1
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Podolskiy EA, Ogawa M, Thiebot JB, Johansen KL, Mosbech A. Acoustic monitoring reveals a diel rhythm of an arctic seabird colony (little auk, Alle alle). Commun Biol 2024; 7:307. [PMID: 38491140 PMCID: PMC10942998 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The child-like question of why birds sing in the morning is difficult to answer, especially in polar regions. There, in summer animals live without the time constraints of daylight, and little is known about the rhythmicity of their routines. Moreover, in situ monitoring of animal behavior in remote areas is challenging and rare. Here, we use audio data from Greenland to show that a colony of a key Arctic-breeding seabird, the little auk (Alle alle), erupts with acoustic excitement at night in August, under the midnight sun. We demonstrate that the acoustic activity cycle is consistent with previous direct observations of the feeding and attendance patterns of the little auk. We interpret this pattern as reflecting their foraging activities, but further investigation on fledging and predators is needed. The study demonstrates that acoustic monitoring is a promising alternative to otherwise demanding manual observations of bird colonies in remote Arctic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Ogawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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2
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Hargan KE, Duda MP, Michelutti N, Blais JM, Smol JP. Assessing long-term diatom changes in sub-Arctic ponds receiving high fluxes of seabird nutrients. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11034. [PMID: 38371864 PMCID: PMC10870249 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Algal bioindicators, such as diatoms, often show subdued responses to eutrophication in Arctic lakes because climate-related changes (e.g., ice cover) tend to be the overriding factors influencing assemblage composition. Here, we examined how sub-Arctic ponds historically receiving high nutrient inputs from nesting seabirds have responded to recent climate change. We present diatom data obtained from 12 sediment cores in seaduck-affected ponds located on islands through Hudson Strait, Canada. All study cores show consistently elevated values of sedimentary ẟ15N, an established proxy for tracking marine-derived nutrients, indicating seabirds have been present on these islands for at least the duration of the sediment records (~100 to 400 years). We document diverse epiphytic diatom assemblages to the base of all sediment cores, which is in marked contrast to seabird-free Arctic ponds-these oligotrophic sites typically record epilithic diatom flora prior to recent warming. Diatoms are likely responding indirectly to seabird nutrients via habitat as nutrients promote the growth of mosses supporting epiphytic diatom communities. This masks the typical diatom response to increased warming in the Arctic, which also results in habitat changes and the growth of mosses around the pond edges. Changes in sedimentary chlorophyll a were not consistently synchronous with large changes in ẟ15N values, suggesting that primary production in ponds is not responding linearly to changes in seabird-derived nitrogen. Across all ponds, we recorded shifts in diatom epiphytic assemblages (e.g., increases in % relative abundance of many Nitzschia species) that often align with increases in chlorophyll a. The changes in diatoms and chlorophyll a, although variable, are most likely driven by climate change as they are generally consistent with longer ice-free conditions and growing seasons. Together, our results show that to effectively use diatoms in animal population reconstructions across the sub-Arctic and Arctic, a strong understanding of eutrophication and climate change, based on supplementary proxies, is also required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P. Duda
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Jules M. Blais
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - John P. Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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3
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Beaman JE, White CR, Clairbaux M, Perret S, Fort J, Grémillet D. Cold adaptation does not handicap warm tolerance in the most abundant Arctic seabird. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231887. [PMID: 38228179 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Arctic birds and mammals are physiologically adapted to survive in cold environments but live in the fastest warming region on the planet. They should therefore be most threatened by climate change. We fitted a phylogenetic model of upper critical temperature (TUC) in 255 bird species and determined that TUC for dovekies (Alle alle; 22.4°C)-the most abundant seabird in the Arctic-is 8.8°C lower than predicted for a bird of its body mass (150 g) and habitat latitude. We combined our comparative analysis with in situ physiological measurements on 36 dovekies from East Greenland and forward-projections of dovekie energy and water expenditure under different climate scenarios. Based on our analyses, we demonstrate that cold adaptation in this small Arctic seabird does not handicap acute tolerance to air temperatures up to at least 15°C above their current maximum. We predict that climate warming will reduce the energetic costs of thermoregulation for dovekies, but their capacity to cope with rising temperatures will be constrained by water intake and salt balance. Dovekies evolved 15 million years ago, and their thermoregulatory physiology might also reflect adaptation to a wide range of palaeoclimates, both substantially warmer and colder than the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Beaman
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Global Ecology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manon Clairbaux
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 N73K, Ireland
- MaREI Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Samuel Perret
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés, LIENSs, UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle University, La Rochelle, France
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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4
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Balazy K, Trudnowska E, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Jakubas D, Præbel K, Choquet M, Brandner MM, Schultz M, Bitz-Thorsen J, Boehnke R, Szeligowska M, Descamps S, Strøm H, Błachowiak-Samołyk K. Molecular tools prove little auks from Svalbard are extremely selective for Calanus glacialis even when exposed to Atlantification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13647. [PMID: 37607972 PMCID: PMC10444800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Calanus species, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus, due to different life strategies and environmental preferences act as an ecological indicators of Arctic Atlantification. Their high lipid content makes them important food source for higher trophic levels of Arctic ecosystems including the most abundant Northern Hemisphere's seabird, the little auk (Alle alle). Recent studies indicate a critical need for the use of molecular methods to reliably identify these two sympatric Calanus species. We performed genetic and morphology-based identification of 2600 Calanus individuals collected in little auks foraging grounds and diet in summer seasons 2019-2021 in regions of Svalbard with varying levels of Atlantification. Genetic identification proved that 40% of Calanus individuals were wrongly classified as C. finmarchicus according to morphology-based identification in both types of samples. The diet of little auks consisted almost entirely of C. glacialis even in more Atlantified regions. Due to the substantial bias in morphology-based identification, we expect that the scale of the northern expansion of boreal C. finmarchicus may have been largely overestimated and that higher costs for birds exposed to Atlantification could be mostly driven by a decrease in the size of C. glacialis rather than by shift from C. glacialis to C. finmarchicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Balazy
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-222, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Emilia Trudnowska
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-222, Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kim Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marvin Choquet
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Melissa M Brandner
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mads Schultz
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Julie Bitz-Thorsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rafał Boehnke
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-222, Sopot, Poland
| | - Marlena Szeligowska
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-222, Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Hallvard Strøm
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-222, Sopot, Poland
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5
