusion experiments to assess the effects of predation. These studies reflect that many factors influence bivalve predation depending on the species studied, including (i) species traits (e.g. behaviour, morphology, defence mechanisms), (ii) other biotic interactions (e.g. presence of competitors, parasites or diseases), and (iii) environmental context (e.g. temperature, current velocity, beach exposure, habitat complexity). There is a lack of research on the effects of bivalve predation at the population and community and ecosystem levels (only 7% and 0.5% of studies respectively examined impacts at these levels). At the population level, the available studies demonstrate that predation can decrease bivalve density through consumption or the reduction of recruitment. At the community and ecosystem level, predation can trigger effects that cascade through trophic levels or effects that alter the ecological functions bivalves perform. Given the conservation and commercial importance of many bivalve species, studies of predation should be pursued in the context of global change, particularly climate change, acidification and biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Meira
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ronaldo Sousa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
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2
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Chandra Rajan K, Li Y, Dang X, Lim YK, Suzuki M, Lee SW, Vengatesen T. Directional fabrication and dissolution of larval and juvenile oyster shells under ocean acidification. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221216. [PMID: 36651043 PMCID: PMC9979777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is one of the key biochemical processes in calcifying bivalve species such as oysters that is affected by ocean acidification (OA). Larval life stages of oysters are made of aragonite crystals whereas the adults are made of calcite and/or aragonite. Though both calcite and aragonite are crystal polymorphs of calcium carbonate, they have different mechanical properties and hence it is important to study the micro and nano structure of different life stages of oyster shells under OA to understand the mechanisms by which OA affects biomineralization ontogeny. Here, we have studied the larval and juvenile life stages of an economically and ecologically important estuarine oyster species, Crassostrea hongkongensis, under OA with focus over shell fabrication under OA (pHNBS 7.4). We also look at the effect of parental exposure to OA on larvae and juvenile microstructure. The micro and nanostructure characterization reveals directional fabrication of oyster shells, with more organized structure as biomineralization progresses. Under OA, both the larval and juvenile stages show directional dissolution, i.e. the earlier formed shell layers undergo dissolution at first, owing to longer exposure time. Despite dissolution, the micro and nanostructure of the shell remains unaffected under OA, irrespective of parental exposure history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Dang
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Kian Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Centre for Aquaculture and Veterinary Science & School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
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3
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Evans TG, Bible JM, Maynard A, Griffith KR, Sanford E, Kültz D. Proteomic changes associated with predator-induced morphological defenses in oysters. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4254-4270. [PMID: 35754098 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible prey defenses occur when organisms undergo plastic changes in phenotype to reduce predation risk. When predation pressure varies persistently over space or time, such as when predator and prey co-occur over only part of their biogeographic ranges, prey populations can become locally adapted in their inducible defenses. In California estuaries, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) populations have evolved disparate phenotypic responses to an invasive predator, the Atlantic oyster drill (Urosalpinx cinerea). In this study, oysters from an estuary with drills, and oysters from an estuary without drills, were reared for two generations in a laboratory common garden, and subsequently exposed to cues from Atlantic drills. Comparative proteomics was then used to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying conserved and divergent aspects of their inducible defenses. Both populations developed smaller, thicker, and harder shells after drill exposure, and these changes in shell phenotype were associated with up-regulation of calcium transport proteins that could influence biomineralization. Inducible defenses evolve in part because defended phenotypes incur fitness costs when predation risk is low. Immune proteins were down-regulated by both oyster populations after exposure to drills, implying a trade-off between biomineralization and immune function. Following drill exposure, oysters from the population that co-occurs with drills grew smaller shells than oysters inhabiting the estuary not yet invaded by the predator. Variation in the response to drills between populations was associated with isoform-specific protein expression. This trend suggests that a stronger inducible defense response evolved in oysters that co-occur with drills through modification of an existing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Jillian M Bible
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, Washington College, Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
| | - Ashley Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Kaylee R Griffith
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Bednaršek N, Beck MW, Pelletier G, Applebaum SL, Feely RA, Butler R, Byrne M, Peabody B, Davis J, Štrus J. Natural Analogues in pH Variability and Predictability across the Coastal Pacific Estuaries: Extrapolation of the Increased Oyster Dissolution under Increased pH Amplitude and Low Predictability Related to Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9015-9028. [PMID: 35548856 PMCID: PMC9228044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Coastal-estuarine habitats are rapidly changing due to global climate change, with impacts influenced by the variability of carbonate chemistry conditions. However, our understanding of the responses of ecologically and economically important calcifiers to pH variability and temporal variation is limited, particularly with respect to shell-building processes. We investigated the mechanisms driving biomineralogical and physiological responses in juveniles of introduced (Pacific; Crassostrea gigas) and native (Olympia; Ostrea lurida) oysters under flow-through experimental