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Stiegler J, Gallagher CA, Hering R, Müller T, Tucker M, Apollonio M, Arnold J, Barker NA, Barthel L, Bassano B, Beest FMV, Belant JL, Berger A, Beyer DE, Bidner LR, Blake S, Börner K, Brivio F, Brogi R, Buuveibaatar B, Cagnacci F, Dekker J, Dentinger J, Duľa M, Duquette JF, Eccard JA, Evans MN, Ferguson AW, Fichtel C, Ford AT, Fowler NL, Gehr B, Getz WM, Goheen JR, Goossens B, Grignolio S, Haugaard L, Hauptfleisch M, Heim M, Heurich M, Hewison MAJ, Isbell LA, Janssen R, Jarnemo A, Jeltsch F, Miloš J, Kaczensky P, Kamiński T, Kappeler P, Kasper K, Kautz TM, Kimmig S, Kjellander P, Kowalczyk R, Kramer-Schadt S, Kröschel M, Krop-Benesch A, Linderoth P, Lobas C, Lokeny P, Lührs ML, Matsushima SS, McDonough MM, Melzheimer J, Morellet N, Ngatia DK, Obermair L, Olson KA, Patanant KC, Payne JC, Petroelje TR, Pina M, Piqué J, Premier J, Pufelski J, Pyritz L, Ramanzin M, Roeleke M, Rolandsen CM, Saïd S, Sandfort R, Schmidt K, Schmidt NM, Scholz C, Schubert N, Selva N, Sergiel A, Serieys LEK, Silovský V, Slotow R, Sönnichsen L, Solberg EJ, Stelvig M, Street GM, Sunde P, Svoboda NJ, Thaker M, Tomowski M, Ullmann W, Vanak AT, Wachter B, Webb SL, Wilmers CC, Zieba F, Zwijacz-Kozica T, Blaum N. Mammals show faster recovery from capture and tagging in human-disturbed landscapes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8079. [PMID: 39278967 PMCID: PMC11402999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife tagging provides critical insights into animal movement ecology, physiology, and behavior amid global ecosystem changes. However, the stress induced by capture, handling, and tagging can impact post-release locomotion and activity and, consequently, the interpretation of study results. Here, we analyze post-tagging effects on 1585 individuals of 42 terrestrial mammal species using collar-collected GPS and accelerometer data. Species-specific displacements and overall dynamic body acceleration, as a proxy for activity, were assessed over 20 days post-release to quantify disturbance intensity, recovery duration, and speed. Differences were evaluated, considering species-specific traits and the human footprint of the study region. Over 70% of the analyzed species exhibited significant behavioral changes following collaring events. Herbivores traveled farther with variable activity reactions, while omnivores and carnivores were initially less active and mobile. Recovery duration proved brief, with alterations diminishing within 4-7 tracking days for most species. Herbivores, particularly males, showed quicker displacement recovery (4 days) but slower activity recovery (7 days). Individuals in high human footprint areas displayed faster recovery, indicating adaptation to human disturbance. Our findings emphasize the necessity of extending tracking periods beyond 1 week and particular caution in remote study areas or herbivore-focused research, specifically in smaller mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Stiegler
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
- Animal Ecology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Cara A Gallagher
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Hering
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Ecology and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Marlee Tucker
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500, GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Wuerttemberg (LAZBW), 88326, Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Nancy A Barker
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leon Barthel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jerrold L Belant
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anne Berger
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dean E Beyer
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laura R Bidner
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Mpala Research Centre, 555-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Stephen Blake
- Department of Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Konstantin Börner
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Brivio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rudy Brogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Research and Innovation Centre, Animal Ecology Unit, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Centre, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | | | - Jane Dentinger
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, and Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA
| | - Martin Duľa
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jarred F Duquette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jana A Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Meaghan N Evans
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, 88100, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Mpala Research Centre, 555-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL, 60628, USA
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam T Ford
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas L Fowler
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Benedikt Gehr
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wayne M Getz
- Department of Environmental Science Policy & Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3112, USA
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Jacob R Goheen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, 88100, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Stefano Grignolio
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lars Haugaard
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morgan Hauptfleisch
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of National Park Monitoring and Animal Management, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Lynne A Isbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Anders Jarnemo
- School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jezek Miloš
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomasz Kamiński
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Peter Kappeler
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kasper
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Todd M Kautz
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sophia Kimmig
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Chair of Planning-Related Animal Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Max Kröschel
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Linderoth
