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Stevenson TJ. Defining the brain control of physiological stability. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105607. [PMID: 39059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen major advances in neurobiology and uncovered novel genetic and cellular substrates involved in the control of physiological set points. In this Review, I discuss the limitations in the definition of homeostatic set points established by Walter B Canon and highlight evidence that two other physiological systems, namely rheostasis and allostasis provide distinct inputs to independently modify set-point levels. Using data collected over the past decade, the hypothalamic and genetic basis of regulated changes in set-point values by rheostatic mechanisms are described. Then, the role of higher-order brain regions, such as hippocampal circuits, for experience-dependent, allostatic induced changes in set-points are outlined. I propose that these systems provide a hierarchical organization of physiological stability that exists to maintain set-point values. The hierarchical organization of physiology has direct implications for basic and medical research, and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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2
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Michel S, Kervezee L. One seasonal clock fits all? J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:641-647. [PMID: 37947808 PMCID: PMC11226558 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of physiology and behavior to seasonal changes in the environment are for many organisms essential for survival. Most of our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms comes from research on photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in plants, insects and mammals. However, even humans, who mostly live in environments with minimal seasonal influences, show annual rhythms in physiology (e.g., immune activity, brain function), behavior (e.g., sleep-wake cycles) and disease prevalence (e.g., infectious diseases). As seasonal variations in environmental conditions may be drastically altered due to climate change, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying seasonal adaptation of physiology and behavior becomes even more relevant. While many species have developed specific solutions for dedicated tasks of photoperiodic regulation, we find a number of common principles and mechanisms when comparing insect and mammalian systems: (1) the circadian system contributes to photoperiodic regulation; (2) similar signaling molecules (VIP and PDF) are used for transferring information from the circadian system to the neuroendocrine system controlling the photoperiodic response; (3) the hormone melatonin participates in seasonal adaptation in insects as well as mammals; and (4) changes in photoperiod affect neurotransmitter function in both animal groups. The few examples of overlap elaborated in this perspective article, as well as the discussion on relevance for humans, should be seen as encouragement to unravel the machinery of seasonal adaptation in a multitude of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Michel
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S5-P, 2300 RC, PO Box 9600, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Kervezee
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S5-P, 2300 RC, PO Box 9600, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Bilu C, Butensky N, Malamud AR, Einat H, Zimmet P, Zloto O, Ziv H, Kronfeld-Schor N, Vishnevskia-Dai V. Effects of photoperiod and food on glucose intolerance and subsequent ocular pathology in the fat sand rat. Sci Rep 2024; 14:403. [PMID: 38172147 PMCID: PMC10764329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its ocular complications, such as cataract and diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been linked to circadian rhythm-disturbances. Using a unique diurnal animal model, the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) we examined the effect of circadian disruption by short photoperiod acclimation on the development of T2DM and related ocular pathologies. We experimented with 48 male sand rats. Variables were day length (short photoperiod, SP, vs. neutral photoperiod NP) and diet (standard rodent diet vs. low-energy diet). Blood glucose, the presence of cataract and retinal pathology were monitored. Histological slides were examined for lens opacity, retinal cell count and thickness. Animals under SP and fed standard rodent diet (SPSR) for 20 weeks had higher baseline blood glucose levels and lower glucose tolerance compared with animals kept under NP regardless of diet, and under SP with low energy diet (SPLE). Animals under SPSR had less cells in the outer nuclear layer, a lower total number of cells in the retina, and a thickened retina. Higher blood glucose levels correlated with lower number of cells in all cellular layers of the retina and thicker retina. Animals under SPSR had higher occurrence of cataract, and a higher degree of cataract, which correlated with higher blood glucose levels. Sand rats kept under SPSR develop cataract and retinal abnormalities indicative of DR, whereas sand rats kept under NP regardless of diet, or under SPLE, do not. These ocular abnormalities significantly correlate with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Neta Butensky
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Haim Einat
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul Zimmet
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ofira Zloto
- Ocular Oncology, The Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hana Ziv
- Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai
- Ocular Oncology, The Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Kass JM, Yoshimura M, Ogasawara M, Suwabe M, Hita Garcia F, Fischer G, Dudley KL, Donohue I, Economo EP. Breakdown in seasonal dynamics of subtropical ant communities with land-cover change. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231185. [PMID: 37817591 PMCID: PMC10565368 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about widespread human-induced declines in insect populations are mounting, yet little is known about how land-use change modifies both the trends and variability of insect communities, particularly in understudied regions. Here, we examine how the seasonal activity patterns of ants-key drivers of terrestrial ecosystem functioning-vary with anthropogenic land-cover change on a subtropical island landscape, and whether differences in temperature or species composition can explain observed patterns. Using trap captures sampled biweekly over 2 years from a biodiversity monitoring network covering Okinawa Island, Japan, we processed 1.2 million individuals and reconstructed activity patterns within and across habitat types. Forest communities exhibited greater temporal variability of activity than those in more developed areas. Using time-series decomposition to deconstruct this pattern, we found that sites with greater human development exhibited ant communities with diminished seasonality, reduced synchrony and higher stochasticity compared with sites with greater forest cover. Our results cannot be explained by variation in regional or site temperature patterns, or by differences in species richness or composition among sites. Our study raises the possibility that disruptions to natural seasonal patterns of functionally key insect communities may comprise an important and underappreciated consequence of global environmental change that must be better understood across Earth's biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Kass
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
- Macroecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Environmental Science and Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masako Ogasawara
- Environmental Science and Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mayuko Suwabe
- Environmental Science and Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Francisco Hita Garcia
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Georg Fischer
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Dudley
- Environmental Science and Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ian Donohue
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
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5
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Williams CE, Williams CL, Logan ML. Climate change is not just global warming: Multidimensional impacts on animal gut microbiota. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1736-1744. [PMID: 37247194 PMCID: PMC10443335 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has rapidly altered many ecosystems, with detrimental effects for biodiversity across the globe. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that the microorganisms that live in and on animals can substantially affect host health and physiology, and the structure and function of these microbial communities can be highly sensitive to environmental variables. To date, most studies have focused on the effects of increasing mean temperature on gut microbiota, yet other aspects of climate are also shifting, including temperature variation, seasonal dynamics, precipitation and the frequency of severe weather events. This array of environmental pressures might interact in complex and non-intuitive ways to impact gut microbiota and consequently alter animal fitness. Therefore, understanding the impacts of climate change on animals requires a consideration of multiple types of environmental stressors and their interactive effects on gut microbiota. Here, we present an overview of some of the major findings in research on climatic effects on microbial communities in the animal gut. Although ample evidence has now accumulated that shifts in mean temperature can have important effects on gut microbiota and their hosts, much less work has been conducted on the effects of other climatic variables and their interactions. We provide recommendations for additional research needed to mechanistically link climate change with shifts in animal gut microbiota and host fitness.
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Koller KK, Kernbach ME, Reese D, Unnasch TR, Martin LB. House Sparrows Vary Seasonally in Their Ability to Transmit West Nile Virus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:332-341. [PMID: 37713719 DOI: 10.1086/725888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSeasonality in infectious disease prevalence is predominantly attributed to changes in exogenous risk factors. For vectored pathogens, high abundance, activity, and/or diversity of vectors can exacerbate disease risk for hosts. Conversely, many host defenses, particularly immune responses, are seasonally variable. Seasonality in host defenses has been attributed, in part, to the proximate (i.e., metabolic) and ultimate (i.e., reproductive fitness) costs of defense. In this study, our goal was to discern whether any seasonality is observable in how a common avian host, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), copes with a common zoonotic arbovirus, the West Nile virus (WNV), when hosts are studied under controlled conditions. We hypothesized that if host biorhythms play a role in vector-borne disease seasonality, birds would be most vulnerable to WNV when breeding and/or molting (i.e., when other costly physiological activities are underway) and thus most transmissive of WNV at these times of year (unless birds died from infection). Overall, the results only partly supported our hypothesis. Birds were most transmissive of WNV in fall (after their molt is complete and when WNV is most prevalent in the environment), but WNV resistance, WNV tolerance, and WNV-dependent mortality did not vary among seasons. These results collectively imply that natural arboviral cycles could be partially underpinned by endogenous physiological changes in hosts. However, other disease systems warrant study, as this result could be specific to the nonnative and highly commensal nature of the house sparrow or a consequence of the relative recency of the arrival of WNV to the United States.
