1
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Zhong KX, Chan AM, Collicutt B, Daspe M, Finke JF, Foss M, Green TJ, Harley CDG, Hesketh AV, Miller KM, Otto SP, Rolheiser K, Saunders R, Sutherland BJG, Suttle CA. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat is shaped by ocean warming but not acidification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0005224. [PMID: 38466091 PMCID: PMC11022565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00052-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas, a.k.a. Crassostrea gigas), the most widely farmed oysters, are under threat from climate change and emerging pathogens. In part, their resilience may be affected by their microbiome, which, in turn, may be influenced by ocean warming and acidification. To understand these impacts, we exposed early-development Pacific oyster spat to different temperatures (18°C and 24°C) and pCO2 levels (800, 1,600, and 2,800 µatm) in a fully crossed design for 3 weeks. Under all conditions, the microbiome changed over time, with a large decrease in the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic ciliates (Uronema marinum) in all treatments with time. The microbiome composition differed significantly with temperature, but not acidification, indicating that Pacific oyster spat microbiomes can be altered by ocean warming but is resilient to ocean acidification in our experiments. Microbial taxa differed in relative abundance with temperature, implying different adaptive strategies and ecological specializations among microorganisms. Additionally, a small proportion (~0.2% of the total taxa) of the relatively abundant microbial taxa were core constituents (>50% occurrence among samples) across different temperatures, pCO2 levels, or time. Some taxa, including A4b bacteria and members of the family Saprospiraceae in the phyla Chloroflexi (syn. Chloroflexota) and Bacteroidetes (syn. Bacteroidota), respectively, as well as protists in the genera Labyrinthula and Aplanochytrium in the class Labyrinthulomycetes, and Pseudoperkinsus tapetis in the class Ichthyosporea were core constituents across temperatures, pCO2 levels, and time, suggesting that they play an important, albeit unknown, role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of the Pacific oyster spat microbiome in response to ocean warming and acidification. These findings highlight the flexibility of the spat microbiome to environmental changes.IMPORTANCEPacific oysters are the most economically important and widely farmed species of oyster, and their production depends on healthy oyster spat. In turn, spat health and productivity are affected by the associated microbiota; yet, studies have not scrutinized the effects of temperature and pCO2 on the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes of spat. Here, we show that both the prokaryotic and, for the first time, eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat are surprisingly resilient to changes in acidification, but sensitive to ocean warming. The findings have potential implications for oyster survival amid climate change and underscore the need to understand temperature and pCO2 effects on the microbiome and the cascading effects on oyster health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Xu Zhong
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy M. Chan
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Maxim Daspe
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan Foss
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia V. Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Ben J. G. Sutherland
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Sunday JM, Bernhardt JR, Harley CDG, O'Connor MI. Temperature dependence of competitive ability is cold-shifted compared to that of growth rate in marine phytoplankton. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14337. [PMID: 38069515 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The effect of climate warming on community composition is expected to be contingent on competitive outcomes, yet approaches to projecting ecological outcomes often rely on measures of density-independent performance across temperatures. Recent theory suggests that the temperature response of competitive ability differs in shape from that of population growth rate. Here, we test this hypothesis empirically and find thermal performance curves of competitive ability in aquatic microorganisms to be systematically left-shifted and flatter compared to those of exponential growth rate. The minimum resource requirement for growth, R*-an inverse indicator of competitive ability-changes with temperature following a U-shaped pattern in all four species tested, contrasting from their left-skewed density-independent growth rate thermal performance curves. Our results provide new evidence that exploitative competitive success is highest at temperatures that are sub-optimal for growth, suggesting performance estimates of density-independent variables might underpredict performance in cooler competitive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Thyrring J, Harley CDG. Marine latitudinal diversity gradients are generally absent in intertidal ecosystems. Ecology 2024; 105:e4205. [PMID: 37947006 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Current latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) meta-analyses have failed to distinguish one of the most widespread marine habitats, the intertidal zone, as a separate system despite it having unique abiotic challenges and spatially compressed stress gradients that affect the distribution and abundance of resident species. We address this issue by revisiting published literature and datasets on LDGs since 1911 to explore LDG patterns and their strengths in intertidal benthic, subtidal benthic, and pelagic realms and discuss the importance of recognizing intertidal ecosystems as distinct. Rocky shorelines were the most studied intertidal ecosystem encompassing 64.2% of intertidal LDG studies, and 62.9% of studies focused on assemblage composition, while the remaining 37.1% of studies were taxa specific. While our analyses confirmed LDGs in subtidal benthic and pelagic realms, with a decrease in richness toward the poles, we found no consistent intertidal LDGs in any ocean or coastline across hemispheres or biodiversity unit. Analyzing intertidal and subtidal zones as separate systems increased the strength of subtidal benthic LDGs relative to analyses combining these systems. We demonstrate that in intertidal ecosystems across oceans in both hemispheres, a latitudinal decrease in species richness is not readily apparent, which stands in contrast with significant LDG patterns found in the subtidal realm. Intertidal habitat heterogeneity, regional environmental variability and biological interactions can create species-rich hot spots independent of latitude, which may functionally outweigh a typical latitudinal decline in species richness. Although previous work has shown weaker LDGs in benthic than pelagic systems, we demonstrate that this is caused by combining subtidal and intertidal benthic ecosystems into a single benthic category. Thus, we propose that subtidal and intertidal ecosystems cannot be combined into one entity as the physical and biological parameters controlling ecosystem processes are vastly different, even among intertidal ecosystems. Thus, the intertidal zone offers a unique model system in which hypotheses can be further tested to better understand the complex processes underlying LDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Ecology and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Beaty F, Gehman ALM, Brownlee G, Harley CDG. Not just range limits: Warming rate and thermal sensitivity shape climate change vulnerability in a species range center. Ecology 2023; 104:e4183. [PMID: 37786322 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change manifests unevenly across space and time and produces complex patterns of stress for ecological systems. Species can also show substantial among-population variability in response to environmental change across their geographic range due to evolutionary processes. Explanatory factors or their proxies, such as temperature and latitude, help parse these sources of environmental and intraspecific variability; however, overemphasizing latitudinal trends can obscure the role of local environmental conditions in shaping population vulnerability to climate change. Focusing on the geographic center of a species range to disentangle latitude, we test the hypothesis that populations from warmer regions of a species range are more vulnerable to ocean warming. We conducted a mesocosm experiment and field reciprocal transplant with four populations of a marine snail, Nucella lamellosa, from two regions in British Columbia, Canada, that differ in thermal characteristics: the Central Coast, a cool region, and the Strait of Georgia, one of the warmest regions of this species' range and one that is warming faster than the Central Coast. Populations from the Strait of Georgia experienced growth reductions at contemporary summertime seawater temperatures in the laboratory and showed stark reductions in survival and growth under future seawater conditions and when outplanted at their native transplant sites. This indicates a high vulnerability to ocean warming, especially given the faster rate of ocean warming in this region. In contrast, populations from the cooler Central Coast demonstrated high performance at contemporary seawater temperatures and high growth and survival in projected future seawater temperatures and at their native outplant sites. Given their position within the geographic center of N. lamellosa's range, extirpation events in the vulnerable Strait of Georgia populations could compromise connectivity within the metapopulation and lead to gaps across this species' range. Overall, our study supports predictions that populations from warm regions of species ranges are more vulnerable to environmental warming, suggests that the Strait of Georgia and other inland or coastal seas could be focal points for climate change effects and ecological transformation, and emphasizes the importance of analyzing climate change vulnerability in the context of regional environmental data and throughout a species' range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Beaty
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Ocean and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- Institute for the Ocean and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham Brownlee
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Ocean and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Unceded xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Currie-Olsen D, Hesketh AV, Grimm J, Kennedy J, Marshall KE, Harley CDG. Lethal and sublethal implications of low temperature exposure for three intertidal predators. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103549. [PMID: 37244058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Benthic invertebrate predators play a key role in top-down trophic regulation in intertidal ecosystems. While the physiological and ecological consequences of predator exposure to high temperatures during summer low tides are increasingly well-studied, the effects of cold exposure during winter low tides remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we measured the supercooling points, survival, and feeding rates of three intertidal predator species in British Columbia, Canada - the sea stars Pisaster ochraceus and Evasterias troschelii and the dogwhelk Nucella lamellosa - in response to exposure to sub-zero air temperatures. Overall, we found that all three predators exhibited evidence of internal freezing at relatively mild sub-zero temperatures, with sea stars exhibiting an average supercooling point of -2.50 °C, and the dogwhelk averaging approximately -3.99 °C. None of the tested species are strongly freeze tolerant, as evidenced by moderate-to-low survival rates after exposure to -8 °C air. All three predators exhibited significantly reduced feeding rates over a two-week period following a single 3-h sublethal (-0.5 °C) exposure event. We also quantified variation in predator body temperature among thermal microhabitats during winter low tides. Predators that were found at the base of large boulders, on the sediment, and within crevices had higher body temperatures during winter low tides, as compared to those situated in other microhabitats. However, we did not find evidence of behavioural thermoregulation via selective microhabitat use during cold weather. Since these intertidal predators are less freeze tolerant than their preferred prey, winter low temperature exposures can have important implications for organism survival and predator-prey dynamics across thermal gradients at both local (habitat-driven) and geographic (climate-driven) scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja Currie-Olsen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Amelia V Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jaime Grimm
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jessica Kennedy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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6