conditions over a six-week period that simulate current and future conditions: static control and low pH (8.0 and 7.7); low pH with fluctuating (24-h) amplitude (7.7 ± 0.2 and 7.7 ± 0.5); and high-frequency (12-h) fluctuating (8.0 ± 0.2) treatment. The oysters showed physiological tolerance in vital processes, including calcification, respiration, clearance, and survival. However, shell dissolution significantly increased with larger amplitudes of pH variability compared to static pH conditions, attributable to the longer cumulative exposure to lower pH conditions, with the dissolution threshold of pH 7.7 with 0.2 amplitude. Moreover, the high-frequency treatment triggered significantly greater dissolution, likely because of the oyster's inability to respond to the unpredictable frequency of variations. The experimental findings were extrapolated to provide context for conditions existing in several Pacific coastal estuaries, with time series analyses demonstrating unique signatures of pH predictability and variability in these habitats, indicating potentially benefiting effects on fitness in these habitats. These implications are crucial for evaluating the suitability of coastal habitats for aquaculture, adaptation, and carbon dioxide removal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
- National
Institute of Biology, Marine Biological Station, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Marcus W. Beck
- Tampa
Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Greg Pelletier
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Scott Lee Applebaum
- Environmental
Studies Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Richard A. Feely
- NOAA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Robert Butler
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of
Life and Environmental Sciences, University
of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Betsy Peabody
- Puget
Sound Restoration Fund, Bainbridge
Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Pacific
Hybreed, Inc., Port Orchard, Washington 98366, United States
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Biotechnical
Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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DeBiasse MB, Stubler AD, Kelly MW. Comparative transcriptomics reveals altered species interaction between the bioeroding sponge Cliona varians and the coral Porites furcata under ocean acidification. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3002-3017. [PMID: 35303383 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioeroding sponges interact and compete with corals on tropical reefs. Experimental studies have shown global change alters this biotic interaction, often in favor of the sponge. Ocean acidification in particular increases sponge bioerosion and reduces coral calcification, yet little is known about the molecular basis of these changes. We used RNA-Seq data to understand how acidification impacts the interaction between the bioeroding sponge, Cliona varians, and the coral, Porites furcata, at the transcriptomic level. Replicate sponge and coral genets were exposed to ambient (8.1 pH) and acidified (7.6 pH) conditions in isolation and in treatments where they were joined for 48hrs. The coral had a small gene expression response (tens of transcripts) to the sponge, suggesting it does little at the transcriptomic level to deter sponge overgrowth. By contrast, the sponge differentially expressed 7320 transcripts in response to the coral under ambient conditions and 3707 transcripts in response to acidification. Overlap in the responses to acidification and the coral, 2500 transcripts expressed under both treatments, suggests a similar physiological response to both cues. The sponge expressed 50x fewer transcripts in response to the coral under acidification, suggesting energetic costs of bioerosion, and other cellular processes, are lower for sponges under acidification. Our results suggest how acidification drives ecosystem-level changes in the accretion/bioerosion balance on coral reefs. This shift is not only the result of changes to the thermodynamic balance of these chemical reactions but also the result of active physiological responses of organisms to each other and their abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B DeBiasse
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Amber D Stubler
- Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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6
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Evans AE, Zimova M, Giery ST, Golden HE, Pastore AL, Nadeau CP, Urban MC. An eco‐evolutionary perspective on the humpty‐dumpty effect and community restoration. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette E. Evans
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Sean T. Giery
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Biology, The Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. Park PA USA
| | - Heidi E. Golden
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Golden Ecology LLC Simsbury CT USA
| | - Amanda L. Pastore
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Christopher P. Nadeau
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Smith Conservation Research Fellow, Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern Univ. Nahant MA USA
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Center of Biological Risks, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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7
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Howie AH, Bishop MJ. Contemporary Oyster Reef Restoration: Responding to a Changing World. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.689915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest in restoring previously widespread oyster reefs to reinstate key ecosystem services such as shoreline protection, fisheries productivity and water filtration. Yet, since peak expiration of oysters in the 1800s, significant and ongoing environmental change has occurred. Estuaries and coasts are undergoing some of the highest rates of urbanization, warming and ocean acidification on the planet, necessitating novel approaches to restoration. Here, we review key design considerations for oyster reef restoration projects that maximize the probability that they will meet biological and socio-economic goals not only under present-day conditions, but into the future. This includes selection of sites, and where required, substrates and oyster species and genotypes for seeding, not only on the basis of their present and future suitability in supporting oyster survival, growth and reproduction, but also based on their match to specific goals of ecosystem service delivery. Based on this review, we provide a road map of design considerations to maximize the success of future restoration projects.