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Dong C, Liu H, Yang B, Pan J, Tang L, Zeng H, Yang S. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and the risk of dyslipidemia among railway workers in southwest China: A cross-sectional study. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:734-743. [PMID: 37096562 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2205933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Railway workers are more likely to have an irregular work schedule, which had an effect on their circadian rhythm of sleep, and may lead to circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs). The association between CRSWDs and dyslipidemia in railway workers is poorly understood. The objective of this research is to study the association between CRSWDs and the risk of dyslipidemia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among railway workers in Southwest China. CRSWDs were assessed by the morningness-eveningness questionnaire self-assessment version (MEQ-SA). The blood samples were collected in the morning and the lipids of participants were measured. Associations of CRSWDs with dyslipidemia and its components were analyzed. A total of 8079 participants were enrolled in this study, and the results revealed that shift work sleep disorder (SWD) and advanced sleep-wake phase disorder (ASWPD) were associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.06-1.29, P < 0.01; OR 1.68, 95%CI 1.09-2.64, P < 0.05) after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyles, in comparison with the control group. As for its components, the SWD group was associated with a higher risk of elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein than the control group, while the ASWPD group was associated with a higher risk of elevated total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). In summary, SWD and ASWPD participants were associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia in railway workers in Southwest China.Abbreviation: TG: triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose. MEQ-SA: morningness-eveningness questionnaire self-assessment version; IPW: inverse-probability weighting; HDS: healthy diet scores; FFQ: food frequency; PA: physical activity; IQAP-SF: international physical activity questionnaire short form; MET-min/wk: metabolic equivalent task minutes per week; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HBP: hypertension; DM: diabetes; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Dong
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Pan
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Honglian Zeng
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shujuan Yang
- Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Riggle JP, Kay LM, Onishi KG, Falk DT, Smarr BL, Zucker I, Prendergast BJ. Modified Wavelet Analyses Permit Quantification of Dynamic Interactions Between Ultradian and Circadian Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:631-654. [PMID: 36380564 PMCID: PMC11024927 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221128652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms provide daily temporal structure to cellular and organismal biological processes, ranging from gene expression to cognition. Higher-frequency (intradaily) ultradian rhythms are similarly ubiquitous but have garnered far less empirical study, in part because of the properties that define them-multimodal periods, non-stationarity, circadian harmonics, and diurnal modulation-pose challenges to their accurate and precise quantification. Wavelet analyses are ideally suited to address these challenges, but wavelet-based measurement of ultradian rhythms has remained largely idiographic. Here, we describe novel analytical approaches, based on discrete and continuous wavelet transforms, which permit quantification of rhythmic power distribution across a broad ultradian spectrum, as well as precise identification of period within empirically determined ultradian bands. Moreover, the aggregation of normalized wavelet matrices allows group-level analyses of experimental treatments, thereby circumventing limitations of idiographic approaches. The accuracy and precision of these wavelet analyses were validated using in silico and in vivo models with known ultradian features. Experiments in male and female mice yielded robust and repeatable measures of ultradian period and power in home cage locomotor activity, confirming and extending reports of ultradian rhythm modulation by sex, gonadal hormones, and circadian entrainment. Seasonal changes in day length modulated ultradian period and power, and exerted opposite effects in the light and dark phases of the 24 h day, underscoring the importance of evaluating ultradian rhythms with attention to circadian phase. Sex differences in ultradian rhythms were more prominent at night and depended on gonadal hormones in male mice. Thus, relatively straightforward modifications to the wavelet procedure allowed quantification of ultradian rhythms with appropriate time-frequency resolution, generating accurate, and repeatable measures of period and power which are suitable for group-level analyses. These analytical tools may afford deeper understanding of how ultradian rhythms are generated and respond to interoceptive and exteroceptive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Riggle
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie M. Kay
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kenneth G. Onishi
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David T. Falk
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin L. Smarr
- Department of Bioengineering and the Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Irving Zucker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Brian J. Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Liddle TA, Stevenson TJ, Majumdar G. Photoperiodic regulation of avian physiology: From external coincidence to seasonal reproduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:890-901. [PMID: 35535960 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal cycles of environmental cues generate variation in the timing of life-history transition events across taxa. It is through the entrainment of internal, endogenous rhythms of organisms to these external, exogenous rhythms in environment, such as cycling temperature and daylight, by which organisms can regulate and time life history transitions. Here, we review the current understanding of how photoperiod both stimulates and terminates seasonal reproduction in birds. The review describes the role of external coincidence timing, the process by which photoperiod is proposed to stimulate reproductive development. Then, the molecular basis of light detection and the photoperiodic regulation of neuroendocrine timing of seasonal reproduction in birds is presented. Current data indicates that vertebrate ancient opsin is the predominant photoreceptor for light detection by the hypothalamus, compared to neuropsin and rhodopsin. The review then connects light detection to well-characterized hypothalamic and pituitary gland molecules involved in the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction. In birds, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis and release are controlled by photoperiodic cues via thyrotropin-stimulating hormone-β (TSHβ) independent and dependent pathways, respectively. The review then highlights the role of D-box and E-box binding motifs in the promoter regions of photoperiodic genes, in particular Eyes-absent 3, as the key link between circadian clock function and photoperiodic time measurement. Based on the available evidence, the review proposes that at least two molecular programs form the basis for external coincidence timing in birds: photoperiodic responsiveness by TSHβ pathways and endogenous internal timing by gonadotropin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Adam Liddle
- Laboratory of Seasonal Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tyler John Stevenson
- Laboratory of Seasonal Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gaurav Majumdar
- Laboratory of Seasonal Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Bragazzi NL, Garbarino S, Puce L, Trompetto C, Marinelli L, Currà A, Jahrami H, Trabelsi K, Mellado B, Asgary A, Wu J, Kong JD. Planetary sleep medicine: Studying sleep at the individual, population, and planetary level. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1005100. [PMID: 36330122 PMCID: PMC9624384 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are a series of endogenous autonomous oscillators that are generated by the molecular circadian clock which coordinates and synchronizes internal time with the external environment in a 24-h daily cycle (that can also be shorter or longer than 24 h). Besides daily rhythms, there exist as well other biological rhythms that have different time scales, including seasonal and annual rhythms. Circadian and other biological rhythms deeply permeate human life, at any level, spanning from the molecular, subcellular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level to environmental exposures, and behavioral lifestyles. Humans are immersed in what has been called the "circadian landscape," with circadian rhythms being highly pervasive and ubiquitous, and affecting every ecosystem on the planet, from plants to insects, fishes, birds, mammals, and other animals. Anthropogenic behaviors have been producing a cascading and compounding series of effects, including detrimental impacts on human health. However, the effects of climate change on sleep have been relatively overlooked. In the present narrative review paper, we wanted to offer a way to re-read/re-think sleep medicine from a planetary health perspective. Climate change, through a complex series of either direct or indirect mechanisms, including (i) pollution- and poor air quality-induced oxygen saturation variability/hypoxia, (ii) changes in light conditions and increases in the nighttime, (iii) fluctuating temperatures, warmer values, and heat due to extreme weather, and (iv) psychological distress imposed by disasters (like floods, wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and infectious outbreaks by emerging and reemerging pathogens) may contribute to inducing mismatches between internal time and external environment, and disrupting sleep, causing poor sleep quantity and quality and sleep disorders, such as insomnia, and sleep-related breathing issues, among others. Climate change will generate relevant costs and impact more vulnerable populations in underserved areas, thus widening already existing global geographic, age-, sex-, and gender-related inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Academic Neurology Unit, Ospedale A. Fiorini, Terracina, Italy,Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain,College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bruce Mellado
- School of Physics and Institute for Collider Particle Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Subatomic Physics, iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences, Somerset West, South Africa
| | - Ali Asgary
- Disaster and Emergency Management Area and Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-Response Simulation (ADERSIM), School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wood DJA, Stoy PC, Powell SL, Beever EA. Antecedent climatic conditions spanning several years influence multiple land-surface phenology events in semi-arid environments. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1007010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological processes are complex, often exhibiting non-linear, interactive, or hierarchical relationships. Furthermore, models identifying drivers of phenology are constrained by uncertainty regarding predictors, interactions across scales, and legacy impacts of prior climate conditions. Nonetheless, measuring and modeling ecosystem processes such as phenology remains critical for management of ecological systems and the social systems they support. We used random forest models to assess which combination of climate, location, edaphic, vegetation composition, and disturbance variables best predict several phenological responses in three dominant land cover types in the U.S. Northwestern Great Plains (NWP). We derived phenological measures from the 25-year series of AVHRR satellite data and characterized climatic predictors (i.e., multiple moisture and/or temperature based variables) over seasonal and annual timeframes within the current year and up to 4 years prior. We found that antecedent conditions, from seasons to years before the current, were strongly associated with phenological measures, apparently mediating the responses of communities to current-year conditions. For example, at least one measure of antecedent-moisture availability [precipitation or vapor pressure deficit (VPD)] over multiple years was a key predictor of all productivity measures. Variables including longer-term lags or prior year sums, such as multi-year-cumulative moisture conditions of maximum VPD, were top predictors for start of season. Productivity measures were also associated with contextual variables such as soil characteristics and vegetation composition. Phenology is a key process that profoundly affects organism-environment relationships, spatio-temporal patterns in ecosystem structure and function, and other ecosystem dynamics. Phenology, however, is complex, and is mediated by lagged effects, interactions, and a diversity of potential drivers; nonetheless, the incorporation of antecedent conditions and contextual variables can improve models of phenology.
