1
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Cui J, Yang Y, Yang M, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang L, Lin CT, Liu S, Tang C, Ke P, Lu Y, Nishimura K, Jiang N. Picometer-Scale Atomic Shifts Governing Subdisordered Structures in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7108-7115. [PMID: 38722094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Diamond is considered the most promising next-generation semiconductor material due to its excellent physical characteristics. It has been more than three decades since the discovery of a special structure named n-diamond. However, despite extensive efforts, its crystallographic structure and properties are still unclear. Here, we show that subdisordered structures in diamond provide an explanation for the structural feature of n-diamond. Monocrystalline diamond with subdisordered structures is synthesized via the chemical vapor deposition method. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy characterizations combined with the picometer-precision peak finder technology and diffraction simulations reveal that picometer-scale shifts of atoms within cells of diamond govern the subdisordered structures. First-principles calculations indicate that the bandgap of diamond decreases rapidly with increasing shifting distance, in accordance with experimental results. These findings clarify the crystallographic structure and electronic properties of n-diamond and provide new insights into the bandgap adjustment in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Sha Liu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Hebei Key Lab for Optimizing Metal Product Technology and Performance, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peiling Ke
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kazuhito Nishimura
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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2
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Jiang L, Liu H, Wang B, Zhang W, Wang J, Xiong Y. Selective SERS Detection of TATB Explosives Based on Hydroxy-Terminal Nanodiamond-Multilayer Graphene Substrate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22166-22174. [PMID: 38799344 PMCID: PMC11112555 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Selective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of target explosives with good reproducibility is very important for monitoring soldiers' health and ecological environment. Here, the specific charge transfer pathway was constructed between a stable nanodiamond-multilayer graphene (MGD) film substrate and the target explosives. Two-step wet chemical oxidation methods of H2O2 (30%) and HNO3 (65%) solutions were used to regulate the terminal structure of MGD films. The experimental results showed that the hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups are successfully modified on the surface of MGD thin films, and the MGD-OH substrates having good selectivity for 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) explosive in mixed solutions of the TATB, 2,2-dinitroethene-1,1-diamine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine explosives compared with MGD substrates were demonstrated. Finally, first-principles density functional theory simulations revealed that the SERS enhancement of the MGD-OH substrate is mainly attributed to the transferred electrons between the -NO2 groups of TATB and the -OH groups of the MGD-OH substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Huiqiang Liu
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Joint
Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, School of Mathematics
and Physics, Southwest University of Science
and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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3
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Novikov A, Perevoschikov S, Usenov I, Sakharova T, Artyushenko V, Bogomolov A. Multimodal fiber probe for simultaneous mid-infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7430. [PMID: 38548800 PMCID: PMC10978856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A fiber probe has been developed that enables simultaneous acquisition of mid-infrared (MIR) and Raman spectra in the region of 3100-2600 cm-1. Multimodal measurement is based on a proposed ZrO2 crystal design at the tip of an attenuated total reflection (ATR) probe. Mid-infrared ATR spectra are obtained through a pair of chalcogenide infrared (CIR) fibers mounted at the base of the crystal. The probe enables both excitation and acquisition of a weak Raman signal from a portion of the sample in front of the crystal using an additional pair of silica fibers located in a plane perpendicular to the CIR fibers. The advantages of combining MIR and Raman spectra in a single probe have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Novikov
- Art Photonics GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 46, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße Des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stanislav Perevoschikov
- Art Photonics GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 46, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Bld. 1, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iskander Usenov
- Art Photonics GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 46, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße Des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrey Bogomolov
- Art Photonics GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 46, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Samara State Technical University, Molodogvardeyskaya Str. 244, 443100, Samara, Russia
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4
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Hempel F, Vernuccio F, König L, Buschbeck R, Rüsing M, Cerullo G, Polli D, Eng LM. Comparing transmission- and epi-BCARS: a round robin on solid-state materials. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:112-121. [PMID: 38175007 DOI: 10.1364/ao.505374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) is a powerful spectroscopy method combining high signal intensity with spectral sensitivity, enabling rapid imaging of heterogeneous samples in biomedical research and, more recently, in crystalline materials. However, BCARS encounters spectral distortion due to a setup-dependent non-resonant background (NRB). This study assesses BCARS reproducibility through a round robin experiment using two distinct BCARS setups and crystalline materials with varying structural complexity, including diamond, 6H-SiC, KDP, and KTP. The analysis compares setup-specific NRB correction procedures, detected and NRB-removed spectra, and mode assignment. We determine the influence of BCARS setup parameters like pump wavelength, pulse width, and detection geometry and provide a practical guide for optimizing BCARS setups for solid-state applications.