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Thyrring J, Macleod CD, Marshall KE, Kennedy J, Tremblay R, Harley CDG. Ocean acidification increases susceptibility to sub-zero air temperatures in ecosystem engineers and limit poleward range shifts. eLife 2023; 12:81080. [PMID: 37039622 PMCID: PMC10129327 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing climate change has caused rapidly increasing temperatures, and an unprecedented decline in seawater pH, known as ocean acidification. Increasing temperatures are redistributing species towards higher and cooler latitudes which are most affected by ocean acidification. Whilst the persistence of intertidal species in cold environments is related to their capacity to resist sub-zero air temperatures, studies have never considered the interacting impacts of ocean acidification and freeze stress on species survival and distribution. Here, a full-factorial experiment was used to study whether ocean acidification increases mortality in subtidal Mytilus trossulus and subtidal M. galloprovincialis, and intertidal M. trossulus following sub-zero air temperature exposure. We examined physiological processes behind variation in freeze tolerance using 1H NMR metabolomics, analyses of fatty acids, and amino acid composition. We show that low pH conditions (pH = 7.5) significantly decrease freeze tolerance in both intertidal and subtidal populations of Mytilus spp. Under current day pH conditions (pH = 7.9), intertidal M. trossulus was more freeze tolerant than subtidal M. trossulus and subtidal M. galloprovincialis. Conversely, under low pH conditions, subtidal M. trossulus was more freeze tolerant than the other mussel categories. Differences in the concentration of various metabolites (cryoprotectants), or in the composition of amino acids and cell membrane phospholipid fatty acids could not explain the decrease in survival. These results suggest that ocean acidification can offset the poleward range expansions facilitated by warming, and that reduced freeze tolerance could result in a range contraction if temperatures become lethal at the equatorward edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Colin D Macleod
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Kennedy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
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7
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White RH, Anderson S, Booth JF, Braich G, Draeger C, Fei C, Harley CDG, Henderson SB, Jakob M, Lau CA, Mareshet Admasu L, Narinesingh V, Rodell C, Roocroft E, Weinberger KR, West G. The unprecedented Pacific Northwest heatwave of June 2021. Nat Commun 2023; 14:727. [PMID: 36759624 PMCID: PMC9910268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In late June 2021 a heatwave of unprecedented magnitude impacted the Pacific Northwest region of Canada and the United States. Many locations broke all-time maximum temperature records by more than 5 °C, and the Canadian national temperature record was broken by 4.6 °C, with a new record temperature of 49.6 °C. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of this event and its impacts. Upstream diabatic heating played a key role in the magnitude of this anomaly. Weather forecasts provided advanced notice of the event, while sub-seasonal forecasts showed an increased likelihood of a heat extreme with lead times of 10-20 days. The impacts of this event were catastrophic, including hundreds of attributable deaths across the Pacific Northwest, mass-mortalities of marine life, reduced crop and fruit yields, river flooding from rapid snow and glacier melt, and a substantial increase in wildfires-the latter contributing to landslides in the months following. These impacts provide examples we can learn from and a vivid depiction of how climate change can be so devastating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. White
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Sam Anderson
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - James F. Booth
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Earth and Atmospheric Science, City College of New York, New York, NY US ,grid.212340.60000000122985718The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY US
| | - Ginni Braich
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Christina Draeger
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Cuiyi Fei
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- grid.418246.d0000 0001 0352 641XEnvironmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Matthias Jakob
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,BCG Engineering Inc, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | | | - Lualawi Mareshet Admasu
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Veeshan Narinesingh
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Program in Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ US
| | - Christopher Rodell
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Eliott Roocroft
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kate R. Weinberger
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Greg West
- grid.450417.30000 0004 0406 583XBC Hydro, Vancouver, BC Canada
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8
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Hesketh AV, Harley CDG. Extreme heatwave drives topography-dependent patterns of mortality in a bed-forming intertidal barnacle, with implications for associated community structure. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:165-178. [PMID: 36016505 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heatwave frequency and intensity will increase as climate change progresses. Intertidal sessile invertebrates, which often form thermally benign microhabitats for associated species, are vulnerable to thermal stress because they have minimal ability to behaviourally thermoregulate. Understanding what factors influence the mortality of biogenic species and how heatwaves might impact their ability to provide habitat is critical. Here, we characterize the community associated with the thatched barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus (Pallass, 1788), in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Then, we investigate what site-level and plot-level environmental factors explained variations in barnacle mortality resulting from an unprecedented regional heatwave in BC, Canada. Furthermore, we used a manipulative shading experiment deployed prior to the heatwave to examine the effect of thermal stress on barnacle survival and recruitment and the barnacle-associated community. We identified 50 taxa inhabiting S. cariosus beds, with variations in community composition between sites. Site-scale variables and algal canopy cover did not predict S. cariosus mortality, but patch-scale variation in substratum orientation did, with more direct solar irradiance corresponding with higher barnacle mortality. The shading experiment demonstrated that S. cariosus survival, barnacle recruitment, and invertebrate community diversity were higher under shades where substratum temperatures were lower. Associated community composition also differed between shaded and non-shaded plots, suggesting S. cariosus was not able to fully buffer acute thermal stress for its associated community. While habitat provisioning by intertidal foundation species is an important source of biodiversity, these species alone may not be enough to prevent substantial community shifts following extreme heatwaves. As heatwaves become more frequent and severe, they may further reduce diversity via the loss of biogenic habitat, and spatial variation in these impacts may be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia V Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Raymond WW, Barber JS, Dethier MN, Hayford HA, Harley CDG, King TL, Paul B, Speck CA, Tobin ED, Raymond AET, McDonald PS. Assessment of the impacts of an unprecedented heatwave on intertidal shellfish of the Salish Sea. Ecology 2022; 103:e3798. [PMID: 35726191 PMCID: PMC9786359 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendel W. Raymond
- University of Washington Friday Harbor LaboratoriesFriday HarborWashingtonUSA
| | - Julie S. Barber
- Swinomish Indian Tribal CommunityFisheries DepartmentLa ConnerWashingtonUSA
| | - Megan N. Dethier
- University of Washington Friday Harbor LaboratoriesFriday HarborWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology and the Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Teri L. King
- Washington Sea GrantUniversity of WashingtonSheltonWashingtonUSA
| | - Blair Paul
- Skokomish Indian TribeSkokomishWashingtonUSA
| | - Camille A. Speck
- Washington Department of Fish and WildlifePuget Sound Shellfish UnitPort TownsendWashingtonUSA
| | - Elizabeth D. Tobin
- Jamestown S'Klallam TribeNatural Resources DepartmentSequimWashingtonUSA
| | - Ann E. T. Raymond
- Jamestown S'Klallam TribeNatural Resources DepartmentSequimWashingtonUSA
| | - P. Sean McDonald
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Program on the EnvironmentUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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10
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Martínez-Laiz G, MacLeod CD, Hesketh AV, Konecny CA, Ros M, Guerra-García JM, Harley CDG. The journey of hull-fouling mobile invaders: basibionts and boldness mediate dislodgement risk during transit. Biofouling 2022; 38:837-851. [PMID: 36317602 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2138754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vessel hull-fouling is responsible for most bioinvasion events in the marine environment, yet it lacks regulation in most countries. Although experts advocate a preventative approach, research efforts on pre-arrival processes are limited. The performance of mobile epifauna during vessel transport was evaluated via laboratory simulations, using the well-known invasive Japanese skeleton shrimp (Caprella mutica), and its native congener C. laeviuscula as case study. The invader did not possess any advantage in terms of inherent resistance to drag. Instead, its performance was conditioned by the complexity of secondary substrate. Dislodgement risk was significantly reduced when sessile fouling basibionts were added, which provided refugia and boosted the probability of C. mutica remaining attached from 7 to 65% in flow exposure trials. Interestingly, the invader exhibited significantly higher exploratory tendency and motility than its native congener at zero-flow conditions. Implications in terms of en-route survivorship, invasion success and macrofouling management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Martínez-Laiz
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Colin D MacLeod
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amelia V Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cassandra A Konecny
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Macarena Ros
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Biology, CASEM, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - José M Guerra-García
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Sumaila UR, Skerritt DJ, Schuhbauer A, Villasante S, Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Sinan H, Burnside D, Abdallah PR, Abe K, Addo KA, Adelsheim J, Adewumi IJ, Adeyemo OK, Adger N, Adotey J, Advani S, Afrin Z, Aheto D, Akintola SL, Akpalu W, Alam L, Alava JJ, Allison EH, Amon DJ, Anderies JM, Anderson CM, Andrews E, Angelini R, Anna Z, Antweiler W, Arizi EK, Armitage D, Arthur RI, Asare N, Asche F, Asiedu B, Asuquo F, Badmus L, Bailey M, Ban N, Barbier EB, Barley S, Barnes C, Barrett S, Basurto X, Belhabib D, Bennett E, Bennett NJ, Benzaken D, Blasiak R, Bohorquez JJ, Bordehore C, Bornarel V, Boyd DR, Breitburg D, Brooks C, Brotz L, Campbell D, Cannon S, Cao L, Cardenas Campo JC, Carpenter S, Carpenter G, Carson RT, Carvalho AR, Castrejón M, Caveen AJ, Chabi MN, Chan KMA, Chapin FS, Charles T, Cheung W, Christensen V, Chuku EO, Church T, Clark C, Clarke TM, Cojocaru AL, Copeland B, Crawford B, Crépin AS, Crowder LB, Cury P, Cutting AN, Daily GC, Da-Rocha JM, Das A, de la Puente S, de Zeeuw A, Deikumah SKS, Deith M, Dewitte B, Doubleday N, Duarte CM, Dulvy NK, Eddy T, Efford M, Ehrlich PR, Elsler LG, Fakoya KA, Falaye AE, Fanzo J, Fitzsimmons C, Flaaten O, Florko KRN, Aviles MF, Folke C, Forrest A, Freeman P, Freire KMF, Froese R, Frölicher TL, Gallagher A, Garcon V, Gasalla MA, Gephart JA, Gibbons M, Gillespie K, Giron-Nava A, Gjerde K, Glaser S, Golden C, Gordon L, Govan H, Gryba R, Halpern BS, Hanich Q, Hara M, Harley CDG, Harper S, Harte M, Helm R, Hendrix C, Hicks CC, Hood L, Hoover C, Hopewell K, Horta E Costa BB, Houghton JDR, Iitembu JA, Isaacs M, Isahaku S, Ishimura G, Islam M, Issifu I, Jackson J, Jacquet J, Jensen OP, Ramon JJ, Jin X, Jonah A, Jouffray JB, Juniper SK, Jusoh S, Kadagi I, Kaeriyama M, Kaiser MJ, Kaiser BA, Kakujaha-Matundu O, Karuaihe ST, Karumba M, Kemmerly JD, Khan AS, Kimani P, Kleisner K, Knowlton N, Kotowicz D, Kurien J, Kwong LE, Lade S, Laffoley D, Lam ME, Lam VWL, Lange GM, Latif MT, Le Billon P, Le Brenne V, Le Manach F, Levin SA, Levin L, Limburg KE, List J, Lombard AT, Lopes PFM, Lotze HK, Mallory TG, Mangar RS, Marszalec D, Mattah P, Mayorga J, McAusland C, McCauley DJ, McLean J, McMullen K, Meere F, Mejaes A, Melnychuk M, Mendo J, Micheli F, Millage K, Miller D, Mohamed KS, Mohammed E, Mokhtar M, Morgan L, Muawanah U, Munro GR, Murray G, Mustafa S, Nayak P, Newell D, Nguyen T, Noack F, Nor AM, Nunoo FKE, Obura D, Okey T, Okyere I, Onyango P, Oostdijk M, Orlov P, Österblom H, Owens D, Owens T, Oyinlola M, Pacoureau N, Pakhomov E, Abrantes JP, Pascual U, Paulmier A, Pauly D, Pèlèbè ROE, Peñalosa D, Pennino MG, Peterson G, Pham TTT, Pinkerton E, Polasky S, Polunin NVC, Prah E, Ramírez J, Relano V, Reygondeau G, Robadue D, Roberts C, Rogers A, Roumbedakis K, Sala E, Scheffer M, Segerson K, Seijo JC, Seto KC, Shogren JF, Silver JJ, Singh G, Soszynski A, Splichalova DV, Spring M, Stage J, Stephenson F, Stewart BD, Sultan R, Suttle C, Tagliabue A, Tall A, Talloni-Álvarez N, Tavoni A, Taylor DRF, Teh LSL, Teh LCL, Thiebot JB, Thiele T, Thilsted SH, Thumbadoo RV, Tigchelaar M, Tol RSJ, Tortell P, Troell M, Uzmanoğlu MS, van Putten I, van Santen G, Villaseñor-Derbez JC, Wabnitz CCC, Walsh M, Walsh JP, Wambiji N, Weber EU, Westley F, Williams S, Wisz MS, Worm B, Xiao L, Yagi N, Yamazaki S, Yang H, Zeller D. WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies. Science 2021; 374:544. [PMID: 34709891 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rashid Sumaila
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel J Skerritt