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8
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Seagrass-driven changes in carbonate chemistry enhance oyster shell growth. Oecologia 2021; 196:565-576. [PMID: 34043070 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the strength of non-trophic interactions exerted by foundation species is critical to understanding how natural communities respond to environmental stress. In the case of ocean acidification (OA), submerged marine macrophytes, such as seagrasses, may create local areas of elevated pH due to their capacity to sequester dissolved inorganic carbon through photosynthesis. However, although seagrasses may increase seawater pH during the day, they can also decrease pH at night due to respiration. Therefore, it remains unclear how consequences of such diel fluctuations may unfold for organisms vulnerable to OA. We established mesocosms containing different levels of seagrass biomass (Zostera marina) to create a gradient of carbonate chemistry conditions and explored consequences for growth of juvenile and adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas), a non-native species widely used in aquaculture that can co-occur, and is often grown, in proximity to seagrass beds. In particular, we investigated whether increased diel fluctuations in pH due to seagrass metabolism affected oyster growth. Seagrasses increased daytime pH up to 0.4 units but had little effect on nighttime pH (reductions less than 0.02 units). Thus, both the average pH and the amplitude of diel pH fluctuations increased with greater seagrass biomass. The highest seagrass biomass increased oyster shell growth rate (mm day-1) up to 40%. Oyster somatic tissue weight and oyster condition index exhibited a different pattern, peaking at intermediate levels of seagrass biomass. This work demonstrates the ability of seagrasses to facilitate oyster calcification and illustrates how non-trophic metabolic interactions can modulate effects of environmental change.
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9
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Clements JC, Ramesh K, Nysveen J, Dupont S, Jutfelt F. Animal size and sea water temperature, but not pH, influence a repeatable startle response behaviour in a wide-ranging marine mollusc. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Martins M, Carreiro-Silva M, Martins GM, Barcelos E Ramos J, Viveiros F, Couto RP, Parra H, Monteiro J, Gallo F, Silva C, Teodósio A, Guilini K, Hall-Spencer JM, Leitão F, Chícharo L, Range P. Ervilia castanea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) populations adversely affected at CO 2 seeps in the North Atlantic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142044. [PMID: 33254890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sites with naturally high CO2 conditions provide unique opportunities to forecast the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to ocean acidification, by studying the biological responses and potential adaptations to this increased environmental variability. In this study, we investigated the bivalve Ervilia castanea in coastal sandy sediments at reference sites and at volcanic CO2 seeps off the Azores, where the pH of bottom waters ranged from average oceanic levels of 8.2, along gradients, down to 6.81, in carbonated seawater at the seeps. The bivalve population structure changed markedly at the seeps. Large individuals became less abundant as seawater CO2 levels rose and were completely absent from the most acidified sites. In contrast, small bivalves were most abundant at the CO2 seeps. We propose that larvae can settle and initially live in high abundances under elevated CO2 levels, but that high rates of post-settlement dispersal and/or mortality occur. Ervilia castanea were susceptible to elevated CO2 levels and these effects were consistently associated with lower food supplies. This raises concerns about the effects of ocean acidification on the brood stock of this species and other bivalve molluscs with similar life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martins
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & OKEANOS Research Unit, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | | | | | - Fátima Viveiros
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ruben P Couto
- cE3c - Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Hugo Parra
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & OKEANOS Research Unit, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - João Monteiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Francesca Gallo
- IITAA - University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Center for Information and Seismovolcanic Surveillance of the Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Teodósio
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom; Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Francisco Leitão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Range
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Grear J, Pimenta A, Booth H, Horowitz DB, Mendoza W, Liebman M. In situ recovery of bivalve shell characteristics after temporary exposure to elevated pCO 2. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2020; 65:2337-2351. [PMID: 34121771 PMCID: PMC8193772 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) is causing changes in carbonate chemistry that affect calcification in marine organisms. In coastal areas, this CO2-enriched seawater mixes with waters affected by seasonal degradation of organic material loaded externally from watersheds or produced as a response to nutrient enrichment. As a result, coastal bivalves often experience strong seasonal changes in carbonate chemistry. In some cases, these changes may resemble those experienced by aquacultured bivalves during translocation activities. We mimicked these changes by exposing juvenile hard clams (500 μm, Mercenaria mercenaria) to pCO2 in laboratory upwellers at levels resembling those already reported for northeastern US estuaries (mean upweller pCO2 = 773, 1274, and 1838 μatm) and then transplanting to three grow-out sites along an expected nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay, RI (154 bags of 100 clams). Prior to the field grow-out, clams exposed to elevated pCO2 exhibited larger shells but lower dry weight per unit volume (dw/V). However, percent increase in dw/V was highest for this group during the 27-day field grow-out, suggesting that individuals with low dw/V after the laboratory treatment accelerated accumulation of dw/V when they were transferred to the bay. Treatments also appeared to affect shell mineral structure and condition of digestive diverticula. Although treatment effects diminished during the field grow-out, clams that were pre-exposed for several weeks to high pCO2 would likely have been temporarily vulnerable to predation or other factors that interact with shell integrity. This would be expected to reduce population recovery from short-term exposures to high pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grear
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Adam Pimenta
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Harriet Booth
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
| | | | - Wilson Mendoza
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Matthew Liebman
- EPA Region 1, US Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA
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12
