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Zhong KX, Chan AM, Collicutt B, Daspe M, Finke JF, Foss M, Green TJ, Harley CDG, Hesketh AV, Miller KM, Otto SP, Rolheiser K, Saunders R, Sutherland BJG, Suttle CA. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat is shaped by ocean warming but not acidification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0005224. [PMID: 38466091 PMCID: PMC11022565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00052-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas, a.k.a. Crassostrea gigas), the most widely farmed oysters, are under threat from climate change and emerging pathogens. In part, their resilience may be affected by their microbiome, which, in turn, may be influenced by ocean warming and acidification. To understand these impacts, we exposed early-development Pacific oyster spat to different temperatures (18°C and 24°C) and pCO2 levels (800, 1,600, and 2,800 µatm) in a fully crossed design for 3 weeks. Under all conditions, the microbiome changed over time, with a large decrease in the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic ciliates (Uronema marinum) in all treatments with time. The microbiome composition differed significantly with temperature, but not acidification, indicating that Pacific oyster spat microbiomes can be altered by ocean warming but is resilient to ocean acidification in our experiments. Microbial taxa differed in relative abundance with temperature, implying different adaptive strategies and ecological specializations among microorganisms. Additionally, a small proportion (~0.2% of the total taxa) of the relatively abundant microbial taxa were core constituents (>50% occurrence among samples) across different temperatures, pCO2 levels, or time. Some taxa, including A4b bacteria and members of the family Saprospiraceae in the phyla Chloroflexi (syn. Chloroflexota) and Bacteroidetes (syn. Bacteroidota), respectively, as well as protists in the genera Labyrinthula and Aplanochytrium in the class Labyrinthulomycetes, and Pseudoperkinsus tapetis in the class Ichthyosporea were core constituents across temperatures, pCO2 levels, and time, suggesting that they play an important, albeit unknown, role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of the Pacific oyster spat microbiome in response to ocean warming and acidification. These findings highlight the flexibility of the spat microbiome to environmental changes.IMPORTANCEPacific oysters are the most economically important and widely farmed species of oyster, and their production depends on healthy oyster spat. In turn, spat health and productivity are affected by the associated microbiota; yet, studies have not scrutinized the effects of temperature and pCO2 on the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes of spat. Here, we show that both the prokaryotic and, for the first time, eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat are surprisingly resilient to changes in acidification, but sensitive to ocean warming. The findings have potential implications for oyster survival amid climate change and underscore the need to understand temperature and pCO2 effects on the microbiome and the cascading effects on oyster health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Xu Zhong
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy M. Chan
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Maxim Daspe
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan Foss
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia V. Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Ben J. G. Sutherland
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sutherland BJG, Itoh N, Gilchrist K, Boyle B, Roth M, Green TJ. Genomic diversity of wild and cultured Yesso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis from Japan and Canada. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad242. [PMID: 37857308 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The Yesso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is an important aquaculture species that was introduced to Western Canada from Japan to establish an economically viable scallop farming industry. This highly fecund species has been propagated in Canadian aquaculture hatcheries for the past 40 years, raising questions about genetic diversity and genetic differences among hatchery stocks. In this study, we compare cultured Canadian and wild Japanese populations of Yesso scallop using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to genotype 21,048 variants in 71 wild-caught scallops from Japan, 65 scallops from the Vancouver Island University breeding population, and 37 scallops obtained from a commercial farm off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The wild scallops are largely comprised of equally unrelated individuals, whereas cultured scallops are comprised of multiple families of related individuals. The polymorphism rate estimated in wild scallops was 1.7%, whereas in the cultured strains, it ranged between 1.35 and 1.07%. Interestingly, heterozygosity rates were highest in the cultured populations, which is likely due to shellfish hatchery practices of crossing divergent strains to gain benefits of heterosis and to avoid inbreeding. Evidence of founder effects and drift was observed in the cultured strains, including high genetic differentiation between cultured populations and between cultured populations and the wild population. Cultured populations had effective population sizes ranging from 9 to 26 individuals whereas the wild population was estimated at 25,048-56,291 individuals. Further, a depletion of low-frequency variants was observed in the cultured populations. These results indicate significant genetic diversity losses in cultured scallops in Canadian breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J G Sutherland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada
- Sutherland Bioinformatics, Lantzville, British Columbia V0R 2H0, Canada
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Korrina Gilchrist
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Plateforme d'Analyses Génomiques, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Myron Roth
- BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9B4, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada
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Divilov K, Merz N, Schoolfield B, Green TJ, Langdon C. Genome-wide allele frequency studies in Pacific oyster families identify candidate genes for tolerance to ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:631. [PMID: 37872508 PMCID: PMC10594793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetics influences the development of infectious diseases in many agricultural animal species. Identifying genes associated with disease development has the potential to make selective breeding for disease tolerance more likely to succeed through the selection of different genes in diverse signaling pathways. In this study, four families of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were identified to be segregating for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 8. This QTL was previously found to be associated with basal antiviral gene expression and survival to ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) mortality events in Tomales Bay, California. Individuals from these four families were phenotyped and genotyped in an attempt to find candidate genes associated with the QTL on chromosome 8. RESULTS Genome-wide allele frequencies of oysters from each family prior to being planting in Tomales Bay were compared with the allele frequencies of oysters from respective families that survived an OsHV-1 mortality event. Six significant unique QTL were identified in two families in these genome-wide allele frequency studies, all of which were located on chromosome 8. Three QTL were assigned to candidate genes (ABCA1, PIK3R1, and WBP2) that have been previously associated with antiviral innate immunity in vertebrates. CONCLUSION The identification of vertebrate antiviral innate immunity genes as candidate genes involved in molluscan antiviral innate immunity reinforces the similarities between the innate immune systems of these two groups. Causal variant identification in these candidate genes will enable future functional studies of these genes in an effort to better understand their antiviral modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA.
| | - Noah Merz
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
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Killian JT, King RG, Kizziah JL, Fucile CF, Diaz-Avalos R, Qiu S, Silva-Sanchez A, Mousseau BJ, Macon KJ, Callahan AR, Yang G, Hossain ME, Akther J, Houp JA, Rosenblum FD, Porrett PM, Ong SC, Kumar V, Mobley JA, Saphire EO, Kearney JF, Randall TD, Rosenberg AF, Green TJ, Lund FE. Alloreactivity and autoreactivity converge to support B cell epitope targeting in transplant rejection. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.31.534734. [PMID: 37034637 PMCID: PMC10081326 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.534734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) responses against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins mismatched between donor and recipient are leading cause of allograft loss in kidney transplantation. However, therapies targeting alloreactive B cell and Ab-secreting cell (ASC) are lacking, motivating the need to understand how to prevent and abrogate these alloresponses. Using molecular, structural, and proteomic techniques, we profiled the B cell response in a kidney transplant recipient with antibody-mediated rejection and graft loss. We found that this response spanned the rejected organ and peripheral blood, stimulated the differentiation of multiple B cell subsets, and produced a high-affinity, donor-specific, anti-HLA response. We found epitopic immunodominance that relied on highly exposed, solvent-accessible mismatched HLA residues as well as structural and biomolecular evidence of autoreactivity against the recipient's self-HLA allele. These alloreactive and autoreactive signatures converged in the recipient's circulating donor-specific Ab repertoire, suggesting that rejection requires both the recognition of non-self and breaches of tolerance to lead to alloinjury and graft loss.
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Worden PJ, Bogema DR, Micallef ML, Go J, Deutscher AT, Labbate M, Green TJ, King WL, Liu M, Seymour JR, Jenkins C. Phylogenomic diversity of Vibrio species and other Gammaproteobacteria isolated from Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) during a summer mortality outbreak. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000883. [PMID: 36748707 PMCID: PMC9837568 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (PO), Crassostrea gigas, is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality. Summer mortality has been linked to environmental perturbations and numerous viral and bacterial agents, indicating this disease is multifactorial in nature. In 2013 and 2014, several summer mortality events occurred within the Port Stephens estuary (NSW, Australia). Extensive culture and molecular-based investigations were undertaken and several potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were identified. To improve species identification and genomically characterise isolates obtained from this outbreak, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and subsequent genomic analyses were performed on 48 bacterial isolates, as well as a further nine isolates from other summer mortality studies using the same batch of juveniles. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified most isolates to the species level and included members of the Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella and Vibrio genera, with Vibrio species making up more than two-thirds of all species identified. Construction of a phylogenomic tree, ANI analysis, and pan-genome analysis of the 57 isolates represents the most comprehensive culture-based phylogenomic survey of Vibrios during a PO summer mortality event in Australian waters and revealed large genomic diversity in many of the identified species. Our analysis revealed limited and inconsistent associations between isolate species and their geographical origins, or host health status. Together with ANI and pan-genome results, these inconsistencies suggest that to determine the role that microbes may have in Pacific oyster summer mortality events, isolate identification must be at the taxonomic level of strain. Our WGS data (specifically, the accessory genomes) differentiated bacterial strains, and coupled with associated metadata, highlight the possibility of predicting a strain's environmental niche and level of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Worden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Melinda L. Micallef
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Jeffrey Go
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Ania T. Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia,, Canada
| | - William L. King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MIcrobiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Liu
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Building 4, 745 Harris Street, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568,*Correspondence: Cheryl Jenkins,
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Green TJ, Yin Walker C, Leduc S, Michalchuk T, McAllister J, Roth M, Janes JK, Krogh ET. Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Norovirus Dispersal in an Oyster Growing Region in the Northeast Pacific. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040762. [PMID: 35458492 PMCID: PMC9024690 DOI: 10.3390/v14040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, by human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major constraint to sustainable shellfish farming in coastal waters of the Northeast Pacific. HuNoV is not a marine virus and must originate from a human source. A barrier to effective management is a paucity of data regarding HuNoV dispersal in the marine environment. The main objective of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and persistence of HuNoV in an active shellfish farming region in the Northeast Pacific. Market-size C. gigas were sequentially deployed for two-week intervals at 12 sites during the 2020 winter risk period from January to April. Detection of HuNoV quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RTqPCR) according to method ISO 15216-1:2017, with modifications. RTqPCR did not detect GI HuNoV. The estimated prevalence of GII HuNoV in oyster digestive tissue was 0.8 ± 0.2%. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed that contamination of oysters with GII HuNoV changed through time and space during the surveillance period. A single cluster of oysters contaminated with GII.2 HuNoV was detected in a small craft harbor on 23 April. There was no significant increase in the proportion of positive pools in the next nearest sampling station, indicating that HuNoV is likely to disperse less than 7 km from this non-point source of contamination. Results from this study indicate that HuNoV contamination of coastal waters from non-point sources, such as small craft harbors and urban settings, can pose a significant localised risk to shellfish farming operations in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Green
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chen Yin Walker
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Sarah Leduc
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Trevor Michalchuk
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Joe McAllister
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Myron Roth
- BC Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Fisheries, P.O. Box 9120, Victoria, BC V8W 9B4, Canada;
| | - Jasmine K. Janes
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (C.Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (J.K.J.); (E.T.K.)