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Schuhbauer
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sebastian Villasante
- Cross-Research in Environmental Technologies, Department of Applied Economics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | | | - Hussain Sinan
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Duncan Burnside
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrízia Raggi Abdallah
- Instituto de Ciências Econômicas, Administrativas e Contábeis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Keita Abe
- Centre for Applied Research at Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kwasi A Addo
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julia Adelsheim
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ibukun J Adewumi
- Global Ocean Accounts Partnership, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,African Marine Environment Sustainability Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olanike K Adeyemo
- Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Neil Adger
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX44RJ, UK
| | - Joshua Adotey
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sahir Advani
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Dakshin Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zahidah Afrin
- The World Maritime University-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Denis Aheto
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Wisdom Akpalu
- School of Research and Graduate Studies, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota-Accra, Ghana
| | - Lubna Alam
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Juan José Alava
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - John M Anderies
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Christopher M Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan Andrews
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Ronaldo Angelini
- Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, CP 1524, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Zuzy Anna
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.,SDGs Center, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Werner Antweiler
- Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Evans K Arizi
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Derek Armitage
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Robert I Arthur
- Woodhill Solutions, Glyneath House, Longtown, Herefordshire, UK
| | - Noble Asare
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Asche
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.,Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Berchie Asiedu
- Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Francis Asuquo
- Department of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Lanre Badmus
- World Aquaculture Society, African Chapter West African Region, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Megan Bailey
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Natalie Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Edward B Barbier
- Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1771, USA
| | - Shanta Barley
- Minderoo Foundation, Broadway Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Colin Barnes
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, University of Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | | | - Xavier Basurto
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Elena Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,People and the Ocean Specialist Group, Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Benzaken
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John J Bohorquez
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Cesar Bordehore
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Virginie Bornarel
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David R Boyd
- School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Cassandra Brooks
- Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303-0397, USA
| | - Lucas Brotz
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Donovan Campbell
- Department of Geography and Geology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sara Cannon
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ling Cao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Steve Carpenter
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Richard T Carson
- Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriana R Carvalho
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Castrejón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alex J Caveen
- Biological and Marine Sciences, Hull University, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Nicole Chabi
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Tony Charles
- School of the Environment, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.,School of Business, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - William Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ernest O Chuku
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Trevor Church
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Clark
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tayler M Clarke
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreea L Cojocaru
- Department of Innovation, Management and Marketing, University of Stavanger Business School, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Brian Copeland
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Crawford
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Philippe Cury
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
| | - Allison N Cutting
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project, Biology Department and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jose Maria Da-Rocha
- Economics and Business Administration for Society, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Campus Universitario, 32004 Ourense, Spain.,Facultade de Ciencias Empresariais e Turismo, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Campus Universitario, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Abhipsita Das
- Department of Applied Economics, Auburn University, College of Agriculture, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Santiago de la Puente
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Aart de Zeeuw
- Tilburg Sustainability Center and Department of Economics, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Savior K S Deikumah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mairin Deith
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Boris Dewitte
- Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones, Campus Andrés Bello Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Nancy Doubleday
- Faculty of Humanities, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tyler Eddy
- Fisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Meaghan Efford
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paul R Ehrlich
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura G Elsler
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - A Eyiwunmi Falaye
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clare Fitzsimmons
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ola Flaaten
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katie R N Florko
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marta Flotats Aviles
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Freeman
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Kátia M F Freire
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rainer Froese
- Geomar-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Veronique Garcon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria A Gasalla
- University of Sao Paulo, Oceanographic Institute, Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Mark Gibbons
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Belville, Western Cape, South Africa.,University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kyle Gillespie
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alfredo Giron-Nava
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristina Gjerde
- IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah Glaser
- Secure Fisheries, a program of One Earth Future foundation, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - Christopher Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Line Gordon
- Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugh Govan
- School of Government, Development and International Affairs, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Rowenna Gryba
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA.,National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Quentin Hanich
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mafaniso Hara
- Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sarah Harper
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Michael Harte
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Rebecca Helm
- University of North Carolina, Asheville, NC 28804, USA.,Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Cullen Hendrix
- Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.,Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Christina C Hicks
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Lincoln Hood
- Marine Futures Laboratory and Sea Around Us - Indian Ocean, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carie Hoover
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kristen Hopewell
- School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bárbara B Horta E Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan D R Houghton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Johannes A Iitembu
- Department of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, Henties Bay, Namibia
| | - Moenieba Isaacs
- Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sadique Isahaku
- General Education Academic and Career Pathway, Milwaukee Area Technical College, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | | | - Monirul Islam
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Issifu
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Jackson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Olaf P Jensen
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Xue Jin
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Ocean Development Research Institute, Major Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Alberta Jonah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - S Kim Juniper
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Sufian Jusoh
- Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
| | | | - Masahide Kaeriyama
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michel J Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Brooks Alexandra Kaiser
- Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Degnevej 14, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Selma T Karuaihe
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | - Ahmed S Khan
- Department of Agriculture and Agro-Industry, Agribusiness Division, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Patrick Kimani
- Coastal and Marine Resource Development, Bamburi, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | | | - Dawn Kotowicz
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | | | - Lian E Kwong
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven Lade
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dan Laffoley
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Commission on Protected Areas, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Mimi E Lam
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vicky W L Lam
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Mohd T Latif
- Department of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Philippe Le Billon
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.,High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lisa Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karin E Limburg
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - John List
- The Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amanda T Lombard
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Priscila F M Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tabitha G Mallory
- China Ocean Institute, Seattle, WA 98122 USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roshni S Mangar
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Marszalec
- Department of Economics and Business, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Precious Mattah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA.,National Geographic Society, Pristine Seas, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carol McAusland
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey McLean
- Global Health Graduate Programs, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karly McMullen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Frank Meere
- Sustainable Fisheries Management, Calwell, ACT 2905, Australia
| | - Annie Mejaes
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael Melnychuk
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jaime Mendo
- Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.,Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Millage
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mazlin Mokhtar
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Lance Morgan
- Marine Conservation Institute, Glen Ellen CA 95442, USA
| | - Umi Muawanah
- The Agency for Research and Human Development on Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
| | - Gordon R Munro
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Murray
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Saleem Mustafa
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Dianne Newell
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Frederik Noack
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Adibi M Nor