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Kong H, Clements JC, Dupont S, Wang T, Huang X, Shang Y, Huang W, Chen J, Hu M, Wang Y. Seawater acidification and temperature modulate anti-predator defenses in two co-existing Mytilus species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:118-125. [PMID: 31590767 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of short-term (7 days) experimental ocean acidification (-0.4 pH units) and warming (+5 °C) on anti-predator defenses of two sympatric Mytilus species from China, M. coruscus and M. edulis, in the presence and absence of predator cues were investigated. Results suggested species-specific independent negative effects of acidification and warming on the number and weight of byssal threads, the force of thread attachment, and total thread plaque area. Similar negative effects were observed for clustering behaviour, with acidification and warming independently increasing the number of solitary individuals and decreasing the percentage of mussels in clusters. Acidification effects on byssus were strongly exacerbated when predators were present. Ultimately, this study suggests that short-term exposure to experimental warming and acidification can negatively impact anti-predator defense strategies in mussels with potential ramifications for predator-prey interactions and ecological functioning in systems where mussel beds play a key ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jeff C Clements
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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13
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Silliman K. Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster ( Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America. Evol Appl 2019; 12:923-939. [PMID: 31080505 PMCID: PMC6503834 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure. To distinguish between these hypotheses in O. lurida, 13,424 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to characterize rangewide population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Samples were collected across the species range on the west coast of North America, from southern California to Vancouver Island. A conservative approach for detecting putative loci under selection identified 235 SNPs across 129 GBS loci, which were functionally annotated and analyzed separately from the remaining neutral loci. While strong population structure was observed on a regional scale in both neutral and outlier markers, neutral markers had greater power to detect fine-scale structure. Geographic regions of reduced gene flow aligned with known marine biogeographic barriers, such as Cape Mendocino, Monterey Bay, and the currents around Cape Flattery. The outlier loci identified as under putative selection included genes involved in developmental regulation, sensory information processing, energy metabolism, immune response, and muscle contraction. These loci are excellent candidates for future research and may provide targets for genetic monitoring programs. Beyond specific applications for restoration and management of the Olympia oyster, this study lends to the growing body of evidence for both population structure and adaptive differentiation across a range of marine species exhibiting the potential for panmixia. Computational notebooks are available to facilitate reproducibility and future open-sourced research on the population structure of O. lurida.
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14
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Meng Y, Guo Z, Yao H, Yeung KWK, Thiyagarajan V. Calcium carbonate unit realignment under acidification: A potential compensatory mechanism in an edible estuarine oyster. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:141-149. [PMID: 30686412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is well-known for impairing marine calcification; however, the end response of several essential species to this perturbation remains unknown. Decreased pH and saturation levels (Ω) of minerals under OA is projected to alter shell crystallography and thus to reduce shell mechanical properties. This study examined this hypothesis using a commercially important estuarine oyster Magallana hongkongensis. Although shell damage occurred on the outmost prismatic layer and the undying myostracum at decreased pH 7.6 and 7.3, the major foliated layer was relatively unharmed. Oysters maintained their shell hardness and stiffness through altered crystal unit orientation under pH 7.6 conditions. However, under the undersaturated conditions (ΩCal ~ 0.8) at pH 7.3, the realigned crystal units in foliated layer ultimately resulted in less stiff shells which indicated although estuarine oysters are mechanically resistant to unfavorable calcification conditions, extremely low pH condition is still a threat to this essential species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenbin Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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15
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Byrne M, Fitzer S. The impact of environmental acidification on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz062. [PMID: 31737270 PMCID: PMC6846232 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), from seawater uptake of anthropogenic CO2, has a suite of negative effects on the ability of marine invertebrates to produce and maintain their skeletons. Increased organism pCO2 causes hypercapnia, an energetically costly physiological stress. OA alters seawater carbonate chemistry, limiting the carbonate available to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals used to build skeletons. The reduced saturation state of CaCO3 also causes corrosion of CaCO3 structures. Global change is also accelerating coastal acidification driven by land-run off (e.g. acid soil leachates, tannic acid). Building and maintaining marine biomaterials in the face of changing climate will depend on the balance between calcification and dissolution. Overall, in response to environmental acidification, many calcifiers produce less biomineral and so have smaller body size. Studies of skeleton development in echinoderms and molluscs across life stages show the stunting effect of OA. For corals, linear extension may be maintained, but at the expense of less dense biomineral. Conventional metrics used to quantify growth and calcification need to be augmented by characterisation of the changes to biomineral structure and mechanical integrity caused by environmental acidification. Scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography of corals, tube worms and sea urchins exposed to experimental (laboratory) and natural (vents, coastal run off) acidification show a less dense biomineral with greater porosity and a larger void space. For bivalves, CaCO3 crystal deposition is more chaotic in response to both ocean and coastal acidification. Biomechanics tests reveal that these changes result in weaker, more fragile skeletons, compromising their vital protective roles. Vulnerabilities differ among taxa and depend on acidification level. Climate warming has the potential to ameliorate some of the negative effects of acidification but may also make matters worse. The integrative morphology-ecomechanics approach is key to understanding how marine biominerals will perform in the face of changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author: School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Susan Fitzer
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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16
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Gaylord B, Barclay KM, Jellison BM, Jurgens LJ, Ninokawa AT, Rivest EB, Leighton LR. Ocean change within shoreline communities: from biomechanics to behaviour and beyond. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz077. [PMID: 31754431 PMCID: PMC6855281 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are changing the physical properties of Earth. In marine systems, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations are driving notable shifts in temperature and seawater chemistry. Here, we consider consequences of such perturbations for organism biomechanics and linkages amongst species within communities. In particular, we examine case examples of altered morphologies and material properties, disrupted consumer-prey behaviours, and the potential for modulated positive (i.e. facilitative) interactions amongst taxa, as incurred through increasing ocean acidity and rising temperatures. We focus on intertidal rocky shores of temperate seas as model systems, acknowledging the longstanding role of these communities in deciphering ecological principles. Our survey illustrates the broad capacity for biomechanical and behavioural shifts in organisms to influence the ecology of a transforming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Kristina M Barclay
