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Zaraisky AG, Araslanova KR, Shitikov AD, Tereshina MB. Loss of the ability to regenerate body appendages in vertebrates: from side effects of evolutionary innovations to gene loss. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1868-1888. [PMID: 38817123 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate large body appendages is an ancestral trait of vertebrates, which varies across different animal groups. While anamniotes (fish and amphibians) commonly possess this ability, it is notably restricted in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). In this review, we explore the factors contributing to the loss of regenerative capabilities in amniotes. First, we analyse the potential negative impacts on appendage regeneration caused by four evolutionary innovations: advanced immunity, skin keratinization, whole-body endothermy, and increased body size. These innovations emerged as amniotes transitioned to terrestrial habitats and were correlated with a decline in regeneration capability. Second, we examine the role played by the loss of regeneration-related enhancers and genes initiated by these innovations in the fixation of an inability to regenerate body appendages at the genomic level. We propose that following the cessation of regenerative capacity, the loss of highly specific regeneration enhancers could represent an evolutionarily neutral event. Consequently, the loss of such enhancers might promptly follow the suppression of regeneration as a side effect of evolutionary innovations. By contrast, the loss of regeneration-related genes, due to their pleiotropic functions, would only take place if such loss was accompanied by additional evolutionary innovations that compensated for the loss of pleiotropic functions unrelated to regeneration, which would remain even after participation of these genes in regeneration was lost. Through a review of the literature, we provide evidence that, in many cases, the loss in amniotes of genes associated with body appendage regeneration in anamniotes was significantly delayed relative to the time when regenerative capability was lost. We hypothesise that this delay may be attributed to the necessity for evolutionary restructuring of developmental mechanisms to create conditions where the loss of these genes was a beneficial innovation for the organism. Experimental investigation of the downregulation of genes involved in the regeneration of body appendages in anamniotes but absent in amniotes offers a promising avenue to uncover evolutionary innovations that emerged from the loss of these genes. We propose that the vast majority of regeneration-related genes lost in amniotes (about 150 in humans) may be involved in regulating the early stages of limb and tail regeneration in anamniotes. Disruption of this stage, rather than the late stage, may not interfere with the mechanisms of limb and tail bud development during embryogenesis, as these mechanisms share similarities with those operating in the late stage of regeneration. Consequently, the most promising approach to restoring regeneration in humans may involve creating analogs of embryonic limb buds using stem cell-based tissue-engineering methods, followed by their transfer to the amputation stump. Due to the loss of many genes required specifically during the early stage of regeneration, this approach may be more effective than attempting to induce both early and late stages of regeneration directly in the stump itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander D Shitikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Witzmann F, Fröbisch N. Morphology and ontogeny of carpus and tarsus in stereospondylomorph temnospondyls. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16182. [PMID: 37904842 PMCID: PMC10613440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development is well known in temnospondyls, the most diverse group of Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians. However, the elements of carpus and tarsus (i.e., the mesopodium) were always the last bones to ossify relative to the other limb bones and with regard to the rest of the skeleton, and are preserved only in rare cases. Thus, in contrast to the other parts of the limb skeleton, little is known about the ontogeny and sequence of ossification of the temnospondyl carpus and tarsus. We intended to close this gap by studying the ontogenies of a number of Permo/Carboniferous stereospondylomorphs, the only temnospondyls with preserved growth series in which the successive ossification of carpals and tarsals can be traced. Studying the degree of mesopodial ossification within the same species show that it is not necessarily correlated with body size. This indicates that individual age rather than size determined the degree of mesopodial ossification in stereospondylomorphs and that the largest individuals are not necessarily the oldest ones. In the stereospondylomorph tarsus, the distal tarsals show preaxial development in accordance with most early tetrapods and salamanders. However, the more proximal mesopodials exhibit postaxial dominance, i.e., the preaxial column (tibiale, centrale 1) consistently started to ossify after the central column (centralia 2-4, intermedium) and the postaxial column (fibulare). Likewise, we observed preaxial development of the distal carpals in the stereospondylomorph carpus, as in most early tetrapods for which a statement can be made. However, in contrast to the tarsus, the more proximal carpals were formed by preaxial development, i.e., the preaxial column (radiale, centrale 1) ossified after the central column (centralia 2-4, intermedium) and before the postaxial column (ulnare). This pattern is unique among known early tetrapods and occurs only in certain extant salamanders. Furthermore, ossification proceeded from distal to proximal in the central column of the stereospondylomorph carpus, whereas the ossification advanced from proximal to distal in the central column of the tarsus. Despite these differences, a general ossification pattern that started from proximolateral (intermedium or centrale 4) to mediodistal (distal tarsal and carpal 1) roughly in a diagonal line is common to all stereospondylomorph mesopodials investigated. This pattern might basically reflect the alignment of stress within the mesopodium during locomotion. Our observations might point to a greater variability in the development of the mesopodium in stereospondylomorphs and probably other early tetrapods than in most extant tetrapods, possibly mirroring a similar variation as seen in the early phases of skeletogenesis in salamander carpus and tarsus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Tajer B, Savage AM, Whited JL. The salamander blastema within the broader context of metazoan regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206157. [PMID: 37635872 PMCID: PMC10450636 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom regenerative ability varies greatly from species to species, and even tissue to tissue within the same organism. The sheer diversity of structures and mechanisms renders a thorough comparison of molecular processes truly daunting. Are "blastemas" found in organisms as distantly related as planarians and axolotls derived from the same ancestral process, or did they arise convergently and independently? Is a mouse digit tip blastema orthologous to a salamander limb blastema? In other fields, the thorough characterization of a reference model has greatly facilitated these comparisons. For example, the amphibian Spemann-Mangold organizer has served as an amazingly useful comparative template within the field of developmental biology, allowing researchers to draw analogies between distantly related species, and developmental processes which are superficially quite different. The salamander limb blastema may serve as the best starting point for a comparative analysis of regeneration, as it has been characterized by over 200 years of research and is supported by a growing arsenal of molecular tools. The anatomical and evolutionary closeness of the salamander and human limb also add value from a translational and therapeutic standpoint. Tracing the evolutionary origins of the salamander blastema, and its relatedness to other regenerative processes throughout the animal kingdom, will both enhance our basic biological understanding of regeneration and inform our selection of regenerative model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica L. Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Okamura DM, Nguyen ED, Collins SJ, Yoon K, Gere JB, Weiser-Evans MCM, Beier DR, Majesky MW. Mammalian organ regeneration in spiny mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:39-52. [PMID: 36131170 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis-driven solid organ failure is a major world-wide health burden with few therapeutic options. Spiny mice (genus: Acomys) are terrestrial mammals that regenerate severe skin wounds without fibrotic scars to evade predators. Recent studies have shown that spiny mice also regenerate acute ischemic and traumatic injuries to kidney, heart, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle. A common feature of this evolved wound healing response is a lack of formation of fibrotic scar tissue that degrades organ function, inhibits regeneration, and leads to organ failure. Complex tissue regeneration is an extremely rare property among mammalian species. In this article, we discuss the evidence that Acomys represents an emerging model organism that offers a unique opportunity for the biomedical community to investigate and clinically translate molecular mechanisms of scarless wound healing and regeneration of organ function in a mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Nguyen