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5
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Yan H, Cao C, Chen N. Super High-Concentration Si and N Doping of CVD Diamond Film by Thermal Decomposition of Silicon Nitride Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5849. [PMID: 37687544 PMCID: PMC10488532 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The high-concentration N doping of diamond film is still a challenge since nitrogen is limited during diamond growth. In this work, a novel method combined with the thermal decomposition of silicon nitride was proposed to form the activated N and Si components in the reactor gas that surrounded the substrate, with which the high-concentration N and Si doping of diamond film was performed. Meanwhile, graphene oxide (GO) particles were also employed as an adsorbent to further increase the concentration of the N element in diamond film by capturing the more decomposed N components. All the as-deposited diamond films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For the pure diamond film with a growth time of 0.5 h, the N and Si concentrations were 20.78 and 41.21 at%, respectively. For the GO-diamond film, they reached 47.47 and 21.66 at%, which set a new record for super high-concentration N doping of diamond film. Hence, thermal decomposition for the substrate can be regarded as a potential and alternative method to deposit the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond film with high-concentration N, which be favorable for the widespread application of diamond in the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Institution of Electric Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongnian Wang
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Institution of Electric Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huaxin Yan
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China (C.C.)
| | - Chenyi Cao
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China (C.C.)
| | - Naichao Chen
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China (C.C.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Muñoz EC, Gosetti F, Ballabio D, Andò S, Gómez-Laserna O, Amigo JM, Garzanti E. Characterization of pyrite weathering products by Raman hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics techniques. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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7
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Kunuku S, Lin BR, Chen CH, Chang CH, Chen TY, Hsiao TY, Yu HK, Chang YJ, Liao LC, Chen FH, Bogdanowicz R, Niu H. Nanodiamonds Doped with Manganese for Applications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4398-4409. [PMID: 36743038 PMCID: PMC9893453 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging with great potential in biomedical applications like biomarking through fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, and cancer therapy. The magnetic and optical properties of NDs could be tuned by selective doping. Therefore, we report multifunctional manganese-incorporated NDs (Mn-NDs) fabricated by Mn ion implantation. The fluorescent properties of Mn-NDs were tuned by inducing the defects by ion implantation and enhancing the residual nitrogen vacancy density achieved by a two-step annealing process. The cytotoxicity of Mn-NDs was investigated using NCTC clone 929 cells, and the results revealed no cytotoxicity effect. Mn-NDs have demonstrated dual mode contrast enhancement for both T 1- and T 2-weighted in vitro MR imaging. Furthermore, Mn-NDs have illustrated a significant increase in longitudinal relaxivity (fivefold) and transversal relaxivity (17-fold) compared to the as-received NDs. Mn-NDs are employed to investigate their ability for in vivo MR imaging by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Mn-NDs into mice with liver tumors. After 2.5 h of ip injection, the enhancement of contrast in T 1- and T 2-weighted images has been observed via the accumulation of Mn-NDs in liver tumors of mice. Therefore, Mn-NDs have great potential for in vivo imaging by MR imaging in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasu Kunuku
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Gdańsk 80233, Poland
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Rong Lin
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsu Chen
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yuang Chen
- Health
Physics Division, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yuan Hsiao
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Yu
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Bioresource
Collection and Research Center, Food Industry
Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300193, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Liao
- Bioresource
Collection and Research Center, Food Industry
Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300193, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hsin Chen
- Institute
of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Gdańsk 80233, Poland
| | - Huan Niu
- Accelerator
Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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8
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Beyer J, Grønbech TBE, Zhang J, Kato K, Brummerstedt Iversen B. Electron density and thermal motion of diamond at elevated temperatures. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2023; 79:41-50. [PMID: 36601762 PMCID: PMC9813686 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron density and thermal motion of diamond are determined at nine temperatures between 100 K and 1000 K via synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data collected on a high-accuracy detector system. Decoupling of the thermal motion from the thermally smeared electron density is performed via an iterative Wilson-Hansen-Coppens-Rietveld procedure using theoretical static structure factors from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The thermal motion is found to be harmonic and isotropic in the explored temperature range, and excellent agreement is observed between experimental atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) and those obtained via theoretical harmonic phonon calculations (HPC), even at 1000 K. The Debye temperature of diamond is determined experimentally to be ΘD = 1883 (35) K. A topological analysis of the electron density explores the temperature dependency of the electron density at the bond critical point. The properties are found to be constant throughout the temperature range. The robustness of the electron density confirms the validity of the crystallographic convolution approximation for diamond in the explored temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Beyer
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjørn Egede Grønbech
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Correspondence e-mail:
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9
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Peng Z, Fiorani A, Akai K, Murata M, Otake A, Einaga Y. Boron-Doped Diamond as a Quasi-Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16831-16837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazumi Akai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
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10