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Wright-LaGreca M, Mackenzie C, Green TJ. Ocean Acidification Alters Developmental Timing and Gene Expression of Ion Transport Proteins During Larval Development in Resilient and Susceptible Lineages of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2022; 24:116-124. [PMID: 35157178 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) adversely impacts initial shell formation of bivalve larvae. Despite many studies observing large differences in developmental success between distinct genetic populations of bivalves exposed to OA, few studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms that enable resilient larvae to build their initial shell in aragonite-undersaturated conditions. This knowledge is key to their ecological and economical conservation. Herein, we used a genetic-selection program for Crassostrea gigas to produce a resilient and susceptible larval lineage to OA. The resilient and susceptible larvae were sampled every 3 h over a 24-h period in aragonite-undersaturated and control conditions. The susceptible lineage failed to develop a larval shell in aragonite-undersaturated conditions, whereas 52% of the resilient lineage developed to D-larvae by 24 h post fertilisation. We measured the expression of 23 genes involved in initial shell formation by RT-qPCR, which revealed significant genotype-by-time and environment-by-time interactions for the transcription of these genes. Aragonite-undersaturated conditions upregulated a single gene encoding a protein involved in ion transport, Na+ K+ ATPase, in both the resilient and susceptible lineage. These results were corroborated by a second experiment involving 25 pair-mated C. gigas families exposed to aragonite-undersaturated and control conditions. Our findings indicate C. gigas have a fixed capacity to modulate expression of genes involved in initial shell formation in response to OA. Thus, phenotypic differences to OA between the resilient and susceptible lineage are likely explained by other cellular processes, such as bioenergetics or protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Wright-LaGreca
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Clara Mackenzie
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada.
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Samson KLI, Loh SP, Lee SS, Sulistyoningrum DC, Khor GL, Mohd Shariff ZB, Ismai IZ, Makrides M, Hutcheon JA, Roche ML, Green TJ, Karakochuk CD. The Inclusion of Folic Acid in Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplements Confers no Additional Benefit on Anemia Reduction in Nonpregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Malaysia. J Nutr 2021; 151:2264-2270. [PMID: 33978167 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weekly iron-folic acid (IFA) supplements are recommended for all menstruating women in countries where anemia prevalence is ≥20%; however, it is unknown whether the inclusion of folic acid in weekly IFA supplements reduces anemia. OBJECTIVES We examined whether the inclusion of folic acid in weekly IFA supplements conferred any benefit on hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, anemia reduction, or iron status [ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)], over iron alone. METHODS In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Malaysia, n = 311 nonpregnant women (18-45 y old) received 60 mg Fe with either 0, 0.4, or 2.8 mg folic acid once-weekly for 16 wk. Fasting blood was collected at baseline and 16 wk. A generalized linear model (normal distribution with identity link) was used to assess Hb concentration at 16 wk (primary outcome). RESULTS At baseline, 84% of women had low folate status (plasma folate < 14 nmol/L). At 16 wk, marginal mean (95% CI) Hb was 131 (130, 133), 131 (129, 132), and 132 (130, 133) g/L; ferritin was 58.2 (53.9, 62.5), 56.5 (52.2, 60.9), and 58.0 (53.7, 62.3) μg/L; and sTfR was 5.8 (5.5, 6.1), 5.8 (5.5, 6.1), and 5.9 (5.6, 6.2) mg/L in the 0, 0.4, and 2.8 mg/wk groups, respectively, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Baseline plasma folate concentration did not modify the effect of treatment on Hb concentration at 16 wk. Among all women, the risks of anemia [risk ratio (RR): 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.96; P = 0.03] and iron deficiency based on ferritin (RR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.44; P < 0.001) were lower at 16 wk than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Despite the low folate status among these nonpregnant Malaysian women, the inclusion of folic acid in weekly IFA supplements did not reduce anemia or improve iron status, over iron alone. However, the benefits of folic acid for neural tube defect prevention still warrant its retention in weekly IFA supplements.This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12619000818134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn L I Samson
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Siew Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dian C Sulistyoningrum
- SAHMRI Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geok Lin Khor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Irmi Zarina Ismai
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maria Makrides
- SAHMRI Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Hutcheon
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Green
- SAHMRI Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Samson KLI, Loh SP, Lee SS, Sulistyoningrum DC, Khor GL, Shariff ZBM, Ismai IZ, Yelland LN, Leemaqz S, Makrides M, Hutcheon JA, Roche ML, Karakochuk CD, Green TJ. Weekly iron-folic acid supplements containing 2.8 mg folic acid are associated with a lower risk of neural tube defects than the current practice of 0.4 mg: a randomised controlled trial in Malaysia. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-003897. [PMID: 33272946 PMCID: PMC7716666 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Weekly iron–folic acid (IFA) supplements are recommended for all menstruating women in countries where anaemia prevalence is >20%. Anaemia caused by folate deficiency is low worldwide, and the need to include folic acid is in question. Including folic acid might reduce the risk of a neural tube defect (NTD) should a woman become pregnant. Most weekly supplements contain 0.4 mg folic acid; however, WHO recommends 2.8 mg because it is seven times the daily dose effective in reducing NTDs. There is a reluctance to switch to supplements containing 2.8 mg of folic acid because of a lack of evidence that this dose would prevent NTDs. Our aim was to investigate the effect of two doses of folic acid, compared with placebo, on red blood cell (RBC) folate, a biomarker of NTD risk. Methods We conducted a three-arm double-blind efficacy trial in Malaysia. Non-pregnant women (n=331) were randomised to receive 60 mg iron and either 0, 0.4, or 2.8 mg folic acid once weekly for 16 weeks. Results At 16 weeks, women receiving 0.4 mg and 2.8 mg folic acid per week had a higher mean RBC folate than those receiving 0 mg (mean difference (95% CI) 84 (54 to 113) and 355 (316 to 394) nmol/L, respectively). Women receiving 2.8 mg folic acid had a 271 (234 to 309) nmol/L greater mean RBC folate than those receiving 0.4 mg. Moreover, women in the 2.8 mg group were seven times (RR 7.3, 95% CI 3.9 to 13.7; p<0.0001) more likely to achieve an RBC folate >748 nmol/L, a concentration associated with a low risk of NTD, compared with the 0.4 mg group. Conclusion Weekly IFA supplements containing 2.8 mg folic acid increases RBC folate more than those containing 0.4 mg. Increased availability and access to the 2.8 mg formulation is needed. Trail registration number This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12619000818134).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn L I Samson
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Siew Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dian C Sulistyoningrum
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geok Lin Khor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Irmi Zarina Ismai
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisa N Yelland
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shalem Leemaqz
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Hutcheon
- Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Teshome GB, Whiting SJ, Green TJ, Mulualem D, Henry CJ. Scaled-up nutrition education on pulse-cereal complementary food practice in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1437. [PMID: 32962685 PMCID: PMC7507676 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving children’s weight status through nutrition education (NE) for mothers about using pulses in complementary feeding has been demonstrated in pilot studies, but no effect on stunting was reported. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a 9-month pulse-nutrition education program on improving mothers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards pulses, as well as its effect on children’s diet diversity, and nutritional status. The NE was delivered by Health Extension Workers (HEWs). Methods A cluster randomized study was employed for the community-based interventional study. Twelve randomly selected villages in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia were included in the study. A total of 772 mother-child pairs involved in the study; where 386 mother-child pairs in the intervention group received additional messages about pulse-cereal complementary food, and 386 pairs (the control) received only routine health education for 9 months. A survey on mothers’ KAP and anthropometric measurements of the children were taken at baseline, midpoint, and end point. ANOVA and descriptive statistics were used to analyzed data. Results At baseline and end point, maternal KAP and the dietary diversity score of the children (mean age at end point 18.8 ± 2.9 mo) were assessed. Intervention mothers’ KAP improved (p < 0.001) at midpoint and end point compared to that of the control group, as did frequency of pulse consumption and Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) among children. At 9 months, the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusions NE delivered by HEWs improved KAP of mothers regarding pulse consumption and dietary diversity of children led to improved nutritional status of the children. Training HEWs on the use of pulses for complementary food may be an effective way to improve the health of children in Ethiopian communities. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT02638571. Date of registration: 12/18/2015. Prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Demmelash Mulualem
- School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Carol J Henry
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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11
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Robinson AN, Green TJ. Fitness costs associated with maternal immune priming in the oyster. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:32-36. [PMID: 32334127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune priming is the transfer of immunity from mother to offspring, which may reduce the offspring's risk of disease from a pathogen that previously infected its mother. Maternal immune priming has been described in at least 25 invertebrate taxa, including Crassostrea gigas. Larvae of C. gigas have improved survival to Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) if their mothers are either infected with OsHV-1 or were injected with a virus mimic called poly(I:C). However, fitness costs associated with maternal immune priming in C. gigas are unknown. Here, we show C. gigas larvae produced from poly(I:C)-treated mothers are smaller, and have higher total bacteria and Vibrio loads compared to control larvae. These results suggest that the improved offspring survival of C. gigas to OsHV-1 due to maternal immune priming with poly(I:C) is potentially traded off with other important life history traits, such as larval growth rate and destabilisation of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Robinson
- Vancouver Island University, Centre for Shellfish Research, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Vancouver Island University, Centre for Shellfish Research, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
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12
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Whitfield KC, Shahab-Ferdows S, Kroeun H, Sophonneary P, Green TJ, Allen LH, Hampel D. Macro- and Micronutrients in Milk from Healthy Cambodian Mothers: Status and Interrelations. J Nutr 2020; 150:1461-1469. [PMID: 32211800 PMCID: PMC7269724 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Except for low thiamin content, little is known about vitamins or macronutrients in milk from Cambodian mothers, and associations among milk nutrients. OBJECTIVES We measured fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and water-soluble vitamins (WSVs), and macronutrients, and explored internutrient associations in milk from Cambodian mothers. METHODS Milk from women (aged 18-45 y, 3-27 wk postpartum, n = 68) who participated in a thiamin-fortification trial were analyzed for vitamins B-2 (riboflavin, FAD), B-3 (nicotinamide), B-5, B-6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine), B-7, B-12, A, E [α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (γ-TPH)], carotenoids, carbohydrate (CHO), fat, and protein. Milk vitamin B-1 [thiamin, thiamin monophosphate (TMP), thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)] was previously assessed for fortification effects. Milk nutrient concentrations were compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) values for infants aged 0-6 mo. Pearson correlation was used to examine internutrient associations after excluding nutrients affected by fortification. RESULTS Fortification increased thiamin and B-1 and decreased γ-TPH. Less than 40% of milk samples met the AIs for all vitamins, and 10 samples did not reach any AI values for the analyzed nutrients. CHO, fat, and energy values were met in 1.5-11.8%, and protein in 48.5%, of the samples. Whereas fat, protein, and energy were related (all r < 0.5; P < 0.001) and associated with FSVs and WSVs, CHO correlated only with some WSVs. TPP was not correlated with B-1 vitamers, but with other WSVs (r = 0.28-0.58; P < 0.019). All FSVs, except α-carotene, were correlated with each other (r = 0.42-0.98; P < 0.002). TPP, FAD, B-2, and B-3 were associated with almost all FSVs (r = 0.24-0.63; P < 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Cambodian women might not provide sufficient nutrients to their exclusively breastfeeding infants. Besides thiamin, all other vitamins measured were much lower than the AI. There were many strong correlations among macronutrients and vitamins; the extent to which these are explained by maternal diet, milk volume, maternal physiology, or genetics requires additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyly C Whitfield