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sarah J Collins
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Kevin Yoon
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Joshua B Gere
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David R Beier
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Purushothaman S, Lopez Aviña BB, Seifert AW. Sonic hedgehog is Essential for Proximal-Distal Outgrowth of the Limb Bud in Salamanders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:797352. [PMID: 35433673 PMCID: PMC9010949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.797352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing forelimb has been a foundational model to understand how specified progenitor cells integrate genetic information to produce the tetrapod limb bauplan. Although the reigning hypothesis is that all tetrapods develop limbs in a similar manner, recent work suggests that urodeles have evolved a derived mode of limb dvelopment. Here, we demonstrate through pharmacological and genetic inactivation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in axolotls that Shh directs expansion and survival of limb progenitor cells in addition to patterning the limb across the proximodistal and antero-posterior axis. In contrast to inactivation of Shh in mouse or chick embryos where a humerus, radius, and single digit develop, Shh crispant axolotls completely lack forelimbs. In rescuing limb development by implanting SHH-N protein beads into the nascent limb field of Shh crispants, we show that the limb field is specified in the absence of Shh and that hedgehog pathway activation is required to initiate proximodistal outgrowth. When our results are examined alongside other derived aspects of salamander limb development and placed in a phylogenetic context, a new hypothesis emerges whereby the ability for cells at an amputation plane to activate morphogenesis and regenerate a limb may have evolved uniquely in urodeles.
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Bothe V, Schneider I, Fröbisch NB. A Morphological and Histological Investigation of Imperfect Lungfish Fin Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.784828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, the replacement of body parts in a living animal, has excited scientists for centuries and our knowledge of vertebrate appendage regeneration has increased significantly over the past decades. While the ability of amniotes to regenerate body parts is very limited, members of other vertebrate clades have been shown to have rather high regenerative capacities. Among tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), only salamanders show unparalleled capacities of epimorphic tissue regeneration including replacement of organ and body parts in an apparently perfect fashion. The closest living relatives of Tetrapoda, the lungfish, show regenerative abilities that are comparable to those of salamanders and recent studies suggest that these high regenerative capacities may indeed be ancestral for bony fish (osteichthyans) including tetrapods. While great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms deployed during appendage regeneration, comparatively few studies have investigated gross morphological and histological features of regenerated fins and limbs. Likewise, rather little is known about how fin regeneration compares morphologically to salamander limb regeneration. In this study, we investigated the morphology and histology of regenerated fins in all three modern lungfish families. Data from histological serial sections, 3D reconstructions, and x-ray microtomography scans were analyzed to assess morphological features, quality and pathologies in lungfish fin regenerates. We found several anomalies resulting from imperfect regeneration in regenerated fins in all investigated lungfish species, including fusion of skeletal elements, additional or fewer elements, and distal branching. The similarity of patterns in regeneration abnormalities compared to salamander limb regeneration lends further support to the hypothesis that high regenerative capacities are plesiomorphic for sarcopterygians.
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Alibardi L. Regeneration in anamniotes was replaced by regengrow and scarring in amniotes after land colonization and the evolution of terrestrial biological cycles. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1404-1413. [PMID: 33793005 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary hypothesis explaining failure of regeneration among vertebrates is presented. Regeneration derives from postembryonic processes present during the life cycles of fish and amphibians that include larval and metamorphic phases with broad organ reorganizations. Developmental programs imprinted in their genomes are re-utilized with variations also in adults for regeneration. When vertebrates colonized land adopting the amniotic egg, some genes driving larval changes, and metamorphosis were lost and new genes evolved, further limiting regeneration. These included neural inhibitors for maintaining complex nervous systems, behavior and various levels of intelligence, and adaptive immune cells. The latter, that in anamniotes are executioners of metamorphic reorganization, became intolerant to embryonic-oncofetal-antigens impeding organ regeneration, a process that requires de-differentiation of adult cells and/or expansion of stem cells where these early antigens are formed. The evolution of terrestrial lifecycles produced vertebrates with complex bodies but no longer capable to regenerate their organs, mainly repaired by regengrow. Efforts of regenerative medicine to improve healing in humans should determine the diverse developmental pathways evolved between anamniotes and amniotes before attempting genetic manipulations such as the introduction of "anamniote regenerative genes" in amniotes. This operation may determine alteration in amniote developmental programs leading to teratomes, cancer, or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Arenas Gómez CM, Echeverri K. Salamanders: The molecular basis of tissue regeneration and its relevance to human disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 145:235-275. [PMID: 34074531 PMCID: PMC8186737 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders are recognized for their ability to regenerate a broad range of tissues. They have also have been used for hundreds of years for classical developmental biology studies because of their large accessible embryos. The range of tissues these animals can regenerate is fascinating, from full limbs to parts of the brain or heart, a potential that is missing in humans. Many promising research efforts are working to decipher the molecular blueprints shared across the organisms that naturally have the capacity to regenerate different tissues and organs. Salamanders are an excellent example of a vertebrate that can functionally regenerate a wide range of tissue types. In this review, we outline some of the significant insights that have been made that are aiding in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue regeneration in salamanders and discuss why salamanders are a worthy model in which to study regenerative biology and how this may benefit research fields like regenerative medicine to develop therapies for humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marcela Arenas Gómez
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, United States.