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12
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Fitness consequences of chronic exposure to different light pollution wavelengths in nocturnal and diurnal rodents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16486. [PMID: 36182961 PMCID: PMC9526750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of artificial at night (ALAN) exposes the world to continuously increasing levels and distribution of light pollution. Our understanding of the adverse effects of ALAN is based mostly on observational or laboratory studies, and its effects are probably underestimated. Demonstration of direct experimental fitness consequences of ALAN on mammals is missing. We studied the effects of chronic light pollution at different wavelengths on fitness and glucocorticoid hormone levels under semi-natural conditions in two closely related species: the nocturnal common spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) and the diurnal golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus). Our results clearly demonstrate the adverse effects of ALAN exposure on the fitness of both nocturnal and diurnal species, manifested by changes in cortisol levels and reproductive timing, reduced reproductive output and reduced survival, which differed between species and wavelengths. In A. russatus exposure to blue ALAN had the strongest effect on fitness, followed by white and yellow ALAN exposure. In A. cahirinus the results are more complex and suggest it suffered from the combined effects of ALAN and competition. Our research shows that light pollution presents a real threat to both nocturnal and diurnal species, affecting the species fitness directly and through interspecific interactions. Worryingly, these effects are probably not limited to spiny mice. The clear adverse effects we documented, as well as the differences between wave lengths, contribute to our ability to present science-based recommendations to decision makers regarding the use of artificial light at night. Such information and guidelines are highly important nowadays when lighting systems are being replaced to promote energy efficiency.
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13
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Bull JC, Jones OR, Börger L, Franconi N, Banga R, Lock K, Stringell TB. Climate causes shifts in grey seal phenology by modifying age structure. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212284. [PMID: 34847765 PMCID: PMC8634623 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous examples of phenological shifts that are recognized both as indicators of climate change and drivers of ecosystem change. A pressing challenge is to understand the causal mechanisms by which climate affects phenology. We combined annual population census data and individual longitudinal data (1992-2018) on grey seals, Halicheorus grypus, to quantify the relationship between pupping season phenology and sea surface temperature. A temperature increase of 2°C was associated with a pupping season advance of approximately seven days at the population level. However, we found that maternal age, rather than sea temperature, accounted for changes in pupping date by individuals. Warmer years were associated with an older average age of mothers, allowing us to explain phenological observations in terms of a changing population age structure. Finally, we developed a matrix population model to test whether our observations were consistent with changes to the stable age distribution. This could not fully account for observed phenological shift, strongly suggesting transient modification of population age structure, for example owing to immigration. We demonstrate a novel mechanism for phenological shifts under climate change in long-lived, age- or stage-structured species with broad implications for dynamics and resilience, as well as population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Owen R. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPOP), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Novella Franconi
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Roma Banga
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kate Lock
- Natural Resources Wales, Martin's Haven, Pembrokeshire, UK
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14
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Parikh R, Sorek E, Parikh S, Michael K, Bikovski L, Tshori S, Shefer G, Mingelgreen S, Zornitzki T, Knobler H, Chodick G, Mardamshina M, Boonman A, Kronfeld-Schor N, Bar-Joseph H, Ben-Yosef D, Amir H, Pavlovsky M, Matz H, Ben-Dov T, Golan T, Nizri E, Liber D, Liel Y, Brenner R, Gepner Y, Karnieli-Miller O, Hemi R, Shalgi R, Kimchi T, Percik R, Weller A, Levy C. Skin exposure to UVB light induces a skin-brain-gonad axis and sexual behavior. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109579. [PMID: 34433056 PMCID: PMC8411113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light affects endocrinological and behavioral aspects of sexuality via an unknown mechanism. Here we discover that ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure enhances the levels of sex-steroid hormones and sexual behavior, which are mediated by the skin. In female mice, UVB exposure increases hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels, resulting in larger ovaries; extends estrus days; and increases anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) expression. UVB exposure also enhances the sexual responsiveness and attractiveness of females and male-female interactions. Conditional knockout of p53 specifically in skin keratinocytes abolishes the effects of UVB. Thus, UVB triggers a skin-brain-gonadal axis through skin p53 activation. In humans, solar exposure enhances romantic passion in both genders and aggressiveness in men, as seen in analysis of individual questionaries, and positively correlates with testosterone level. Our findings suggest opportunities for treatment of sex-steroid-related dysfunctions. UVB exposure increases circulating sex-steroid levels in mice and humans UVB exposure enhances female attractiveness and receptiveness toward males UVB exposure increases females’ estrus phase, HPG axis hormones, and follicle growth Skin p53 regulates UVB-induced sexual behavior and ovarian physiological changes
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Parikh
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eschar Sorek
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shivang Parikh
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Keren Michael
- Department of Human Services, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, Jezreel Valley 1930600, Israel
| | - Lior Bikovski
- The Myers Neuro-Behavioral Core Facility, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; School of Behavioral Sciences, Netanya Academic College, Netanya 4223587, Israel
| | - Sagi Tshori
- Research Authority, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Shefer
- Research Authority, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Taiba Zornitzki
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Hadassah School of Medicine, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hilla Knobler
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Hadassah School of Medicine, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriel Chodick
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mariya Mardamshina
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arjan Boonman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noga Kronfeld-Schor
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Hadas Bar-Joseph
- The TMCR Unit, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- IVF Lab & Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Lab, Fertility Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Cell Biology and Development, Sackler Faculty of Medicine & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadar Amir
- Fertility Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky (Ichilov) Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Hagit Matz
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky (Ichilov) Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tom Ben-Dov
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eran Nizri
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky (Ichilov) Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daphna Liber
- Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Yair Liel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Institute of Pathology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orit Karnieli-Miller
- Department of Medical Education, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rina Hemi
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ruth Shalgi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tali Kimchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruth Percik
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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15
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Wood DJA, Powell S, Stoy PC, Thurman LL, Beever EA. Is the grass always greener? Land surface phenology reveals differences in peak and season-long vegetation productivity responses to climate and management. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11168-11199. [PMID: 34429910 PMCID: PMC8366863 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation phenology-the seasonal timing and duration of vegetative phases-is controlled by spatiotemporally variable contributions of climatic and environmental factors plus additional potential influence from human management. We used land surface phenology derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and climate data to examine variability in vegetation productivity and phenological dates from 1989 to 2014 in the U.S. Northwestern Plains, a region with notable spatial heterogeneity in climate, vegetation, and land use. We first analyzed interannual trends in six phenological measures as a baseline. We then demonstrated how including annual-resolution predictors can provide more nuanced insights into measures of phenology between plant communities and across the ecoregion. Across the study area, higher annual precipitation increased both peak and season-long productivity. In contrast, higher mean annual temperatures tended to increase peak productivity but for the majority of the study area decreased season-long productivity. Annual precipitation and temperature had strong explanatory power for productivity-related phenology measures but predicted date-based measures poorly. We found that relationships between climate and phenology varied across the region and among plant communities and that factors such as recovery from disturbance and anthropogenic management also contributed in certain regions. In sum, phenological measures did not respond ubiquitously nor covary in their responses. Nonclimatic dynamics can decouple phenology from climate; therefore, analyses including only interannual trends should not assume climate alone drives patterns. For example, models of areas exhibiting greening or browning should account for climate, anthropogenic influence, and natural disturbances. Investigating multiple aspects of phenology to describe growing-season dynamics provides a richer understanding of spatiotemporal patterns that can be used for predicting ecosystem responses to future climates and land-use change. Such understanding allows for clearer interpretation of results for conservation, wildlife, and land management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. A. Wood