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Zwolicki A, Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K, Weydmann-Zwolicka A, Stempniewicz L. Ecological niche overlap in the Arctic vegetation influenced by seabirds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4405. [PMID: 36928348 PMCID: PMC10020437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the High Arctic, nutrients are the most limiting resources, so terrestrial vegetation is of low complexity and grows slowly. However, locally, large seabird colonies increase soil fertility by deposition of faeces, supporting the development of rich and fast-growing plant communities. Here, we assessed how seabird colonies affected ecological niche segregation of plants, across the fertilisation gradient. Study sites were located near five little auk colonies, distributed longitudinally across the Svalbard archipelago. We described vascular plant composition and identified 13 environmental variables, based on which, we calculated and tested the niche overlap (NO) between the 18 most frequent species. Based on the hierarchical classification of the NO matrix, we distinguished typical High Arctic Vegetation (HAV), and Bird-Cliff Vegetation (BCV). The BCV was characterised by higher average NO and soil δ15N compared to HAV. The highest NO values across the fertilisation gradient were found on the border between the distinguished communities and were positively correlated with species diversity. We suggest that in the High Arctic, seabirds-delivered nutrients lead to the development of separate plant communities through the mechanism of avoiding inter-species competition, while simultaneous high species diversity and NO are related to high facilitation between plants on the border between the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zwolicki
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | | | - Lech Stempniewicz
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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6
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Linhares BDA, Bugoni L. Seabirds subsidize terrestrial food webs and coral reefs in a tropical rat-invaded archipelago. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2733. [PMID: 36057541 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allochthonous resource fluxes mediated by organisms crossing ecosystem boundaries may be essential for supporting the structure and function of resource-limited environments, such as tropical islands and surrounding coral reefs. However, invasive species, such as black rats, thrive on tropical islands and disrupt the natural pathways of nutrient subsidies by reducing seabird colonies. Here, we used stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to examine the role of seabirds in subsidizing the terrestrial food webs and adjacent coral reefs in the Abrolhos Archipelago, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. By sampling invasive rats and multiple ecosystem compartments (soil, plants, grasshoppers, tarantulas, and lizards) within and outside seabird colonies, we showed that seabird subsidies led to an overall enrichment in 15 N across the food web on islands. However, contrary to other studies, δ15 N values were consistently lower within the seabird colonies, suggesting that a higher seabird presence might produce a localized depletion in 15 N in small islands influenced by seabirds. In contrast, the nitrogen content (%N) in plants and soils was higher inside the colonies, corresponding to a higher effect of seabirds at the base of the trophic web. Among consumers, lizards and invasive rats seemed to obtain allochthonous resources from subsidized terrestrial organisms outside the colony. Inside the colony, however, they showed a more direct consumption of marine matter, suggesting that subsidies benefit these native and invasive animals both directly and indirectly. Nonetheless, in coral reefs, scleractinian corals assimilated seabird-derived nitrogen only around the two smaller and lower-elevation islands, as demonstrated by the substantially higher δ15 N values in relation to the reference areas. This provides evidence that island morphology may influence the incorporation of seabird nutrients in coral reefs around rat-invaded islands, likely because guano lixiviation toward seawater is facilitated in small and low-elevation terrains. Overall, these results showed that seabirds affected small islands across all trophic levels within and outside colonies and that these effects spread outward to coral reefs, evidencing resiliency of seabird subsidies even within a rat-invaded archipelago. Because rats are consumers of seabird chicks and eggs, however, rat eradication could potentially benefit the terrestrial and nearshore ecosystems through increased subsides carried by seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Andrade Linhares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas (LAATM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Leandro Bugoni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas (LAATM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Rio Grande, Brazil
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7
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Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Grémillet D, Kato A, Bustamante P, Albert C, Brisson-Curadeau É, Clairbaux M, Cruz-Flores M, Gentès S, Perret S, Ste-Marie E, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Fort J. Mercury Contamination Challenges the Behavioral Response of a Keystone Species to Arctic Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2054-2063. [PMID: 36652233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Combined effects of multiple, climate change-associated stressors are of mounting concern, especially in Arctic ecosystems. Elevated mercury (Hg) exposure in Arctic animals could affect behavioral responses to changes in foraging landscapes caused by climate change, generating interactive effects on behavior and population resilience. We investigated this hypothesis in little auks (Alle alle), a keystone Arctic seabird. We compiled behavioral data for 44 birds across 5 years using accelerometers while also quantifying blood Hg and environmental conditions. Warm sea surface temperature (SST) and low sea ice coverage reshaped time activity budgets (TABs) and diving patterns, causing decreased resting, increased flight, and longer dives. Mercury contamination was not associated with TABs. However, highly contaminated birds lengthened interdive breaks when making long dives, suggesting Hg-induced physiological limitations. As dive durations increased with warm SST, subtle toxicological effects threaten to increasingly constrain diving and foraging efficiency as climate change progresses, with ecosystem-wide repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
| | - Melissa L Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS─Université de Montpellier─Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier─EPHE, Montpellier 34090, France
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Céline Albert
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
| | - Émile Brisson-Curadeau
- McGill University─Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Dr, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Manon Clairbaux
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 N73K, Ireland
- MaREI Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Marta Cruz-Flores
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
| | - Sophie Gentès
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
| | - Samuel Perret
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS─Université de Montpellier─Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier─EPHE, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Eric Ste-Marie
- McGill University─Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Dr, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle FR-17000, France
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8
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McIntyre JA, O'Driscoll NJ, Spooner I, Robertson GJ, Smol JP, Mallory ML. Scavenging gulls are biovectors of mercury from industrial wastes in Nova Scotia, Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135279. [PMID: 35691403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds are important biovectors of contaminants, like mercury, moving them from marine to terrestrial environments around breeding colonies. This transfer of materials can have marked impacts on receiving environments and biota. Less is known about biotransport of contaminants by generalist seabirds that exploit anthropogenic wastes compared to other seabird species. In this study, we measured total mercury (THg) in O-horizon soils at four herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) breeding colonies in southern Nova Scotia, Canada. At colonies with dry substrate, THg was significantly higher in soils collected from gull colonies compared to nearby reference soils with no nesting gulls. Further, THg was distinct in soils among study colonies and was likely influenced by biotransport from other nesting seabird species, most notably Leach's storm-petrels (Hydrobates leucorhous). Our research suggests gulls that scavenge on anthropogenic wastes at local industrial sites are biovectors moving THg acquired at these sites to their colonies and may increase the spatial footprint of contaminants from these industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A McIntyre
- Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Nelson J O'Driscoll
- Earth & Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Ian Spooner
- Earth & Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6 Bruce Street, Mount Pearl, NL, A1N 4T3, Canada
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
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9