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Dwaraka VB, Voss SR. Towards comparative analyses of salamander limb regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:129-144. [PMID: 31584252 PMCID: PMC8908358 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Among tetrapods, only salamanders can regenerate their limbs and tails throughout life. This amazing regenerative ability has attracted the attention of scientists for hundreds of years. Now that large, salamander genomes are beginning to be sequenced for the first time, omics tools and approaches can be used to integrate new perspectives into the study of tissue regeneration. Here we argue the need to move beyond the primary salamander models to investigate regeneration in other species. Salamanders at first glance come across as a phylogenetically conservative group that has not diverged greatly from their ancestors. While salamanders do present ancestral characteristics of basal tetrapods, including the ability to regenerate limbs, data from fossils and data from studies that have tested for species differences suggest there may be considerable variation in how salamanders develop and regenerate their limbs. We review the case for expanded studies of salamander tissue regeneration and identify questions and approaches that are most likely to reveal commonalities and differences in regeneration among species. We also address challenges that confront such an initiative, some of which are regulatory and not scientific. The time is right to gain evolutionary perspective about mechanisms of tissue regeneration from comparative studies of salamander species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun B. Dwaraka
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - S. Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Rössner GE, Costeur L, Scheyer TM. Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia). THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2020; 108:3. [PMID: 33326046 PMCID: PMC7744388 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the regenerative nature of antlers, being branched and deciduous apophyseal appendages of frontal bones of cervid artiodactyls, have long been associated with permanent evolutionary precursors. In this study, we provide novel insight into growth modes of evolutionary early antlers. We analysed a total of 34 early antlers affiliated to ten species, including the oldest known, dating from the early and middle Miocene (approx. 18 to 12 million years old) of Europe. Our findings provide empirical data from the fossil record to demonstrate that growth patterns and a regular cycle of necrosis, abscission and regeneration are consistent with data from modern antlers. The diverse histological analyses indicate that primary processes and mechanisms of the modern antler cycle were not gradually acquired during evolution, but were fundamental from the earliest record of antler evolution and, hence, explanations why deer shed antlers have to be rooted in basic histogenetic mechanisms. The previous interpretation that proximal circular protuberances, burrs, are the categorical traits for ephemerality is refuted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E. Rössner
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard Wagner Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Loïc Costeur
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Konietzko‐Meier D, Teschner EM, Bodzioch A, Sander PM. Pentadactyl manus of the Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Late Triassic of Poland, the first record of pentadactyly among Temnospondyli. J Anat 2020; 237:1151-1161. [PMID: 32707603 PMCID: PMC7704227 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temnospondyli are commonly believed to have possessed four digits in the manus and five in the pes. However, actual finds of articulated autopodia are extremely rare. Therefore, an articulated, slightly incomplete forelimb skeleton with preserved manus of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Late Triassic of Poland is important in providing new details about the structure and ossification sequence in the temnospondyl limb. The most important observation is the presence of five metacarpals in this specimen. This allows reconstructing the manus as pentadactyl. The number of phalanges and the distribution of distal articulation facets allow reconstruction of the digit formula as (2?)-3-3-(3?)-(2?). The well-developed fifth digit suggests that the Metoposaurus manus shows a unique ossification sequence: the reduction or late ossification of the first digit conforms to the amniote-frog pattern, and the early development of the second and third digit makes Metoposaurus similar to salamanders. Based on the distribution of pentadactyly vs. tetradactyly in the temnospondyl manus, the number of digits was not phylogenetically constrained in temnospondyls, similar to today's amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Konietzko‐Meier
- Section PaleontologyInstitute of GeosciencesUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Institute of BiologyOpole UniversityOpolePoland
| | | | | | - P. Martin Sander
- Section PaleontologyInstitute of GeosciencesUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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12
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Xu C, Palade J, Fisher RE, Smith CI, Clark AR, Sampson S, Bourgeois R, Rawls A, Elsey RM, Wilson-Rawls J, Kusumi K. Anatomical and histological analyses reveal that tail repair is coupled with regrowth in wild-caught, juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20122. [PMID: 33208803 PMCID: PMC7674433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are the only amniotes that maintain the capacity to regenerate appendages. This study presents the first anatomical and histological evidence of tail repair with regrowth in an archosaur, the American alligator. The regrown alligator tails constituted approximately 6–18% of the total body length and were morphologically distinct from original tail segments. Gross dissection, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that caudal vertebrae were replaced by a ventrally-positioned, unsegmented endoskeleton. This contrasts with lepidosaurs, where the regenerated tail is radially organized around a central endoskeleton. Furthermore, the regrown alligator tail lacked skeletal muscle and instead consisted of fibrous connective tissue composed of type I and type III collagen fibers. The overproduction of connective tissue shares features with mammalian wound healing or fibrosis. The lack of skeletal muscle contrasts with lizards, but shares similarities with regenerated tails in the tuatara and regenerated limbs in Xenopus adult frogs, which have a cartilaginous endoskeleton surrounded by connective tissue, but lack skeletal muscle. Overall, this study of wild-caught, juvenile American alligator tails identifies a distinct pattern of wound repair in mammals while exhibiting features in common with regeneration in lepidosaurs and amphibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Joanna Palade
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fisher
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Cameron I Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Andrew R Clark
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Samuel Sampson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Grand Chenier, LA, 70643, USA