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMontanaUSA
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Paul C. Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
- Department of Biological Systems EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lindsey L. Thurman
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMontanaUSA
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthwest Climate Adaptation Science CenterCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erik A. Beever
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMontanaUSA
- Department of EcologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
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16
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Orije J, Cardon E, Hamaide J, Jonckers E, Darras VM, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A. Uncovering a 'sensitive window' of multisensory and motor neuroplasticity in the cerebrum and cerebellum of male and female starlings. eLife 2021; 10:e66777. [PMID: 34096502 PMCID: PMC8219385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, research unraveling seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds has focused on the male song control system and testosterone. We longitudinally monitored the song behavior and neuroplasticity in male and female starlings during multiple photoperiods using Diffusion Tensor and Fixel-Based techniques. These exploratory data-driven whole-brain methods resulted in a population-based tractogram confirming microstructural sexual dimorphisms in the song control system. Furthermore, male brains showed hemispheric asymmetries in the pallium, whereas females had higher interhemispheric connectivity, which could not be attributed to brain size differences. Only females with large brains sing but differ from males in their song behavior by showing involvement of the hippocampus. Both sexes experienced multisensory neuroplasticity in the song control, auditory and visual system, and cerebellum, mainly during the photosensitive period. This period with low gonadal hormone levels might represent a 'sensitive window' during which different sensory and motor systems in the cerebrum and cerebellum can be seasonally re-shaped in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Orije
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Emilie Cardon
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Julie Hamaide
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology DepartmentLeuvenBelgium
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17
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18
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Abstract
The circadian clock controls several aspects of mammalian physiology and orchestrates the daily oscillations of biological processes and behavior. Our circadian rhythms are driven by an endogenous central clock in the brain that synchronizes with clocks in peripheral tissues, thereby regulating our immune system and the severity of infections. These rhythms affect the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic agents and vaccines. The core circadian regulatory circuits and clock-regulated host pathways provide fertile ground to identify novel antiviral therapies. An increased understanding of the role circadian systems play in regulating virus infection and the host response to the virus will inform our clinical management of these diseases. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical evidence reporting on the interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections, highlighting the importance of virus-clock research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Xiaodong Zhuang, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; e-mail:
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19
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Stevenson TJ, Nickbakhsh S, Schernhammer ES, Dopico XC, Dayan T, Martinez M, Helm B. Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:35-54. [PMID: 33491541 PMCID: PMC7924107 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420987322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Nickbakhsh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E. S. Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X. C. Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - T. Dayan
- School of Zoology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Martinez
- School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - B. Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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White ER, Hastings A. Seasonality in ecology: Progress and prospects in theory. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Schlüter BS, Masquelier B, Metcalf CJE, Rasoanomenjanahary A. Long-term trends in seasonality of mortality in urban Madagascar: the role of the epidemiological transition. Glob Health Action 2020; 13:1717411. [PMID: 32027239 PMCID: PMC7034494 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1717411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Seasonal patterns of mortality have been identified in Sub-Saharan Africa but their changes over time are not well documented.Objective: Based on death notification data from Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar, this study assesses seasonal patterns of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by age groups and evaluates how these patterns changed over the period 1976-2015.Methods: Monthly numbers of deaths by cause were obtained from death registers maintained by the Municipal Hygiene Office in charge of verifying deaths before the issuance of burial permits. Generalized Additive Mixed regression models (GAMM) were used to test for seasonality in mortality and its changes over the last four decades, controlling for long-term trends in mortality.Results: Among children, risks of dying were the highest during the hot and rainy season, but seasonality in child mortality has significantly declined since the mid-1970s, as a result of declines in the burden of infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies. In adults aged 60 and above, all-cause mortality rates are the highest in the dry and cold season, due to peaks in cardiovascular diseases, with little change over time. Overall, changes in the seasonality of all-cause mortality have been driven by shifts in the hierarchy of causes of death, while changes in the seasonality within broad categories of causes of death have been modest.Conclusion: Shifts in disease patterns brought about by the epidemiological transition, rather than changes in seasonal variation in cause-specific mortality, are the main drivers of trends in the seasonality of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin-Samuel Schlüter
- Center for Demographic Research (DEMO), Université Catholique De Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Masquelier
- Center for Demographic Research (DEMO), Université Catholique De Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,French Institute for Demographic Studies, Paris, France
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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22
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Le Sage EH, LaBumbard BC, Reinert LK, Miller BT, Richards-Zawacki CL, Woodhams DC, Rollins-Smith LA. Preparatory immunity: Seasonality of mucosal skin defences and Batrachochytrium infections in Southern leopard frogs. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:542-554. [PMID: 33179786 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on wildlife health requires a deeper understanding of seasonal rhythms in host-pathogen interactions. The amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), exhibits seasonality in incidence; however, the role that biological rhythms in host defences play in defining this pattern remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether host immune and microbiome defences against Bd correspond with infection risk and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Over the course of a year, five populations of Southern leopard frogs (Rana [Lithobates] sphenocephala) in Tennessee, United States, were surveyed for host immunity, microbiome and pathogen dynamics. Frogs were swabbed for pathogen load and skin bacterial diversity and stimulated to release stored antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Secretions were analysed to estimate total hydrophobic peptide concentrations, presence of known AMPs and effectiveness of Bd growth inhibition in vitro. The diversity and proportion of bacterial reads with a 99% match to sequences of isolates known to inhibit Bd growth in vitro were used as an estimate of predicted anti-Bd function of the skin microbiome. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis dynamics followed the expected seasonal fluctuations-peaks in cooler months-which coincided with when host mucosal defences were most potent against Bd. Specifically, the concentration and expression of stored AMPs cycled synchronously with Bd dynamics. Although microbiome changes followed more linear trends over time, the proportion of bacteria that can function to inhibit Bd growth was greatest when risk of Bd infection was highest. We interpret the increase in peptide storage in the fall and the shift to a more anti-Bd microbiome over winter as a preparatory response for subsequent infection risk during the colder periods when AMP synthesis and bacterial growth is slow and pathogen pressure from this cool-adapted fungus is high. Given that a decrease in stored AMP concentrations as temperatures warm in spring likely means greater secretion rates, the subsequent decrease in prevalence suggests seasonality of Bd in this host may be in part regulated by annual immune rhythms, and dominated by the effects of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Le Sage
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Laura K Reinert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian T Miller
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | | | - Doug C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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Beneficial effects of daytime high-intensity light exposure on daily rhythms, metabolic state and affect. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19782. [PMID: 33188227 PMCID: PMC7666121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the importance of the circadian system to health and well-being is extensively studied, the role of daylight exposure in these interactions is relatively poorly understood. Here we show, using a diurnal animal model naturally exposed to daylight, that daily morning exposure to 3000 lux, full spectrum electric light has beneficial health effects. Compared with controls, sand rats (Psammomys obesus) subjected to morning light treatment demonstrate daily rhythms with high peak to trough difference in activity, blood glucose levels and per2 gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, pre-frontal cortex, kidney and liver. The treated animals were also healthier, being normoglycemic, having higher glucose tolerance, lower body and heart weight and lower anxiety- and depression-like behavior. Our results suggest that exposure to high intensity light is important for the proper function of the circadian system and well-being, and are important in face of human's low exposure to daylight and extensive use of artificial light at night.