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Ste Marie E, Grémillet D, Fort J, Patterson A, Brisson-Curadeau É, Clairbaux M, Perret S, Speakman J, Elliott KH. Accelerating animal energetics: High dive costs in a small seabird disrupt the dynamic body acceleration - energy expenditure relationship. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275487. [PMID: 35593255 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometry has been widely used to estimate energy expenditure in a broad array of terrestrial and aquatic species. However, a recent reappraisal of the method showed that relationships between dynamic body acceleration (DBA) and energy expenditure weaken as the proportion of non-mechanical costs increase. Aquatic air breathing species often exemplify this pattern, as buoyancy, thermoregulation and other physiological mechanisms disproportionately affect oxygen consumption during dives. Combining biologging with the doubly-labelled water method, we simultaneously recorded daily energy expenditure (DEE) and triaxial acceleration in one of the world's smallest wing-propelled breath-hold divers, the dovekie (Alle alle). These data were used to estimate the activity-specific costs of flying and diving and to test whether overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) is a reliable predictor of DEE in this abundant seabird. Average DEE for chick-rearing dovekies was 604±119 kJ/d across both sampling years. Despite recording lower stroke frequencies for diving than for flying (in line with allometric predictions for auks), dive costs were estimated to surpass flight costs in our sample of birds (flying: 7.24, diving: 9.37 X BMR). As expected, ODBA was not an effective predictor of DEE in this species. However, accelerometer-derived time budgets did accurately estimate DEE in dovekies. This work represents an empirical example of how the apparent energetic costs of buoyancy and thermoregulation limit the effectiveness of ODBA as the sole predictor of overall energy expenditure in small shallow-diving endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ste Marie
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Grémillet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Allison Patterson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émile Brisson-Curadeau
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Clairbaux
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 N73K, Ireland
| | - Samuel Perret
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier
| | - John Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Grant ML, Bond AL, Lavers JL. The influence of seabirds on their breeding, roosting, and nesting grounds: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1266-1289. [PMID: 35395097 PMCID: PMC9324971 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seabird species worldwide are integral to both marine and terrestrial environments, connecting the two systems by transporting vast quantities of marine-derived nutrients and pollutants to terrestrial breeding, roosting, and nesting grounds via the deposition of guano and other allochthonous inputs (e.g., eggs, feathers). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and provide insight into what types of nutrients and pollutants seabirds are transporting, the influence these subsidies are having on recipient environments, with a particular focus on soil, and what may happen if seabird populations decline. The addition of guano to colony soils increased nutrient levels compared to control soils for all seabirds studied, with cascading positive effects observed across a range of habitats. Deposited guano sometimes led to negative impacts, such a guanotrophication, or guano-induced eutrophication, which was often observed where there was an excess of guano or in areas with high seabird densities. While the literature describing nutrients transported by seabirds is extensive, literature regarding pollutant transfer is comparatively limited, with a focus on toxic and bioaccumulative metals. Research on persistent organic pollutants and plastics transported by seabirds is likely to increase in coming years. Studies were limited geographically, with hotspots of research activity in a few locations, but data were lacking from large regions around the world. Studies were also limited to seabird species listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. As seabird populations are impacted by multiple threats and steep declines have been observed for many species worldwide, gaps in the literature are particularly concerning. The loss of seabirds will impact nutrient cycling at localised levels and potentially on a global scale as well, yet it is unknown what may truly happen to areas that rely on seabirds if these populations disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Grant
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, School Road, Newnham, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexander L Bond
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
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11
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Nutrient fluxes from an Arctic seabird colony to the adjacent coastal marine ecosystem. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeabirds are important vectors for nutrient transfer across ecosystem boundaries. In this seasonal study, we evaluate the impact of an Arctic colony (Alkhornet, Svalbard) of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and Brünnich’s Guillemots (Uria lomvia) on stream nutrient concentrations and fluxes, as well as utilization by coastal biota. Water samples from seabird-impacted and control streams were collected regularly throughout the melt season (June–September) for nutrient and organic carbon analysis. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) was used to assess whether seabird-derived nitrogen (N) could be traced into filamentous stream algae and marine algae as well as consumers (amphipods). Concentrations of nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) peaked in July at 9200 µg N L−1 in seabird-impacted streams, 70 times higher than for control streams. Mean concentrations of phosphate (PO43−) in seabird-impacted streams were 21.9 µg P L−1, tenfold higher than in controls. Areal fluxes from seabird-impacted study catchments of NO3− + NO2− and PO43− had estimated ranges of 400–2100 kg N km−2 and 15–70 kg P km−2, respectively. Higher δ15N was found in all biota collected from seabird-impacted sites, indicating utilization of seabird-derived nitrogen. Acrosiphonia sp. from seabird-impacted sites had higher δ15N values (20–23‰ vs. 3–6‰) and lower C:N ratios (10.9 vs. 14.3) than specimens collected from control sites, indicating reliance on seabird-derived nitrogen sources and potentially higher N-availability at seabird-impacted nearshore sites. Our study demonstrates how marine nutrients brought onshore by seabirds also can return to the ocean and be utilized by nearshore primary producers and consumers.
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12
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Jakubas D, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Petersen A. A quiet extirpation of the breeding little auk Alle alle population in Iceland in the shadow of the famous cousin extermination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152167. [PMID: 34875336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The little auk Alle alle is an Arctic seabird breeding in the North Atlantic. Its southernmost breeding population in the Low Arctic occurred in Iceland but started to decline in numbers at the beginning of the 20th century ending in extirpation at the end of the same century. Climate warming has been blamed for the disappearance of this population. However, it was also exploited by humans (mainly for eggs). Thus, it is unclear what was the main driver for the population collapse. In this study, we reconstruct population dynamics in relation to changes in environmental conditions, and perform stochastic modelling of population viability considering various scenarios including presence/absence of climate warming and/or egg harvest. We found that extirpation of the studied population was attributed to synergistic effects of both climate warming and human harvest. The simulations revealed that climate warming without harvest would cause a 71% decline in population size but not lead to extirpation. Models with climate warming and egg harvesting resulted in population estimates close to the real data (decrease from 400 individuals in 1903 to 2 in 1996). This is one of the few studies documenting synergistic effect of climate warming and human exploitation on extirpation. A strong harvesting component in the explanation for the decline of the study population emphasizes the continuing need to control commercial harvest of animal species in the face of other pressures such as climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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13
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Abstract
AbstractThe Little Auk Alle alle is a small planktivorous auk breeding colonially in the High Arctic. Owing to its large population size and bi-environmental lifestyle, resulting in the large-scale transport of matter from sea to land, the Little Auk is one of the most important components of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic. As a result of globalization, which facilitates access to remote areas of the Earth, a growing number of studies is being dedicated to this endemic Arctic seabird. Research has focussed primarily on the importance of the Little Auk as an ecological indicator reacting to the climatic and oceanological changes that are particularly evident in the Arctic as a result of Arctic amplification (warming is more rapid in the Arctic than in any other region on Earth). Importantly, the species is also used as a model to investigate matter and energy flow through the ecosystem, mate choice, parental care and biological rhythms. Here, we review the natural history of the Little Auk, highlighting studies with the potential to provide answers to universal questions regarding the response of seabirds to climate variability and avian reproductive behaviour, e.g. threshold of foraging flexibility in response to environmental variability, carry-over effects between the breeding and non-breeding periods, the reasons for the transition from bi- to uni-parental care, parental coordination mechanisms.