- International Institute of Public Policy and Management, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Francis K E Nunoo
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa 80101, Kenya
| | - Tom Okey
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Isaac Okyere
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paul Onyango
- University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Maartje Oostdijk
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Polina Orlov
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dwight Owens
- Ocean Networks, Canada University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tessa Owens
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Mohammed Oyinlola
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Evgeny Pakhomov
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Aurélien Paulmier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rodrigue Orobiyi Edéya Pèlèbè
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Benin
| | | | - Maria G Pennino
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Garry Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy T T Pham
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evelyn Pinkerton
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nicholas V C Polunin
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ekow Prah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Relano
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Don Robadue
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Callum Roberts
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Katina Roumbedakis
- Cross-Research in Environmental Technologies, Department of Applied Economics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Enric Sala
- National Geographic, Pristine Seas, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Segerson
- Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Seijo
- School of Natural Resources, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Karen C Seto
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jason F Shogren
- Department of Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Gerald Singh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Ambre Soszynski
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dacotah-Victoria Splichalova
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jesper Stage
- Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Stephenson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Bryce D Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Riad Sultan
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Curtis Suttle
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amadou Tall
- The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Wuse, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nicolás Talloni-Álvarez
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alessandro Tavoni
- Department of Economics, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - D R Fraser Taylor
- Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Louise S L Teh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lydia C L Teh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Torsten Thiele
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Romola V Thumbadoo
- Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Richard S J Tol
- Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SL, UK.,Institute for Environmental Studies and Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Tortell
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Selçuk Uzmanoğlu
- Department of Fisheries, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ingrid van Putten
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | - Colette C C Wabnitz
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Walsh
- Marine Conservation Finance Consulting and Ocean Finance Initiative, Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - J P Walsh
- Graduate School of Oceanography, The University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Nina Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Elke U Weber
- Andlinger Center for Energy and Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | | | - Mary S Wisz
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lan Xiao
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yagi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, UK, RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Dirk Zeller
- School of Biological Sciences & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Konecny CA, Brownlee GRP, Harley CDG. Adapting a propane turkey fryer to manipulate temperature in aquatic environments. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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13
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Srivastava DS, Coristine L, Angert AL, Bontrager M, Amundrud SL, Williams JL, Yeung ACY, Zwaan DR, Thompson PL, Aitken SN, Sunday JM, O'Connor MI, Whitton J, Brown NEM, MacLeod CD, Parfrey LW, Bernhardt JR, Carrillo J, Harley CDG, Martone PT, Freeman BG, Tseng M, Donner SD. Wildcards in climate change biology. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Hesketh AV, Schwindt E, Harley CDG. Ecological and environmental context shape the differential effects of a facilitator in its native and invaded ranges. Ecology 2021; 102:e03478. [PMID: 34270786 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species often exhibit disproportionately strong negative effects in their introduced range compared to their native range, and much research has been devoted to understanding the role of shared evolutionary history, or lack thereof, in driving these differences. Less studied is whether introduced species, particularly those that are important as facilitators in their native range, have persistent positive effects in their invaded range despite a lack of a shared evolutionary history with the invaded community. Here, we manipulated the density of a habitat-forming facilitator, the high intertidal acorn barnacle Balanus glandula, factorially with herbivore density in its native range (Bluestone Point, British Columbia, Canada) and invaded range (Punta Ameghino, Chubut Province, Argentina) to determine how this facilitator differentially affects associated species at these two locations. Given that high intertidal species at Punta Ameghino (PA) are evolutionarily naïve to barnacles, we predicted that the positive effects of B. glandula at PA would be absent or weak compared to those at Bluestone Point (BP). However, we found that B. glandula had an equally positive effect on herbivore biomass at PA compared to BP, possibly because the moisture-retaining properties of barnacle bed habitats are particularly important in seasonally dry Patagonia. Barnacle presence indirectly decreased ephemeral algal cover at BP by increasing grazer pressure, but barnacles instead facilitated ephemeral algae at PA. In contrast, B. glandula increased perennial algal cover at BP, but generally decreased perennial algal cover at PA, likely due to differences in dominant algal morphology. Though our experiment was limited to one location on each continent, our results suggest that shared evolutionary history may not be a prerequisite for strong facilitation to occur, but rather that the nature and strength of novel species interactions are determined by the traits of associated species and the environment in which they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia V Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Evangelina Schwindt
- Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros (GEAC), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Marshall KE, Anderson KM, Brown NEM, Dytnerski JK, Flynn KL, Bernhardt JR, Konecny CA, Gurney-Smith H, Harley CDG. Whole-organism responses to constant temperatures do not predict responses to variable temperatures in the ecosystem engineer Mytilus trossulus. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202968. [PMID: 33757343 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and predicting responses of ectothermic animals to temperature are essential for decision-making and management. The thermal performance curve (TPC), which quantifies the thermal sensitivity of traits such as metabolism, growth and feeding rates in laboratory conditions, is often used to predict responses of wild populations. However, central assumptions of this approach are that TPCs are relatively static between populations and that curves measured under stable temperature conditions can predict performance under variable conditions. We test these assumptions using two latitudinally matched populations of the ecosystem engineer Mytilus trossulus that differ in their experienced temperature variability regime. We acclimated each population in a range of constant or fluctuating temperatures for six weeks and measured a series of both short term (feeding rate, byssal thread production) and long-term (growth, survival) metrics to test the hypothesis that performance in fluctuating temperatures can be predicted from constant temperatures. We find that this was not true for any metric, and that there were important interactions with the population of origin. Our results emphasize that responses to fluctuating conditions are still poorly understood and suggest caution must be taken in the use of TPCs generated under constant temperature conditions for the prediction of wild population responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Anderson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Norah E M Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James K Dytnerski
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelsey L Flynn
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquatic Diagnostics, Genomics & Technology, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Cassandra A Konecny
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Gurney-Smith
- Coastal Ecosystems Science Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Effects Section, St Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay Road, Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay Road, Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Demes KW, Starko S, Harley CDG. Multiple stressors drive convergent evolution of performance properties in marine macrophytes. New Phytol 2021; 229:2311-2323. [PMID: 33037641 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environments have driven the evolution of some of the most inspiring adaptations in nature. In the intertidal zone of wave-swept shores, organisms face physical forces comparable to hurricanes and must further endure thermal and desiccation stress during low tides, compromising their physiological and biomechanical performance. We examine how these multiple stressors have influenced the evolution of tissue properties during desiccation using eight phylogenetically independent pairs of intertidal and subtidal macrophytes. Intertidal species generally lost water more slowly than their subtidal counterparts, presumably as an adaption to regular emersion. Under partial desiccation, breaking force, strength, and extensibility of intertidal species generally exceeded those of subtidal species, although important differences existed among phylogenetic pairs. This was often true even when subtidal relatives resisted greater forces or were more extensible under full hydration. The interacting effects of mechanical forces and desiccation during low tide are likely a major selective agent in determining macrophyte performance and fitness. Overall, we found that lineages that have independently evolved to occupy the wave-swept intertidal have converged on performance metrics that are likely to be adaptive to the interacting stressors associated with their extreme niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Demes
- Department of Institutional Strategic Awards, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Samuel Starko
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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17
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Kennedy JR, Harley CDG, Marshall KE. Drivers of plasticity in freeze tolerance in the intertidal mussel Mytilus trossulus. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb233478. [PMID: 33214314 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Freezing is an extreme stress to living cells, and so freeze-tolerant animals often accumulate protective molecules (termed cryoprotectants) to prevent the cellular damage caused by freezing. The bay mussel, Mytilus trossulus, is an ecologically important intertidal invertebrate that can survive freezing. Although much is known about the biochemical correlates of freeze tolerance in insects and vertebrates, the cryoprotectants that are used by intertidal invertebrates are not well characterized. Previous work has proposed two possible groups of low-molecular weight cryoprotectants in intertidal invertebrates: osmolytes and anaerobic byproducts. In our study, we examined which group of candidate cryoprotectants correlate with plasticity in freeze tolerance in mussels using 1H NMR metabolomics. We found that the freeze tolerance of M. trossulus varies on a seasonal basis, along an intertidal shore-level gradient, and with changing salinity. Acclimation to increased salinity (30 ppt compared with 15 ppt) increased freeze tolerance, and mussels were significantly more freeze tolerant during the winter. Mussel freeze tolerance also increased with increasing shore level. There was limited evidence that anaerobic byproduct accumulation was associated with increased freeze tolerance. However, osmolyte accumulation was correlated with increased freeze tolerance after high salinity acclimation and in the winter. The concentration of most low molecular weight metabolites did not vary with shore level, indicating that another mechanism is likely responsible for this pattern of variation in freeze tolerance. By identifying osmolytes as a group of molecules that assist in freezing tolerance, we have expanded the known biochemical repertoire of the mechanisms of freeze tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Kennedy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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18