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Bae SG, Kim S, Jeong H, Lee Y, Jeong YG, Shin DG. Effect of carbon and oxygen on the high-temperature properties of silicon carbide–hafnium carbide nanocomposite fiber. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Strek W, Oleszko M, Wiewiórski O, Tomala R, Konovalova A, Ignatenko O, Chaika M. Laser induced white emission of diamond. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:134708. [PMID: 36209029 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced white emission of diamond was investigated under irradiation with a focused beam of an infrared laser diode. It is a surface-related coherent emission, characterized by an excitation threshold and an exponential dependence on pumping laser power. The mechanism of white emission is discussed in terms of multiphoton ionization of carbon atoms in an irradiated spot. The excitation power dependence of white emission intensity has demonstrated hysteresis loop behavior. This phenomenon could be useful in new broadband laser sources and optical information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Strek
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Oleszko
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - O Wiewiórski
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - R Tomala
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Konovalova
- Scientific-Practical Material Research Center, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P. Brovki Str., 19, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - O Ignatenko
- Scientific-Practical Material Research Center, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P. Brovki Str., 19, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - M Chaika
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Guzman E, Kargar F, Angeles F, Meidanshahi RV, Grotjohn T, Hardy A, Muehle M, Wilson RB, Goodnick SM, Balandin AA. Effects of Boron Doping on the Bulk and Surface Acoustic Phonons in Single-Crystal Diamond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42223-42231. [PMID: 36083635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of the investigation of bulk and surface acoustic phonons in the undoped and boron-doped single-crystal diamond films using the Brillouin-Mandelstam light scattering spectroscopy. The evolution of the optical phonons in the same set of samples was monitored with Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the frequency and the group velocity of acoustic phonons decrease nonmonotonically with the increasing boron doping concentration, revealing pronounced phonon softening. The change in the velocity of the shear-horizontal and the high-frequency pseudo-longitudinal acoustic phonons in the degenerately doped diamond, as compared to that in the undoped diamond, was as large as ∼15% and ∼12%, respectively. As a result of boron doping, the velocity of the bulk longitudinal and transverse acoustic phonons decreased correspondingly. The frequency of the optical phonons was unaffected at low boron concentration but experienced a strong decrease at the high doping level. The density-functional-theory calculations of the phonon band structure for the pristine and highly doped samples confirm the phonon softening as a result of boron doping in diamond. The obtained results have important implications for thermal transport in heavily doped diamond, which is a promising material for ultra-wide-band-gap electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Guzman
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Frank Angeles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Reza Vatan Meidanshahi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy Grotjohn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aaron Hardy
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matthias Muehle
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard B Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Stephen M Goodnick
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Alexander A Balandin
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Fedoseeva YV, Gorodetskiy DV, Baskakova KI, Shlyakhova EV, Makarova AA, Yudin IB, Timoshenko NI, Plotnikov MY, Emelyanov AA, Rebrov AK, Okotrub AV. GAS-PHASE SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-DOPED DIAMOND COATING USING A HIGH-VELOCITY MICROWAVE PLASMA FLOW. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Chang SLY, Reineck P, Krueger A, Mochalin VN. Ultrasmall Nanodiamonds: Perspectives and Questions. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8513-8524. [PMID: 35605109 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are at the heart of a plethora of emerging applications in areas ranging from nanocomposites and tribology to nanomedicine and quantum sensing. The development of alternative synthesis methods, a better understanding, and the availability of ultrasmall nanodiamonds of less than 3 nm size with a precisely engineered composition, including the particle surface and atomic defects in the diamond crystal lattice, would mark a leap forward for many existing and future applications. Yet today, we are unable to accurately control nanodiamond composition at the atomic scale, nor can we reliably create and isolate particles in this size range. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in the synthesis, characterization, and application of ultrasmall nanodiamonds. We particularly focus on the advantages of bottom-up synthesis of these particles and critically assess the physicochemical properties of ultrasmall nanodiamonds, which significantly differ from those of larger particles and bulk diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery L Y Chang
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Anke Krueger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vadym N Mochalin
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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15
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Scanning Deposition Method for Large-Area Diamond Film Synthesis Using Multiple Microwave Plasma Sources. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121959. [PMID: 35745298 PMCID: PMC9227223 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The demand for synthetic diamonds and research on their use in next-generation semiconductor devices have recently increased. Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) is considered one of the most promising techniques for the mass production of large-sized and high-quality single-, micro- and nanocrystalline diamond films. Although the low-pressure resonant cavity MPCVD method can synthesize high-quality diamonds, improvements are needed in terms of the resulting area. In this study, a large-area diamond synthesis method was developed by arranging several point plasma sources capable of processing a small area and scanning a wafer. A unit combination of three plasma sources afforded a diamond film thickness uniformity of ±6.25% at a wafer width of 70 mm with a power of 700 W for each plasma source. Even distribution of the diamond grains in a size range of 0.1–1 μm on the thin-film surface was verified using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, the proposed novel diamond synthesis method can be theoretically expanded to achieve large-area films.