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Dittrich A, Hansen K, Simonsen MIT, Busk M, Alstrup AKO, Lauridsen H. Intrinsic Heart Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates May be Strictly Limited to Low-Metabolic Ectotherms. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000054. [PMID: 32914411 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The heart has a high-metabolic rate, and its "around-the-clock" vital role to sustain life sets it apart in a regenerative setting from other organs and appendages. The landscape of vertebrate species known to perform intrinsic heart regeneration is strongly biased toward ectotherms-for example, fish, salamanders, and embryonic/neonatal ectothermic mammals. It is hypothesized that intrinsic heart regeneration is exclusively limited to the low-metabolic hearts of ectotherms. The biomedical field of regenerative medicine seeks to devise biologically inspired regenerative therapies to diseased human hearts. Falsification of the ectothermy dependency for heart regeneration hypothesis may be a crucial prerequisite to meaningfully seek inspiration in established ectothermic regenerative animal models. Otherwise, engineering approaches to construct artificial heart components may constitute a more viable path toward regenerative therapies. A more strict definition of regenerative phenomena is generated and several testable sub-hypotheses and experimental avenues are put forward to elucidate the link between heart regeneration and metabolism. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/fZcanaOT5z8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dittrich
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Kasper Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Biology (Zoophysiology), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Leicester Royal Infirmary (East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit), University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | | | - Morten Busk
- Department of Oncology (Experimental Clinical Oncology), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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14
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Alibardi L. Appendage regeneration in anamniotes utilizes genes active during larval-metamorphic stages that have been lost or altered in amniotes: The case for studying lizard tail regeneration. J Morphol 2020; 281:1358-1381. [PMID: 32865265 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review elaborates the idea that organ regeneration derives from specific evolutionary histories of vertebrates. Regenerative ability depends on genomic regulation of genes specific to the life-cycles that have differentially evolved in anamniotes and amniotes. In aquatic environments, where fish and amphibians live, one or multiple metamorphic transitions occur before the adult stage is reached. Each transition involves the destruction and remodeling of larval organs that are replaced with adult organs. After organ injury or loss in adult anamniotes, regeneration uses similar genes and developmental process than those operating during larval growth and metamorphosis. Therefore, the broad presence of regenerative capability across anamniotes is possible because generating new organs is included in their life history at metamorphic stages. Soft hyaluronate-rich regenerative blastemas grow in submersed or in hydrated environments, that is, essential conditions for regeneration, like during development. In adult anamniotes, the ability to regenerate different organs decreases in comparison to larval stages and becomes limited during aging. Comparisons of genes activated during metamorphosis and regeneration in anamniotes identify key genes unique to these processes, and include thyroid, wnt and non-coding RNAs developmental pathways. In the terrestrial environment, some genes or developmental pathways for metamorphic transitions were lost during amniote evolution, determining loss of regeneration. Among amniotes, the formation of soft and hydrated blastemas only occurs in lizards, a morphogenetic process that evolved favoring their survival through tail autotomy, leading to a massive although imperfect regeneration of the tail. Deciphering genes activity during lizard tail regeneration would address future attempts to recreate in other amniotes regenerative blastemas that grow into variably completed organs.
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15
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Bothe V, Mahlow K, Fröbisch NB. A histological study of normal and pathological limb regeneration in the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:116-128. [PMID: 32394624 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Salamanders show unparalleled capacities of tissue regeneration amongst tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates), being able to repair and renew lost or damage body parts, such as tails, jaws, and limbs in a seemingly perfect fashion. Despite countless studies on axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) regeneration, only a few studies have thus far compared gross morphological and histological features of the original and regenerated limb skeleton. Therein, most studies have focused on nerves or muscles, while even fewer have provided detailed information about bones and cartilage. This study compares skeletal tissue structures of original and regenerated limbs with respect to tissue level histology. Histological serial sections of 55 axolotl larvae were generated, including 29 limbs that were severed by conspecifics, and 26 that were subject to targeted amputations. Amputations were executed in several larval stages (48, 52, and 53) and at different limb positions (humeral midshaft, above the mesopod). In addition, 3D reconstructions were prepared based on X-ray microtomography scans. The results demonstrate that regenerated forelimbs show a diversity of limb and digit abnormalities as a result of imperfect regeneration. Furthermore, abnormalities were more severe and more frequent in regenerated forelimbs caused by natural bites as compared with regenerated forelimbs after amputation. The results indicate that abnormalities occur frequently after regeneration in larval axolotls contradicting the notion of regeneration generally resulting in perfect limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Bothe
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia B Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Leigh ND, Sessa S, Dragalzew AC, Payzin-Dogru D, Sousa JF, Aggouras AN, Johnson K, Dunlap GS, Haas BJ, Levin M, Schneider I, Whited JL. von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains is an evolutionarily conserved and required feature of blastemas capable of multitissue appendage regeneration. Evol Dev 2020; 22:297-311. [PMID: 32163674 PMCID: PMC7390686 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative ability varies tremendously across species. A common feature of regeneration of appendages such as limbs, fins, antlers, and tails is the formation of a blastema—a transient structure that houses a pool of progenitor cells that can regenerate the missing tissue. We have identified the expression of von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains (vwde) as a common feature of blastemas capable of regenerating limbs and fins in a variety of highly regenerative species, including axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), and Polpyterus (Polypterus senegalus). Further, vwde expression is tightly linked to the ability to regenerate appendages in Xenopus laevis. Functional experiments demonstrate a requirement for vwde in regeneration and indicate that Vwde is a potent growth factor in the blastema. These data identify a key role for vwde in regenerating blastemas and underscore the power of an evolutionarily informed approach for identifying conserved genetic components of regeneration. vwde expression is a common feature of blastemas capable of fin and limb regeneration. vwde expression is tightly tied to regeneration‐competency. vwde is required for axolotl limb regeneration, with transient knockdown resulting in severe endpoint phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sofia Sessa
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aline C Dragalzew
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Duygu Payzin-Dogru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Josane F Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Anthony N Aggouras
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Garrett S Dunlap
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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17