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Brown NEM, Bernhardt JR, Harley CDG. Energetic context determines species and community responses to ocean acidification. Ecology 2020; 101:e03073. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah E. M. Brown
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Joey R. Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
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19
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Gregr EJ, Christensen V, Nichol L, Martone RG, Markel RW, Watson JC, Harley CDG, Pakhomov EA, Shurin JB, Chan KMA. Cascading social-ecological costs and benefits triggered by a recovering keystone predator. Science 2020; 368:1243-1247. [PMID: 32527830 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Predator recovery often leads to ecosystem change that can trigger conflicts with more recently established human activities. In the eastern North Pacific, recovering sea otters are transforming coastal systems by reducing populations of benthic invertebrates and releasing kelp forests from grazing pressure. These changes threaten established shellfish fisheries and modify a variety of other ecosystem services. The diverse social and economic consequences of this trophic cascade are unknown, particularly across large regions. We developed and applied a trophic model to predict these impacts on four ecosystem services. Results suggest that sea otter presence yields 37% more total ecosystem biomass annually, increasing the value of finfish [+9.4 million Canadian dollars (CA$)], carbon sequestration (+2.2 million CA$), and ecotourism (+42.0 million CA$). To the extent that these benefits are realized, they will exceed the annual loss to invertebrate fisheries (-$7.3 million CA$). Recovery of keystone predators thus not only restores ecosystems but can also affect a range of social, economic, and ecological benefits for associated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Gregr
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- SciTech Environmental Consulting, 2136 Napier St., Vancouver, BC V5L 2N9, Canada
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Linda Nichol
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Rebecca G Martone
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Outer Shores Expeditions, P.O. Box 361, Cobble Hill, BC V0R 1L0, Canada
| | - Russell W Markel
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Outer Shores Expeditions, P.O. Box 361, Cobble Hill, BC V0R 1L0, Canada
| | - Jane C Watson
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, 900 5th St. Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Evgeny A Pakhomov
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0116, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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Stevenson A, Archer SK, Schultz JA, Dunham A, Marliave JB, Martone P, Harley CDG. Warming and acidification threaten glass sponge Aphrocallistes vastus pumping and reef formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8176. [PMID: 32424237 PMCID: PMC7235243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The glass sponge Aphrocallistes vastus contributes to the formation of large reefs unique to the Northeast Pacific Ocean. These habitats have tremendous filtration capacity that facilitates flow of carbon between trophic levels. Their sensitivity and resilience to climate change, and thus persistence in the Anthropocene, is unknown. Here we show that ocean acidification and warming, alone and in combination have significant adverse effects on pumping capacity, contribute to irreversible tissue withdrawal, and weaken skeletal strength and stiffness of A. vastus. Within one month sponges exposed to warming (including combined treatment) ceased pumping (50–60%) and exhibited tissue withdrawal (10–25%). Thermal and acidification stress significantly reduced skeletal stiffness, and warming weakened it, potentially curtailing reef formation. Environmental data suggests conditions causing irreversible damage are possible in the field at +0.5 °C above current conditions, indicating that ongoing climate change is a serious and immediate threat to A. vastus, reef dependent communities, and potentially other glass sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stevenson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - S K Archer
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada.,Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, Louisiana, 70344, USA
| | - J A Schultz
- Ocean Wise Research Institute, PO Box 3232, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6B3X8, Canada
| | - A Dunham
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - J B Marliave
- Ocean Wise Research Institute, PO Box 3232, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6B3X8, Canada
| | - P Martone
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Kay SWC, Gehman ALM, Harley CDG. Reciprocal abundance shifts of the intertidal sea stars, Evasterias troschelii and Pisaster ochraceus, following sea star wasting disease. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182766. [PMID: 31014216 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease emergence occurs within the context of ecological communities, and disease driven declines in host populations can lead to complex direct and indirect ecological effects. Varying effects of a single disease among multiple susceptible hosts could benefit relatively resistant species. Beginning in 2013, an outbreak of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) led to population declines of many sea star species along the west coast of North America. Through field surveys and laboratory experiments, we investigated how and why the relative abundances of two co-occurring sea star species, Evasterias troschelii and Pisaster ochraceus, shifted during the ongoing wasting epidemic in Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. We hypothesized that Evasterias is competitively inferior to Pisaster but more resistant to SSWD. Thus, we predicted that SSWD-induced declines of Pisaster could mitigate the negative effects of SSWD on Evasterias, as the latter would experience competitive release. We document shifts in sea star abundance from 2008-2017: Pisaster abundance and mean size declined during the outbreak, while Evasterias abundance increased from relatively rare to numerically dominant within the intertidal. When exposed to symptomatic sea stars, Pisaster and Evasterias both showed signs of SSWD, but transmission and susceptibility was lower in Evasterias. Despite diet overlap documented in our field surveys, Evasterias was not outcompeted by Pisaster in laboratory trails conducted with the relatively small Pisaster available after the outbreak. Interference competition with larger Pisaster, or prey exploitation by Pisaster during the summer when Evasterias is primarily subtidal, may explain the rarity of Evasterias prior to Pisaster declines. Our results suggest that indirect effects mediated by competition can mask some of the direct effects of disease outbreaks, and the combination of direct and indirect effects will determine the restructuring of a community after disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon W C Kay
- 1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- 1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,3 Hakai Institute , End of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- 1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,2 Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
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22
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Gehman AM, Harley CDG. Symbiotic endolithic microbes alter host morphology and reduce host vulnerability to high environmental temperatures. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa‐Lois M. Gehman
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute, End of Kwakshua Channel Calvert Island British Columbia Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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23
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Muth AF, Graham MH, Lane CE, Harley CDG. Recruitment tolerance to increased temperature present across multiple kelp clades. Ecology 2019; 100:e02594. [PMID: 30615200 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kelp systems dominate nearshore marine environments in upwelling zones characterized by cold temperatures and high nutrients. Worldwide, kelp population persistence and recruitment success generally decreases with rising water temperatures coupled with low nutrients, making kelp populations vulnerable to impending warming of the oceans. This response to climate change at a global scale, however, may vary due to regional differences in temperature variability, acclimation, and differential responses of kelp species to changing conditions. Culture experiments were conducted on 12 eastern Pacific kelp taxa across geographic regions (British Columbia, central California, and southern California) under three nitrate levels (1, 5, and 10 μmol/L) and two temperatures (12°C and 18°C) to determine sporophyte production (i.e., recruitment success). For all taxa from all locations, sporophytes were always present in the 12°C treatment and when recruitment failure was observed, it always occurred at 18°C, regardless of nitrate level, indicating that temperature is the driving factor limiting recruitment, not nitrate. Rising ocean temperatures will undoubtedly cause recruitment failure for many kelp species; however, the ability of species to acclimatize or adapt to increased temperatures at the warmer edge of their species range may promote a resiliency of kelp systems to climate change at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arley F Muth
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
| | - Michael H Graham
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
| | - Christopher E Lane
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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24
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Lim EG, Harley CDG. Caprellid amphipods ( Caprella spp.) are vulnerable to both physiological and habitat-mediated effects of ocean acidification. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5327. [PMID: 30083460 PMCID: PMC6074802 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is one of the most significant threats to marine life, and is predicted to drive important changes in marine communities. Although OA impacts will be the sum of direct effects mediated by alterations of physiological rates and indirect effects mediated by shifts in species interactions and biogenic habitat provision, direct and indirect effects are rarely considered together for any given species. Here, we assess the potential direct and indirect effects of OA on a ubiquitous group of crustaceans: caprellid amphipods (Caprella laeviuscula and Caprella mutica). Direct physiological effects were assessed by measuring caprellid heart rate in response to acidification in the laboratory. Indirect effects were explored by quantifying caprellid habitat dependence on the hydroid Obelia dichotoma, which has been shown to be less abundant under experimental acidification. We found that OA resulted in elevated caprellid heart rates, suggestive of increased metabolic demand. We also found a strong, positive association between caprellid population size and the availability of OA-vulnerable O. dichotoma, suggesting that future losses of biogenic habitat may be an important indirect effect of OA on caprellids. For species such as caprellid amphipods, which have strong associations with biogenic habitat, a consideration of only direct or indirect effects could potentially misestimate the full impact of ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Lim
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Brown NEM, Bernhardt JR, Anderson KM, Harley CDG. Author Correction: Increased food supply mitigates ocean acidification effects on calcification but exacerbates effects on growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10632. [PMID: 29991766 PMCID: PMC6039512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norah E M Brown
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Connell SD, Doubleday ZA, Hamlyn SB, Foster NR, Harley CDG, Helmuth B, Kelaher BP, Nagelkerken I, Sarà G, Russell BD. How ocean acidification can benefit calcifiers. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R95-R96. [PMID: 28171763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduction in seawater pH due to rising levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world's oceans is a major force set to shape the future of marine ecosystems and the ecological services they provide [1,2]. In particular, ocean acidification is predicted to have a detrimental effect on the physiology of calcifying organisms [3]. Yet, the indirect effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms, which may counter or exacerbate direct effects, is uncertain. Using volcanic CO2 vents, we tested the indirect effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying herbivore (gastropod) within the natural complexity of an ecological system. Contrary to predictions, the abundance of this calcifier was greater at vent sites (with near-future CO2 levels). Furthermore, translocation experiments demonstrated that ocean acidification did not drive increases in gastropod abundance directly, but indirectly as a function of increased habitat and food (algal biomass). We conclude that the effect of ocean acidification on algae (primary producers) can have a strong, indirect positive influence on the abundance of some calcifying herbivores, which can overwhelm any direct negative effects. This finding points to the need to understand ecological processes that buffer the negative effects of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Connell