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Baroch M, Baluchová S, Taylor A, Míka L, Fischer J, Dejmková H, Mortet V, Sedláková S, Klimša L, Kopeček J, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Flow-through working electrode based on free-standing porous boron-doped diamond. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Tribological Performance of Diamond Films with Different Roughnesses of Silicon Nitride Substrates and Carbon Source Concentrations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030336. [PMID: 35323812 PMCID: PMC8948657 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diamond films were deposited on silicon nitride (Si3N4) substrates with three different roughnesses using the method of hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The tribological properties of the film were studied by changing the deposition time, deposition distance, and methane (CH4) concentration. The friction coefficient, delamination threshold load, and wear rate of the diamond films were tested and calculated using the reciprocating friction and wear test under dry friction conditions. The results show that, when the deposition time is 12 h, the bonding force of the film is the lowest and the friction coefficient is the largest (0.175, 0.438, and 0.342); the deposition distance has little effect on the friction performance. The friction coefficients (0.064, 0.107, and 0.093) of nano-diamond films (NCD) prepared at a 40 sccm CH4 concentration are smaller than those of micro-diamond films (MCD) prepared at a 16 sccm CH4 concentration. The load thresholds before delamination of Ra 0.4 μm substrate diamond film are as high as 40 N and 80 N, whereas the diamond films deposited on Ra 0.03 μm substrates have lower wear rates (4.68 × 10−4 mm3/mN, 5.34 × 10−4 mm3/mN) and low friction coefficients (0.119, 0.074, 0.175, and 0.064). Within a certain load range, the deposition of a diamond film on a Ra 0.03 μm Si3N4 substrate significantly reduces the friction coefficient and improves wear resistance. Diamond film can improve the friction performance of a workpiece and prolong its service life.
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Sharma DK, Girão AV, Chapon P, Neto MA, Oliveira FJ, Silva RF. Advances in RF Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry Characterization of Intrinsic and Boron-Doped Diamond Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7405-7416. [PMID: 35077132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the effective doping range within diamond thin films is important for fine-tuning of electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, it is not easily attainable by the commonly adopted techniques. In this work, pulsed RF glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) combined with ultrafast sputtering (UFS) is applied for the first time to acquire elemental depth profiles of intrinsic diamond coatings and boron content bulk distribution in films. The GD-OES practical advances presented here enabled quick elemental profiling with noteworthy depth resolution and determination of the film interfaces. The erosion rates and layer thicknesses were measured using differential interferometric profiling (DIP), demonstrating a close correlation between the coating thickness and the carbon/hydrogen gas ratio. Moreover, DIP and the adopted semiquantification methodology revealed a nonhomogeneous bulk distribution of boron within the diamond crystalline structure, i.e., boron doping is both substitutional and interstitial within the diamond framework. DIP measurements also showed that effective boron doping is not linearly correlated to the increasing content introduced into the diamond coating. This is a finding well supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This work demonstrates the advantage of applying advanced GD-OES operation modes due to its ease of use, affordability, accuracy, and high-speed depth profile analysis capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Sharma
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ana V Girão
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel A Neto
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe J Oliveira
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui F Silva
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Mukherjee A, Lorenz A, Brecht M. Determination and Monitoring of Quality Parameters: A Detailed Study of Optical Elements of a Lens-Based Raman Spectrometer. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:199-206. [PMID: 34643132 PMCID: PMC8832553 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211055148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A lens-based Raman spectrometer is characterized by studying the optical elements in the optical path and we study the measure of aberration-diffraction effects. This is achieved by measuring the spectral resolution (SR) thus encompassing almost all optical elements of a spectrometer that are mostly responsible for such effects. An equation for SR is used to determine the quality factor Q which measures aberration/diffraction effects occurring in a spectrometer. We show how the quality factor changes with different spectrometer parameters such as grating groove density, the wavelength of excitation, pinhole width, charge-coupled device (CCD) pixel density, etc. This work provides an insight into the quality of a spectrometer and helps to monitor the performance of the spectrometer over a certain period. Commercially available spectrometers or home-built spectrometers are prone to misalignment in optical elements and can benefit from this work that allows maintaining the overall quality of the setup. Performing such experiments over a period helps to minimize the aberration/diffraction effects occurring as a result of time and maintaining the quality of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mukherjee
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita Lorenz
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Thickness Impact on the Morphology, Strain Relaxation and Defects of Diamond Heteroepitaxially Grown on Ir/Al 2O 3 Substrates. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020624. [PMID: 35057343 PMCID: PMC8781078 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the formation and propagation of defects in the heteroepitaxial growth of single-crystal diamond with a thick film achieving 500 µm on Ir (001)/Al2O3 substrate. The growth of diamond follows the Volmer-Weber mode, i.e., initially shows the islands and subsequently coalesces to closed films. The films' strain imposed by the substrate gradually relaxed as the film thickness increased. It was found that defects are mainly located at the diamond/Ir interface and are then mainly propagated along the [001] direction from the nucleation region. Etching pits along the [001] direction formed by H2/O2 plasma treatment were used to show defect distribution at the diamond/Ir/Al2O3 interface and in the diamond bulk, which revealed the reduction of etching pit density in diamond thick-film surface. These results show the evident impact of the thickness on the heteroepitaxially grown diamond films, which is of importance for various device applications.