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24
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Iqbal Yatoo M, Shabir M, Kubrevi SS, Dar RA, Angmo K, Kanwar MS, Bhat RA, Muheet, Parray OR. A study on biological rhythms of Himalayan yaks. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1579883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandary, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Srinagar, India
| | - Mir Shabir
- Farm Science Centre, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ladakh, India
| | | | | | - Kunzes Angmo
- Farm Science Centre, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ladakh, India
| | | | - Riyaz Ahmad Bhat
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandary, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Srinagar, India
| | - Muheet
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandary, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Srinagar, India
| | - Oveas Raffiq Parray
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandary, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Srinagar, India
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Wang HB, Tahara Y, Luk SHC, Kim YS, Hitchcock ON, MacDowell Kaswan ZA, In Kim Y, Block GD, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Melatonin treatment of repetitive behavioral deficits in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105064. [PMID: 32889171 PMCID: PMC7597927 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nighttime light pollution is linked to metabolic and cognitive dysfunction. Many patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show disturbances in their sleep/wake cycle, and may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of circadian disruptors. In this study, we examined the impact of exposure to dim light at night (DLaN, 5 lx) in a model of ASD: the contactin associated protein-like 2 knock out (Cntnap2 KO) mice. DLaN was sufficient to disrupt locomotor activity rhythms, exacerbate the excessive grooming and diminish the social preference in Cntnap2 mutant mice. On a molecular level, DLaN altered the phase and amplitude of PER2:LUC rhythms in a tissue-specific manner in vitro. Daily treatment with melatonin reduced the excessive grooming of the mutant mice to wild-type levels and improved activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that common circadian disruptors such as light at night should be considered in the management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Bin Wang
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shu Hon Christopher Luk
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Olivia N Hitchcock
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zoe A MacDowell Kaswan
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gene D Block
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dawn H Loh
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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26
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Hoke MK, Schell LM. Doing biocultural anthropology: Continuity and change. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23471. [PMID: 32681558 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocultural anthropology has long represented an important approach in the study of human biology. However, despite demonstrated utility, its somewhat amorphous identity leaves some scholars questioning just what it means to be biocultural. In this article, rather than providing proscriptive doctrine, we contribute to these conversations about the nature of biocultural anthropology by considering what biocultural research does. We begin with a consideration of some of the foundational themes of biocultural work including recognition of the dialectical nature of sociocultural and biological forces, interest in inequality, and incorporation of both evolutionary and political economic perspectives. To emphasize the consistency of biocultural work over time, we also trace these themes from originating work to their appearance in current research. We then identify some of the key actions of the biocultural approach, noting that biocultural work can execute any number though rarely all of these actions simultaneously. We then offer brief introductions to the articles that make up this special issue, highlighting the ways in which each piece undertakes key biocultural actions. Following these introductions, we provide a discussion of some of the types of biocultural work that are not present in this special issue, recognizing the breadth of biocultural research across multiple subfields of anthropology. Finally, we point to some potentially fruitful directions for future biocultural research. In the end, we conclude that while biocultural anthropology may not have a cohesive or set agenda, it does have a clear and recognizable form of content and methodology illuminated by its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Hoke
- Department of Anthropology & Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, & the Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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27
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Whiting JR, Mahmud MA, Bradley JE, MacColl ADC. Prior exposure to long-day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201017. [PMID: 32605431 PMCID: PMC7423467 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal disease and parasitic infection are common across organisms, including humans, and there is increasing evidence for intrinsic seasonal variation in immune systems. Changes are orchestrated through organisms' physiological clocks using cues such as day length. Ample research in diverse taxa has demonstrated multiple immune responses are modulated by photoperiod, but to date, there have been few experimental demonstrations that photoperiod cues alter susceptibility to infection. We investigated the interactions among photoperiod history, immunity and susceptibility in laboratory-bred three-spined stickleback (a long-day breeding fish) and its external, directly reproducing monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus gasterostei. We demonstrate that previous exposure to long-day photoperiods (PLD) increases susceptibility to infection relative to previous exposure to short days (PSD), and modifies the response to infection for the mucin gene muc2 and Treg cytokine foxp3a in skin tissues in an intermediate 12 L : 12 D photoperiod experimental trial. Expression of skin muc2 is reduced in PLD fish, and negatively associated with parasite abundance. We also observe inflammatory gene expression variation associated with natural inter-population variation in resistance, but find that photoperiod modulation of susceptibility is consistent across host populations. Thus, photoperiod modulation of the response to infection is important for host susceptibility, highlighting new mechanisms affecting seasonality of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Whiting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Muayad A. Mahmud
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Scientific Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Janette E. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew D. C. MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Clarkson-Townsend DA, Kennedy E, Everson TM, Deyssenroth MA, Burt AA, Hao K, Chen J, Pardue MT, Marsit CJ. Seasonally variant gene expression in full-term human placenta. FASEB J 2020; 34:10431-10442. [PMID: 32574425 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000291r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal exposures influence human health and development. The placenta, as a mediator of the maternal and fetal systems and a regulator of development, is an ideal tissue to understand the biological pathways underlying relationships between season of birth and later life health outcomes. Here, we conducted a differential expression (DE) analysis of season of birth in full-term human placental tissue to evaluate whether the placenta may be influenced by seasonal cues. Of the analyzed transcripts, 583 displayed DE between summer and winter births (False Discovery Rate [FDR] q < .05); among these, BHLHE40, MIR210HG, and HILPDA had increased expression among winter births (Bonferroni P < .05). Enrichment analyses of the seasonally variant genes between summer and winter births indicated overrepresentation of transcription factors HIF1A, VDR, and CLOCK, among others, and of GO term pathways related to ribosomal activity and infection. Additionally, a cosinor analysis found rhythmic expression for approximately 11.9% of all 17 664 analyzed placental transcripts. These results suggest that the placenta responds to seasonal cues and add to the growing body of evidence that the placenta acts as a peripheral clock, which may provide a molecular explanation for the extensive associations between season of birth and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Clarkson-Townsend
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kennedy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Everson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maya A Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amber A Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Dominoni DM, Halfwerk W, Baird E, Buxton RT, Fernández-Juricic E, Fristrup KM, McKenna MF, Mennitt DJ, Perkin EK, Seymoure BM, Stoner DC, Tennessen JB, Toth CA, Tyrrell LP, Wilson A, Francis CD, Carter NH, Barber JR. Why conservation biology can benefit from sensory ecology. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:502-511. [PMID: 32203474 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Global expansion of human activities is associated with the introduction of novel stimuli, such as anthropogenic noise, artificial lights and chemical agents. Progress in documenting the ecological effects of sensory pollutants is weakened by sparse knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these effects. This severely limits our capacity to devise mitigation measures. Here, we integrate knowledge of animal sensory ecology, physiology and life history to articulate three perceptual mechanisms-masking, distracting and misleading-that clearly explain how and why anthropogenic sensory pollutants impact organisms. We then link these three mechanisms to ecological consequences and discuss their implications for conservation. We argue that this framework can reveal the presence of 'sensory danger zones', hotspots of conservation concern where sensory pollutants overlap in space and time with an organism's activity, and foster development of strategic interventions to mitigate the impact of sensory pollutants. Future research that applies this framework will provide critical insight to preserve the natural sensory world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel T Buxton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Kurt M Fristrup
- National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Megan F McKenna
- National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth K Perkin
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Group, Hatfield Consultants, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brett M Seymoure
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David C Stoner
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Cory A Toth
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke P Tyrrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Neil H Carter
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse R Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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30
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VanWormer JJ, Kieke BA, Hanrahan LP, Pomeroy JJ, Mundy A, Schoeller DA. Circannual growth in Wisconsin children and adolescents: Identifying optimal periods of obesity prevention. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12572. [PMID: 31595686 PMCID: PMC6920552 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest kids tend to gain the most weight in summer, but schools are chastised for supporting obesogenic environments. Conclusions on circannual weight gain are hampered by infrequent body mass index (BMI) measurements, and guidance is limited on the optimal timeframe for paediatric weight interventions. OBJECTIVES This study characterized circannual trends in BMI in Wisconsin children and adolescents and identified sociodemographic differences in excess weight gain. METHODS An observational study was used to pool data from 2010 to 2015 to examine circannual BMI z-score trends for Marshfield Clinic patients age 3 to 17 years. Daily 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 quantiles of BMI z-score were estimated, stratified by gender, race, and age. RESULTS BMI z-scores increased July to September, followed by a decrease in October to December, and another increase to decrease cycle beginning in February. For adolescents, the summer increase in BMI was greater among those in the upper BMI z-score quantile relative to those in the lower quantile (+0.15 units vs +0.04 units). This pattern was opposite in children. CONCLUSIONS BMI increased most rapidly in late summer. This growth persisted through autumn in adolescents who were larger, suggesting weight management support may be beneficial for kids who are overweight at the start of the school year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. VanWormer