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14
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Ribeiro S, Limoges A, Massé G, Johansen KL, Colgan W, Weckström K, Jackson R, Georgiadis E, Mikkelsen N, Kuijpers A, Olsen J, Olsen SM, Nissen M, Andersen TJ, Strunk A, Wetterich S, Syväranta J, Henderson ACG, Mackay H, Taipale S, Jeppesen E, Larsen NK, Crosta X, Giraudeau J, Wengrat S, Nuttall M, Grønnow B, Mosbech A, Davidson TA. Vulnerability of the North Water ecosystem to climate change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4475. [PMID: 34294719 PMCID: PMC8298575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous livelihoods are tightly linked and exposed to climate change, yet assessing their sensitivity requires a long-term perspective. Here, we assess the vulnerability of the North Water polynya, a unique seaice ecosystem that sustains the world’s northernmost Inuit communities and several keystone Arctic species. We reconstruct mid-to-late Holocene changes in sea ice, marine primary production, and little auk colony dynamics through multi-proxy analysis of marine and lake sediment cores. Our results suggest a productive ecosystem by 4400–4200 cal yrs b2k coincident with the arrival of the first humans in Greenland. Climate forcing during the late Holocene, leading to periods of polynya instability and marine productivity decline, is strikingly coeval with the human abandonment of Greenland from c. 2200–1200 cal yrs b2k. Our long-term perspective highlights the future decline of the North Water ecosystem, due to climate warming and changing sea-ice conditions, as an important climate change risk. The North Water polynya is a unique but vulnerable ecosystem, home to Indigenous people and Arctic keystone species. New palaeoecological records from Greenland suggest human abandonment c. 2200–1200 cal yrs BP occurred during climate-forced polynya instability, foreshadowing future ecosystem declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Audrey Limoges
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Guillaume Massé
- Université Laval, CNRS, UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Station Marine de Concarneau, CNRS, UMR7159 LOCEAN, Concarneau, France
| | - Kasper L Johansen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - William Colgan
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaarina Weckström
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme (ECRU), and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca Jackson
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleanor Georgiadis
- Université Laval, CNRS, UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Pessac, France
| | - Naja Mikkelsen
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antoon Kuijpers
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Olsen
- Aarhus AMS Centre (AARAMS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Nissen
- Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn J Andersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Københav, Denmark
| | - Astrid Strunk
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Wetterich
- Department of Permafrost Research, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jari Syväranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Jovensuu, Finland
| | - Andrew C G Henderson
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Mackay
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Sami Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Lake Group & Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Silkeborg, Denmark.,Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Sino Danish Centre for education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolaj K Larsen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xavier Crosta
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Pessac, France
| | | | - Simone Wengrat
- Department of Biology, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mark Nuttall
- Pinngortitaleriffik/Greenland Institute for Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland.,University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Lake Group & Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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15
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Hamilton BM, Bourdages MPT, Geoffroy C, Vermaire JC, Mallory ML, Rochman CM, Provencher JF. Microplastics around an Arctic seabird colony: Particle community composition varies across environmental matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145536. [PMID: 33940730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a contaminant of global concern, as it is present even in remote ecosystems - like the Arctic. Arctic seabirds are vulnerable to ingesting plastic pollution, and these ingested particles are shed in the form of microplastics via guano. This suggests that Arctic seabird guano may act as a vector for the movement of microplastics into and around northern ecosystems. While contaminant-laden guano deposition patterns create a clear concentration gradient of chemicals around seabird colonies, this has not yet been investigated with plastic pollution. Here we tested whether a contaminant gradient of plastic pollution exists around a seabird colony that is primarily comprised of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) in the Canadian Arctic. Atmospheric deposition, surface water, and surface sediment samples were collected below the cliff-side of the colony and at increasing intervals of 1 km from the colony. Fulmars were also collected when foraging away from their colony. Microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles were identified in all three environmental matrices as well as fulmar guano. Fibers were the most common shape in fulmar guano, atmospheric deposition and surface sediment, and fragments were the most common shape in surface water. We did not find a gradient of microplastic concentrations in environmental matrices related to distance from the colony. Combined, these results suggest that fulmars are not the primary source of microplastic around this colony. Further research is warranted to understand sources of microplastics to the areas around the colonies, including to what extent seabirds transport and concentrate microplastics in Arctic ecosystems, and whether concentrations proximate to large colonies may be species dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M Hamilton
- University of Toronto, Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - Jesse C Vermaire
- Carleton University, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Acadia University, Dept. of Biology, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- University of Toronto, Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Provencher
- Environment Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Grant ML, Lavers JL, Hutton I, Bond AL. Seabird breeding islands as sinks for marine plastic debris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116734. [PMID: 33621733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds are apex predators in the marine environment and well-known ecosystem engineers, capable of changing their terrestrial habitats by introducing marine-derived nutrients via deposition of guano and other allochthonous inputs. However, with the health of the world's oceans under threat due to anthropogenic pressures such as organic, inorganic, and physical pollutants, seabirds are depositing these same pollutants wherever they come to land. Using data from 2018 to 2020, we quantify how the Flesh-footed Shearwater (Ardenna carneipes) has inadvertently introduced physical pollutants to their colonies on Lord Howe Island, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Tasman Sea and their largest breeding colony, through a mix of regurgitated pellet (bolus) deposition and carcasses containing plastic debris. The density of plastics within the shearwater colonies ranged between 1.32 and 3.66 pieces/m2 (mean ± SE: 2.18 ± 0.32), and a total of 688,480 (95% CI: 582,409-800,877) pieces are deposited on the island each year. Our research demonstrates that seabirds are a transfer mechanism for marine-derived plastics, reintroducing items back into the terrestrial environment, thus making seabird colonies a sink for plastic debris. This phenomenon is likely occurring in seabird colonies across the globe and will increase in severity as global plastic production and marine plastic pollution accelerates without adequate mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Grant
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, School Road, Newnham, Tasmania, 7248, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania, 7004, Australia.