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Kunuku S, Ficek M, Wieloszynska A, Tamulewicz-Szwajkowska M, Gajewski K, Sawczak M, Lewkowicz A, Ryl J, Gotszalk T, Bogdanowicz R. Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:125603. [PMID: 34879361 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been synthesized on single crystalline diamond (SCD) IIa and SCD Ib substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. The B/N co-doping into CVD diamond has been conducted at constant N flow of N/C ∼ 0.02 with three different B/C doping concentrations of B/C ∼ 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 7500 ppm. Atomic force microscopy topography depicted the flat and smooth surface with low surface roughness for low B doping, whereas surface features like hillock structures and un-epitaxial diamond crystals with high surface roughness were observed for high B doping concentrations. KPFM measurements revealed that the work function (4.74-4.94 eV) has not varied significantly for CVD diamond synthesized with different B/C concentrations. Raman spectroscopy measurements described the growth of high-quality diamond and photoluminescence studies revealed the formation of high-density nitrogen-vacancy centers in CVD diamond layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful B doping and the increase in N doping with B doping concentration. The room temperature electrical resistance measurements of CVD diamond layers (B/C ∼ 7500 ppm) have shown the low resistance value ∼9.29 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD IIa, and the resistance value ∼16.55 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD Ib samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasu Kunuku
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wieloszynska
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Gajewski
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17 St., 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sawczak
- The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Lewkowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tedor Gotszalk
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17 St., 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Mosińska L, Szczęsny R, Trzcinski M, Naparty MK. Impact of Methanol Concentration on Properties of Ultra-Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Grown by Hot-Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:5. [PMID: 35009151 PMCID: PMC8745924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is a very interesting material with a wide range of properties, making it highly applicable, for example, in power electronics, chemo- and biosensors, tools' coatings, and heaters. Due to the high demand for this innovative material based on the properties it is already expected to have, it is important to obtain homogeneous diamond layers for specific applications. Doping is often chosen to modify the properties of layers. However, there is an alternative way to achieve this goal and it is shown in this publication. The presented research results reveal that the change in methanol content during the Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HF CVD) process is a sufficient factor to tune the properties of deposited layers. This was confirmed by analysing the properties of the obtained layers, which were determined using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and an atomic force microscope (AFM), and the results were correlated with those of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the increasing of the concentration of methanol resulted in a slight decrease in the sp3 phase content. At the same time, the concentration of the -H, -OH, and =O groups increased with the increasing of the methanol concentration. This affirmed that by changing the content of methanol, it is possible to obtain layers with different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mosińska
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Szczęsny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marek Trzcinski
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Karol Naparty
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Effect of Reactive Ion Etching on the Luminescence of GeV Color Centers in CVD Diamond Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112814. [PMID: 34835578 PMCID: PMC8620855 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged germanium-vacancy GeV- color centers in diamond nanocrystals are solid-state photon emitters suited for quantum information technologies, bio-sensing, and labeling applications. Due to the small Huang-Rhys factor, the GeV--center zero-phonon line emission is expected to be very intensive and spectrally narrow. However, structural defects and the inhomogeneous distribution of local strains in the nanodiamonds result in the essential broadening of the ZPL. Therefore, clarification and elimination of the reasons for the broadening of the GeV- center ZPL is an important problem. We report on the effect of reactive ion etching in oxygen plasma on the structure and luminescence properties of nanodiamonds grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Emission of GeV- color centers ensembles at about 602 nm in as-grown and etched nanodiamonds is probed using micro-photoluminescence and micro-Raman spectroscopy at room and liquid nitrogen temperature. We show that the etching removes the nanodiamond surface sp2-induced defects resulting in a reduction in the broad luminescence background and a narrowing of the diamond Raman band. The zero-phonon luminescence band of the ensemble of the GeV- centers is a superposition of narrow lines originated most likely from the GeV- center sub-ensembles under different uniaxial local strain conditions.