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute (Marshfield, WI)
| | - Burney A. Kieke
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute (Marshfield, WI)
| | - Lawrence P. Hanrahan
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin (Madison, WI)
| | - Jeremy J. Pomeroy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute (Marshfield, WI)
| | - Alex Mundy
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin (Madison, WI)
| | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin (Madison, WI)
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31
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Onishi KG, Maneval AC, Cable EC, Tuohy MC, Scasny AJ, Sterina E, Love JA, Riggle JP, Malamut LK, Mukerji A, Novo JS, Appah-Sampong A, Gary JB, Prendergast BJ. Circadian and circannual timescales interact to generate seasonal changes in immune function. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:33-43. [PMID: 31351184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual changes in day length enhance or suppress diverse aspects of immune function, giving rise to seasonal cycles of illness and mortality. The daily light-dark cycle also entrains circadian rhythms in immunity. Most published reports on immunological seasonality rely on measurements or interventions performed only at one point in the day. Because there can be no perfect matching of circadian phase across photoperiods of different duration, the manner in which these timescales interact to affect immunity is not understood. We examined whether photoperiodic changes in immune function reflect phenotypic changes that persist throughout the daily cycle, or merely reflect photoperiodic shifts in the circadian phase alignment of immunological rhythms. Diurnal rhythms in blood leukocyte trafficking, infection induced sickness responses, and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin inflammatory responses were examined at high-frequency sampling intervals (every 3 h) in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) following immunological adaptation to summer or winter photoperiods. Photoperiod profoundly enhanced or suppressed immune function, in a trait-specific manner, and we were unable to identify a phase alignment of diurnal waveforms which eliminated these enhancing and suppressing effects of photoperiod. These results support the hypothesis that seasonal timescales affect immunity via mechanisms independent of circadian entrainment of the immunological circadian waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Onishi
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Andrew C Maneval
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Erin C Cable
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Mary Claire Tuohy
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Andrew J Scasny
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Evelina Sterina
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Jharnae A Love
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Jonathan P Riggle
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Leah K Malamut
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Aashna Mukerji
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Jennifer S Novo
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Abena Appah-Sampong
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Joseph B Gary
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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32
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Pasanisi P, Gariboldi M, Verderio P, Signoroni S, Mancini A, Rivoltini L, Milione M, Masci E, Ciniselli CM, Bruno E, Macciotta A, Belfiore A, Ricci MT, Gargano G, Morelli D, Apolone G, Vitellaro M. A Pilot Low-Inflammatory Dietary Intervention to Reduce Inflammation and Improve Quality of Life in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Protocol Description and Preliminary Results. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1534735419846400. [PMID: 31055940 PMCID: PMC6505234 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419846400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) depend on a lifelong endoscopic surveillance programme and prophylactic surgery, and usually suffer nutritional problems. Intestinal inflammation has been linked to both FAP and colorectal cancer. Epidemiological studies show a relationship between diet and inflammation. Preventive dietary recommendations for FAP patients are so far lacking. We have designed a nonrandomized prospective pilot study on FAP patients to assess whether a low-inflammatory diet based on the Mediterranean diet principles and recipes, by interacting with the microbiota, reduces gastrointestinal markers of inflammation and improves quality of life. This report describes the scientific protocol of the study and reports the participants’ adherence to the proposed dietary recommendations. Thirty-four FAP patients older than 18 years, bearing the APC pathogenic variant, who underwent prophylactic total colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis were eligible into the study. During the 3-month dietary intervention, they reported improvements in their consumption of Mediterranean foods (vegetables, fruits, fish, and legumes), and a reduction in pro-inflammatory foods (red/processed meat and sweets); this led to a significant increase in their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The improvement was accompanied by a decrease in the number of diarrhoeal discharges. These preliminary results are encouraging with regard to feasibility, dietary outcome measures, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pasanisi
- 1 Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Gariboldi
- 2 Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Verderio
- 3 Unit of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Signoroni
- 4 Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- 5 Unit of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- 6 Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- 7 Unit of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzo Masci
- 5 Unit of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maura Ciniselli
- 3 Unit of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bruno
- 1 Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Macciotta
- 3 Unit of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- 2 Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,7 Unit of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ricci
- 4 Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gargano
- 1 Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Morelli
- 8 Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Apolone
- 9 Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vitellaro
- 4 Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,10 Unit of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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33
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Lowe M, Maidstone R, Poulton K, Worthington J, Durrington HJ, Ray DW, van Dellen D, Asderakis A, Blaikley J, Augustine T. Monthly variance in UK renal transplantation activity: a national retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028786. [PMID: 31530596 PMCID: PMC6756352 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether renal transplant activity varies in a reproducible manner across the year. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using NHS Blood and Transplant data. SETTING All renal transplant centres in the UK. PARTICIPANTS A total of 24 270 patients who underwent renal transplantation between 2005 and 2014. PRIMARY OUTCOME Monthly transplant activity was analysed to see if transplant activity showed variation during the year. SECONDARY OUTCOME The number of organs rejected due to healthcare capacity was analysed to see if this affected transplantation rates. RESULTS Analysis of national transplant data revealed a reproducible yearly variance in transplant activity. This activity increased in late autumn and early winter (p=0.05) and could be attributed to increased rates of living (October and November) and deceased organ donation (November and December). An increase in deceased donation was attributed to a rise in donors following cerebrovascular accidents and hypoxic brain injury. Other causes of death (infections and road traffic accidents) were more seasonal in nature peaking in the winter or summer, respectively. Only 1.4% of transplants to intended recipients were redirected due to a lack of healthcare capacity, suggesting that capacity pressures in the National Health Service did not significantly affect transplant activity. CONCLUSION UK renal transplant activity peaks in late autumn/winter in contrast to other countries. Currently, healthcare capacity, though under strain, does not affect transplant activity; however, this may change if transplantation activity increases in line with national strategies as the spike in transplant activity coincides with peak activity in the national healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lowe
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Maidstone
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay Poulton
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith Worthington
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah J Durrington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David van Dellen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - John Blaikley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Titus Augustine
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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34
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Zinsstag J, Crump L, Schelling E, Hattendorf J, Maidane YO, Ali KO, Muhummed A, Umer AA, Aliyi F, Nooh F, Abdikadir MI, Ali SM, Hartinger S, Mäusezahl D, de White MBG, Cordon-Rosales C, Castillo DA, McCracken J, Abakar F, Cercamondi C, Emmenegger S, Maier E, Karanja S, Bolon I, de Castañeda RR, Bonfoh B, Tschopp R, Probst-Hensch N, Cissé G. Climate change and One Health. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4961133. [PMID: 29790983 PMCID: PMC5963300 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The journal The Lancet recently published a countdown on health and climate change. Attention was focused solely on humans. However, animals, including wildlife, livestock and pets, may also be impacted by climate change. Complementary to the high relevance of awareness rising for protecting humans against climate change, here we present a One Health approach, which aims at the simultaneous protection of humans, animals and the environment from climate change impacts (climate change adaptation). We postulate that integrated approaches save human and animal lives and reduce costs when compared to public and animal health sectors working separately. A One Health approach to climate change adaptation may significantly contribute to food security with emphasis on animal source foods, extensive livestock systems, particularly ruminant livestock, environmental sanitation, and steps towards regional and global integrated syndromic surveillance and response systems. The cost of outbreaks of emerging vector-borne zoonotic pathogens may be much lower if they are detected early in the vector or in livestock rather than later in humans. Therefore, integrated community-based surveillance of zoonoses is a promising avenue to reduce health effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Crump
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yahya Osman Maidane
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Kadra Osman Ali
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Abdifatah Muhummed
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Abdurezak Adem Umer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Ferzua Aliyi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Faisal Nooh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim Abdikadir
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Mohammed Ali
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Stella Hartinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Public Health School, Lima, Peru, 15102
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monica Berger Gonzalez de White
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala, 01015
| | | | | | | | - Fayiz Abakar
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Colin Cercamondi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Emmenegger
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Information and Process Management, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Edith Maier
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Information and Process Management, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Karanja
- Jomo Kenyatta University, School of Public Health, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isabelle Bolon