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Setareh Shahab-Ferdows
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Prak Sophonneary
- National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Women and Kids Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Address correspondence to DH (e-mail: ; )
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13
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Michaux KD, Hou K, Karakochuk CD, Whitfield KC, Ly S, Verbowski V, Stormer A, Porter K, Li KH, Houghton LA, Lynd LD, Talukder A, McLean J, Green TJ. Effect of enhanced homestead food production on anaemia among Cambodian women and children: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr 2019; 15 Suppl 3:e12757. [PMID: 31148398 PMCID: PMC6593652 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is inconsistent evidence on the efficacy of agriculture programmes at improving women and children's anaemia and nutritional status. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a nutrition‐sensitive enhanced homestead food production (EHFP) programme on anaemia in women (18–45 years) and children (6–59 months) in rural Cambodia. Secondary outcomes were women's micronutrient status and women and children's anthropometry. In this cluster‐randomized controlled trial, 900 households from 90 villages (clusters) were randomized to either (a) home gardens and behaviour change communication (BCC) on nutrition, hygiene, women's empowerment, and marketing (EHFP); (b) home gardens plus fishponds and BCC (EHFP + F); or (c) control (no intervention). Haemoglobin concentration and anthropometry were measured in women and children at baseline and at 22 months. Venous blood samples were collected in a subset of women (n = 450) at baseline and at 22 months. Generalized linear mixed effect models with repeated measures were used to evaluate the difference across groups and the change from baseline to end of study. Ninety clusters, 552 women, and 754 children completed the trial. Compared with control, we found a statistically significant impact on anaemia prevalence in children (−14.0 percentage points; P = 0.02) and retinol binding protein concentrations in women (difference in difference: 0.34; P = 0.02) randomized to EHFP and EHFP + F groups, respectively. No other statistically significant effects on anaemia, nutritional biomarker concentrations, or anthropometry were observed. Future research is needed to examine longer term impacts of EHFP on anthropometry in women and children and into the nutritional causes of anaemia among children in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Michaux
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kroeun Hou
- Helen Keller International, New York, NY, USA
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sokhoing Ly
- Helen Keller International, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vashti Verbowski
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ame Stormer
- Helen Keller International, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kathy H Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa A Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Larry D Lynd
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Judy McLean
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Healthy Mothers, Babies, Children Research Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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King WL, Siboni N, Kahlke T, Green TJ, Labbate M, Seymour JR. A New High Throughput Sequencing Assay for Characterizing the Diversity of Natural Vibrio Communities and Its Application to a Pacific Oyster Mortality Event. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2907. [PMID: 31921078 PMCID: PMC6932961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vibrio genus is notable for including several pathogens of marine animals and humans, yet characterization of Vibrio diversity using routine 16S rRNA sequencing methods is often constrained by poor resolution beyond the genus level. Here, a new high throughput sequencing approach targeting the heat shock protein (hsp60) as a phylogenetic marker was developed to more precisely discriminate members of the Vibrio genus in environmental samples. The utility of this new assay was tested using mock communities constructed from known dilutions of Vibrio isolates. Relative to standard and Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA sequencing assays, the hsp60 assay delivered high levels of fidelity with the mock community composition at the species level, including discrimination of species within the Vibrio harveyi clade. This assay was subsequently applied to characterize Vibrio community composition in seawater and delivered substantially improved taxonomic resolution of Vibrio species compared to 16S rRNA analysis. Finally, this assay was applied to examine patterns in the Vibrio community within oysters during a Pacific oyster mortality event. In these oysters, the hsp60 assay identified species-level Vibrio community shifts prior to disease onset, pinpointing V. harveyi as a putative pathogen. Given that shifts in the Vibrio community can precede, cause, and follow disease onset in numerous marine organisms, there is a need for an accurate high throughput assay for defining Vibrio community composition in natural samples. This Vibrio-centric hsp60 sequencing assay offers the potential for precise high throughput characterization of Vibrio diversity, providing an enhanced platform for dissecting Vibrio dynamics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. King
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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15
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Tong TYN, Key TJ, Gaitskell K, Green TJ, Guo W, Sanders TA, Bradbury KE. Hematological parameters and prevalence of anemia in white and British Indian vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the UK Biobank. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:461-472. [PMID: 31190054 PMCID: PMC6669054 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There may be differences in hematological parameters between meat-eaters and vegetarians. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to perform cross-sectional analyses of hematological parameters by diet group in a large cohort in the United Kingdom. METHODS A complete blood count was carried out in all UK Biobank participants at recruitment (2006-2010). We examined hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, and platelet counts and volume in regular meat eaters (>3 times/wk of red/processed meat consumption, n = 212,831), low meat eaters (n = 213,092), poultry eaters (n = 4815), fish eaters (n = 10,042), vegetarians (n = 6548), and vegans (n = 398) of white ethnicity and meat eaters (n = 3875) and vegetarians (n = 1362) of British Indian ethnicity. RESULTS In both white and British Indian populations, compared with regular meat eaters (or meat eaters in Indians), the other diet groups had up to 3.7% lower age-adjusted hemoglobin concentrations (difference not significant in white vegan women) and were generally more likely to have anemia (e.g., 8.7% of regular meat eaters compared with 12.8% of vegetarians in white premenopausal women; P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). In the white population, compared with regular meat eaters, all other diet groups had lower age- and sex-adjusted total white cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils (P-heterogeneity < 0.001 for all), but basophil counts were similar across diet groups; in British Indians, there was no significant difference in any of the white blood cell counts by diet group. Compared with white regular meat eaters, the low meat eaters, poultry eaters, fish eaters, and vegans had significantly lower platelet counts and higher platelet volume, whereas vegetarians had higher counts and lower volume. Compared with British Indian meat eaters, vegetarians had higher platelet count and lower volume. CONCLUSIONS In the UK Biobank, people with low or no red meat intake generally had lower hemoglobin concentrations and were slightly more likely to be anemic. The lower white blood cell counts observed in low and non-meat eaters, and differences in mean platelet counts and volume between diet groups, warrant further investigation. This observational study was registered at http://www.isrctn.com/ as ISRCTN10125697.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Y N Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kezia Gaitskell
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Green
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wenji Guo
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Sanders
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Wesley AS, De Plaen R, Michaux KD, Whitfield KC, Green TJ. Integrating nutrition outcomes into agriculture development for impact at scale: Highlights from the Canadian International Food Security Research Fund. Matern Child Nutr 2019; 15 Suppl 3:e12812. [PMID: 31148402 PMCID: PMC6593440 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Canadian International Food Security Research Fund programme supported research and scaling up of nutrition‐ and gender‐sensitive agriculture innovations from 2009 to 2018. Women and girls were identified as agents of change and were targeted as the main programme beneficiaries. Projects were implemented in 25 countries through multistakeholder partnerships among universities, research institutions, public and private sectors, and civil society groups, reaching over 78 million people, mainly women and children. Approaches specific to nutrition included growing more nutritious crops, improving dietary diversity, value added processing, food fortification, and nutrition education. Scale‐up for impact was achieved through a number of pathways that started with evidence through rigorous research, followed by a combination of elements such as understanding local and regional contexts to identify specific bottlenecks and opportunities for the deployment and adoption of successful innovations, selecting politically effective or influential partners to lead the scaling up process, and investing in long‐term local capacity and leadership building. Overall, the knowledge generated in the programme indicate that well‐designed nutrition‐sensitive agriculture and food‐based interventions can have meaningful impacts on pathways that will lead to better health and well‐being of women and children through improving household and individual access to nutrient‐rich foods. Longer intervention times are needed to demonstrate changes in health indicators such as reduced stunting. This overview paper summarises the programme and showcases examples from studies that demonstrate the impact pathway for nutrition interventions that encompass efficacy and effectiveness studies, value‐added processing, cost effectiveness of interventions, and bringing a proven intervention to scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie S Wesley
- Agriculture and Food Security Program, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renaud De Plaen
- Agriculture and Food Security Program, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina D Michaux
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Department of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Healthy Mothers, Babies, Children Research Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Green TJ, Siboni N, King WL, Labbate M, Seymour JR, Raftos D. Simulated Marine Heat Wave Alters Abundance and Structure of Vibrio Populations Associated with the Pacific Oyster Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event. Microb Ecol 2019; 77:736-747. [PMID: 30097682 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine heat waves are predicted to become more frequent and intense due to anthropogenically induced climate change, which will impact global production of seafood. Links between rising seawater temperature and disease have been documented for many aquaculture species, including the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The oyster harbours a diverse microbial community that may act as a source of opportunistic pathogens during temperature stress. We rapidly raised the seawater temperature from 20 °C to 25 °C resulting in an oyster mortality rate of 77.4%. Under the same temperature conditions and with the addition of antibiotics, the mortality rate was only 4.3%, strongly indicating a role for bacteria in temperature-induced mortality. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a change in the oyster microbiome when the temperature was increased to 25 °C, with a notable increase in the proportion of Vibrio sequences. This pattern was confirmed by qPCR, which revealed heat stress increased the abundance of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fortis by 324-fold and 10-fold, respectively. Our findings indicate that heat stress-induced mortality of C. gigas coincides with an increase in the abundance of putative bacterial pathogens in the oyster microbiome and highlights the negative consequences of marine heat waves on food production from aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada.