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Brittany M Jellison
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, 255 Main Street, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Laura J Jurgens
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Aaron T Ninokawa
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Emily B Rivest
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1370 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Lindsey R Leighton
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
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17
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Campanati C, Dupont S, Williams GA, Thiyagarajan V. Differential sensitivity of larvae to ocean acidification in two interacting mollusc species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:66-74. [PMID: 30115535 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenically-induced ocean acidification (OA) scenarios of decreased pH and altered carbonate chemistry are threatening the fitness of coastal species and hence near-shore ecosystems' biodiversity. Differential tolerances to OA between species at different trophic levels, for example, may alter species interactions and impact community stability. Here we evaluate the effect of OA on the larval stages of the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata, a dominant Indo-Pacific ecosystem engineer, and its key predator, the whelk, Reishia clavigera. pH as low as 7.4 had no significant effect on mortality, abnormality or growth of oyster larvae, whereas whelk larvae exposed to pH 7.4 experienced increased mortality (up to ∼30%), abnormalities (up to 60%) and ∼3 times higher metabolic rates compared to controls. Although these impacts' long-term consequences are yet to be investigated, greater vulnerability of whelk larvae to OA could impact predation rates on intertidal rocky shores, and have implications for subsequent community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Campanati
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure, Kristineberg, Fiskebäckskil, 45178, Sweden
| | - Gray A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vengatesen Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Silliman BR, He Q. Physical Stress, Consumer Control, and New Theory in Ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:492-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Brown NEM, Milazzo M, Rastrick SPS, Hall-Spencer JM, Therriault TW, Harley CDG. Natural acidification changes the timing and rate of succession, alters community structure, and increases homogeneity in marine biofouling communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e112-e127. [PMID: 28762601 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification may have far-reaching consequences for marine community and ecosystem dynamics, but its full impacts remain poorly understood due to the difficulty of manipulating pCO2 at the ecosystem level to mimic realistic fluctuations that occur on a number of different timescales. It is especially unclear how quickly communities at various stages of development respond to intermediate-scale pCO2 change and, if high pCO2 is relieved mid-succession, whether past acidification effects persist, are reversed by alleviation of pCO2 stress, or are worsened by departures from prior high pCO2 conditions to which organisms had acclimatized. Here, we used reciprocal transplant experiments along a shallow water volcanic pCO2 gradient to assess the importance of the timing and duration of high pCO2 exposure (i.e., discrete events at different stages of successional development vs. continuous exposure) on patterns of colonization and succession in a benthic fouling community. We show that succession at the acidified site was initially delayed (less community change by 8 weeks) but then caught up over the next 4 weeks. These changes in succession led to homogenization of communities maintained in or transplanted to acidified conditions, and altered community structure in ways that reflected both short- and longer-term acidification history. These community shifts are likely a result of interspecific variability in response to increased pCO2 and changes in species interactions. High pCO2 altered biofilm development, allowing serpulids to do best at the acidified site by the end of the experiment, although early (pretransplant) negative effects of pCO2 on recruitment of these worms were still detectable. The ascidians Diplosoma sp. and Botryllus sp. settled later and were more tolerant to acidification. Overall, transient and persistent acidification-driven changes in the biofouling community, via both past and more recent exposure, could have important implications for ecosystem function and food web dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah E M Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuel P S Rastrick
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Xu XY, Yip KR, Shin PKS, Cheung SG. Predator-prey interaction between muricid gastropods and mussels under ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:911-916. [PMID: 28088370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Predation of the muricid gastropod Thais clavigera on two-sized groups of the mussel Brachidontes variabilis was studied under three pCO2 levels, 380, 950, and 1250μatm. At 950μatm pCO2 level, the prey handling time decreased significantly and large-sized B. variabilis were preferred by T. clavigera. However, the prey consumption rate was independent of pCO2 levels, although the prey searching time increased significantly at elevated pCO2. These findings indicated that the predator-prey interaction between T. clavigera and B. variabilis was altered under ocean acidification, which will have a long-term impact on the population dynamics of the interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Xu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - K R Yip
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - P K S Shin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - S G Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Maboloc EA, Chan KYK. Resilience of the larval slipper limpet Crepidula onyx to direct and indirect-diet effects of ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12062. [PMID: 28935906 PMCID: PMC5608699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is known to directly impact larval physiology and development of many marine organisms. OA also affects the nutritional quality and palatability of algae, which are principal food sources for many types of planktonic larvae. This potential indirect effect of OA via trophic interactions, however, has not been fully explored. In this study, veligers of Crepidula onyx were exposed to different pH levels representing the ambient (as control) and low pH values (pH 7.7 and pH 7.3) for 14 days, and were fed with Isochrysis galbana cultured at these three respective pHs. pH, diet, nor their interactions had no effect on larval mortality. Decrease in pH alone had a significant effect on growth rate and shell size. Structural changes (increased porosity) in larval shells were also observed in the low pH treatments. Interactions between acidification and reduced diet quality promoted earlier settlement. Unlike other calcifying molluscs, this population of slipper limpets introduced to Hong Kong in 1960s appeared to be resilient to OA and decreased algal nutritional value. If this robustness observed in the laboratory applies to the field, competition with native invertebrates may intensify and this non-native snail could flourish in acidified coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaldy A Maboloc
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong.