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Bilu C, Einat H, Barak O, Zimmet P, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Govrin A, Agam G, Kronfeld-Schor N. Linking type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiac hypertrophy and depression in a diurnal animal model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11865. [PMID: 31413352 PMCID: PMC6694156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently suggested that the Metabolic Syndrome should be renamed to "Circadian Syndrome". In this context, we explored the effects of living under standard laboratory conditions, where light is the only cycling variable (relevant to human modern life), in a diurnal mammal, on the relationships between affective-like pathology, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiac hypertrophy. After 20 weeks, some of the animals spontaneously developed T2DM, depressive and anxiety-like behavior and cardiac hypertrophy. There were significant correlations between levels of anxiety-like behavior and glucose tolerance, and between heart/total body weight ratio and glucose tolerance. Our data suggest a relationship between the development of T2DM, emotional and cardiac pathology as seen in diurnal humans. Furthermore, our data show a possible relationship between reduced daily cycling cues in the laboratory and what has been regularly termed "Metabolic Syndrome" and recently proposed by us to be renamed to "Circadian Syndrome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Haim Einat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orly Barak
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul Zimmet
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai
- Ocular Oncology and Autoimmune service, The Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amanda Govrin
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Stern N, Bilu C, El‐Osta A, Einat H, Kronfeld‐Schor N. The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! J Intern Med 2019; 286:181-191. [PMID: 31081577 PMCID: PMC6851668 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and comorbidities conveying high risk of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. It is responsible for huge socio-economic costs with its resulting morbidity and mortality in most countries. The underlying aetiology of this clustering has been the subject of much debate. More recently, significant interest has focussed on the involvement of the circadian system, a major regulator of almost every aspect of human health and metabolism. The Circadian Syndrome has now been implicated in several chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is now increasing evidence connecting disturbances in circadian rhythm with not only the key components of the Metabolic Syndrome but also its main comorbidities including sleep disturbances, depression, steatohepatitis and cognitive dysfunction. Based on this, we now propose that circadian disruption may be an important underlying aetiological factor for the Metabolic Syndrome and we suggest that it be renamed the 'Circadian Syndrome'. With the increased recognition of the 'Circadian Syndrome', circadian medicine, through the timing of exercise, light exposure, food consumption, dispensing of medications and sleep, is likely to play a much greater role in the maintenance of both individual and population health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Zimmet
- Department of DiabetesCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Sagol Center for Epigenetics and MetabolismTel Aviv Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | | | - N. Stern
- Sagol Center for Epigenetics and MetabolismTel Aviv Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - C. Bilu
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. El‐Osta
- Department of DiabetesCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of PathologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and ObesityPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - H. Einat
- School of Behavioral SciencesTel Aviv‐Yaffo Academic CollegeTel AvivIsrael
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Pike VL, Lythgoe KA, King KC. On the diverse and opposing effects of nutrition on pathogen virulence. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191220. [PMID: 31288706 PMCID: PMC6650706 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic activity are currently driving large changes in nutritional availability across ecosystems, with consequences for infectious disease. An increase in host nutrition could lead to more resources for hosts to expend on the immune system or for pathogens to exploit. In this paper, we report a meta-analysis of studies on host-pathogen systems across the tree of life, to examine the impact of host nutritional quality and quantity on pathogen virulence. We did not find broad support across studies for a one-way effect of nutrient availability on pathogen virulence. We thus discuss a hypothesis that there is a balance between the effect of host nutrition on the immune system and on pathogen resources, with the pivot point of the balance differing for vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Our results suggest that variation in nutrition, caused by natural or anthropogenic factors, can have diverse effects on infectious disease outcomes across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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38
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Bao R, Onishi KG, Tolla E, Ebling FJP, Lewis JE, Anderson RL, Barrett P, Prendergast BJ, Stevenson TJ. Genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses of the Siberian hamster hypothalamus identify mechanisms for seasonal energy balance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13116-13121. [PMID: 31189592 PMCID: PMC6600942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902896116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) in the hypothalamus induces marked seasonal neuromorphology changes across taxa. How species-specific responses to T3 signaling in the CNS drive annual changes in body weight and energy balance remains uncharacterized. These experiments sequenced and annotated the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) genome, a model organism for seasonal physiology research, to facilitate the dissection of T3-dependent molecular mechanisms that govern predictable, robust, and long-term changes in body weight. Examination of the Phodopus genome, in combination with transcriptome sequencing of the hamster diencephalon under winter and summer conditions, and in vivo-targeted expression analyses confirmed that proopiomelanocortin (pomc) is a primary genomic target for the long-term T3-dependent regulation of body weight. Further in silico analyses of pomc promoter sequences revealed that thyroid hormone receptor 1β-binding motif insertions have evolved in several genera of the Cricetidae family of rodents. Finally, experimental manipulation of food availability confirmed that hypothalamic pomc mRNA expression is dependent on longer-term photoperiod cues and is unresponsive to acute, short-term food availability. These observations suggest that species-specific responses to hypothalamic T3, driven in part by the receptor-binding motif insertions in some cricetid genomes, contribute critically to the long-term regulation of energy balance and the underlying physiological and behavioral adaptations associated with the seasonal organization of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kenneth G Onishi
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Elisabetta Tolla
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fran J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Anderson
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Perry Barrett
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom;
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Visser ME, Gienapp P. Evolutionary and demographic consequences of phenological mismatches. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:879-885. [PMID: 31011176 PMCID: PMC6544530 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has often led to unequal shifts in the seasonal timing (phenology) of interacting species, such as consumers and their resource, leading to phenological 'mismatches'. Mismatches occur when the time at which a consumer species's demands for a resource are high does not match with the period when this resource is abundant. Here, we review the evolutionary and population-level consequences of such mismatches and how these depend on other ecological factors, such as additional drivers of selection and density-dependent recruitment. This review puts the research on phenological mismatches into a conceptual framework, applies this framework beyond consumer-resource interactions and illustrates this framework using examples drawn from the vast body of literature on mismatches. Finally, we point out priority questions for research on this key impact of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Phillip Gienapp
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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40
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Mellard JP, Audoye P, Loreau M. Seasonal patterns in species diversity across biomes. Ecology 2019; 100:e02627. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarad P. Mellard
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
| | - Pauline Audoye
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
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41
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Moreno JP, Crowley SJ, Alfano CA, Hannay KM, Thompson D, Baranowski T. Potential circadian and circannual rhythm contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 30845969 PMCID: PMC6404311 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Children gain weight at an accelerated rate during summer, contributing to increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in elementary-school children (i.e., approximately 5 to 11 years old in the US). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14:100, 2017 explained these changes with the "Structured Days Hypothesis" suggesting that environmental changes in structure between the school year and the summer months result in behavioral changes that ultimately lead to accelerated weight gain. The present article explores an alternative explanation, the circadian clock, including the effects of circannual changes and social demands (i.e., social timing resulting from societal demands such as school or work schedules), and implications for seasonal patterns of weight gain. We provide a model for understanding the role circadian and circannual rhythms may play in the development of child obesity, a framework for examining the intersection of behavioral and biological causes of obesity, and encouragement for future research into bio-behavioral causes of obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette P. Moreno
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Stephanie J. Crowley
- Biological Rhythm Research Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Candice A. Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH), Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kevin M. Hannay
- Department of Mathematics, Schreiner University, Kerrville, TX USA
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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42
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Lincoln G. A brief history of circannual time. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12694. [PMID: 30739343 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate circannual timing is an ancestral trait that first evolved in free-living eukaryotic cells some 2000 million years ago, with marine algae of the genus Allexandrium providing a living unicellular model. This species shows the primitive trait of 'alternation of generations', where the organism alternates between fast replicating vegetative cells in the summer and a dormant cystic cell over the winter. The resistant cysts sink into the cold ocean sediments. Remarkably, excystment in spring is governed by an endogenous circannual timing mechanism. Thus, a tiny, short-lived unicell can utilise a circannual clock as part of the life-history programme of the species. Innate timing allows for major adjustments in physiology and behaviour in anticipation of the seasons, and provides an internalised sense of seasonal time for the many species where standard environmental cues are weak or ambiguous. This is a highly adaptive strategy irrespective of the size and longevity of an organism. Circannual rhythms are expressed by a diverse range of organisms, from flowering plants to mammals, interwoven into the life-history programme of each species, being a consequence of forever living in a periodic world. In complex vertebrates, the early division of the zygote potentially carries circannual timer genes into all progeny cells and tissues. This supports the concept of a 'clock-shop' where cell-autonomous long-term rhythms are generated in each tissue, orchestrated by a central circannual pacemaker system. This is analogous to the organisation of the circadian timing system. For the circannual time-scale, specialised thyrotroph cells located in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland and adjacent tanycyte cells located in the ependymal wall of the third cerebral ventricle of the brain act as putative central circannual pacemakers. At a molecular level, epigenetically regulated, cyclical remodelling of chromatin, which determines whether specific circannual timer genes are transcriptionally active, or not, is considered to drive the oscillation between the summer and winter phenotypes.