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24
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Baluchová S, Brycht M, Taylor A, Mortet V, Krůšek J, Dittert I, Sedláková S, Klimša L, Kopeček J, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Enhancing electroanalytical performance of porous boron-doped diamond electrodes by increasing thickness for dopamine detection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338949. [PMID: 34602205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel porous boron-doped diamond (BDDporous)-based materials have attracted lots of research interest due to their enhanced detection ability and biocompatibility, favouring them for use in neuroscience. This study reports on morphological, spectral, and electrochemical characterisation of three BDDporous electrodes of different thickness given by a number of deposited layers (2, 3 and 5). These were prepared using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition on SiO2 nanofiber-based scaffolds. Further, the effect of number of layers and poly-l-lysine coating, commonly employed in neuron cultivation experiments, on sensing properties of the neurotransmitter dopamine in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer media was investigated. The boron doping level of ∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3 and increased content of non-diamond (sp2) carbon in electrodes with more layers was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetric experiments revealed reduced working potential windows (from 2.4 V to 2.2 V), higher double-layer capacitance values (from 405 μF cm-2 to 1060 μF cm-2), enhanced rates of electron transfer kinetics and larger effective surface areas (from 5.04 mm2 to 7.72 mm2), when the number of porous layers increases. For dopamine, a significant boost in analytical performance was recognized with increasing number of layers using square-wave voltammetry: the highest sensitivity of 574.1 μA μmol-1 L was achieved on a BDDporous electrode with five layers and dropped to 35.9 μA μmol-1 L when the number of layers decreased to two. Consequently, the lowest detection limit of 0.20 μmol L-1 was obtained on a BDDporous electrode with five layers. Moreover, on porous electrodes, enhanced selectivity for dopamine detection in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid was demonstrated. The application of poly-l-lysine coating on porous electrode surface resulted in a decrease in dopamine peak currents by 17% and 60% for modification times of 1 h and 15 h, respectively. Hence, both examined parameters, the number of deposited porous layers and the presence of poly-l-lysine coating, were proved to considerably affect the characteristics and performance of BDDporous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baluchová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic; FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mariola Brycht
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrew Taylor
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Mortet
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sítná Sq. 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krůšek
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Dittert
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Sedláková
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Klimša
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kopeček
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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On the Stabilization of Carbynes Encapsulated in Penta-Graphene Nanotubes: a DFT Study. J Mol Model 2021; 27:318. [PMID: 34633553 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We carried out density functional theory calculations to investigate the electronic and structural properties of linear carbon chains (carbynes) encapsulated in armchair and zigzag penta-graphene (PGNT) nanotubes. Results showed that PGNTs-wrapped carbyne can present negative formation energies that tend to stabilize that encapsulated carbon chains. These chains were stabilized in their cumulene and polyyne forms, with slight dependence on tube diameter. As a general trend, the PGNT band structures are kept almost unchanged upon carbyne encapsulation. This finding indicates weak orbital interactions between the PGNT and the carbyne. No net charge was found in chains encapsulated on zigzag PGNTs. Schematic representation of a carbyne encapsulated in a pentagraphene nanotube.
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26
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Łoś S, Fabisiak K, Paprocki K, Szybowicz M, Dychalska A. The Undoped Polycrystalline Diamond Film-Electrical Transport Properties. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186113. [PMID: 34577318 PMCID: PMC8473318 DOI: 10.3390/s21186113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polycrystalline diamonds were synthesized on n-type single crystalline Si wafer by Hot Filament CVD method. The structural properties of the obtained diamond films were checked by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The conductivity of n-Si/p-diamond, sandwiched between two electrodes, was measured in the temperature range of 90–300 K in a closed cycle cryostat under vacuum. In the temperature range of (200–300 K), the experimental data of the conductivity were used to obtain the activation energies Ea which comes out to be in the range of 60–228 meV. In the low temperature region i.e., below 200 K, the conductivity increases very slowly with temperature, which indicates that the conduction occurs via Mott variable range hopping in the localized states near Fermi level. The densities of localized states in diamond films were calculated using Mott’s model and were found to be in the range of 9×1013 to 5×1014eV−1cm−3 depending on the diamond’s surface hydrogenation level. The Mott’s model allowed estimating primal parameters like average hopping range and hopping energy. It has been shown that the surface hydrogenation may play a crucial role in tuning transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Łoś
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Profesora Sylwestra Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.Ł.); (K.F.)
| | - Kazimierz Fabisiak
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Jana Karola Chodkiewicza 3, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence: (S.Ł.); (K.F.)
| | - Kazimierz Paprocki
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Jana Karola Chodkiewicza 3, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Szybowicz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Dychalska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.)