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Alibardi L. Tail regeneration in Lepidosauria as an exception to the generalized lack of organ regeneration in amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 336:145-164. [PMID: 31532061 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review hypothesizes that during the transition from water to land, amniotes lost part of the genetic program for metamorphosis utilized in larvae of their amphibian ancestors, a program that in extant fish and amphibians allows organ regeneration. The direct development of amniotes, with their growth from embryos to adults, occurred with the elimination of larval stages, increases the efficiency of immune responses and the complexity of nervous circuits. In amniotes, T-cells and macrophages likely eliminate embryonic-larval antigens that are replaced with the definitive antigens of adult organs. Among lepidosaurians numerous lizard families during the Permian and Triassic evolved the process of tail autotomy to escape predation, followed by tail regeneration. Autotomy limits inflammation allowing the formation of a regenerative blastema rich in the immunosuppressant and hygroscopic hyaluronic acid. Expression loss of developmental genes for metamorphosis and segmentation in addition to an effective immune system, determined an imperfect regeneration of the tail. Genes involved in somitogenesis were likely lost or are inactivated and the axial skeleton and muscles of the original tail are replaced with a nonsegmented cartilaginous tube and segmental myotomes. Lack of neural genes, negative influence of immune system, and isolation of the regenerating spinal cord within the cartilaginous tube impede the production of nerve and glial cells, and a stratified spinal cord with ganglia. Tissue and organ regeneration in other body regions of lizards and other reptiles is relatively limited, like in the other amniotes, although the cartilage shows a higher regenerative capability than in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Darnet S, Dragalzew AC, Amaral DB, Sousa JF, Thompson AW, Cass AN, Lorena J, Pires ES, Costa CM, Sousa MP, Fröbisch NB, Oliveira G, Schneider PN, Davis MC, Braasch I, Schneider I. Deep evolutionary origin of limb and fin regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15106-15115. [PMID: 31270239 PMCID: PMC6660751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900475116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders and lungfishes are the only sarcopterygians (lobe-finned vertebrates) capable of paired appendage regeneration, regardless of the amputation level. Among actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), regeneration after amputation at the fin endoskeleton has only been demonstrated in polypterid fishes (Cladistia). Whether this ability evolved independently in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians or has a common origin remains unknown. Here we combine fin regeneration assays and comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of Polypterus and axolotl blastemas to provide support for a common origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates). We show that, in addition to polypterids, regeneration after fin endoskeleton amputation occurs in extant representatives of 2 other nonteleost actinopterygians: the American paddlefish (Chondrostei) and the spotted gar (Holostei). Furthermore, we assessed regeneration in 4 teleost species and show that, with the exception of the blue gourami (Anabantidae), 3 species were capable of regenerating fins after endoskeleton amputation: the white convict and the oscar (Cichlidae), and the goldfish (Cyprinidae). Our comparative RNA-seq analysis of regenerating blastemas of axolotl and Polypterus reveals the activation of common genetic pathways and expression profiles, consistent with a shared genetic program of appendage regeneration. Comparison of RNA-seq data from early Polypterus blastema to single-cell RNA-seq data from axolotl limb bud and limb regeneration stages shows that Polypterus and axolotl share a regeneration-specific genetic program. Collectively, our findings support a deep evolutionary origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes and provide an evolutionary framework for studies on the genetic basis of appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline C Dragalzew
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Danielson B Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Josane F Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrew W Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Amanda N Cass
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - Jamily Lorena
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, 66055-090 Belém, Brazil
| | - Eder S Pires
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, 66055-090 Belém, Brazil
| | - Carinne M Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcos P Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-530 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nadia B Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patricia N Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Brazil;
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19
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Freitas PD, Yandulskaya AS, Monaghan JR. Spinal Cord Regeneration in Amphibians: A Historical Perspective. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:437-452. [PMID: 30725532 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In some vertebrates, a grave injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in functional restoration, rather than in permanent incapacitation. Understanding how these animals mount a regenerative response by activating resident CNS stem cell populations is of critical importance in regenerative biology. Amphibians are of a particular interest in the field because the regenerative ability is present throughout life in urodele species, but in anuran species it is lost during development. Studying amphibians, who transition from a regenerative to a nonregenerative state, could give insight into the loss of ability to recover from CNS damage in mammals. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of spinal cord regeneration across vertebrates and identify commonalities and differences in spinal cord regeneration between amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina D Freitas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Anastasia S Yandulskaya
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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20
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Alibardi L. Organ regeneration evolved in fish and amphibians in relation to metamorphosis: Speculations on a post-embryonic developmental process lost in amniotes after the water to land transition. Ann Anat 2019; 222:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Bichirs employ similar genetic pathways for limb regeneration as are used in lungfish and salamanders. Gene 2019; 690:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Hanslik KL, Allen SR, Harkenrider TL, Fogerson SM, Guadarrama E, Morgan JR. Regenerative capacity in the lamprey spinal cord is not altered after a repeated transection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204193. [PMID: 30699109 PMCID: PMC6353069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The resilience of regeneration in vertebrates is not very well understood. Yet understanding if tissues can regenerate after repeated insults, and identifying limitations, is important for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of tissue plasticity. This is particularly challenging in tissues, such as the nervous system, which possess a large number of terminally differentiated cells and often exhibit limited regeneration in the first place. However, unlike mammals, which exhibit very limited regeneration of spinal cord tissues, many non-mammalian vertebrates, including lampreys, bony fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, regenerate their spinal cords and functionally recover even after a complete spinal cord transection. It is well established that lampreys undergo full functional recovery of swimming behaviors after a single spinal cord transection, which is accompanied by tissue repair at the lesion site, as well as axon and synapse regeneration. Here we begin to explore the resilience of spinal cord regeneration in lampreys after a second spinal transection (re-transection). We report that by all functional and anatomical measures tested, lampreys regenerate after spinal re-transection just as robustly as after single transections. Recovery of swimming, synapse and cytoskeletal distributions, axon regeneration, and neuronal survival were nearly identical after spinal transection or re-transection. Only minor differences in tissue repair at the lesion site were observed in re-transected spinal cords. Thus, regenerative potential in the lamprey spinal cord is largely unaffected by spinal re-transection, indicating a greater persistent regenerative potential than exists in some other highly regenerative models. These findings establish a new path for uncovering pro-regenerative targets that could be deployed in non-regenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Hanslik