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William L King
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Christiansen NA, Fryirs KA, Green TJ, Hose GC. The impact of urbanisation on community structure, gene abundance and transcription rates of microbes in upland swamps of Eastern Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213275. [PMID: 30830948 PMCID: PMC6398846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone of the Sydney Basin occur in the headwaters of Sydney's drinking water catchments and are listed as endangered ecosystems, yet they have suffered habitat losses and degradation due to human impacts such as urbanisation. Despite ongoing efforts to restore and better protect upland swamps, they remain poorly understood, potentially hindering the effectiveness of management efforts. Essential to overall ecosystem function and the provision of services for human and environmental benefit are the microbial component of wetland ecosystems. In the case of these swamps, the microbes, have not yet been studied. Here, we investigated differences in the microbial community of upland swamps in urbanised catchments compared to swamps from natural catchments in the Blue Mountains. A total of twelve swamps were sampled, six from within urbanised catchments and six with intact vegetation catchments, to compare sediment conditions and microbial community and genes expression and abundances. Catchment impervious area and number of stormwater drains entering a swamp, indicators for urbanisation, positively correlated with the pH and ammonium concentration of swamp sediment. Community analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (T-RFLP, qPCR) revealed the elevated pH of urbanised swamps coincided with changes to the abundance of bacteria and archaea. Furthermore, RT-qPCR revealed genes involved in carbon cycling (mcrA & pmoA) were more likely to be found in urbanised swamps. Taken together, our results indicate that urbanisation of the Blue Mountains is impacting the environmental services provided by the microbial community of upland swamps in the Sydney Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Christiansen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirstie A. Fryirs
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant C. Hose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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19
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Wiedeman AM, Dyer RA, Green TJ, Xu Z, Barr SI, Innis SM, Kitts DD. Variations in plasma choline and metabolite concentrations in healthy adults. Clin Biochem 2018; 60:77-83. [PMID: 30125545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma concentrations of choline and its metabolites might serve as biomarkers for the health outcomes of several pathological states such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, information about the reliability of biomarkers of choline status is limited. We investigated biological variations in repeated measures of choline and metabolites in healthy adults to assess them as biomarkers. METHODS Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast at three-time points 12 days apart from 40 adults (mean age, 33 y; male, n = 21). A subset (n = 19; [male, n = 8]) provided one additional sample after a breakfast meal. Plasma free choline, betaine and dimethylglycine were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and plasma phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The biological variations observed for choline and metabolites were ≤ 13% for adult fasting samples. This corresponded to intra-class correlations (ICC) that ranged from 0.593 to 0.770 for fasting values for choline and metabolites. A similar ICC range was also obtained between fasting and post-prandial states. Although most post-prandial concentrations of choline and metabolites were significantly higher (P < .05) than fasting, all fell within a calculated reference interval. The participants were correctly classified in tertiles for fasting and post-prandial states for choline (68%) and metabolites (range = 32% phosphatidylcholine and 79% for sphingomyelin). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that biological variations of choline and metabolites are low in healthy adults and values from a single blood sample can be used as a biomarker. However, choosing phosphatidylcholine as a biomarker is less reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Wiedeman
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 west 28(th) avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Roger A Dyer
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 west 28(th) avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Timothy J Green
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 west 28(th) avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Zhaoming Xu
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Susan I Barr
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Sheila M Innis
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 west 28(th) avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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20
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Gao C, Liu G, Whitfield KC, Kroeun H, Green TJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M, Zhou SJ. Comparison of Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Women From Cambodia and Australia. J Hum Lact 2018; 34:585-591. [PMID: 29758170 DOI: 10.1177/0890334418772279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a rich source of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are postulated to be important for brain development. There is a lack of data on the human milk fatty acid composition of Cambodian women compared with data from Western women. Research Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the human milk fatty acid composition of women living in Cambodia and compare it with that of women living in Australia. METHOD Human milk samples from Cambodian ( n = 67) and Australian ( n = 200) mothers were collected at 3 to 4 months postpartum. Fatty acid composition was analyzed using capillary gas chromatography followed by Folch extraction with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v), and fat content was measured gravimetrically. RESULT Compared with Australian participants, human milk from Cambodian participants contained a significantly lower level of total fat (2.90 vs. 3.45 g/dL, p = .028), lower percentages of linoleic acid (9.30% vs. 10.66%, p < .0001) and α-linolenic acid (0.42% vs. 0.95%, p < .0001), but higher percentages of arachidonic acid (0.68% vs. 0.38%, p < .0001) and docosahexaenoic acid (0.40% vs. 0.23%, p < .0001). CONCLUSION Differences in human milk fatty acid composition between Cambodian and Australian participants may be explained by differences in the dietary patterns between the two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- 1 School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia.,2 Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ge Liu
- 1 School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia.,2 Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- 3 Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hou Kroeun
- 4 Helen Keller International - Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Timothy J Green
- 2 Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,5 Dicipiline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert A Gibson
- 1 School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- 2 Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,5 Dicipiline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shao J Zhou
- 1 School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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21
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Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is becoming a valuable model for investigating antiviral defense in the Lophotrochozoa superphylum. In the past five years, improvements to laboratory-based experimental infection protocols using Ostreid herpesvirus I (OsHV-1) from naturally infected C. gigas combined with next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed that oysters have a complex antiviral response involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways. Experimental evidence indicates C. gigas utilizes an interferon-like response to limit OsHV-1 replication and spread. Oysters injected with a viral mimic (polyI:C) develop resistance to OsHV-1. Improved survival following polyI:C injection was found later in life (within-generational immune priming) and in the next generation (multi-generational immune priming). These studies indicate that the oyster's antiviral defense system exhibits a form of innate immune-memory. An important priority is to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. This knowledge will motivate the development of practical and cost-effective treatments for improving oyster health in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research & Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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22
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Barker MK, Sable CM, Montgomery SE, Chow L, Green TJ, Panagiotopoulos C, Devlin AM. Diet and cardiometabolic side effects in children treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2017; 23:205-211. [PMID: 29460800 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) treatment in children is associated with metabolic side effects including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to determine if SGA treatment in children affects dietary intakes and relationship to metabolic side effects. METHODS Three-day food records assessed dietary energy and macronutrient intakes in a cross-sectional population of SGA-treated (n = 35) and SGA-naïve (n = 29) children. RESULTS SGA-treated children had more overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex, p = 0.001); waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90th percentile for age and sex (p = 0.007); waist:height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex (p = 0.004), greater HOMA-IR, (p = 0.001) and plasma triglycerides (p = 0.017), and lower plasma HDL (p = 0.029). Dietary energy intakes were not different between SGA-naïve and SGA-treated children [1734 ± 486 vs 1971 ± 649 (-135, 408) kcal/day, mean ± SD (95% CI)] after adjustments for sex, age, Tanner stage, psychostimulant use, and height. Similarly, no differences in macronutrient intakes were observed. In models adjusted for SGA treatment and physical activity, no relationships between dietary intakes and BMI were found, but dietary total energy intakes were positively associated with waist circumference z-scores (p = 0.019), systolic blood pressure z-scores (p = 0.028, also adjusted for BMI) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.013, also adjusted for age, sex, BMI). All of the children had poor diets with 87.5% having >7% of daily energy from saturated fat; 62.5% having >20% of daily energy from sugar; and almost 60% having sodium intakes above the tolerable upper intake level. CONCLUSIONS SGA treatment is not associated with greater dietary energy intakes in children. However, dietary energy intakes are associated with greater waist circumference and systolic blood pressure z-scores and HOMA-IR in children with mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela K Barker
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carly M Sable
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah E Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lorrie Chow
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, and Discipline of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Constadina Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
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23
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Karakochuk CD, Barr SI, Boy E, Bahizire E, Tugirimana PL, Akilimali PZ, Houghton LA, Green TJ. The effect of inflammation on serum zinc concentrations and the prevalence estimates of population-level zinc status among Congolese children aged 6-59 months. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:ejcn2017127. [PMID: 28832571 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Zinc is a negative acute-phase reactant; hence, its concentration decreases in the presence of inflammation. There is no current consensus on how to control for the effect of inflammation on serum zinc, which has implications for accurate estimates of population-level zinc status. We aimed to measure the association between inflammation and serum zinc concentrations and to compare the means and the prevalence of zinc deficiency using unadjusted and inflammation-adjusted serum zinc concentrations among Congolese children. SUBJECTS/METHODS Non-fasting blood was collected in the afternoon in trace element-free vacutainers from 744 apparently healthy children aged 6-59 months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Serum was analyzed for zinc, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) for 665 children with complete data for all three biomarkers. Linear regression was used to generate correction factors (CFs) based on three stages of inflammation: incubation (CRP >5 mg/l and normal AGP), early convalescence (CRP >5 mg/l and AGP >1 g/l) and late convalescence (AGP >1 g/l and normal CRP), relative to no inflammation. RESULTS Overall unadjusted mean±s.d. serum zinc concentration was 9.4±2.1 μmol/l. Study-generated CFs (95% confidence interval) for incubation, early and late convalescence were 1.01 (0.88, 1.14), 1.15 (1.11, 1.21) and 1.07 (1.03, 1.11), respectively. After applying the CFs, overall adjusted mean±s.d. serum zinc concentration was 10.1±2.2 μmol/l, and prevalence of zinc deficiency (<8.7 μmol/l) decreased from 35% (n=234/665) to 24% (n=160/665). CONCLUSIONS Adjustment of zinc concentrations for inflammation is warranted when assessing population-level zinc status.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 23 August 2017; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.127.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S I Barr
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Bahizire
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P L Tugirimana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Goma, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P Z Akilimali
- Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - L A Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T J Green