| | - Ian Hutton
- Lord Howe Island Museum, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, 2898, Australia
| | - Alexander L Bond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania, 7004, Australia; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 6AP, United Kingdom
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17
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Kalinowska A, Jankowska K, Fudala-Ksiazek S, Pierpaoli M, Luczkiewicz A. The microbial community, its biochemical potential, and the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. in Arctic lakes under natural and anthropogenic impact (West Spitsbergen). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142998. [PMID: 33213908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of small human communities in the Arctic is challenging. In this study, both a water supply system (Lake 1) under the natural impact of a bird-nesting area, and a wastewater receiver (Lake 2) were analysed in the vicinity of the Polish Polar Station on West Spitsbergen. Microbial community composition, abundance and activity were assessed in samples of the treated wastewater, lake water and sediments using next-generation sequencing and direct microscope counts. Special attention was given to the faecal indicator, Enterococcus spp., whose occurrence and antimicrobial resistance were tested in water and wastewater samples. The results indicate that Lake 1, at a tundra stream discharge (L-TS) and a water supply point (L-WS) were dominated by three phyla: Proteobacteria (57-58%) Bacteroidetes (27-29%) and Actinobacteria (9-10%), showing similar microbial composition up to the genus level. This suggests that nutrient-rich runoff from the bird colony was retained by surrounding tundra vegetation and reached Lake 1 at L-TS to a limited extent. Lake 2, being the wastewater recipient (WW-R), mirrors to some extent the core phyla of treated wastewater (WW-E), but in different shares. This suggests the possible washout of wastewater-related bacteria with activated sludge flocs, which was also supported by the microscopic observations. Compared to Lake 1, in WW-R an increase in all tested parameters was noted: total prokaryotic cell number, average cell volume, prokaryotic biomass and live cell percentage. The presence of Enterococcus spp. antibiotic resistance patterns highlight the importance of human associated microbiome and resistome dissemination via wastewater discharge. Moreover, it can be expected that temperature-related biochemical processes (e.g. nutrient cycling) may be accelerated by the ongoing climate change. Thus, proper wastewater treatment requires locally adapted solutions in increasingly visited and inhabited polar regions. Additionally, microbial community discharged to the environment with the treated wastewater, requires critical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kalinowska
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Mattia Pierpaoli
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
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18
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Seaduck engineers in the Arctic Archipelago: nesting eiders deliver marine nutrients and transform the chemistry of island soils, plants, and ponds. Oecologia 2021; 195:1041-1052. [PMID: 33675409 PMCID: PMC8052239 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Seabirds are thought to provide ecological services such as the movement of nutrients between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which may be especially critical to productivity and diversity in nutrient-poor environments. Most Arctic ecosystems are unaffected by local human impacts and are naturally nutrient poor and especially sensitive to warming. Here, we assessed the effects of nesting common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) on soil, vegetation, and pond sediments on island archipelagoes in Hudson Strait between Nunavut and Québec, Canada. Soil, moss, and pond sediments were significantly higher in nitrogen on islands with large numbers of nesting eiders compared to sites with no nesting birds. The highest concentrations of nitrogen in soils and moss occurred at the margins of ponds on eider islands, which correspond to the areas of highest eider use. δ15N and δ34S values in soils, moss, and sediments indicated substantial marine-derived organic matter inputs at the higher nutrient sites. We propose that by foraging on coastal marine benthic invertebrates and returning to islands to nest, eider ducks bio-transport and concentrate marine-derived nutrients to their colony islands, fertilizing Arctic island ecosystems in the process. As common eiders nest on thousands of low to mid-latitude islands throughout the circumpolar Arctic, these nutrient inputs likely dramatically affect biota and ecosystem functioning throughout the tundra biome.
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19
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De La Peña-Lastra S. Seabird droppings: Effects on a global and local level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142148. [PMID: 33254937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds, with approximately 1 billion specimens, are the main exchangers of nutrients between Terrestial and Marine Systems and they have become an emerging interest group because of their effects on the planet's ecosystem. This review paper aims to highlight the impact of seabird droppings at different trophic levels, their occurrence, ecological risks and effects on soil, water, atmosphere and biota at global and local level to try to understand the ecological and climatic changes associated with the activities of these birds. Seabirds they have a very marked influence on the ecosystems where they form their colonies since, in addition to their function as predators, alongside with their depositions, they condition the primary producers and, consequently, the rest of the food chain. Their excrements contain large amounts of N, P and trace elements, most of which are bioavailable. In this study, besides bringing together the different works on nutrients and trace elements in excrements and differentiating some terms referring to these excrements, a brief historical overview of their importance for agriculture is made. In addition, the impacts produced by these birds on the ecosystem are also analysed according to two levels, at a global and local level. At each of these levels, a current state of the effects on the different compartments of the ecosystems is made, from the biota to the soils, the water or the atmosphere. This review supports the idea that more studies are needed both at the atmospheric level and in the terrestrial or marine environment for a better understanding of the changes these birds generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl De La Peña-Lastra
- CRETUS Institute, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. Spain.