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Wuerttemberg (LAZBW), 88326, Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Lobas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Lokeny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL, 60628, USA
| | - Mia-Lana Lührs
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Büro Renala, Gülper Hauptstr. 4, 14715, Havelaue, Germany
| | - Stephanie S Matsushima
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Molly M McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL, 60628, USA
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Leopold Obermair
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
- Hunting Association of Lower Austria, Wickenburggasse 3, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kirk A Olson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kidan C Patanant
- Technische Universität München, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, München, Germany
| | - John C Payne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tyler R Petroelje
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Pina
- Tragsatec, C. de Julián Camarillo, 6B, San Blas-Canillejas, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Piqué
- Tragsatec, C. de Julián Camarillo, 6B, San Blas-Canillejas, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Premier
- Department of National Park Monitoring and Animal Management, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Pufelski
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lennart Pyritz
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maurizio Ramanzin
- Dipertimento di agronomia, animali, alimenti, risorse naturali e ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Manuel Roeleke
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christer M Rolandsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Montfort, 01330, Birieux, France
| | - Robin Sandfort
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carolin Scholz
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Schubert
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
- Departamento de Ciencias Integradas, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemáticas y Computación, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Václav Silovský
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Rob Slotow
- Amarula Elephant Research Programme, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leif Sönnichsen
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Erling J Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Garrett M Street
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Peter Sunde
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nathan J Svoboda
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Division, 11255 W. 8th Street, AK, USA
| | - Maria Thaker
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Maxi Tomowski
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology / Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ullmann
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Abi T Vanak
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
- Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, Clinical and Public Health Program, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen L Webb
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, and Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA
| | - Christopher C Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | | | | | - Niels Blaum
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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Wilson RP, Rose KA, Gunner R, Holton MD, Marks NJ, Bennett NC, Bell SH, Twining JP, Hesketh J, Duarte CM, Bezodis N, Jezek M, Painter M, Silovsky V, Crofoot MC, Harel R, Arnould JPY, Allan BM, Whisson DA, Alagaili A, Scantlebury DM. Animal lifestyle affects acceptable mass limits for attached tags. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212005. [PMID: 34702077 PMCID: PMC8548787 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-attached devices have transformed our understanding of vertebrate ecology. To minimize any associated harm, researchers have long advocated that tag masses should not exceed 3% of carrier body mass. However, this ignores tag forces resulting from animal movement. Using data from collar-attached accelerometers on 10 diverse free-ranging terrestrial species from koalas to cheetahs, we detail a tag-based acceleration method to clarify acceptable tag mass limits. We quantify animal athleticism in terms of fractions of animal movement time devoted to different collar-recorded accelerations and convert those accelerations to forces (acceleration × tag mass) to allow derivation of any defined force limits for specified fractions of any animal's active time. Specifying that tags should exert forces that are less than 3% of the gravitational force exerted on the animal's body for 95% of the time led to corrected tag masses that should constitute between 1.6% and 2.98% of carrier mass, depending on athleticism. Strikingly, in four carnivore species encompassing two orders of magnitude in mass (ca 2–200 kg), forces exerted by ‘3%' tags were equivalent to 4–19% of carrier body mass during moving, with a maximum of 54% in a hunting cheetah. This fundamentally changes how acceptable tag mass limits should be determined by ethics bodies, irrespective of the force and time limits specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Wilson
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kayleigh A Rose
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Richard Gunner
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark D Holton
- College of Science, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Stephen H Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Joshua P Twining
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jamie Hesketh
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Milos Jezek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Painter
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Silovsky
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraβe 5, Konstanz D-78467, Germany
| | - Roi Harel
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraβe 5, Konstanz D-78467, Germany.,Germany and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - John P Y Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blake M Allan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Desley A Whisson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdulaziz Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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