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Abstract
Organisms use changes in photoperiod for seasonal reproduction to maximize the survival of their offspring. Birds have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms and are therefore excellent models for studying these phenomena. Birds perceive light via deep-brain photoreceptors and long day–induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland (PT), which cause local thyroid hormone activation within the mediobasal hypothalamus. The local bioactive thyroid hormone controls seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and subsequent gonadotropin secretion. In mammals, the eyes are believed to be the only photoreceptor organ, and nocturnal melatonin secretion triggers an endocrine signal that communicates information about the photoperiod to the PT to regulate TSH. In contrast, in Salmonidae fish the input pathway to the neuroendocrine output pathway appears to be localized in the saccus vasculosus. Thus, comparative analysis is an effective way to uncover the universality and diversity of fundamental traits in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakane
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Sbragaglia V, Nuñez JD, Dominoni D, Coco S, Fanelli E, Azzurro E, Marini S, Nogueras M, Ponti M, Del Rio Fernandez J, Aguzzi J. Annual rhythms of temporal niche partitioning in the Sparidae family are correlated to different environmental variables. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1708. [PMID: 30737412 PMCID: PMC6368640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The seasonal timing of recurring biological processes is essential for organisms living in temperate regions. While ample knowledge of these processes exists for terrestrial environments, seasonal timing in the marine environment is relatively understudied. Here, we characterized the annual rhythm of habitat use in six fish species belonging to the Sparidae family, highlighting the main environmental variables that correlate to such rhythms. The study was conducted at a coastal artificial reef through a cabled observatory system, which allowed gathering underwater time-lapse images every 30 minutes consecutively over 3 years. Rhythms of fish counts had a significant annual periodicity in four out of the six studied species. Species-specific temporal patterns were found, demonstrating a clear annual temporal niche partitioning within the studied family. Temperature was the most important environmental variable correlated with fish counts in the proximity of the artificial reef, while daily photoperiod and salinity were not important. In a scenario of human-induced rapid environmental change, tracking phenological shifts may provide key indications about the effects of climate change at both species and ecosystem level. Our study reinforces the efficacy of underwater cabled video-observatories as a reliable tool for long-term monitoring of phenological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sbragaglia
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via del Cedro 38, 57122, Livorno, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jesús D Nuñez
- IIMyC, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, CONICET - FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes, 3250(7600), Mar del Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Davide Dominoni
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK
| | - Salvatore Coco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fanelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ernesto Azzurro
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via del Cedro 38, 57122, Livorno, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica A Dohrn, Villa comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simone Marini
- Institute of Marine Science, National Research Council of Italy, Forte Santa Teresa, la Spezia, Italy
| | - Marc Nogueras
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via del Cedro 38, 57122, Livorno, Italy
| | - Massimo Ponti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Joaquin Del Rio Fernandez
- SARTI Research Group. Dept. Eng. Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain
| | - Jacopo Aguzzi
- Marine Science Institute (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Spain
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GUH YJ, TAMAI TK, YOSHIMURA T. The underlying mechanisms of vertebrate seasonal reproduction. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:343-357. [PMID: 31406058 PMCID: PMC6766453 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Animals make use of changes in photoperiod to adapt their physiology to the forthcoming breeding season. Comparative studies have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in vertebrates. Birds are excellent models for studying these phenomena because of their rapid and dramatic responses to changes in photoperiod. Deep brain photoreceptors in birds perceive and transmit light information to the pars tuberalis (PT) in the pituitary gland, where the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced. This PT-TSH locally increases the level of the bioactive thyroid hormone T3 via the induction of type 2 deiodinase production in the mediobasal hypothalamus, and an increased T3 level, in turn, controls seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. In mammals, the eyes are the only photoreceptive structure, and nocturnal melatonin secretion encodes day-length information and regulates the PT-TSH signaling cascade. In Salmonidae, the saccus vasculosus plays a pivotal role as a photoperiodic sensor. Together, these studies have uncovered the universality and diversity of fundamental traits in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey GUH
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takako K TAMAI
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi YOSHIMURA
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
Animal models are valuable for the study of complex behaviours and physiology such as the control of appetite because genetic, pharmacological and surgical approaches allow the investigation of underlying mechanisms. However, the majority of such studies are carried out in just two species, laboratory mice and rats. These conventional laboratory species have been intensely selected for high growth rate and fecundity, and have a high metabolic rate and short lifespan. These aspects limit their translational relevance for human appetite control. This review will consider the value of studies carried out in a seasonal species, the Siberian hamster, which shows natural photoperiod-regulated annual cycles in appetite, growth and fattening. Such studies reveal that this long-term control is not simply an adjustment of the known hypothalamic neuronal systems that control hunger and satiety in the short term. Long-term cyclicity is probably driven by hypothalamic tanycytes, glial cells that line the ventricular walls of the hypothalamus. These unique cells sense nutrients and metabolic hormones, integrate seasonal signals and effect plasticity of surrounding neural circuits through their function as a stem cell niche in the adult. Studies of glial cell function in the hypothalamus offer new potential for identifying central targets for appetite and body weight control amenable to dietary or pharmacological manipulation.
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Ibars M, Aragonès G, Ardid-Ruiz A, Gibert-Ramos A, Arola-Arnal A, Suárez M, Bladé C. Seasonal consumption of polyphenol-rich fruits affects the hypothalamic leptin signaling system in a photoperiod-dependent mode. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13572. [PMID: 30206280 PMCID: PMC6133929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has a central role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, and its sensitivity is influenced by both the photoperiod and dietary polyphenols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal consumption of polyphenol-rich fruits on the hypothalamic leptin signaling system in non-obese and obese animals placed under different photoperiods. Non-obese and diet-induced obese male Fischer 344 rats were placed under either a short-day (SD) or long-day (LD) photoperiod and were supplemented with either 100 mg/kg of lyophilized red grapes or cherries. In non-obese animals, both fruits reduced energy balance independent of the photoperiod to which they were placed. However, the hypothalamic gene expression of Pomc was significantly up-regulated only in the SD photoperiod. In contrast, in obese animals only cherry significantly decreased the energy balance, although both fruits were able to counteract the diet-induced increase in hypothalamic AgRP mRNA levels when consumed during the SD photoperiod. In conclusion, the consumption of rich-polyphenol fruits may increase leptin sensitivity through the modulation of the hypothalamic leptin signal pathway mainly when consumed in the SD photoperiod. Therefore, fruit seasonality should be considered, as it can influence energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ibars
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Albert Gibert-Ramos
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
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Prokkola JM, Nikinmaa M. Circadian rhythms and environmental disturbances – underexplored interactions. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/16/jeb179267. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.179267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Biological rhythms control the life of virtually all organisms, impacting numerous aspects ranging from subcellular processes to behaviour. Many studies have shown that changes in abiotic environmental conditions can disturb or entrain circadian (∼24 h) rhythms. These expected changes are so large that they could impose risks to the long-term viability of populations. Climate change is a major global stressor affecting the fitness of animals, partially because it challenges the adaptive associations between endogenous clocks and temperature – consequently, one can posit that a large-scale natural experiment on the plasticity of rhythm–temperature interactions is underway. Further risks are posed by chemical pollution and the depletion of oxygen levels in aquatic environments. Here, we focused our attention on fish, which are at heightened risk of being affected by human influence and are adapted to diverse environments showing predictable changes in light conditions, oxygen saturation and temperature. The examined literature to date suggests an abundance of mechanisms that can lead to interactions between responses to hypoxia, pollutants or pathogens and regulation of endogenous rhythms, but also reveals gaps in our understanding of the plasticity of endogenous rhythms in fish and in how these interactions may be disturbed by human influence and affect natural populations. Here, we summarize research on the molecular mechanisms behind environment–clock interactions as they relate to oxygen variability, temperature and responses to pollutants, and propose ways to address these interactions more conclusively in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mikko Nikinmaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Pozner T, Vistoropsky Y, Moaraf S, Heiblum R, Barnea A. Questioning Seasonality of Neuronal Plasticity in the Adult Avian Brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11289. [PMID: 30050046 PMCID: PMC6062517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, studies that reported seasonal patterns of adult neurogenesis and neuronal recruitment have correlated them to seasonal behaviors as the cause or as a consequence of neuronal changes. The aim of our study was to test this correlation, and to investigate whether there is a seasonal pattern of new neuronal recruitment that is not correlated to behavior. To do this, we used adult female zebra finches (songbirds that are not seasonal breeders), kept them under constant social, behavioral, and spatial environments, and compared neuronal recruitment in their brains during two seasons, under natural and laboratory conditions. Under natural conditions, no significant differences were found in the pattern of new neuronal recruitment across seasons. However, under artificial indoor conditions that imitated the natural conditions, higher neuronal recruitment occurred in late summer (August) compared to early spring (February). Moreover, our data indicate that "mixing" temperature and day length significantly reduces new neuronal recruitment, demonstrating the importance of the natural combination of temperature and day length. Taken together, our findings show, for the first time, that neuroplasticity changes under natural vs. artificial conditions, and demonstrate the importance of both laboratory and field experiments when looking at complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Pozner
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
| | - Yulia Vistoropsky
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Stan Moaraf
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Rachel Heiblum
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Anat Barnea
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
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