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20
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Simulating the relative effects of movement and sociality on the distribution of animal-transported subsidies. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Martín-Vélez V, Mohring B, van Leeuwen CHA, Shamoun-Baranes J, Thaxter CB, Baert JM, Camphuysen CJ, Green AJ. Functional connectivity network between terrestrial and aquatic habitats by a generalist waterbird, and implications for biovectoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135886. [PMID: 31838416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Birds are vectors of dispersal of propagules of plants and other organisms including pathogens, as well as nutrients and contaminants. Thus, through their movements they create functional connectivity between habitat patches. Most studies on connectivity provided by animals to date have focused on movements within similar habitat types. However, some waterbirds regularly switch between terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats throughout their daily routines. Lesser black-backed gulls that overwinter in Andalusia use different habitat types for roosting and foraging. In order to reveal their potential role in biovectoring among habitats, we created an inter-habitat connectivity network based on GPS tracking data. We applied connectivity measures by considering frequently visited sites as nodes, and flights as links, to determine the strength of connections in the network between habitats, and identify functional units where connections are more likely to happen. We acquired data for 42 tagged individuals (from five breeding colonies), and identified 5676 direct flights that connected 37 nodes. These 37 sites were classified into seven habitat types: reservoirs, natural lakes, ports, coastal marshes, fish ponds, rubbish dumps and ricefields. The Doñana ricefields acted as the central node in the network based on centrality measures. Furthermore, during the first half of winter when rice was harvested, ricefields were the most important habitat type in terms of total time spent. Overall, 90% of all direct flights between nodes were between rubbish dumps (for foraging) and roosts in other habitats, thereby connecting terrestrial and various wetland habitats. The strength of connections decreased between nodes as the distance between them increased, and was concentrated within ten independent spatial and functional units, especially between December and February. The pivotal role for ricefields and rubbish dumps in the network, and their high connectivity with aquatic habitats in general, have important implications for biovectoring into their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martín-Vélez
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - B Mohring
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - C H A van Leeuwen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Shamoun-Baranes
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C B Thaxter
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - J M Baert
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C J Camphuysen
- COS Department, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - A J Green
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Long-Term Changes in Terrestrial Vegetation Linked to Shifts in a Colonial Seabird Population. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Climate change could overturn bird migration: Transarctic flights and high-latitude residency in a sea ice free Arctic. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17767. [PMID: 31780706 PMCID: PMC6883031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate models predict that by 2050 the Arctic Ocean will be sea ice free each summer. Removing this barrier between the Atlantic and the Pacific will modify a wide range of ecological processes, including bird migration. Using published information, we identified 29 arctic-breeding seabird species, which currently migrate in the North Atlantic and could shift to a transarctic migration towards the North Pacific. We also identified 24 arctic-breeding seabird species which may shift from a migratory strategy to high-arctic year-round residency. To illustrate the biogeographical consequences of such drastic migratory shifts, we performed an in-depth study of little auks (Alle alle), the most numerous artic seabird. Coupling species distribution models and climatic models, we assessed the adequacy of future wintering and breeding areas for transarctic migrants and high-arctic year-round residents. Further, we used a mechanistic bioenergetics model (Niche Mapper), to compare the energetic costs of current little auk migration in the North Atlantic with potential transarctic and high-arctic residency strategies. Surprisingly, our results indicate that transarctic little auk migration, from the North Atlantic towards the North Pacific, may only be half as costly, energetically, than high-arctic residency or migration to the North Atlantic. Our study illustrates how global warming may radically modify the biogeography of migratory species, and provides a general methodological framework linking migratory energetics and spatial ecology.
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Kristiansen SM, Leinaas HP, Herzke D, Hylland K, Gabrielsen GW, Harju M, Borgå K. Seabird-Transported Contaminants Are Reflected in the Arctic Tundra, But Not in Its Soil-Dwelling Springtails (Collembola). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12835-12845. [PMID: 31589028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic-breeding seabirds contain high levels of many anthropogenic contaminants, which they deposit through guano to the tundra near their colonies. Nutrient-rich soil in vicinity to seabird colonies are favorable habitats for soil invertebrates, such as springtails (Collembola), which may result in exposure to seabird-derived contaminants. We quantified a wide range of lipid-soluble and protein-associated environmental contaminants in two springtail species (Megaphorura arctica and Hypogastrura viatica) and their respective habitats (soil/moss) collected underneath seabird cliffs. Although springtails are commonly used in laboratory toxicity tests, this is the first study to measure concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) in springtails from the field, and to study biotransportation of contaminants by seabirds to soil fauna. We categorized the sites a priori as of low, medium, or high seabird influence, based on the seabird abundance and species composition. This ranking was reflected in increasing δ15N values in soil/moss and springtails with increasing seabird influence. We found clear indications of seabirds impacting the terrestrial soil environments with organic contaminants, and that concentrations were higher in soil and moss close to the bird cliff, compared to farther away. However, we did not find a relationship between contaminant concentration in springtails and the concentrations in soil/moss, or with level of seabird influence. Our study indicates a low uptake of contaminants in the soil fauna, despite seabird-derived contamination of their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans P Leinaas
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Geir W Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
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25
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Cusset F, Fort J, Mallory M, Braune B, Massicotte P, Massé G. Arctic seabirds and shrinking sea ice: egg analyses reveal the importance of ice-derived resources. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15405. [PMID: 31659198 PMCID: PMC6817817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Arctic, sea-ice plays a central role in the functioning of marine food webs and its rapid shrinking has large effects on the biota. It is thus crucial to assess the importance of sea-ice and ice-derived resources to Arctic marine species. Here, we used a multi-biomarker approach combining Highly Branched Isoprenoids (HBIs) with δ13C and δ15N to evaluate how much Arctic seabirds rely on sea-ice derived resources during the pre-laying period, and if changes in sea-ice extent and duration affect their investment in reproduction. Eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were collected in the Canadian Arctic during four years of highly contrasting ice conditions, and analysed for HBIs, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic composition. Murres heavily relied on ice-associated prey, and sea-ice was beneficial for this species which produced larger and more energy-dense eggs during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit any clear association with sympagic communities and were not impacted by changes in sea ice. Murres, like other species more constrained in their response to sea-ice variations, therefore appear more sensitive to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, unlike more resilient species such as fulmars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cusset
- UMI Takuvik, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Fort
- LIENSs, UMR 7266, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Mark Mallory
- Biology Department, Acadia University, 15 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Birgit Braune
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Philippe Massicotte
- UMI Takuvik, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guillaume Massé
- UMI Takuvik, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,LOCEAN, UMR 7159, CNRS, MNHN, IRD, Sorbonne-Université, Station Marine de Concarneau, BP225, 29900, Concarneau, France
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26