- Theme of Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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24
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Rappaport AI, Whitfield KC, Chapman GE, Yada RY, Kheang KM, Louise J, Summerlee AJ, Armstrong GR, Green TJ. Randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of a reusable fish-shaped iron ingot to increase hemoglobin concentration in anemic, rural Cambodian women. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:667-674. [PMID: 28615257 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anemia affects 45% of women of childbearing age in Cambodia. Iron supplementation is recommended in populations in which anemia prevalence is high. However, there are issues of cost, distribution, and adherence. A potential alternative is a reusable fish-shaped iron ingot, which, when added to the cooking pot, leaches iron into the fluid in which it is prepared.Objective: We sought to determine whether there was a difference in hemoglobin concentrations in rural Cambodian anemic women (aged 18-49 y) who cooked with the iron ingot or consumed a daily iron supplement compared with a control after 1 y.Design: In Preah Vihear, 340 women with mild or moderate anemia were randomly assigned to 1) an iron-ingot group, 2) an iron-supplement (18 mg/d) group, or 3) a nonplacebo control group. A venous blood sample was taken at baseline and at 6 and 12 mo. Blood was analyzed for hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptor. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was used to detect structural hemoglobin variants.Results: Anemia prevalence was 44% with the use of a portable hemoglobinometer during screening. At baseline, prevalence of iron deficiency was 9% on the basis of a low serum ferritin concentration. There was no significant difference in mean hemoglobin concentrations between the iron-ingot group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 118 g/L; P = 0.850) or iron-supplement group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 117 g/L; P = 0.998) compared with the control group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 117 g/L) at 12 mo. Serum ferritin was significantly higher in the iron-supplement group (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 64, 82 μg/L; P = 0.002) than in the control group at 6 mo; however, this significance was not maintained at 12 mo (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 58, 91 μg/L; P = 0.176).Conclusions: Neither the iron ingot nor iron supplements increased hemoglobin concentrations in this population at 6 or 12 mo. We do not recommend the use of the fish-shaped iron ingot in Cambodia or in countries where the prevalence of iron deficiency is low and genetic hemoglobin disorders are high. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02341586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva I Rappaport
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gwen E Chapman
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,College of Social and Applied Human Sciences and
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jennie Louise
- University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | | | | | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; .,Healthy Mothers, Babies, and Children Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, South Australia, Australia
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25
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McCann A, Midttun Ø, Whitfield KC, Kroeun H, Borath M, Sophonneary P, Ueland PM, Green TJ. Comparable Performance Characteristics of Plasma Thiamine and Erythrocyte Thiamine Diphosphate in Response to Thiamine Fortification in Rural Cambodian Women. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070676. [PMID: 28661435 PMCID: PMC5537791 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditionally, vitamin B1 status is assessed by a functional test measuring erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) activity or direct measurement of erythrocyte thiamine diphosphate (eThDP) concentration. However, such analyses are logistically challenging, and do not allow assessment of vitamin B1 status in plasma/serum samples stored in biobanks. Using a multiplex assay, we evaluated plasma concentrations of thiamine and thiamine monophosphate (TMP), as alternative, convenient measures of vitamin B1 status. Methods: We investigated the relationships between the established biomarker eThDP and plasma concentrations of thiamine and TMP, and compared the response of these thiamine forms to thiamine fortification using samples from 196 healthy Cambodian women (aged 18–45 years.). eThDP was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and plasma thiamine and TMP by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Plasma thiamine and TMP correlated significantly with eThDP at baseline and study-end (p < 0.05). Among the fortification groups, the strongest response was observed for plasma thiamine (increased by 266%), while increases in plasma TMP (60%) and eThDP (53%) were comparable. Conclusions: Plasma thiamine and TMP correlated positively with eThDP, and all thiamine forms responded significantly to thiamine intervention. Measuring plasma concentrations of thiamine forms is advantageous due to convenient sample handling and capacity to develop low volume, high-throughput, multiplex assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian McCann
- Bevital AS, Laboratoriebygget Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Øivind Midttun
- Bevital AS, Laboratoriebygget Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia.
| | - Mam Borath
- National Sub-Committee for Food Fortification, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia.
| | - Prak Sophonneary
- National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12202, Cambodia.
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Healthy Mothers, Babies, and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Rappaport AI, Barr SI, Green TJ, Karakochuk CD. Variation in haemoglobin measurement across different HemoCue devices and device operators in rural Cambodia. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:615-618. [PMID: 28275044 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
: Point-of-use haemoglobinometers, such as the HemoCue, are a common method to measure haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in field settings as the device is portable, requires only a small finger-prick capillary blood sample and computes an immediate Hb reading. The aim of this study was to compare Hb measurements across different HemoCue devices and across device operators using capillary blood samples collected from women during a trial in rural Cambodia. We compared mean±SD capillary Hb concentration (g/L) across n=12 different HemoCue Hb 301 devices and across n=9 device operators among 2846 Cambodian women. Significant variability in mean Hb concentration was observed across HemoCue devices (means ranged from 117 to 124 g/L) and across device operators (means ranged from 118 to 124 g/L). This variability is of particular concern when a single HemoCue device or device operator is used at different time points in surveys or research trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02481375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva I Rappaport
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susan I Barr
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Karakochuk CD, Whitfield KC, Rappaport AI, Barr SI, Vercauteren SM, McLean J, Hou K, Talukder A, Houghton LA, Bailey KB, Boy E, Green TJ. Comparison of four immunoassays to measure serum ferritin concentrations and iron deficiency prevalence among non-pregnant Cambodian women and Congolese children. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:65-72. [PMID: 27337742 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global standardization of ferritin assays is lacking, which could have direct implications on the accurate measurement and comparability of ferritin concentration and iron deficiency (ID) prevalence rates in at-risk populations. METHODS We measured serum ferritin concentrations using four immunoassays: the s-ELISA and the AxSYM™ analyzer were compared among 420 non-pregnant Cambodian women; the Centaur® XP analyzer, s-ELISA, and AxSYM™ analyzer were compared among a subset of 100 Cambodian women; and the s-ELISA and the Elecsys® 2010 analyzer were compared among 226 Congolese children aged 6-59 months. RESULTS Median ferritin concentrations (adjusted for inflammation) ranged between 48 and 91 μg/L among Cambodian women and between 54 and 55 μg/L among Congolese children. ID prevalence ranged from 2% to 10% among Cambodian women and 5% to 7% among Congolese children. Bias between methods varied widely (-9 to 45 μg/L) among women, and was 43 μg/L among children. Bias was lower when ferritin values outside of the s-ELISA measurement range (>250 μg/L) were excluded. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in ferritin concentrations likely reflect different ferritin isoforms, antibodies, and calibrators used across assays and by different laboratories. However, despite differences in ferritin concentrations, ID prevalence was relatively similar and low across all methods.
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28
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Whitfield KC, Wozniak R, Pradinuk M, Karakochuk CD, Anabwani G, Daly Z, MacLeod SM, Larson CP, Green TJ. Anthropometric measures are simple and accurate paediatric weight-prediction proxies in resource-poor settings with a high HIV prevalence. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102:10-16. [PMID: 27073160 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate weight measurements are essential for both growth monitoring and drug dose calculations in children. Weight can be accurately measured using calibrated scales in resource-rich settings; however, reliable scales are often not available in resource-poor regions or emergency situations. Current age and/or length/height-based weight-prediction equations tend to overestimate weight because they were developed from Western children's measures. OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of several proxy measures for children's weight among a predominately HIV-positive group of children aged 18 months to 12 years in Botswana. DESIGN Weight, length/height, ulna and tibia lengths, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold were measured on 775 children recruited from Gaborone, Botswana, between 6 July and 24 August 2011. RESULTS Mean (95% CI) age and weight were 7.8 years (7.5 to 8.4) and 21.7 kg (21.2 to 22.2), respectively. The majority of children were HIV-positive (n=625, 81%) and on antiretroviral treatment (n=594, 95%). The sample was randomly divided; a general linear model was used to develop weight-prediction equations for one half of the sample (n=387), which were then used to predict the weight of the other half (n=388). MUAC and length/height, MUAC and tibia length and MUAC and ulna length most accurately predicted weight, with an adjusted R2 of 0.96, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. Using MUAC and length/height, MUAC and tibia length and MUAC and ulna length equations, ≥92% of predicted weight fell within 15% of actual weight, compared with <55% using current equations. CONCLUSION The development of nomograms using these equations is warranted to allow for rapid and accurate weight prediction from these simple anthropometric measures in HIV-endemic, resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roberta Wozniak
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mia Pradinuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriel Anabwani
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Zachary Daly
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart M MacLeod
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charles P Larson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and the Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Whitfield KC, Karakochuk CD, Kroeun H, Hampel D, Sokhoing L, Chan BB, Borath M, Sophonneary P, McLean J, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Li-Chan ECY, Kitts DD, Allen LH, Green TJ. Perinatal Consumption of Thiamine-Fortified Fish Sauce in Rural Cambodia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:e162065. [PMID: 27532780 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infantile beriberi, a potentially fatal disease caused by thiamine deficiency, remains a public health concern in Cambodia and regions where thiamine-poor white rice is a staple food. Low maternal thiamine intake reduces breast milk thiamine concentrations, placing breastfed infants at risk of beriberi. OBJECTIVE To determine if consumption of thiamine-fortified fish sauce yields higher erythrocyte thiamine diphosphate concentrations (eTDP) among lactating women and newborn infants and higher breast milk thiamine concentrations compared with a control sauce. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 pregnant women were recruited in the Prey Veng province, Cambodia. The study took place between October 2014 and April 2015. INTERVENTIONS Women were randomized to 1 of 3 groups (n = 30) for ad libitum fish sauce consumption for 6 months: control (no thiamine), low-concentration (2 g/L), or high-concentration (8 g/L) fish sauce. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Maternal eTDP was assessed at baseline (October 2014) and endline (April 2015). Secondary outcomes, breast milk thiamine concentration and infant eTDP, were measured at endline. RESULTS Women's mean (SD) age and gestational stage were 26 (5) years and 23 (7) weeks, respectively. April 2015 eTDP was measured among 28 women (93%), 29 women (97%), and 23 women (77%) in the control, low-concentration, and high-concentration groups, respectively. In modified intent-to-treat analysis, mean baseline-adjusted endline eTDP was higher among women in the low-concentration (282nM; 95% CI, 235nM to 310nM) and high-concentration (254nM; 95% CI, 225nM to 284nM) groups compared with the control group (193nM; 95% CI, 164nM to 222M; P < .05); low-concentration and high-concentration groups did not differ (P = .19). Breast milk total thiamine concentrations were 14.4 μg/dL for the control group (95% CI, 12.3 μg/dL to 16.5 μg/dL) (to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 29.6); 20.7 μg/dL for the low-concentration group (95% CI, 18.6 μg/dL to 22.7 μg/dL ); and 17.7 μg/dL for the high-concentration group (95% CI, 15.6 μg/dL to 19.9 μg/dL). Mean (SD) infant age at endline was 16 (8) weeks for the control group, 17 (7) weeks for the low-concentration group, and 14 (8) for the high-concentration group. Infant eTDP was higher among those in the high-concentration group (257nM; 95% CI, 222nM to 291nM; P < .05) compared with the low-concentration (212nM; 95% CI, 181nM to 244nM) and control (187nM; 95% CI, 155nM to 218nM) groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Compared with women in the control group, women who consumed thiamine-fortified fish sauce through pregnancy and early lactation had higher eTDP and breast milk thiamine concentrations and their infants had higher eTDP, which was more pronounced in the high group. Thiamine-fortified fish sauce has the potential to prevent infantile beriberi in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02221063.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Daniela Hampel