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27
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Joshi P, Riley P, Gupta S, Narayan RJ, Narayan J. Advances in laser-assisted conversion of polymeric and graphitic carbon into nanodiamond films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:432001. [PMID: 34198280 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamond (ND) synthesis by nanosecond laser irradiation has sparked tremendous scientific and technological interest. This review describes efforts to obtain cost-effective ND synthesis from polymers and carbon nanotubes (CNT) by the melting route. For polymers, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation triggers intricate photothermal and photochemical processes that result in photochemical degradation, subsequently generating an amorphous carbon film; this process is followed by melting and undercooling of the carbon film at rates exceeding 109K s-1. Multiple laser shots increase the absorption coefficient of PTFE, resulting in the growth of 〈110〉 oriented ND film. Multiple laser shots on CNTs result in pseudo topotactic diamond growth to form a diamond fiber. This technique is useful for fabricating 4-50 nm sized NDs. These NDs can further be employed as seed materials that are used in bulk epitaxial growth of microdiamonds using chemical vapor deposition, particularly for use with non-lattice matched substrates that formerly did not form continuous and adherent films. We also provide insights into biocompatible precursors for ND synthesis such as polybenzimidazole fiber. ND fabrication by UV irradiation of graphitic and polymeric carbon opens up a pathway for preparing selective coatings of polymer-diamond composites, doped nanodiamonds, and graphene composites for quantum computing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Joshi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, United States of America
| | - Parand Riley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Intel Corporation, Rolner Acres Campus 3, OR, 97124, United States of America
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, United States of America
| | - Jagdish Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, United States of America
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Chen W, Li JT, Wang Z, Algozeeb WA, Luong DX, Kittrell C, McHugh EA, Advincula PA, Wyss KM, Beckham JL, Stanford MG, Jiang B, Tour JM. Ultrafast and Controllable Phase Evolution by Flash Joule Heating. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11158-11167. [PMID: 34138536 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flash Joule heating (FJH), an advanced material synthesis technique, has been used for the production of high-quality carbon materials. Direct current discharge through the precursors by large capacitors has successfully converted carbon-based starting materials into bulk quantities of turbostratic graphene by the FJH process. However, the formation of other carbon allotropes, such as nanodiamonds and concentric carbon materials, as well as the covalent functionalization of different carbon allotropes by the FJH process, remains challenging. Here, we report the solvent-free FJH synthesis of three different fluorinated carbon allotropes: fluorinated nanodiamonds, fluorinated turbostratic graphene, and fluorinated concentric carbon. This is done by millisecond flashing of organic fluorine compounds and fluoride precursors. Spectroscopic analysis confirms the modification of the electronic states and the existence of various short-range and long-range orders in the different fluorinated carbon allotropes. The flash-time-dependent relationship is further demonstrated to control the phase evolution and product compositions.
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Fabrication of a Micron-Scale Three-Dimensional Single Crystal Diamond Channel Using a Micro-Jet Water-Assisted Laser. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113006. [PMID: 34206091 PMCID: PMC8199514 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of a trench with conventional vertical and new reverse-V-shaped cross-sections were fabricated on single crystal diamond (SCD) substrate using a micro-jet water-assisted laser. In addition, a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition device was used to produce multiple micrometer-sized channels using the epitaxial lateral overgrowth technique. Raman and SEM methods were applied to analyze both types of growth layer characterization. The hollowness of the microchannels was measured using an optical microscope. According to the findings, the epitaxial lateral overgrowth layer of the novel reverse-V-shaped trench produced improved SCD surface morphology and crystal quality.
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30
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In Situ Raman Microdroplet Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of CuSCN Electrodeposited on Different Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051256. [PMID: 34064622 PMCID: PMC8151883 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systematic in situ Raman microdroplet spectroelectrochemical (Raman-μSEC) characterization of copper (I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) prepared using electrodeposition from aqueous solution on various substrates (carbon-based, F-doped SnO2) is presented. CuSCN is a promising solid p-type inorganic semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells as a hole-transporting material. SEM characterization reveals that the CuSCN layers are homogenous with a thickness of ca. 550 nm. Raman spectra of dry CuSCN layers show that the SCN− ion is predominantly bonded in the thiocyanate resonant form to copper through its S−end (Cu−S−C≡N). The double-layer capacitance of the CuSCN layers ranges from 0.3 mF/cm2 on the boron-doped diamond to 0.8 mF/cm2 on a glass-like carbon. In situ Raman-μSEC shows that, independently of the substrate type, all Raman vibrations from CuSCN and the substrate completely vanish in the potential range from 0 to −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, caused by the formation of a passivation layer. At positive potentials (+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl), the bands corresponding to the CuSCN vibrations change their intensities compared to those in the as-prepared, dry layers. The changes concern mainly the Cu−SCN form, showing the dependence of the related vibrations on the substrate type and thus on the local environment modifying the delocalization on the Cu−S bond.