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Lenzi J, González-Bergonzoni I, Machín E, Pijanowski B, Flaherty E. The impact of anthropogenic food subsidies on a generalist seabird during nestling growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:546-553. [PMID: 31216509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic food subsidies, such as refuse, are an important driver of animal population changes and gulls heavily forage on this food source. Foraging on refuse during the rearing period could affect the acquisition of resources with potential demographic consequences. Using conventional diet analysis and stable isotopes of δ13C and δ15N of blood of Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) nestlings, we studied the variation of the chick growth in response to foraging on refuse on a reproductive colony in the Rio de la Plata Estuary in Uruguay. Using Bayesian mixing models on isotopic data, we estimated the proportion and variation of natural food and refuse in the diet of nestlings. Then, we modelled the variation between the mean posterior densities of the food sources and their standard deviation with the nestling morphometric measurements of different sizes. We found that refuse was gradually delivered to Kelp Gull nestlings during the chick rearing period. Additionally, variation of refuse incorporated into nestling tissues increased with nestlings' size. We propose that parents use more isotopically unique food sources during the nestling growth thereby increasing isotopic diversity. This study highlights the need to improve the current waste management system, which is being reviewed in Uruguay. We believe that decision makers should consider the results of this study, which show that refuse is directly impacting coastal ecosystems through mechanisms poorly explored by the environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lenzi
- Centro de Investigación y Conservación Marina - CICMAR, Avenida Giannattasio Km 30.5, Canelones 15008, Uruguay; Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Purdue University, Ecological Sciences and Engineering Program, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Iván González-Bergonzoni
- Departamento del Agua CENUR Ltoral Norte sede Paysandú, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 Km 363 EEMAC, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay; Departamento de Ecología y Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, MEC, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emanuel Machín
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Bryan Pijanowski
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Elizabeth Flaherty
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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27
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Dynamics of Calanus Copepodite Structure during Little Auks’ Breeding Seasons in Two Different Svalbard Locations. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Populations dynamics of key zooplankton species in the European Arctic, Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis (hereafter defined as Calanus) may be sensitive to climate changes, which in turn is of great importance for higher trophic levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the complete copepodite structure and dynamics of Calanus populations in terms of body size, phenology and their relative role in the zooplankton community over time in different hydrographic conditions (two fjords on the West Spitsbergen Shelf, cold Hornsund vs. warm Kongsfjorden), from the perspective of their planktivorous predator, the little auk. High-resolution zooplankton measurements (taken by nets and a laser optical plankton counter) were adapted to the timing of bird’s breeding in the 2015 and 2016 summer seasons, and to their maximal diving depth (≤50 m). In Hornsund, the share of the Calanus in zooplankton community was greater and the copepodite structure was progressively older over time, matching the little auks timing. The importance of Calanus was much lower in Kongsfjorden, as represented mainly by younger copepodites, presumably due to the Atlantic water advections, thus making this area a less favourable feeding ground. Our results highlight the need for further studies on the match/mismatch between Calanus and little auks, because the observed trend of altered age structure towards a domination of young copepodites and the body size reduction of Calanus associated with higher seawater temperatures may result in insufficient food availability for these seabirds in the future.
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28
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Hessen DO, Jensen TC, Walseng B. Zooplankton Diversity and Dispersal by Birds; Insights From Different Geographical Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Hargan KE, Stewart EM, Michelutti N, Grooms C, Kimpe LE, Mallory ML, Smol JP, Blais JM. Sterols and stanols as novel tracers of waterbird population dynamics in freshwater ponds. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0631. [PMID: 29695442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of urban centres in the mid-twentieth century and the post-1970 decrease in pesticides, populations of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) around Lake Ontario (Canada and USA) have rapidly rebounded, possibly to unprecedented numbers. Along with the use of traditional palaeolimnological methods (e.g. stable isotopes, biological proxies), we now have the capacity to develop specific markers for directly tracking the presence of waterbirds on nesting islands. Here, we apply the use of lipophilic sterols and stanols from both plant and animal-faecal origins as a reliable technique, independent of traditional isotopic methods, for pinpointing waterbird arrival and population growth over decadal timescales. Sterol and stanol concentrations measured in the guano samples of waterbird species were highly variable within a species and between the three species of waterbirds examined. However, cholesterol was the dominant sterol in guano, and phytosterols were also high in ring-billed gull guano. This variability highlights a specialist piscivorous diet for cormorants compared to a generalist, omnivorous diet for gulls, which may now often include grain and invertebrates from agricultural fields. A ratio that includes cholesterol and sitosterol plus their aerobically reduced products (cholestanol, stigmastanol) best explained the present range of bird abundance across the islands and was significantly correlated to sedimentary δ15N. Overall, we demonstrate the use of sterols and stanols as a direct means for tracking the spatial and temporal presence of waterbirds on islands across Lake Ontario, and probably elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hargan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Emily M Stewart
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher Grooms
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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30
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Keslinka LK, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Jakubas D, Neubauer G. Determinants of the little auk (Alle alle) breeding colony location and size in W and NW coast of Spitsbergen. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212668. [PMID: 30840697 PMCID: PMC6402645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many seabirds breed in large aggregations, making it difficult to estimate their population size and habitat preferences. This knowledge is particularly important considering their function in food webs and ecosystem services. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting distribution and abundance of the little auk Alle alle, a seabird considered a keystone species of the Arctic ecosystem. We performed the study on the W and the NW coast of Spitsbergen. Using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) and Conditional Inference Tree (CIT) we examined factors related to presence/absence and size (estimated number of breeding pairs) of the little auk colonies. We also tested the nesting preferences for geographical features such as aspect, slope angle, altitude, solar radiation, rock type, and distance to foraging grounds. Our findings indicate that the occurrence of little auk breeding colonies is non-random and highly attributed to environmental factors. The probability of colony occurrence was significantly associated with altitude (negative relationship; preference to sites situated lower), solar radiation (positive relationship; the higher radiation, the more likely colony occurrence) and slope (positive relationship; the steeper a slope, the more likely colony occurrence), whilst aspect appeared non-significant (though the probability of colony occurrence peaked at southern slopes). Colony size was significantly associated with rock type (larger colonies in amphibolite and quartzite). The distance to foraging grounds did not appear to affect the probability of colony occurrence and size, implying that birds may choose optimal breeding sites at the cost of longer foraging flights. We estimated the Spitsbergen little auk breeding population at 728 529 (5–95% CI: 479 312–986 352). Spitsbergen comprises ca 1.9% (95% CI: 1.2%–2.7%) of the world breeding population and represents the third most important breeding area for the species, following the W and the E coast of Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Katarzyna Keslinka
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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31
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Mosbech A, Johansen KL, Davidson TA, Appelt M, Grønnow B, Cuyler C, Lyngs P, Flora J. On the crucial importance of a small bird: The ecosystem services of the little auk (Alle alle) population in Northwest Greenland in a long-term perspective. AMBIO 2018; 47:226-243. [PMID: 29516440 PMCID: PMC6524626 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The little auk is the most numerous seabird in the North Atlantic and its most important breeding area is the eastern shores of the North Water polynya. Here, a population of an estimated 33 million pairs breeds in huge colonies and significantly shapes the ecosystem. Archaeological remains in the colonies document that the little auk has been harvested over millennia. Anthropological research discloses how the little auk has a role both as social engineer and as a significant resource for the Inughuit today. The hunting can be practiced without costly equipment, and has no gender and age discrimination in contrast to the dominant hunt for marine mammals. Little auks are ecological engineers in the sense that they transport vast amounts of nutrients from sea to land, where the nutrients are deposited as guano. Here, the fertilized vegetation provides important foraging opportunities for hares, geese, fox, reindeer, and the introduced muskox. We estimate that the relative muskox density is ten times higher within 1 km of little auk fertilized vegetation hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Mosbech