- US Department of Agriculture, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis5Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
| | - Ly Sokhoing
- Helen Keller International Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Benny B Chan
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mam Borath
- National Subcommittee for Food Fortification, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Prak Sophonneary
- National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Judy McLean
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Larry D Lynd
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eunice C Y Li-Chan
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis5Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada9South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia10Discipline of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Green TJ, Helbig K, Speck P, Raftos DA. Primed for success: Oyster parents treated with poly(I:C) produce offspring with enhanced protection against Ostreid herpesvirus type I infection. Mol Immunol 2016; 78:113-120. [PMID: 27616590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is farmed globally. Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) causes severe mortalities of farmed C. gigas. Management of OsHV-1 has proven difficult. Oysters treated with poly(I:C) exhibit enhanced protection (EP) against OsHV-1. This chemical treatment is highly effective, but it is not feasible to treat every oyster on a farm. To circumvent this practical limitation, previous studies on arthropods have suggested that EP can be transferred from parents to their offspring (trans-generational EP, TGEP). This suggests that the treatment of relatively few parents could be used to produce large numbers of offspring with TGEP. Here, we investigated TGEP in oysters to test whether it might be used as a cost effective management tool to control OsHV-1. We found that offspring (D-veliger larvae) produced from poly(I:C)-treated parents had double the chance of surviving exposure to OsHV-1 compared to controls. Furthermore, the larvae of poly(I:C)-treated parents contained elevated levels of mRNA encoding a key transcription factor that regulates antiviral immunity (IRF2). Poly(I:C) treatment had no effect on the survival of oyster parents. Hence, the enhanced immunity of their offspring could not be explained by genetic selection, and instead may reflect epigenetic reprogramming or maternal provisioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Department of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Raftos
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Mosman, NSW, Australia
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Houghton LA, Parnell WR, Thomson CD, Green TJ, Gibson RS. Serum Zinc Is a Major Predictor of Anemia and Mediates the Effect of Selenium on Hemoglobin in School-Aged Children in a Nationally Representative Survey in New Zealand. J Nutr 2016; 146:1670-6. [PMID: 27466609 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.235127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc, selenium, and vitamin D status of New Zealand (NZ) school-aged children was examined in a national survey in 2002. To our knowledge, however, the role of these micronutrients as predictors of hemoglobin has not been explored despite plausible mechanisms for such relations. OBJECTIVE We examined the relations of iron, zinc, selenium, and vitamin D status with hemoglobin and anemia in children of New Zealand European and other (NZEO) ethnicity enrolled in the 2002 Children's Nutrition Survey and explored whether zinc mediated the relation between selenium and hemoglobin. METHODS Multivariate regression was performed to examine the relations of serum micronutrient biomarkers, acute inflammation, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI) with hemoglobin and anemia of NZEO children aged 5-15 y (n = 503). A mediation analysis also investigated direct and indirect (through zinc) relations between selenium and hemoglobin. RESULTS In total, 4.6% of the children were anemic, 3.2% had depleted iron stores, and none had iron deficiency anemia. The prevalence of low serum zinc (<8.7-10.1 μmol/L depending on age and sex), selenium (<0.82 μmol/L), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<50 nmol/L) was 14.1%, 22.9%, and 48.5%, respectively. Major predictors of hemoglobin were serum zinc, age, and BMI-for-age z score (P < 0.001); log ferritin and being female were also statistically significant (P < 0.05). Selenium had an indirect effect that was mediated by zinc, with a significant effect of selenium on zinc (P = 0.002) and zinc on hemoglobin (P < 0.001). Zinc was the only variable associated with anemia risk (OR: 5.49; 95% CI: 1.95, 15.46). CONCLUSIONS Low serum zinc was an independent risk factor for anemia in NZEO school-aged children and mediated the effect of low selenium on hemoglobin. These findings emphasize the importance of considering multiple micronutrient deficiencies in addition to iron when interpreting anemia and of appreciating the mechanistic interactions that underlie these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Winsome R Parnell
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Christine D Thomson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Timothy J Green
- South Australian Health and Medical Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
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Janmohamed A, Karakochuk CD, McLean J, Green TJ. Improved Sanitation Facilities are Associated with Higher Body Mass Index and Higher Hemoglobin Concentration Among Rural Cambodian Women in the First Trimester of Pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1211-1215. [PMID: 27549631 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors contribute to undernutrition in Cambodian women. Our aim was to determine if type of household sanitation facility was associated with body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration among pregnant women. Women (N = 544) from 75 villages in Kampong Chhnang Province had their height, weight, and Hb measured (HemoCue Hb 201+) in the first trimester. Sociodemographic and household characteristics were collected. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used for analyses. Approximately 40% (N = 221) of women reported primarily using an 'improved' sanitation facility (closed pit latrine) and ∼60% (N = 323) used 'non-improved' facilities (open defecation). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) BMI was higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (19.9 ± 3.0 kg/m2 versus 19.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2; P = 0.01). Mean ± SD Hb concentration was also higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (118 ± 12 g/L versus 114 ± 14 g/L; P = 0.001). Anemia prevalence (Hb < 110 g/L) was higher among women with non-improved facilities (34% versus 25%; P = 0.04). An improved sanitation facility was a positive predictor of BMI (β = 0.57 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10, 1.04) and Hb concentration (β = 2.94 g/L; 95% CI = 0.53, 5.35), adjusting for age, parity, household size, village, gestation week, source of drinking water, and iron folic acid supplementation. Poor sanitation was associated with lower BMI and Hb concentration among pregnant Cambodian women. This warrants multisectoral approaches involving the health, nutrition, water, and sanitation sectors to effectively improve maternal health in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amynah Janmohamed
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Judy McLean
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia.
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Green TJ, Vergnes A, Montagnani C, de Lorgeril J. Distinct immune responses of juvenile and adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to viral and bacterial infections. Vet Res 2016; 47:72. [PMID: 27439510 PMCID: PMC4955271 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, massive mortality events of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) have been reported worldwide and these disease events are often associated with Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1). Epidemiological field studies have also reported oyster age and other pathogens of the Vibrio genus are contributing factors to this syndrome. We undertook a controlled laboratory experiment to simultaneously investigate survival and immunological response of juvenile and adult C. gigas at different time-points post-infection with OsHV-1, Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 and V. aestuarianus. Our data corroborates epidemiological studies that juveniles are more susceptible to OsHV-1, whereas adults are more susceptible to Vibrio. We measured the expression of 102 immune-genes by high-throughput RT-qPCR, which revealed oysters have different transcriptional responses to OsHV-1 and Vibrio. The transcriptional response in the early stages of OsHV-1 infection involved genes related to apoptosis and the interferon-pathway. Transcriptional response to Vibrio infection involved antimicrobial peptides, heat shock proteins and galectins. Interestingly, oysters in the later stages of OsHV-1 infection had a transcriptional response that resembled an antibacterial response, which is suggestive of the oyster’s microbiome causing secondary infections (dysbiosis-driven pathology). This study provides molecular evidence that oysters can mount distinct immune response to viral and bacterial pathogens and these responses differ depending on the age of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
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Janmohamed A, Karakochuk CD, Boungnasiri S, Whitfield KC, Chapman GE, Janssen P, McLean J, Green TJ. Factors affecting the acceptability and consumption of Corn Soya Blend Plus as a prenatal dietary supplement among pregnant women in rural Cambodia. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:1842-51. [PMID: 26471409 PMCID: PMC10270811 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undernutrition is prevalent among pregnant women in Cambodia. The provision of fortified dietary supplements is one strategy to help pregnant women meet their nutritional needs. Corn Soya Blend Plus (CSBP) is a widely used prenatal dietary supplement in areas with high rates of undernutrition and food insecurity. However, little is known about its acceptability during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify factors that affected the acceptability and consumption of CSBP supplements among pregnant women. DESIGN Women completed a structured interview designed to provide information on facilitators of and barriers to utilization. In addition, six focus groups were conducted with a subset of women (n 70) to further explore attitudes, perceptions and experiences related to CSBP use. SETTING Two districts in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia. SUBJECTS Pregnant women (n 288) participating in a cluster-randomized trial of CSBP. RESULTS The acceptability of CSBP was influenced by sensory attributes, family support, peer influences, and attitudes related to diet, nutritional status and weight gain in pregnancy. Attaining adequate nutrition was considered less important than other concerns during pregnancy, particularly anxiety related to the costs of delivery and postpartum care. Acceptance was lower among new mothers due to fears of weight gain. Health benefits were common reasons for continued use and minor side-effects, such as nausea, were not major barriers to consumption. CONCLUSIONS CSBP was generally well accepted in this population. However, organoleptic factors and perceptions regarding nutrition and weight gain in pregnancy, particularly for first-time mothers, were barriers to increasing acceptance among Cambodian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amynah Janmohamed
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Somchit Boungnasiri
- International Relief and Development, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Gwen E Chapman
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Judy McLean