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22
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Speights CJ, Silliman BR, McCoy MW. The effects of elevated temperature and dissolved ρCO 2 on a marine foundation species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3808-3814. [PMID: 28616177 PMCID: PMC5468155 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how climate change and other environmental stressors will affect species is a fundamental concern of modern ecology. Indeed, numerous studies have documented how climate stressors affect species distributions and population persistence. However, relatively few studies have investigated how multiple climate stressors might affect species. In this study, we investigate the impacts of how two climate change factors affect an important foundation species. Specifically, we tested how ocean acidification from dissolution of CO 2 and increased sea surface temperatures affect multiple characteristics of juvenile eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). We found strong impacts of each stressor, but no interaction between the two. Simulated warming to mimic heat stressed summers reduced oyster growth, survival, and filtration rates. Additionally, we found that CO 2-induced acidification reduced strength of oyster shells, which could potentially facilitate crab predation. As past studies have detected few impacts of these stressors on adult oysters, these results indicate that early life stages of calcareous marine organisms may be more susceptible to effects of ocean acidification and global warming. Overall, these data show that predicted changes in temperature and CO 2 can differentially influence direct effects on individual species, which could have important implications for the nature of their trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori J Speights
- Department of Biology East Carolina University Greenville NC USA
| | - Brian R Silliman
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Beaufort NC USA
| | - Michael W McCoy
- Department of Biology East Carolina University Greenville NC USA
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23
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Keppel AG, Breitburg DL, Burrell RB. Effects of Co-Varying Diel-Cycling Hypoxia and pH on Growth in the Juvenile Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161088. [PMID: 27548256 PMCID: PMC4993518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow water provides important habitat for many species, but also exposes these organisms to daily fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH caused by cycles in the balance between photosynthesis and respiration that can contribute to repeated, brief periods of hypoxia and low pH (caused by elevated pCO2). The amplitude of these cycles, and the severity and duration of hypoxia and hypercapnia that result, can be increased by eutrophication, and are predicted to worsen with climate change. We conducted laboratory experiments to test the effects of both diel-cycling and constant low DO and pH (elevated pCO2) on growth of the juvenile eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), an economically and ecologically important estuarine species. Severe diel-cycling hypoxia (to 0.5 mg O2 L-1) reduced shell growth in juvenile oysters, as did constant hypoxia (1.2 and 2.0 mg O2 L-1), although effects varied among experiments, oyster ages, and exposure durations. Diel-cycling pH reduced growth only in experiments in which calcite saturation state cycled to ≤0.10 and only during the initial weeks of these experiments. In other cases, cycling pH sometimes led to increased growth rates. Comparisons of treatment effects across multiple weeks of exposure, and during a longer post-experiment field deployment, indicated that juvenile oysters can acclimate to, and in some cases compensate for initial reductions in growth. As a result, some ecosystem services dependent on juvenile oyster growth rates may be preserved even under severe cycling hypoxia and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Keppel
- Department of Oceanography, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, United States of America
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise L. Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Burrell
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States of America
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24
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Brown NEM, Therriault TW, Harley CDG. Field-based experimental acidification alters fouling community structure and reduces diversity. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1328-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah E. M. Brown
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Thomas W. Therriault
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC Canada
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25