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott R Allen
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tessa L Harkenrider
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M Fogerson
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Guadarrama
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Marjanović D, Laurin M. Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix. PeerJ 2019; 6:e5565. [PMID: 30631641 PMCID: PMC6322490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest published phylogenetic analysis of early limbed vertebrates (Ruta M, Coates MI. 2007. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5:69-122) recovered, for example, Seymouriamorpha, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Caudata as paraphyletic and found the "temnospondyl hypothesis" on the origin of Lissamphibia (TH) to be more parsimonious than the "lepospondyl hypothesis" (LH)-though only, as we show, by one step. We report 4,200 misscored cells, over half of them due to typographic and similar accidental errors. Further, some characters were duplicated; some had only one described state; for one, most taxa were scored after presumed relatives. Even potentially continuous characters were unordered, the effects of ontogeny were not sufficiently taken into account, and data published after 2001 were mostly excluded. After these issues are improved-we document and justify all changes to the matrix-but no characters are added, we find (Analysis R1) much longer trees with, for example, monophyletic Caudata, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Seymouriamorpha; Ichthyostega either crownward or rootward of Acanthostega; and Anthracosauria either crownward or rootward of Temnospondyli. The LH is nine steps shorter than the TH (R2; constrained) and 12 steps shorter than the "polyphyly hypothesis" (PH-R3; constrained). Brachydectes (Lysorophia) is not found next to Lissamphibia; instead, a large clade that includes the adelogyrinids, urocordylid "nectrideans" and aïstopods occupies that position. As expected from the taxon/character ratio, most bootstrap values are low. Adding 56 terminal taxa to the original 102 increases the resolution (and decreases most bootstrap values). The added taxa range in completeness from complete articulated skeletons to an incomplete lower jaw. Even though the lissamphibian-like temnospondyls Gerobatrachus, Micropholis and Tungussogyrinus and the extremely peramorphic salamander Chelotriton are added, the difference between LH (R4; unconstrained) and TH (R5) rises to 10 steps, that between LH and PH (R6) to 15; the TH also requires several more regains of lost bones than the LH. Casineria, in which we tentatively identify a postbranchial lamina, emerges rather far from amniote origins in a gephyrostegid-chroniosuchian grade. Bayesian inference (Analysis EB, settings as in R4) mostly agrees with R4. High posterior probabilities are found for Lissamphibia (1.00) and the LH (0.92); however, many branches remain weakly supported, and most are short, as expected from the small character sample. We discuss phylogeny, approaches to coding, methods of phylogenetics (Bayesian inference vs. equally weighted vs. reweighted parsimony), some character complexes (e.g. preaxial/postaxial polarity in limb development), and prospects for further improvement of this matrix. Even in its revised state, the matrix cannot provide a robust assessment of the phylogeny of early limbed vertebrates. Sufficient improvement will be laborious-but not difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marjanović
- Science Programme “Evolution and Geoprocesses”, Museum für Naturkunde—Leibniz Institute for Evolutionary and Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Laurin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiologie et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Centre national de la Recherche scientifique (CNRS)/Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN)/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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24
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Alibardi L. Perspective: Appendage regeneration in amphibians and some reptiles derived from specific evolutionary histories. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:396-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative HistolabPadova Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BolognaBologna Italy
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25
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Arenas Gómez CM, Woodcock RM, Smith JJ, Voss RS, Delgado JP. Using transcriptomics to enable a plethodontid salamander (Bolitoglossa ramosi) for limb regeneration research. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:704. [PMID: 30253734 PMCID: PMC6157048 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue regeneration is widely distributed across the tree of life. Among vertebrates, salamanders possess an exceptional ability to regenerate amputated limbs and other complex structures. Thus far, molecular insights about limb regeneration have come from a relatively limited number of species from two closely related salamander families. To gain a broader perspective on the molecular basis of limb regeneration and enhance the molecular toolkit of an emerging plethodontid salamander (Bolitoglossa ramosi), we used RNA-Seq to generate a de novo reference transcriptome and identify differentially expressed genes during limb regeneration. Results Using paired-end Illumina sequencing technology and Trinity assembly, a total of 433,809 transcripts were recovered and we obtained functional annotation for 142,926 non-redundant transcripts of the B. ramosi de novo reference transcriptome. Among the annotated transcripts, 602 genes were identified as differentially expressed during limb regeneration. This list was further processed to identify a core set of genes that exhibit conserved expression changes between B. ramosi and the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), and presumably their common ancestor from approximately 180 million years ago. Conclusions We identified genes from B. ramosi that are differentially expressed during limb regeneration, including multiple conserved protein-coding genes and possible putative species-specific genes. Comparative analyses reveal a subset of genes that show similar patterns of expression with ambystomatid species, which highlights the importance of developing comparative gene expression data for studies of limb regeneration among salamanders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5076-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Arenas Gómez
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Torre 2, laboratorio 432. Calle 62 No. 52 - 59, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ryan M Woodcock
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Randal S Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jean Paul Delgado
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Torre 2, laboratorio 432. Calle 62 No. 52 - 59, Medellín, Colombia.