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Zoë A Doubleday
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah B Hamlyn
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole R Foster
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Helmuth
- Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, MA, USA
| | - Brendan P Kelaher
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Bayden D Russell
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, China
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27
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Connell SD, Doubleday ZA, Foster NR, Hamlyn SB, Harley CDG, Helmuth B, Kelaher BP, Nagelkerken I, Rodgers KL, Sarà G, Russell BD. The duality of ocean acidification as a resource and a stressor. Ecology 2018; 99:1005-1010. [PMID: 29714829 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ecologically dominant species often define ecosystem states, but as human disturbances intensify, their subordinate counterparts increasingly displace them. We consider the duality of disturbance by examining how environmental drivers can simultaneously act as a stressor to dominant species and as a resource to subordinates. Using a model ecosystem, we demonstrate that CO2 -driven interactions between species can account for such reversals in dominance; i.e., the displacement of dominants (kelp forests) by subordinates (turf algae). We established that CO2 enrichment had a direct positive effect on productivity of turfs, but a negligible effect on kelp. CO2 enrichment further suppressed the abundance and feeding rate of the primary grazer of turfs (sea urchins), but had an opposite effect on the minor grazer (gastropods). Thus, boosted production of subordinate producers, exacerbated by a net reduction in its consumption by primary grazers, accounts for community change (i.e., turf displacing kelp). Ecosystem collapse, therefore, is more likely when resource enrichment alters competitive dominance of producers, and consumers fail to compensate. By recognizing such duality in the responses of interacting species to disturbance, which may stabilize or exacerbate change, we can begin to understand how intensifying human disturbances determine whether or not ecosystems undergo phase shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zoë A Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole R Foster
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah B Hamlyn
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Helmuth
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, 01908, USA
| | - Brendan P Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre & Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Rodgers
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Ecology Lab, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bayden D Russell
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Brown NEM, Milazzo M, Rastrick SPS, Hall-Spencer JM, Therriault TW, Harley CDG. Natural acidification changes the timing and rate of succession, alters community structure, and increases homogeneity in marine biofouling communities. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e112-e127. [PMID: 28762601 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification may have far-reaching consequences for marine community and ecosystem dynamics, but its full impacts remain poorly understood due to the difficulty of manipulating pCO2 at the ecosystem level to mimic realistic fluctuations that occur on a number of different timescales. It is especially unclear how quickly communities at various stages of development respond to intermediate-scale pCO2 change and, if high pCO2 is relieved mid-succession, whether past acidification effects persist, are reversed by alleviation of pCO2 stress, or are worsened by departures from prior high pCO2 conditions to which organisms had acclimatized. Here, we used reciprocal transplant experiments along a shallow water volcanic pCO2 gradient to assess the importance of the timing and duration of high pCO2 exposure (i.e., discrete events at different stages of successional development vs. continuous exposure) on patterns of colonization and succession in a benthic fouling community. We show that succession at the acidified site was initially delayed (less community change by 8 weeks) but then caught up over the next 4 weeks. These changes in succession led to homogenization of communities maintained in or transplanted to acidified conditions, and altered community structure in ways that reflected both short- and longer-term acidification history. These community shifts are likely a result of interspecific variability in response to increased pCO2 and changes in species interactions. High pCO2 altered biofilm development, allowing serpulids to do best at the acidified site by the end of the experiment, although early (pretransplant) negative effects of pCO2 on recruitment of these worms were still detectable. The ascidians Diplosoma sp. and Botryllus sp. settled later and were more tolerant to acidification. Overall, transient and persistent acidification-driven changes in the biofouling community, via both past and more recent exposure, could have important implications for ecosystem function and food web dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah E M Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuel P S Rastrick
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Harley CDG. Embracing interactions in ocean acidification research: confronting multiple stressor scenarios and context dependence. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0802. [PMID: 28356409 PMCID: PMC5377028 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the Earth's environment are now sufficiently complex that our ability to forecast the emergent ecological consequences of ocean acidification (OA) is limited. Such projections are challenging because the effects of OA may be enhanced, reduced or even reversed by other environmental stressors or interactions among species. Despite an increasing emphasis on multifactor and multispecies studies in global change biology, our ability to forecast outcomes at higher levels of organization remains low. Much of our failure lies in a poor mechanistic understanding of nonlinear responses, a lack of specificity regarding the levels of organization at which interactions can arise, and an incomplete appreciation for linkages across these levels. To move forward, we need to fully embrace interactions. Mechanistic studies on physiological processes and individual performance in response to OA must be complemented by work on population and community dynamics. We must also increase our understanding of how linkages and feedback among multiple environmental stressors and levels of organization can generate nonlinear responses to OA. This will not be a simple undertaking, but advances are of the utmost importance as we attempt to mitigate the effects of ongoing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Kroeker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | | | - Christopher D G Harley
- Zoology and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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30
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Abstract
Climate change can influence ecosystems via both direct effects on individual organisms and indirect effects mediated by species interactions. However, we understand little about how these changes will ripple through ecosystems or whether there are particular ecological characteristics that might make ecosystems more susceptible-or more resistant-to warming. By combining in situ experimental warming with herbivore manipulations in a natural rocky intertidal community for over 16 months, we show that herbivory regulates the capacity of marine communities to resist warming. We found that limpet herbivores helped to preserve trophic and competitive interactions under experimental warming, dampening the impact of warming on overall community composition. The presence of limpets facilitated the survival of the main habitat modifier (barnacles) under warmer conditions, which, in turn, facilitated the presence of a consumer guild. When limpets were removed, environmental warming altered trophic, competitive, and facilitative interactions, with cascading impacts on community succession and stability. We conclude that conserving trophic structure and the integrity of interaction networks is vitally important as Earth continues to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Kordas
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ian Donohue
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Harley CDG, Connell SD, Doubleday ZA, Kelaher B, Russell BD, Sarà G, Helmuth B. Conceptualizing ecosystem tipping points within a physiological framework. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6035-6045. [PMID: 28808563 PMCID: PMC5551099 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connecting the nonlinear and often counterintuitive physiological effects of multiple environmental drivers to the emergent impacts on ecosystems is a fundamental challenge. Unfortunately, the disconnect between the way "stressors" (e.g., warming) is considered in organismal (physiological) and ecological (community) contexts continues to hamper progress. Environmental drivers typically elicit biphasic physiological responses, where performance declines at levels above and below some optimum. It is also well understood that species exhibit highly variable response surfaces to these changes so that the optimum level of any environmental driver can vary among interacting species. Thus, species interactions are unlikely to go unaltered under environmental change. However, while these nonlinear, species-specific physiological relationships between environment and performance appear to be general, rarely are they incorporated into predictions of ecological tipping points. Instead, most ecosystem-level studies focus on varying levels of "stress" and frequently assume that any deviation from "normal" environmental conditions has similar effects, albeit with different magnitudes, on all of the species within a community. We consider a framework that realigns the positive and negative physiological effects of changes in climatic and nonclimatic drivers with indirect ecological responses. Using a series of simple models based on direct physiological responses to temperature and ocean pCO 2, we explore how variation in environment-performance relationships among primary producers and consumers translates into community-level effects via trophic interactions. These models show that even in the absence of direct mortality, mismatched responses resulting from often subtle changes in the physical environment can lead to substantial ecosystem-level change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology and Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sean D. Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences & Environment InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Zoë A. Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences & Environment InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Brendan Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre & Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry ResearchSchool of Environment, Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bayden D. Russell
- The Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Laboratorio di Ecologia SperimentaleDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del MareUniversità degli Studi di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Brian Helmuth
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and School of Public Policy and Urban AffairsNortheastern UniversityBostonMAUSA
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32
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Harley CDG. Phycology for the ecologist. J Phycol 2016; 52:898-900. [PMID: 27711960 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T1Z4
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33
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Helmuth B, Choi F, Matzelle A, Torossian JL, Morello SL, Mislan KAS, Yamane L, Strickland D, Szathmary PL, Gilman SE, Tockstein A, Hilbish TJ, Burrows MT, Power AM, Gosling E, Mieszkowska N, Harley CDG, Nishizaki M, Carrington E, Menge B, Petes L, Foley MM, Johnson A, Poole M, Noble MM, Richmond EL, Robart M, Robinson J, Sapp J, Sones J, Broitman BR, Denny MW, Mach KJ, Miller LP, O'Donnell M, Ross P, Hofmann GE, Zippay M, Blanchette C, Macfarlan JA, Carpizo-Ituarte E, Ruttenberg B, Peña Mejía CE, McQuaid CD, Lathlean J, Monaco CJ, Nicastro KR, Zardi G. Long-term, high frequency in situ measurements of intertidal mussel bed temperatures using biomimetic sensors. Sci Data 2016; 3:160087. [PMID: 27727238 PMCID: PMC5058338 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At a proximal level, the physiological impacts of global climate change on ectothermic organisms are manifest as changes in body temperatures. Especially for plants and animals exposed to direct solar radiation, body temperatures can be substantially different from air temperatures. We deployed biomimetic sensors that approximate the thermal characteristics of intertidal mussels at 71 sites worldwide, from 1998-present. Loggers recorded temperatures at 10–30 min intervals nearly continuously at multiple intertidal elevations. Comparisons against direct measurements of mussel tissue temperature indicated errors of ~2.0–2.5 °C, during daily fluctuations that often exceeded 15°–20 °C. Geographic patterns in thermal stress based on biomimetic logger measurements were generally far more complex than anticipated based only on ‘habitat-level’ measurements of air or sea surface temperature. This unique data set provides an opportunity to link physiological measurements with spatially- and temporally-explicit field observations of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Helmuth
- Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, Massachusetts 01908, USA
| | - Francis Choi
- Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, Massachusetts 01908, USA
| | - Allison Matzelle
- Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, Massachusetts 01908, USA
| | - Jessica L Torossian
- Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, Massachusetts 01908, USA
| | | | - K A S Mislan
- University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Yamane
- University of California, Davis, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Denise Strickland
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - P Lauren Szathmary
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Sarah E Gilman
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - Alyson Tockstein
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Thomas J Hilbish
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Michael T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - Anne Marie Power
- Anne Marie Power, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Gosling
- School of Life Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - Nova Mieszkowska
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, Devon PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Michael Nishizaki
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Emily Carrington
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Bruce Menge
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Laura Petes
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Melissa M Foley
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Angela Johnson
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Megan Poole
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Mae M Noble
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Erin L Richmond
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Matt Robart
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jonathan Robinson
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jerod Sapp
- Oregon State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jackie Sones
- University of California, Davis, Bodega Marine Reserve, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA
| | | | - Mark W Denny
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA
| | - Katharine J Mach
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA
| | - Luke P Miller
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA
| | - Philip Ross
- University of Waikato, Environmental Research Institute, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Mackenzie Zippay
- University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Carol Blanchette
- University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - J A Macfarlan
- University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Eugenio Carpizo-Ituarte
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Ruttenberg
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Carlos E Peña Mejía
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Christopher D McQuaid
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Justin Lathlean
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Cristián J Monaco
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Katy R Nicastro
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Gerardo Zardi
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Sinclair BJ, Marshall KE, Sewell MA, Levesque DL, Willett CS, Slotsbo S, Dong Y, Harley CDG, Marshall DJ, Helmuth BS, Huey RB. Can we predict ectotherm responses to climate change using thermal performance curves and body temperatures? Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1372-1385. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Katie E. Marshall
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Mary A. Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Danielle L. Levesque
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | | | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | | | - David J. Marshall
- Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Brian S. Helmuth
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs Northeastern University Marine Science Center Nahant MA USA
| | - Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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Brown NEM, Therriault TW, Harley CDG. Field-based experimental acidification alters fouling community structure and reduces diversity. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1328-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah E. M. Brown
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Thomas W. Therriault
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC Canada
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Krumhansl KA, Demes KW, Carrington E, Harley CDG. Divergent growth strategies between red algae and kelps influence biomechanical properties. Am J Bot 2015; 102:1938-44. [PMID: 26546127 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Morphology and material properties are the main components of the mechanical design of organisms, with species groups developing different optimization strategies in the context of their physical environment. For intertidal and subtidal seaweeds, possessing highly flexible and extensible tissues allows individuals to bend and reconfigure in flow, thereby reducing drag. Previous research has shown that aging may compromise these qualities. Tissue age increases with distance from the blade's meristem, which differs in its position on kelps and red algae. Here, we assess whether longitudinal patterns of blade material properties differ between these two algal groups according to tissue age. METHODS We performed tensile tests on tissues samples excised from various positions along the extent of blades in nine kelp species (basal growth) and 15 species of red algae (apical growth). KEY RESULTS We found that older tissues were less flexible and extensible than younger tissues in all species tested. As predicted, tissue near the basal meristem in kelp was more flexible and extensible than older tissue at the blade's distal end. The opposite pattern was observed for red algae, with the most flexible and extensible tissues found near the apical meristem at the distal ends of blades. CONCLUSIONS We propose that divergent patterns in the distribution of material properties along blades may have different consequences for the performance of kelps and red algae. The positioning of younger tissues at the blade base for kelps may enable these species to attain larger body sizes in wave-swept habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira A Krumhansl
- Department of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 622 Strand Hall Annex 8888 University Dr. Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5A 1S6 Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, B.C. Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Kyle W Demes
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, B.C. Canada V0P 1H0 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology and Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road. Friday Harbor, WA USA 98250
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 1Z4
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Gaylord B, Kroeker KJ, Sunday JM, Anderson KM, Barry JP, Brown NE, Connell SD, Dupont S, Fabricius KE, Hall-Spencer JH, Klinger T, Milazzo M, Munday PL, Russell BD, Sanford E, Schreiber SJ, Thiyagarajan V, Vaughan MLH, Widdicombe S, Harley CDG. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology 2015; 96:3-15. [PMID: 26236884 DOI: 10.1890/14-0802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification, chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater, is emerging as a key environmental challenge accompanying global warming and other human-induced perturbations. Considerable research seeks to define the scope and character of potential outcomes from this phenomenon, but a crucial impediment persists. Ecological theory, despite its power and utility, has been only peripherally applied to the problem. Here we sketch in broad strokes several areas where fundamental principles of ecology have the capacity to generate insight into ocean acidification's consequences. We focus on conceptual models that, when considered in the context of acidification, yield explicit predictions regarding a spectrum of population- and community-level effects, from narrowing of species ranges and shifts in patterns of demographic connectivity, to modified consumer-resource relationships, to ascendance of weedy taxa and loss of species diversity. Although our coverage represents only a small fraction of the breadth of possible insights achievable from the application of theory, our hope is that this initial foray will spur expanded efforts to blend experiments with theoretical approaches. The result promises to be a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ocean acidification'and the ecological changes it portends.
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Abstract
Body size plays a crucial role in determining the strength of species interactions, population dynamics, and community structure. We measured how changes in body size affect the trophic relationship between the sea star Pisaster ochraceus and its prey, the mussel Mytilus trossulus. We tested the effects of a wide range of predator and prey sizes on sea stars' prey-size preference, feeding rate, and prey tissue consumption. We found that preferred prey size increased with sea star size. Pisaster consumption rate (mussels consumed per day) and tissue intake rate (grams of tissue consumed per day) also increased with sea star size. Pisaster consumption rate, but not tissue intake rate, decreased with increasing mussel size. Juvenile sea stars preferred the most profitable prey sizes-that is, those that maximized tissue consumed per unit handling time. When adult sea stars were offered larger, more profitable mussels, tissue intake rates (grams per day) tended to increase, although this relationship was not statistically significant. Our results indicate that the Pisaster-Mytilus interaction depends on the sizes of both predator and prey, that predation rates are sensitive to even small changes in body size, and that shifts in size distributions may affect predator energetics and prey numbers differently depending on the factors that limit tissue consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gooding
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada
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39
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DeLong JP, Gilbert B, Shurin JB, Savage VM, Barton BT, Clements CF, Dell AI, Greig HS, Harley CDG, Kratina P, McCann KS, Tunney TD, Vasseur DA, O'Connor MI. The body size dependence of trophic cascades. Am Nat 2015; 185:354-66. [PMID: 25674690 DOI: 10.1086/679735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Trophic cascades are indirect positive effects of predators on resources via control of intermediate consumers. Larger-bodied predators appear to induce stronger trophic cascades (a greater rebound of resource density toward carrying capacity), but how this happens is unknown because we lack a clear depiction of how the strength of trophic cascades is determined. Using consumer resource models, we first show that the strength of a trophic cascade has an upper limit set by the interaction strength between the basal trophic group and its consumer and that this limit is approached as the interaction strength between the consumer and its predator increases. We then express the strength of a trophic cascade explicitly in terms of predator body size and use two independent parameter sets to calculate how the strength of a trophic cascade depends on predator size. Both parameter sets predict a positive effect of predator size on the strength of a trophic cascade, driven mostly by the body size dependence of the interaction strength between the first two trophic levels. Our results support previous empirical findings and suggest that the loss of larger predators will have greater consequences on trophic control and biomass structure in food webs than the loss of smaller predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P DeLong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Kordas
- Univ. of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4 Canada
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Rd Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - Steve Dudgeon
- California State Univ.; 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge CA 91330 USA
| | - Stefan Storey
- Univ. of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4 Canada
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41