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Pfister CA, Roy K, Wootton JT, McCoy SJ, Paine RT, Suchanek TH, Sanford E. Historical baselines and the future of shell calcification for a foundation species in a changing ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0392. [PMID: 27306049 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions are decreasing due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, posing challenges for calcifying marine species. Marine mussels are of particular concern given their role as foundation species worldwide. Here, we document shell growth and calcification patterns in Mytilus californianus, the California mussel, over millennial and decadal scales. By comparing shell thickness across the largest modern shells, the largest mussels collected in the 1960s-1970s and shells from two Native American midden sites (∼1000-2420 years BP), we found that modern shells are thinner overall, thinner per age category and thinner per unit length. Thus, the largest individuals of this species are calcifying less now than in the past. Comparisons of shell thickness in smaller individuals over the past 10-40 years, however, do not show significant shell thinning. Given our sampling strategy, these results are unlikely to simply reflect within-site variability or preservation effects. Review of environmental and biotic drivers known to affect shell calcification suggests declining ocean pH as a likely explanation for the observed shell thinning. Further future decreases in shell thickness could have significant negative impacts on M. californianus survival and, in turn, negatively impact the species-rich complex that occupies mussel beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert T Paine
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Suchanek
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Wang Q, Cao R, Ning X, You L, Mu C, Wang C, Wei L, Cong M, Wu H, Zhao J. Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:24-33. [PMID: 26706224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), caused by anthropogenic CO2emissions, has been proposed as one of the greatest threats in marine ecosystems. A growing body of evidence shows that ocean acidification can impact development, survival, growth and physiology of marine calcifiers. In this study, the immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated after elevated pCO2 exposure for 28 days. The results demonstrated that OA caused an increase of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes. Moreover, elevated pCO2 had an inhibitory effect on some antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the GSH level in digestive gland. However, the mRNA expression pattern of several immune related genes varied depending on the exposure time and tissues. After exposure to pCO2 at ∼2000 ppm for 28 days, the mRNA expressions of almost all tested genes were significantly suppressed in gills and stimulated in hemocytes. Above all, our study demonstrated that elevated pCO2 have a significant impact on the immune systems of the Pacific oyster, which may constitute as a potential threat to increased susceptibility of bivalves to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xuanxuan Ning
- Yantai Oceanic Environmental Monitoring Central Station of SOA, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Liping You
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Lei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
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Yuan WS, Hoffman EA, Walters LJ. Effects of nonnative invertebrates on two life stages of the native eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Somero GN, Beers JM, Chan F, Hill TM, Klinger T, Litvin SY. What Changes in the Carbonate System, Oxygen, and Temperature Portend for the Northeastern Pacific Ocean: A Physiological Perspective. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gaylord B, Kroeker KJ, Sunday JM, Anderson KM, Barry JP, Brown NE, Connell SD, Dupont S, Fabricius KE, Hall-Spencer JH, Klinger T, Milazzo M, Munday PL, Russell BD, Sanford E, Schreiber SJ, Thiyagarajan V, Vaughan MLH, Widdicombe S, Harley CDG. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology 2015; 96:3-15. [PMID: 26236884 DOI: 10.1890/14-0802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification, chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater, is emerging as a key environmental challenge accompanying global warming and other human-induced perturbations. Considerable research seeks to define the scope and character of potential outcomes from this phenomenon, but a crucial impediment persists. Ecological theory, despite its power and utility, has been only peripherally applied to the problem. Here we sketch in broad strokes several areas where fundamental principles of ecology have the capacity to generate insight into ocean acidification's consequences. We focus on conceptual models that, when considered in the context of acidification, yield explicit predictions regarding a spectrum of population- and community-level effects, from narrowing of species ranges and shifts in patterns of demographic connectivity, to modified consumer-resource relationships, to ascendance of weedy taxa and loss of species diversity. Although our coverage represents only a small fraction of the breadth of possible insights achievable from the application of theory, our hope is that this initial foray will spur expanded efforts to blend experiments with theoretical approaches. The result promises to be a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ocean acidification'and the ecological changes it portends.