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Bickelmann C, Frota-Lima GN, Triepel SK, Kawaguchi A, Schneider I, Fröbisch NB. Noncanonical Hox, Etv4, and Gli3 gene activities give insight into unique limb patterning in salamanders. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:138-147. [PMID: 29602205 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Limb development in salamanders is unique among tetrapods in significant ways. Not only can salamanders regenerate lost limbs repeatedly and throughout their lives, but also the preaxial zeugopodial element and digits form before the postaxial ones and, hence, with a reversed polarity compared to all other tetrapods. Moreover, in salamanders with free-swimming larval stages, as exemplified by the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), each digit buds independently, instead of undergoing a paddle stage. Here, we report gene expression patterns of Hoxa and d clusters, and other crucial transcription factors during axolotl limb development. During early phases of limb development, expression patterns are mostly similar to those reported for amniotes and frogs. Likewise, Hoxd and Shh regulatory landscapes are largely conserved. However, during late digit-budding phases, remarkable differences are present: (i) the Hoxd13 expression domain excludes developing digits I and IV, (ii) we expand upon previous observation that Hoxa11 expression, which traditionally marks the zeugopodium, extends distally into the developing digits, and (iii) Gli3 and Etv4 show prolonged expression in developing digits. Our findings identify derived patterns in the expression of key transcription factors during late phases of salamander limb development, and provide the basis for a better understanding of the unique patterning of salamander limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bickelmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Neiva Frota-Lima
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Karla Triepel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akane Kawaguchi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nadia Belinda Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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van der Vos W, Witzmann F, Fröbisch NB. Tail regeneration in the Paleozoic tetrapodMicrobrachis pelikaniand comparison with extant salamanders and squamates. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. van der Vos
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
| | - F. Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
| | - N. B. Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
- Institut für Biologie; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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28
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Alibardi L. Hyaluronic acid in the tail and limb of amphibians and lizards recreates permissive embryonic conditions for regeneration due to its hygroscopic and immunosuppressive properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:760-771. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab; Padova Italy
- Department of Biology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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29
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Stocum DL. Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:159-200. [PMID: 29299322 PMCID: PMC5743758 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Stocum
- Department of BiologyIndiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis723 W. Michigan StIndianapolisIN 46202USA
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30
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Mescher AL, Neff AW, King MW. Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:98-110. [PMID: 26891614 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of vertebrates to regenerate amputated appendages is increasingly well-understood at the cellular level. Cells mediating an innate immune response and inflammation in the injured tissues are a prominent feature of the limb prior to formation of a regeneration blastema, with macrophage activity necessary for blastema growth and successful development of the new limb. Studies involving either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory agents suggest that the local inflammation produced by injury and its timely resolution are both important for regeneration, with blastema patterning inhibited in the presence of unresolved inflammation. Various experiments with Xenopus larvae at stages where regenerative competence is declining show improved digit formation after treatment with certain immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant agents. Similar work with the larval Xenopus tail has implicated adaptive immunity with regenerative competence and suggests a requirement for regulatory T cells in regeneration, which also occurs in many systems of tissue regeneration. Recent analyses of the human nail organ indicate a capacity for local immune tolerance, suggesting roles for adaptive immunity in the capacity for mammalian appendage regeneration. New information and better understanding regarding the neuroendocrine-immune axis in the response to stressors, including amputation, suggest additional approaches useful for investigating effects of the immune system during repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Mescher
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Bloomington, USA.
| | - Anton W Neff
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Bloomington, USA.
| | - Michael W King
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Terre Haute, USA.
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31
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Nogueira AF, Costa CM, Lorena J, Moreira RN, Frota-Lima GN, Furtado C, Robinson M, Amemiya CT, Darnet S, Schneider I. Tetrapod limb and sarcopterygian fin regeneration share a core genetic programme. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13364. [PMID: 27804976 PMCID: PMC5097137 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salamanders are the only living tetrapods capable of fully regenerating limbs. The discovery of salamander lineage-specific genes (LSGs) expressed during limb regeneration suggests that this capacity is a salamander novelty. Conversely, recent paleontological evidence supports a deeper evolutionary origin, before the occurrence of salamanders in the fossil record. Here we show that lungfishes, the sister group of tetrapods, regenerate their fins through morphological steps equivalent to those seen in salamanders. Lungfish de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis reveal notable parallels between lungfish and salamander appendage regeneration, including strong downregulation of muscle proteins and upregulation of oncogenes, developmental genes and lungfish LSGs. MARCKS-like protein (MLP), recently discovered as a regeneration-initiating molecule in salamander, is likewise upregulated during early stages of lungfish fin regeneration. Taken together, our results lend strong support for the hypothesis that tetrapods inherited a bona fide limb regeneration programme concomitant with the fin-to-limb transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acacio F Nogueira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Carinne M Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jamily Lorena
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo N Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Frota-Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Unidade Genômica, Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil
| | - Mark Robinson
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington 106 Kincaid, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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32
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Zielins ER, Ransom RC, Leavitt TE, Longaker MT, Wan DC. The role of stem cells in limb regeneration. Organogenesis 2016; 12:16-27. [PMID: 27008101 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1163463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a complex yet fascinating process observed to some extent in many animal species, though seen in its entirety in urodele amphibians. Accomplished by formation of a morphologically uniform intermediate, the blastema, scientists have long attempted to define the cellular constituents that enable regrowth of a functional appendage. Today, we know that the blastema consists of a variety of multipotent progenitor cells originating from a variety of tissues, and which contribute to limb tissue regeneration in a lineage-restricted manner. By continuing to dissect the role of stem cells in limb regeneration, we can hope to one day modulate the human response to limb amputation and facilitate regrowth of a working replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Zielins
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Ryan C Ransom
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Tripp E Leavitt
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.,b Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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33