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Vasseur DA, DeLong JP, Gilbert B, Greig HS, Harley CDG, McCann KS, Savage V, Tunney TD, O'Connor MI. Increased temperature variation poses a greater risk to species than climate warming. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132612. [PMID: 24478296 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in the frequency, severity and duration of temperature extremes are anticipated in the near future. Although recent work suggests that changes in temperature variation will have disproportionately greater effects on species than changes to the mean, much of climate change research in ecology has focused on the impacts of mean temperature change. Here, we couple fine-grained climate projections (2050-2059) to thermal performance data from 38 ectothermic invertebrate species and contrast projections with those of a simple model. We show that projections based on mean temperature change alone differ substantially from those incorporating changes to the variation, and to the mean and variation in concert. Although most species show increases in performance at greater mean temperatures, the effect of mean and variance change together yields a range of responses, with temperate species at greatest risk of performance declines. Our work highlights the importance of using fine-grained temporal data to incorporate the full extent of temperature variation when assessing and projecting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, , New Haven, CT 06511, USA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, , Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, , Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3G5, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, , Christchurch, New Zealand, School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, , Orono, ME 04469, USA, Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada , V6T 1Z4, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, , Guelph, Ontario, Canada , N1G 2W1, Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, Santa Fe Institute, , Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Abstract
To predict community-level responses to climate change, we must understand how variation in environmental conditions drives changes in an organism's ability to acquire resources and translate those resources into growth, reproduction, and survival. This challenge can be approached mechanistically by establishing linkages from biophysics to community ecology. For example, body temperature can be predicted from environmental conditions and species-specific morphological and behavioral traits. Variation in body temperature within and among species dictates physiological performance, rates of resource acquisition, and growth. These ecological characteristics, along with population size, define the strength with which species interact. Finally, the direct (individual level) and indirect (community level) effects of temperature jointly determine community structure. This mechanistic framework can complement correlational approaches to better predict ecological responses to climate change and identify which characteristics of a species or community act as leverage points for change. Research priorities for further development of the mechanistic approach include documentation and prediction of relevant spatial and temporal variation in body temperature and the relationships between body temperature, individual performance, and interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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43
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Singh GG, Markel RW, Martone RG, Salomon AK, Harley CDG, Chan KMA. Sea otters homogenize mussel beds and reduce habitat provisioning in a rocky intertidal ecosystem. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65435. [PMID: 23717697 PMCID: PMC3663835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are keystone predators that consume a variety of benthic invertebrates, including the intertidal mussel, Mytilus californianus. By virtue of their competitive dominance, large size, and longevity, M. californianus are ecosystem engineers that form structurally complex beds that provide habitat for diverse invertebrate communities. We investigated whether otters affect mussel bed characteristics (i.e. mussel length distributions, mussel bed depth, and biomass) and associated community structure (i.e. biomass, alpha and beta diversity) by comparing four regions that varied in their histories of sea otter occupancy on the west coast of British Columbia and northern Washington. Mussel bed depth and average mussel lengths were 1.5 times lower in regions occupied by otters for >20 years than those occupied for <5 yrs. Diversity of mussel bed associated communities did not differ between regions; however, the total biomass of species associated with mussel beds was more than three-times higher where sea otters were absent. We examined alternative explanations for differences in mussel bed community structure, including among-region variation in oceanographic conditions and abundance of the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus. We cannot discount multiple drivers shaping mussel beds, but our findings indicate the sea otters are an important one. We conclude that, similar to their effects on subtidal benthic invertebrates, sea otters reduce the size distributions of intertidal mussels and, thereby, habitat available to support associated communities. Our study indicates that by reducing populations of habitat-providing intertidal mussels, sea otters may have substantial indirect effects on associated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald G Singh
- Institute for Resources, Environment & Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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44
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Harley CDG, Anderson KM, Demes KW, Jorve JP, Kordas RL, Coyle TA, Graham MH. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL SEAWEED COMMUNITIES. J Phycol 2012; 48:1064-78. [PMID: 27011268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds are ecologically important primary producers, competitors, and ecosystem engineers that play a central role in coastal habitats ranging from kelp forests to coral reefs. Although seaweeds are known to be vulnerable to physical and chemical changes in the marine environment, the impacts of ongoing and future anthropogenic climate change in seaweed-dominated ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe the ways in which changes in the environment directly affect seaweeds in terms of their physiology, growth, reproduction, and survival. We consider the extent to which seaweed species may be able to respond to these changes via adaptation or migration. We also examine the extensive reshuffling of communities that is occurring as the ecological balance between competing species changes, and as top-down control by herbivores becomes stronger or weaker. Finally, we delve into some of the ecosystem-level responses to these changes, including changes in primary productivity, diversity, and resilience. Although there are several key areas in which ecological insight is lacking, we suggest that reasonable climate-related hypotheses can be developed and tested based on current information. By strategically prioritizing research in the areas of complex environmental variation, multiple stressor effects, evolutionary adaptation, and population, community, and ecosystem-level responses, we can rapidly build upon our current understanding of seaweed biology and climate change ecology to more effectively conserve and manage coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Anderson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kyle W Demes
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer P Jorve
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Kordas
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Theraesa A Coyle
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael H Graham
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
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45
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Russell BD, Harley CDG, Wernberg T, Mieszkowska N, Widdicombe S, Hall-Spencer JM, Connell SD. Predicting ecosystem shifts requires new approaches that integrate the effects of climate change across entire systems. Biol Lett 2012; 8:164-6. [PMID: 21900317 PMCID: PMC3297386 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies that forecast the ecological consequences of climate change target a single species and a single life stage. Depending on climatic impacts on other life stages and on interacting species, however, the results from simple experiments may not translate into accurate predictions of future ecological change. Research needs to move beyond simple experimental studies and environmental envelope projections for single species towards identifying where ecosystem change is likely to occur and the drivers for this change. For this to happen, we advocate research directions that (i) identify the critical species within the target ecosystem, and the life stage(s) most susceptible to changing conditions and (ii) the key interactions between these species and components of their broader ecosystem. A combined approach using macroecology, experimentally derived data and modelling that incorporates energy budgets in life cycle models may identify critical abiotic conditions that disproportionately alter important ecological processes under forecasted climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayden D Russell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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46
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Abstract
The global acidification of the earth's oceans is predicted to impact biodiversity via physiological effects impacting growth, survival, reproduction, and immunology, leading to changes in species abundances and global distributions. However, the degree to which these changes will play out critically depends on the evolutionary rate at which populations will respond to natural selection imposed by ocean acidification, which remains largely unquantified. Here we measure the potential for an evolutionary response to ocean acidification in larval development rate in two coastal invertebrates using a full-factorial breeding design. We show that the sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus franciscanus has vastly greater levels of phenotypic and genetic variation for larval size in future CO2 conditions compared to the mussel species Mytilus trossulus. Using these measures we demonstrate that S. franciscanus may have faster evolutionary responses within 50 years of the onset of predicted year-2100 CO2 conditions despite having lower population turnover rates. Our comparisons suggest that information on genetic variation, phenotypic variation, and key demographic parameters, may lend valuable insight into relative evolutionary potentials across a large number of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sunday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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47
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Abstract
As CO(2) levels increase in the atmosphere, so too do they in the sea. Although direct effects of moderately elevated CO(2) in sea water may be of little consequence, indirect effects may be profound. For example, lowered pH and calcium carbonate saturation states may influence both deposition and dissolution rates of mineralized skeletons in many marine organisms. The relative impact of elevated CO(2) on deposition and dissolution rates are not known for many large-bodied organisms. We therefore tested the effects of increased CO(2) levels--those forecast to occur in roughly 100 and 200 years--on both shell deposition rate and shell dissolution rate in a rocky intertidal snail, Nucella lamellosa. Shell weight gain per day in live snails decreased linearly with increasing CO(2) levels. However, this trend was paralleled by shell weight loss per day in empty shells, suggesting that these declines in shell weight gain observed in live snails were due to increased dissolution of existing shell material, rather than reduced production of new shell material. Ocean acidification may therefore have a greater effect on shell dissolution than on shell deposition, at least in temperate marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nienhuis
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada, V0R 1B0.
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Bates AE, Hilton BJ, Harley CDG. Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 86:245-251. [PMID: 20066959 DOI: 10.3354/dao02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates wasting disease in the northeast Pacific keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus on the outer west coast of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). To quantify the effects of temperature, season and locality on the vulnerability of P. ochraceus to wasting disease, we conducted surveys and experiments in early and late summer. To test the prediction that a small increase in temperature would result in heightened infection intensities, we housed sea stars at different temperatures in the laboratory and caged sea stars subtidally at 2 depths. Prevalence and infection intensity were always higher in warm temperature treatments and did not differ between the sexes or with increasing size. Disease effects also varied with season and locality. Specimens held in aquaria displayed significantly higher disease prevalence and infection intensity in June versus August. Furthermore, sea stars from a sheltered inlet showed markedly higher prevalence of the disease in late summer, while wave-exposed sites had consistently low disease prevalence. Seasonal changes in reproductive potential, host condition and/or physiological acclimation, as well as differences in environmental regime among localities, may impact the dynamics of wasting disease. These results demonstrate that small increases in temperature could drive mass mortalities of Pisaster due to wasting disease, with vulnerability possibly reaching a peak in spring and in populations from sheltered localities. This is the most northern report of wasting disease in the class Asteroidea on the west coast of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Bates
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.
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Miller LP, Harley CDG, Denny MW. The role of temperature and desiccation stress in limiting the local-scale distribution of the owl limpet,Lottia gigantea. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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