- Present Address: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lambert Johansen
- Present Address: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas A. Davidson
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Appelt
- The National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Grønnow
- The National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Cuyler
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, P.O. Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Biological Fieldstation, Christiansø 97, 3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Janne Flora
- Present Address: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gaston KJ, Cox DTC, Canavelli SB, García D, Hughes B, Maas B, Martínez D, Ogada D, Inger R. Population Abundance and Ecosystem Service Provision: The Case of Birds. Bioscience 2018; 68:264-272. [PMID: 29686433 PMCID: PMC5905662 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a diversity of concerns about recent persistent declines in the abundances of many species, the implications for the associated delivery of ecosystem services to people are surprisingly poorly understood. In principle, there are a broad range of potential functional relationships between the abundance of a species or group of species and the magnitude of ecosystem-service provision. Here, we identify the forms these relationships are most likely to take. Focusing on the case of birds, we review the empirical evidence for these functional relationships, with examples of supporting, regulating, and cultural services. Positive relationships between abundance and ecosystem-service provision are the norm (although seldom linear), we found no evidence for hump-shaped relationships, and negative ones were limited to cultural services that value rarity. Given the magnitude of abundance declines among many previously common species, it is likely that there have been substantial losses of ecosystem services, providing important implications for the identification of potential tipping points in relation to defaunation resilience, biodiversity conservation, and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gaston
- Environmental and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T C Cox
- Environmental and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia B Canavelli
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) Parana Experimental Station, in Entre Rios, Argentina
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Organism and System Biology and the Biodiversity Research Unit at Oviedo University, in Asturias, Spain
| | - Baz Hughes
- Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust at the Slimbridge Wetland Centre, in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Bea Maas
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology, and Landscape Ecology, at the University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Martínez
- Department of Organism and System Biology and the Biodiversity Research Unit at Oviedo University, in Asturias, Spain
| | - Darcy Ogada
- Africa programs at The Peregrine Fund, in Boise, Idaho, and a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya, in Nairobi
| | - Richard Inger
- Environmental and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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Davidson TA, Wetterich S, Johansen KL, Grønnow B, Windirsch T, Jeppesen E, Syväranta J, Olsen J, González-Bergonzoni I, Strunk A, Larsen NK, Meyer H, Søndergaard J, Dietz R, Eulears I, Mosbech A. The history of seabird colonies and the North Water ecosystem: Contributions from palaeoecological and archaeological evidence. AMBIO 2018. [PMID: 29516438 PMCID: PMC5963565 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The North Water (NOW) polynya is one of the most productive marine areas of the Arctic and an important breeding area for millions of seabirds. There is, however, little information on the dynamics of the polynya or the bird populations over the long term. Here, we used sediment archives from a lake and peat deposits along the Greenland coast of the NOW polynya to track long-term patterns in the dynamics of the seabird populations. Radiocarbon dates show that the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the common eider (Somateria mollissima) have been present for at least 5500 cal. years. The first recorded arrival of the little auk (Alle alle) was around 4400 cal. years BP at Annikitsoq, with arrival at Qeqertaq (Salve Ø) colony dated to 3600 cal. years BP. Concentrations of cadmium and phosphorus (both abundant in little auk guano) in the lake and peat cores suggest that there was a period of large variation in bird numbers between 2500 and 1500 cal. years BP. The little auk arrival times show a strong accord with past periods of colder climate and with some aspects of human settlement in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Davidson
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper L. Johansen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Grønnow
- The National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Torben Windirsch
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jari Syväranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jesper Olsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Building 1522, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ivan González-Bergonzoni
- Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astrid Strunk
- Institut for Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade, 2 bygning 1672, 115, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicolaj K. Larsen
- Institut for Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade, 2 bygning 1672, 115, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hanno Meyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Igor Eulears
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Jeppesen E, Appelt M, Hastrup K, Grønnow B, Mosbech A, Smol JP, Davidson TA. Living in an oasis: Rapid transformations, resilience, and resistance in the North Water Area societies and ecosystems. AMBIO 2018; 47:296-309. [PMID: 29520749 PMCID: PMC5963568 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on lake sediment data, archaeological findings, and historical records, we describe rapid transformations, resilience and resistance in societies and ecosystems, and their interactions in the past in the North Water area related to changes in climate and historical events. Examples are the formation of the polynya itself and the early arrival of people, ca. 4500 years ago, and later major human immigrations (different societies, cultural encounters, or abandonment) from other regions in the Arctic. While the early immigrations had relatively modest and localised effect on the ecosystem, the later-incoming culture in the early thirteenth century was marked by extensive migrations into and out of the area and abrupt shifts in hunting technologies. This has had long-lasting consequences for the local lake ecosystems. Large natural transformations in the ecosystems have also occurred over relatively short time periods related to changes in the polynya. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives for the North Water area given the many threats, but also opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Appelt
- The National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Hastrup
- Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Grønnow
- The National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - John P. Smol
- Department of Biology, PEARL, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Thomas A. Davidson
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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Habitat foraging niche of a High Arctic zooplanktivorous seabird in a changing environment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16203. [PMID: 29176574 PMCID: PMC5701252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we model current and future distribution of a foraging Arctic endemic species, the little auk (Alle alle), a small zooplanktivorous Arctic seabird. We characterized environmental conditions [sea depth, sea surface temperature (SST), marginal sea ice zone (MIZ)] at foraging positions of GPS-tracked individuals from three breeding colonies in Svalbard: one located at the southern rim of the Arctic zone (hereafter ‘boreo-Arctic’) and two in the high-Arctic zone on Spitsbergen (‘high-Arctic’). The birds from one ‘high-Arctic’ colony, influenced by cold Arctic water, foraged in the shallow shelf zone near the colony. The birds from remaining colonies foraged in a wider range of depths, in a higher SST zone (‘boreo-Arctic’) or in the productive but distant MIZ (second ‘high-Arctic’ colony). Given this flexible foraging behaviour, little auks may be temporarily resilient to moderate climate changes. However, our fuzzy logic models of future distribution under scenarios of 1 °C and 2 °C SST increase predict losses of suitable foraging habitat for the majority of little auk colonies studied. Over longer time scales negative consequences of global warming are inevitable. The actual response of little auks to future environmental conditions will depend on the range of their plasticity and pace of ecosystem changes.
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Stawski C. The little feathered ecosystem engineer. J Exp Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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