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Rubin BP, Brockes J, Galliot B, Grossniklaus U, Lobo D, Mainardi M, Mirouze M, Prochiantz A, Steger A. A dynamic architecture of life. F1000Res 2015; 4:1288. [PMID: 26949518 PMCID: PMC4760269 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7315.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a profound conceptual transformation has occurred comprising different areas of biological research, leading to a novel understanding of life processes as much more dynamic and changeable. Discoveries in plants and animals, as well as novel experimental approaches, have prompted the research community to reconsider established concepts and paradigms. This development was taken as an incentive to organise a workshop in May 2014 at the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome. There, experts on epigenetics, regeneration, neuroplasticity, and computational biology, using different animal and plant models, presented their insights on important aspects of a dynamic architecture of life, which comprises all organisational levels of the organism. Their work demonstrates that a dynamic nature of life persists during the entire existence of the organism and permits animals and plants not only to fine-tune their response to particular environmental demands during development, but underlies their continuous capacity to do so. Here, a synthesis of the different findings and their relevance for biological thinking is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix P Rubin
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Brockes
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Marco Mainardi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Physiology, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marie Mirouze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Chaire des Processus Morphogénétiques, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, Paris, 75231, France
| | - Angelika Steger
- Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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34
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Kumar A, Gates PB, Czarkwiani A, Brockes JP. An orphan gene is necessary for preaxial digit formation during salamander limb development. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8684. [PMID: 26498026 PMCID: PMC4918474 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb development in salamanders differs from other tetrapods in that the first digits to form are the two most anterior (preaxial dominance). This has been proposed as a salamander novelty and its mechanistic basis is unknown. Salamanders are the only adult tetrapods able to regenerate the limb, and the contribution of preaxial dominance to limb regeneration is unclear. Here we show that during early outgrowth of the limb bud, a small cohort of cells express the orphan gene Prod1 together with Bmp2, a critical player in digit condensation in amniotes. Disruption of Prod1 with a gene-editing nuclease abrogates these cells, and blocks formation of the radius and ulna, and outgrowth of the anterior digits. Preaxial dominance is a notable feature of limb regeneration in the larval newt, but this changes abruptly after metamorphosis so that the formation of anterior and posterior digits occurs together within the autopodium resembling an amniote-like pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Phillip B. Gates
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jeremy P. Brockes
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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35
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Fröbisch NB, Bickelmann C, Olori JC, Witzmann F. Deep-time evolution of regeneration and preaxial polarity in tetrapod limb development. Nature 2015; 527:231-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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De Baets K, Dentzien-Dias P, Upeniece I, Verneau O, Donoghue PCJ. Constraining the Deep Origin of Parasitic Flatworms and Host-Interactions with Fossil Evidence. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:93-135. [PMID: 26597066 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel fossil discoveries have contributed to our understanding of the evolutionary appearance of parasitism in flatworms. Furthermore, genetic analyses with greater coverage have shifted our views on the coevolution of parasitic flatworms and their hosts. The putative record of parasitic flatworms is consistent with extant host associations and so can be used to put constraints on the evolutionary origin of the parasites themselves. The future lies in new molecular clock analyses combined with additional discoveries of exceptionally preserved flatworms associated with hosts and coprolites. Besides direct evidence, the host fossil record and biogeography have the potential to constrain their evolutionary history, albeit with caution needed to avoid circularity, and a need for calibrations to be implemented in the most conservative way. This might result in imprecise, but accurate divergence estimates for the evolution of parasitic flatworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth De Baets
- Fachgruppe PaläoUmwelt, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paula Dentzien-Dias
- Núcleo de Oceanografia Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Ieva Upeniece
- Department of Geology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olivier Verneau
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Perpignan, France; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Science Building, Bristol, UK
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37
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Geng J, Gates PB, Kumar A, Guenther S, Garza-Garcia A, Kuenne C, Zhang P, Looso M, Brockes JP. Identification of the orphan gene Prod 1 in basal and other salamander families. EvoDevo 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25874078 PMCID: PMC4396064 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urodele amphibians (salamanders) are the only adult tetrapods able to regenerate the limb. It is unclear if this is an ancestral property that is retained in salamanders but lost in other tetrapods or if it evolved in salamanders. The three-finger protein Prod 1 is implicated in the mechanism of newt limb regeneration, and no orthologs have been found in other vertebrates, thus providing evidence for the second viewpoint. It has also been suggested that this protein could play a role in salamander-specific aspects of limb development. There are ten families of extant salamanders, and Prod 1 has only been identified in two of them to date. It is important to determine if it is present in other families and, particularly, the basal group of two families which diverged approximately 200 MYA. FINDINGS We have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify Prod 1 in a Chinese hynobiid species Batrachuperus longdongensis. We obtained an intestinal transcriptome of the plethodontid Aneides lugubris and, from this, identified a primer which allowed PCR of two Prod 1 genes from this species. All known Prod 1 sequences from nine species in four families have been aligned, and a phylogenetic tree has been derived. CONCLUSIONS Prod 1 is found in basal salamanders of the family Hynobiidae, and in at least three other families, so it may be present in all extant salamanders. It remains a plausible candidate to have been involved in the origins of limb regeneration, as well as the apomorphic aspects of limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Phillip B Gates
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA UK
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Mario Looso
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jeremy P Brockes
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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38
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Abstract
Regeneration is studied in a few model species of salamanders, but the ten families of salamanders show considerable variation, and this has implications for our understanding of salamander biology. The most recent classification of the families identifies the cryptobranchoidea as the basal group which diverged in the early Jurassic. Variation in the sizes of genomes is particularly obvious, and reflects a major contribution from transposable elements which is already present in the basal group.Limb development has been a focus for evodevo studies, in part because of the variable property of pre-axial dominance which distinguishes salamanders from other tetrapods. This is thought to reflect the selective pressures that operate on a free-living aquatic larva, and might also be relevant for the evolution of limb regeneration. Recent fossil evidence suggests that both pre-axial dominance and limb regeneration were present 300 million years ago in larval temnospondyl amphibians that lived in mountain lakes. A satisfying account of regeneration in salamanders may need to address all these different aspects in the future.
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39
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Amphibian regrew limbs long ago. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/514008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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