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Gooding RA, Harley CDG. Quantifying the Effects of Predator and Prey Body Size on Sea Star Feeding Behaviors. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 228:192-200. [PMID: 26124446 DOI: 10.1086/bblv228n3p192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Body size plays a crucial role in determining the strength of species interactions, population dynamics, and community structure. We measured how changes in body size affect the trophic relationship between the sea star Pisaster ochraceus and its prey, the mussel Mytilus trossulus. We tested the effects of a wide range of predator and prey sizes on sea stars' prey-size preference, feeding rate, and prey tissue consumption. We found that preferred prey size increased with sea star size. Pisaster consumption rate (mussels consumed per day) and tissue intake rate (grams of tissue consumed per day) also increased with sea star size. Pisaster consumption rate, but not tissue intake rate, decreased with increasing mussel size. Juvenile sea stars preferred the most profitable prey sizes-that is, those that maximized tissue consumed per unit handling time. When adult sea stars were offered larger, more profitable mussels, tissue intake rates (grams per day) tended to increase, although this relationship was not statistically significant. Our results indicate that the Pisaster-Mytilus interaction depends on the sizes of both predator and prey, that predation rates are sensitive to even small changes in body size, and that shifts in size distributions may affect predator energetics and prey numbers differently depending on the factors that limit tissue consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gooding
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada
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31
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Wear SL, Thurber RV. Sewage pollution: mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1355:15-30. [PMID: 25959987 PMCID: PMC4690507 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are in decline worldwide, and land-derived sources of pollution, including sewage, are a major force driving that deterioration. This review presents evidence that sewage discharge occurs in waters surrounding at least 104 of 112 reef geographies. Studies often refer to sewage as a single stressor. However, we show that it is more accurately characterized as a multiple stressor. Many of the individual agents found within sewage, specifically freshwater, inorganic nutrients, pathogens, endocrine disrupters, suspended solids, sediments, and heavy metals, can severely impair coral growth and/or reproduction. These components of sewage may interact with each other to create as-yet poorly understood synergisms (e.g., nutrients facilitate pathogen growth), and escalate impacts of other, non-sewage–based stressors. Surprisingly few published studies have examined impacts of sewage in the field, but those that have suggest negative effects on coral reefs. Because sewage discharge proximal to sensitive coral reefs is widespread across the tropics, it is imperative for coral reef–focused institutions to increase investment in threat-abatement strategies for mitigating sewage pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wear
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina.,The Nature Conservancy, Beaufort, North Carolina
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Breitburg DL, Hondorp D, Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Burrell RB, Trice M, Clark V. Landscape-level variation in disease susceptibility related to shallow-water hypoxia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116223. [PMID: 25671595 PMCID: PMC4324988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diel-cycling hypoxia is widespread in shallow portions of estuaries and lagoons, especially in systems with high nutrient loads resulting from human activities. Far less is known about the effects of this form of hypoxia than deeper-water seasonal or persistent low dissolved oxygen. We examined field patterns of diel-cycling hypoxia and used field and laboratory experiments to test its effects on acquisition and progression of Perkinsus marinus infections in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as well as on oyster growth and filtration. P. marinus infections cause the disease known as Dermo, have been responsible for declines in oyster populations, and have limited success of oyster restoration efforts. The severity of diel-cycling hypoxia varied among shallow monitored sites in Chesapeake Bay, and average daily minimum dissolved oxygen was positively correlated with average daily minimum pH. In both field and laboratory experiments, diel-cycling hypoxia increased acquisition and progression of infections, with stronger results found for younger (1-year-old) than older (2-3-year-old) oysters, and more pronounced effects on both infections and growth found in the field than in the laboratory. Filtration by oysters was reduced during brief periods of exposure to severe hypoxia. This should have reduced exposure to waterborne P. marinus, and contributed to the negative relationship found between hypoxia frequency and oyster growth. Negative effects of hypoxia on the host immune response is, therefore, the likely mechanism leading to elevated infections in oysters exposed to hypoxia relative to control treatments. Because there is considerable spatial variation in the frequency and severity of hypoxia, diel-cycling hypoxia may contribute to landscape-level spatial variation in disease dynamics within and among estuarine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD, 21037, United States of America
| | - Darryl Hondorp
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD, 21037, United States of America
- USGS Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States of America
| | - Corinne Audemard
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, United States of America
| | - Ryan B. Carnegie
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Burrell
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD, 21037, United States of America
| | - Mark Trice
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis, MD, 21401, United States of America
| | - Virginia Clark
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD, 21037, United States of America
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Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wright JM, Parker LM, O'Connor WA, Williams M, Kube P, Ross PM. Populations of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas respond variably to elevated CO2 and predation by Morula marginalba. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:269-281. [PMID: 25070870 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is anticipated to decrease calcification and increase dissolution of shelled molluscs. Molluscs with thinner and weaker shells may be more susceptible to predation, but not all studies have measured negative responses of molluscs to elevated pCO2. Recent studies measuring the response of molluscs have found greater variability at the population level than first expected. Here we investigate the impact of acidification on the predatory whelk Morula marginalba and genetically distinct subpopulations of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Whelks and eight family lines of C. gigas were separately exposed to ambient (385 ppm) and elevated (1000 ppm) pCO2 for 6 weeks. Following this period, individuals of M. marginalba were transferred into tanks with oysters at ambient and elevated pCO2 for 17 days. The increase in shell height of the oysters was on average 63% less at elevated compared to ambient pCO2. There were differences in shell compression strength, thickness, and mass among family lines of C. gigas, with sometimes an interaction between pCO2 and family line. Against expectations, this study found increased shell strength in the prey and reduced shell strength in the predator at elevated compared to ambient pCO2. After 10 days, the whelks consumed significantly more oysters regardless of whether C. gigas had been exposed to ambient or elevated CO2, but this was not dependent on the family line and the effect was not significant after 17 days. Our study found an increase in predation after exposure of the predator to predicted near-future levels of estuarine pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wright
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury 2753 NSW, Australia
| | - Laura M Parker
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury 2753 NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach 2316, NSW, Australia; and
| | - Mark Williams
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury 2753 NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Kube
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship & CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart 7001 TAS, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury 2753 NSW, Australia;
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