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, 215-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Green TJ, Speck P, Geng L, Raftos D, Beard MR, Helbig KJ. Oyster viperin retains direct antiviral activity and its transcription occurs via a signalling pathway involving a heat-stable haemolymph protein. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3587-3597. [PMID: 26407968 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the response of non-model invertebrates, such as oysters, to virus infection. The vertebrate innate immune system detects virus-derived nucleic acids to trigger the type I IFN pathway, leading to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that exert antiviral functions. Invertebrates were thought to lack the IFN pathway based on the absence of IFN or ISGs encoded in model invertebrate genomes. However, the oyster genome encodes many ISGs, including the well-described antiviral protein viperin. In this study, we characterized oyster viperin and showed that it localizes to caveolin-1 and inhibits dengue virus replication in a heterologous model. In a second set of experiments, we have provided evidence that the haemolymph from poly(I : C)-injected oysters contains a heat-stable, protease-susceptible factor that induces haemocyte transcription of viperin mRNA in conjunction with upregulation of IFN regulatory factor. Collectively, these results support the concept that oysters have antiviral systems that are homologous to the vertebrate IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Lu Geng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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McDonald CM, McLean J, Kroeun H, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Green TJ. Correlates of household food insecurity and low dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2016; 24:720-30. [PMID: 26693758 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Trained interviewers administered a survey to 900 households in four rural districts of Prey Veng Province, Cambodia. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used to assess household food insecurity and dietary diversity. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity (HDDS<or=3). The mean±SD HFIAS and HDDS scores were 5.3±3.9 and 4.7±1.6, respectively. The respective prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity were 33%, 37%, and 12%; and 23% of households had an HDDS<or=3. In multivariate analyses, several indicators of socioeconomic status, and ownership of agricultural land were associated with household food security status, although the latter association lost its significance in models that adjusted for household income. Similarly, although ownership of agricultural and homestead land was initially associated with poorer dietary diversity, income mitigated these associations. The presence of electricity and vegetable production were the only other variables that were significantly associated with both outcomes. In this rural area of Cambodia, the prevalence of any degree of household food insecurity was very high and dietary diversity was generally low. Interventions to improve food security and dietary diversity should encompass income-generating activities and be targeted toward the poorest households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 1747 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Judy McLean
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Aminuzzaman Talukder
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Larry D Lynd
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
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Liu Y, Walkey CJ, Green TJ, van Vuuren HJ, Kitts DD. Enhancing the natural folate level in wine using bioengineering and stabilization strategies. Food Chem 2016; 194:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Janmohamed A, Karakochuk CD, Boungnasiri S, Chapman GE, Janssen PA, Brant R, Green TJ, McLean J. Prenatal supplementation with Corn Soya Blend Plus reduces the risk of maternal anemia in late gestation and lowers the rate of preterm birth but does not significantly improve maternal weight gain and birth anthropometric measurements in rural Cambodian women: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:559-66. [PMID: 26739037 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn Soya Blend (CSB) Plus is a fortified dietary supplement used to help Cambodian women meet their nutritional requirements in pregnancy, although little is known about its ability to improve pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effect of prenatal CSB Plus supplementation on birth weight and secondary outcomes of low birth weight (<2500 g), small for gestational age, birth length and head circumference, preterm birth (<37 wk), maternal weight gain, and anemia at 24-28 wk, 30-32 wk, and 36-38 wk of gestation among rural Cambodian women. DESIGN A cluster-randomized trial was conducted in 75 villages in Kampong Chhnang Province, in which 547 women received CSB Plus (treatment) during the first trimester until delivery or continued their normal diet (control) based on their village residence. All women received routine daily iron folic acid tablets and were treated with additional iron folic acid if they were anemic (hemoglobin <11 g/dL). Cluster-adjusted linear mixed-effect and logistic regression models were used to examine group differences. RESULTS There was no significant difference in birth weight between the CSB Plus and control group (46 g; 95% CI: -31, 123 g; P = 0.24). Significant reductions were observed in preterm birth (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.89) and anemia at 36-38 wk (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.77). There were no significant differences in low birth weight, small for gestational age, birth length, head circumference, or maternal weight gain. A higher rate of fetal loss was observed in the treatment group (10.2% compared with 3.7%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In Cambodian women, CSB Plus consumed during pregnancy did not significantly increase maternal weight gain or improve birth size but did reduce maternal anemia in late gestation and preterm birth in comparison with women consuming a normal diet. The unexpectedly higher rate of fetal loss in the treatment group is concerning and warrants further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01413776.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somchit Boungnasiri
- International Relief & Development, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Rollin Brant
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, and
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Green TJ, Chataway T, Melwani AR, Raftos DA. Proteomic analysis of hemolymph from poly(I:C)-stimulated Crassostrea gigas. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 48:39-42. [PMID: 26578249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic double stranded RNA (Poly(I:C)) injection of Crassostrea gigas results in a systemic antiviral response involving many evolutionary conserved antiviral effectors (ISGs). Compared to mammals, the timing of C. gigas ISG expression to viral or poly(I:C) injection is delayed (>12 h p.i.). It could be interpreted that a cytokine is responsible for the systemic, but delayed expression of C. gigas ISGs. We therefore analysed the acellular fraction of C. gigas hemolymph by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to identify hemolymph proteins induced by poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) injection increased the relative intensity of four protein spots. These protein spots were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as a small heat shock protein (sHSP), poly(I:C)-inducible protein 1 (PIP1) and two isoforms of C1q-domain containing protein (C1qDC). RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the genes encoding these proteins are induced in hemocytes of C. gigas injected with poly(I:C) (p < 0.05). Proteomic data from this experiment corroborates previous microarray and whole transcriptome studies that have reported up-regulation of C1qDC and sHSP during mass mortality events among farmed oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Mosman, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Timothy Chataway
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aroon R Melwani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Mosman, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David A Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Mosman, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Karakochuk CD, Whitfield KC, Rappaport AI, Barr SI, Vercauteren SM, McLean J, Prak S, Hou K, Talukder A, Devenish R, Green TJ. The Homozygous Hemoglobin EE Genotype and Chronic Inflammation Are Associated with High Serum Ferritin and Soluble Transferrin Receptor Concentrations among Women in Rural Cambodia. J Nutr 2015; 145:2765-73. [PMID: 26491125 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.218636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations are commonly used to assess iron deficiency (ID); however, they are influenced by multiple factors. OBJECTIVES We assessed associations between numerous variables and both ferritin and sTfR concentrations in Cambodian women and compared ID prevalence through the use of study-generated correction factors (CFs) for ferritin with those from a published meta-analysis. METHODS Venous blood from 450 women (aged 18-45 y) was assessed for hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, sTfR, retinol binding protein, folate, vitamin B-12, C-reactive protein, α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), and genetic Hb disorders. Linear regression was used to calculate geometric mean ratios (95% CIs) for ferritin and sTfR concentrations. RESULTS The variant Hb EE genotype was associated with 50% (14%, 96%) and 51% (37%, 66%) higher geometric mean ferritin and sTfR concentrations, respectively, than was the normal Hb AA genotype; a 1-g/L increase in AGP was associated with 99% (50%, 162%) and 48% (33%, 64%) higher concentrations in the same variables, respectively. ID prevalence in nonpregnant women (n = 420) was 2% (n = 9) with the use of ferritin <15 μg/L and 18% (n = 79) with the use of sTfR >8.3 mg/L as criteria. ID prevalence with the use of sTfR was higher in women with the Hb EE genotype (n = 17; 55%) than in those with the Hb AA genotype (n = 20; 10%); and in women with the Hb AA genotype and chronic inflammation (n = 10; 18%) than in that group of women without chronic inflammation (n = 10; 7%) (P < 0.05). No differences in ID prevalence were found with the use of ferritin between women with Hb EE and AA genotypes (P = 1.0) or by chronic inflammation status (P = 0.32). There were no differences in mean ferritin concentrations among all 450 women when study-generated CFs were compared with those from the meta-analysis (P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Compared with sTfR, ferritin concentrations appear to reflect more accurately true ID in rural Cambodian women. The CFs from a published meta-analysis were appropriate for use in this population with a high prevalence of Hb disorders and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health and The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition and Health and The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aviva I Rappaport
- Food, Nutrition and Health and The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne M Vercauteren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Hematopathology, Children and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Sophonneary Prak
- National Maternal and Child Health Center, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kroeun Hou
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; and
| | | | - Robyn Devenish
- Laboratory Department, National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition and Health and The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada;
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Green TJ, Rolland JL, Vergnes A, Raftos D, Montagnani C. OsHV-1 countermeasures to the Pacific oyster's anti-viral response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:435-443. [PMID: 26384844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interactions between the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) are poorly characterised. Herpesviruses are a group of large, DNA viruses that are known to encode gene products that subvert their host's antiviral response. It is likely that OsHV-1 has also evolved similar strategies as its genome encodes genes with high homology to C. gigas inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and an interferon-stimulated gene (termed CH25H). The first objective of this study was to simultaneously investigate the expression of C. gigas and OsHV-1 genes that share high sequence homology during an acute infection. Comparison of apoptosis-related genes revealed that components of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway (TNF) were induced in response to OsHV-1 infection, but we failed to observe evidence of apoptosis using a combination of biochemical and molecular assays. IAPs encoded by OsHV-1 were highly expressed during the acute stage of infection and may explain why we didn't observe evidence of apoptosis. However, C. gigas must have an alternative mechanism to apoptosis for clearing OsHV-1 from infected gill cells as we observed a reduction in viral DNA between 27 and 54 h post-infection. The reduction of viral DNA in C. gigas gill cells occurred after the up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (viperin, PKR, ADAR). In a second objective, we manipulated the host's anti-viral response by injecting C. gigas with a small dose of poly I:C at the time of OsHV-1 infection. This small dose of poly I:C was unable to induce transcription of known antiviral effectors (ISGs), but these oysters were still capable of inhibiting OsHV-1 replication. This result suggests dsRNA induces an anti-viral response that is additional to the IFN-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Green
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Karakochuk CD, Murphy HM, Whitfield KC, Barr SI, Vercauteren SM, Talukder A, Porter K, Kroeun H, Eath M, McLean J, Green TJ. Elevated levels of iron in groundwater in Prey Veng province in Cambodia: a possible factor contributing to high iron stores in women. J Water Health 2015; 13:575-586. [PMID: 26042988 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a natural element found in food, water and soil and is essential for human health. Our aim was to determine the levels of iron and 25 other metals and trace elements in groundwater from 22 households in Prey Veng, Cambodia. Water analyses were conducted using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry. Compared to the 2011 World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water quality, aluminum, iron and manganese exceeded maximum levels (in 4.5, 72.7 and 40.9% of samples, respectively). Compared to the 2004 Cambodian drinking water quality standards, iron and manganese exceeded maximum levels (in 59.1 and 36.4% of samples, respectively). We found no evidence of arsenic contamination. Guidelines for iron were established primarily for esthetic reasons (e.g. taste), whereas other metals and elements have adverse effects associated with toxicity. Iron in groundwater ranged from 134 to 5,200 μg/L (mean ∼1,422 μg/L). Based on a daily consumption of 3 L groundwater, this equates to ∼0.4-15.6 mg iron (mean ∼4.3 mg/day), which may be contributing to high iron stores and the low prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Prey Veng women. Elevated levels of manganese in groundwater are a concern and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Karakochuk
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada E-mail:
| | - Heather M Murphy
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada E-mail:
| | - Susan I Barr
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada E-mail:
| | - Suzanne M Vercauteren
- Division of Hematopathology, Children and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Aminuzzaman Talukder
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, House # 43Z43, Street 466, P.O. Box 168, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Keith Porter
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, House # 43Z43, Street 466, P.O. Box 168, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, House # 43Z43, Street 466, P.O. Box 168, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Many Eath
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, House # 43Z43, Street 466, P.O. Box 168, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Judy McLean
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada E-mail:
| | - Timothy J Green
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada E-mail:
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Feldman F, Moore C, Silva LD, Gaspard G, Gustafson L, Singh S, Barr SI, Kitts DD, Weiler HA, Green TJ. Response to Tkachuk and Colleagues. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:835-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Feldman
- Fraser Health Authority; Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Crystal Moore
- Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Liz da Silva
- Fraser Health Authority; Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Gina Gaspard
- Fraser Health Authority; Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Sonia Singh
- Fraser Health Authority; Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Susan I. Barr
- Food Nutrition, and Health Department; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David D. Kitts
- Food Nutrition, and Health Department; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hope A. Weiler
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Food Nutrition, and Health Department; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Whitfield KC, Karakochuk CD, Liu Y, McCann A, Talukder A, Kroeun H, Ward M, McNulty H, Lynd LD, Kitts DD, Li-Chan ECY, McLean J, Green TJ. Poor thiamin and riboflavin status is common among women of childbearing age in rural and urban Cambodia. J Nutr 2015; 145:628-33. [PMID: 25733481 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiamin deficiency in infancy is the underlying cause of beriberi, which can be fatal without rapid treatment. Reports of thiamin deficiency are common in Cambodia; however, population representative data are unavailable. Because B-complex vitamin deficiencies commonly occur in combination, riboflavin was also investigated. OBJECTIVE We determined the biomarker status of thiamin and riboflavin in women of childbearing age in rural and urban Cambodia. METHODS We measured thiamin (erythrocyte thiamin diphosphate; TDP) and riboflavin (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient; EGRac) status in a representative sample of Cambodian women (aged 20-45 y) in urban Phnom Penh (n = 146) and rural Prey Veng (n = 156), Cambodia, and, for comparison purposes, in a convenience sample of women in urban Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (n = 49). RESULTS Thiamin insufficiency (TDP ≤ 90 nmol/L) was common among both urban (39%) and rural (59%) Cambodian women (P < 0.001), whereas <20% of Vancouver women were thiamin insufficient (P < 0.001). The prevalence of suboptimal and deficient riboflavin status (EGRac ≥ 1.3) was 89%, 92%, and 70% among women in Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, and Vancouver, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal status of both thiamin and riboflavin were common in Cambodian women, with substantially higher rates among women living in rural Prey Veng than in urban Phnom Penh. Strategies may be needed to improve the thiamin and riboflavin status of women in Cambodia. The unexpected finding of high riboflavin inadequacy status in Vancouver women warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian McCann
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; and
| | | | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mary Ward
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; and
| | - Helene McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; and
| | - Larry D Lynd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Liu Y, Green TJ, Kitts DD. Stability of microencapsulated L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate in fortified noodles. Food Chem 2015; 171:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Karakochuk CD, Whitfield KC, Barr SI, Lamers Y, Devlin AM, Vercauteren SM, Kroeun H, Talukder A, McLean J, Green TJ. Genetic hemoglobin disorders rather than iron deficiency are a major predictor of hemoglobin concentration in women of reproductive age in rural prey Veng, Cambodia. J Nutr 2015; 145:134-42. [PMID: 25527668 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.198945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is common in Cambodian women. Potential causes include micronutrient deficiencies, genetic hemoglobin disorders, inflammation, and disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate factors associated with anemia (low hemoglobin concentration) in rural Cambodian women (18-45 y) and to investigate the relations between hemoglobin disorders and other iron biomarkers. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 450 women. A complete blood count was conducted, and serum and plasma were analyzed for ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), folate, vitamin B-12, retinol binding protein (RBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and α1 acid glycoprotein (AGP). Hemoglobin electrophoresis and multiplex polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the prevalence and type of genetic hemoglobin disorders. RESULTS Overall, 54% of women had a genetic hemoglobin disorder, which included 25 different genotypes (most commonly, hemoglobin E variants and α(3.7)-thalassemia). Of the 420 nonpregnant women, 29.5% had anemia (hemoglobin <120 g/L), 2% had depleted iron stores (ferritin <15 μg/L), 19% had tissue iron deficiency (sTfR >8.3 mg/L), <3% had folate deficiency (<3 μg/L), and 1% had vitamin B-12 deficiency (<150 pmol/L). Prevalences of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) were 14.2% and 1.5% in those with and without hemoglobin disorders, respectively. There was no biochemical evidence of vitamin A deficiency (RBP <0.7 μmol/L). Acute and chronic inflammation were prevalent among 8% (CRP >5 mg/L) and 26% (AGP >1 g/L) of nonpregnant women, respectively. By using an adjusted linear regression model, the strongest predictors of hemoglobin concentration were hemoglobin E homozygous disorder and pregnancy status. Other predictors were 2 other heterozygous traits (hemoglobin E and Constant Spring), parity, RBP, log ferritin, and vitamin B-12. CONCLUSIONS Multiple biomarkers for anemia and iron deficiency were significantly influenced by the presence of hemoglobin disorders, hence reducing their diagnostic sensitivity. Further investigation of the unexpectedly low prevalence of IDA in Cambodian women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Departments of The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Departments of The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Departments of The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Vercauteren
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Hematopathology, Children and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Departments of The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada;
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Green TJ, Robinson N, Chataway T, Benkendorff K, O'Connor W, Speck P. Evidence that the major hemolymph protein of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has antiviral activity against herpesviruses. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:168-74. [PMID: 25169112 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the family Malacoherpesviridae currently pose a serious threat to global production of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Hemolymph extracts from C. gigas are known to have potent antiviral activity. The compound(s) responsible for this broad-spectrum antiviral activity in oyster hemolymph have not been identified. The objective of this study was to identify these antiviral compound(s) and establish whether hemolymph antiviral activity is under genetic control in the Australian C. gigas population. Hemolymph antiviral activity of 18 family lines of C. gigas were assayed using a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Vero cell plaque reduction assay. Differences in anti-HSV-1 activity between the family lines were observed (p<0.001) with heritability estimated to be low (h(2)=0.21). A glycoprotein that inhibits HSV-1 replication was identified by resolving oyster hemolymph by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and assaying extracted protein fractions using the HSV-1 and Vero cell plaque assay. Highest anti-HSV-1 activity corresponded with an N-linked glycoprotein with an estimated molecular mass of 21kDa under non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions. Amino acid sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry revealed this protein matched the major hemolymph protein, termed cavortin. Our results provide further evidence that cavortin is a multifunctional protein involved in immunity and that assays associated with its activity might be useful for marker-assisted selection of disease resistant oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Nick Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Nofima, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Tim Chataway
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Industry & Investment NSW, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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McDonald CM, McLean J, Kroeun H, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Green TJ. Household food insecurity and dietary diversity as correlates of maternal and child undernutrition in rural Cambodia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:242-6. [PMID: 25117993 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess household food insecurity and dietary diversity as correlates of maternal and child anthropometric status and anemia in rural Cambodia. METHODS Trained interviewers administered a survey to 900 households in four rural districts of Prey Veng, Cambodia. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used to assess household food insecurity and dietary diversity. The height, weight and hemoglobin concentration of the mother and youngest child under 5 years in each household were measured. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between household food insecurity and dietary diversity, and child stunting and wasting, maternal thinness, maternal and child anemia. RESULTS The mean (s.d.) HFIAS and HDDS scores were 5.3 (3.9) and 4.7 (1.6), respectively. The respective prevalences of mild, moderate and severe food insecurity were 33, 37 and 12%. Maternal thinness, child stunting and child wasting were present in 14.6, 25.4 and 8.1% of respondents, respectively. The risk of maternal thinness, but not child stunting or wasting, increased as the severity of household food insecurity increased. Household food insecurity was also positively associated with maternal, but not child, anemia. Household dietary diversity status was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes we assessed. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to improve household food security are important as a means of promoting maternal nutritional status; however, additional research is needed to better understand the role of other factors that are driving the burden of child undernutrition in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McDonald
- Famine Early Warning Systems Network, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J McLean
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - A Talukder
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - L D Lynd
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T J Green
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Green TJ, Benkendorff K, Robinson N, Raftos D, Speck P. Anti-viral gene induction is absent upon secondary challenge with double-stranded RNA in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 39:492-497. [PMID: 24945571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oyster farming is one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. However, its productivity is increasingly limited by viral disease and we do not yet have management practices, such as protective vaccination, that can control these disease outbreaks. Hence, in the current study we investigated the expression of known anti-viral genes in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in response to primary and secondary encounter with a virus associated molecular pattern (dsRNA), and tested whether a common form of epigenetic gene regulation (DNA methylation) was associated with the expression of these anti-viral genes. Injection of dsRNA into the adductor muscle resulted in the rapid and transient expression of virus recognition receptors (TLR & MDA5), whereas several anti-viral signalling (IRF & SOC-1) and effector (PKR & viperin) genes were still up-regulated at one week post primary challenge (p < 0.05). This primary encounter with dsRNA appeared to deplete the immune system because anti-viral gene induction was absent in the gills when oysters were given a second injection of dsRNA at 1-week post-primary injection. The expression of DNA methylation genes (DNMT1, DNMT3b, TDG, TET2) and DNA methylation profiles up-stream of specific anti-viral genes (STING, SOC-1 & Viperin) did not change in response to dsRNA injection (p > 0.05). These results collectively suggest that C. gigas does not have an enhanced anti-viral gene response (immune-priming) to secondary dsRNA challenge and that the sustained up-regulation of anti-viral signalling and effector genes following primary challenge is unlikely to be associated with upstream DNA methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Nick Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Nofima, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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