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31
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McLaughlin MHS, Pakpour-Tabrizi AC, Jackman RB. A detailed EIS study of boron doped diamond electrodes decorated with gold nanoparticles for high sensitivity mercury detection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9505. [PMID: 33947929 PMCID: PMC8096807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work compares the electrochemical impedance response of polished and unpolished boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, during mercury detection measurements. For each substrate type both bare electrodes and electrodes decorated with average diameter 30 nm AuNPs were used, to investigate the role of AuNPs during mercury sensing with diamond electrodes. In square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) measurements for mercury detection, the mercury ions in the electrolyte are deposited onto, then stripped from the diamond electrode surface. To investigate the different electrode performances during these steps, the EIS measurements were made at the deposition and stripping potentials, alongside scans at open circuit potential for comparison. The performance of the electrodes is assessed in terms of their electron transfer rate (k0). The electrodes decorated with AuNPs are shown to have lower capacitance and higher reactivity than the bare pBDD and BDD electrodes, until the mercury concentration in the electrolyte is < 500 µM, when the sp2/sp3 carbon ratio at the surface of the electrodes has a greater influence on the sensitivity for mercury detection than the presence of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve H S McLaughlin
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Alexander C Pakpour-Tabrizi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Richard B Jackman
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.
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32
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Kim HY, Kim DS, Hwang NM. Comparison of diamond nanoparticles captured on the floating and grounded membranes in the hot filament chemical vapor deposition process. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5651-5657. [PMID: 35423076 PMCID: PMC8694773 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09649k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Negatively charged diamond nanoparticles are known to be generated in the gas phase of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) process. However, the structures of these nanoparticles remain unknown. Also, the effect of charging on the stability of nanodiamond structures has not been studied experimentally. Here, by installing a capturing apparatus in an HFCVD reactor, we succeeded in capturing nanoparticles on the floating and grounded SiO, carbon, and graphene membranes of a copper transmission electron microscope grid during HFCVD. We examined the effect of charge on the crystal structure of nanodiamonds captured for 10 s under various conditions and identified four carbon allotropes, which are i-carbon, hexagonal diamond, n-diamond, and cubic diamond, by analyzing 150 d-spacings of ∼100 nanoparticles for each membrane. Nanoparticles captured on the floating membrane consisted mainly of cubic diamond and n-diamond, whereas those captured on the grounded membrane consisted mainly of i-carbon. Diamond particles deposited for 8 h on the floating silicon (Si) substrate exhibited an octahedron shape with well-developed facets, and a high-intensity 1332 cm−1 Raman peak, whereas diamond particles deposited on the grounded Si substrate showed a spherical shape partially covered with crystalline facets with a broad G-band Raman peak. These results indicate that charging stabilizes the diamond structure. Various carbon allotropes were captured on the floating and grounded membrane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Nong-Moon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul Republic of Korea .,Research Institute of Advanced Materials 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
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33
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Fang S, Wang Y, Chen L, Lu Z, Cai Z, Fang C, Zhao Z, Ma H, Jia X. The effect of pressure on synthetic diamond crystals at high temperatures and pressures in an Fe/Ni catalyst system. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pressure is a necessary condition for the growth of natural diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhandong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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34
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Fang S, Cai Z, Wang Y, Lu Z, Fang C, Zhao Z, Ma H, Chen L, Jia X. Growth and characterization of diamond single crystals grown in the Fe–S–C system by the temperature gradient method. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagram of the apparatus for the HPHT diamond synthesis: (a) alloy hammer + pyrophyllite assembly block; (b) sample assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhandong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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35
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Influence of temperature on the electrochemical window of boron doped diamond: a comparison of commercially available electrodes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15707. [PMID: 32973196 PMCID: PMC7518440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work compares the electrochemical windows of polished and unpolished boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes with hydrogen and oxygen terminations at a series of temperatures up to 125 °C. The experiment was run at 5 bar pressure to avoid complications due to bubble formation. An alternative method for determining the electrochemical window is compared to the most commonly used method, which defines the window at an arbitrary current density cut-off (Jcut-off) value. This arbitrary method is heavily influenced by the mass transport of the electrolyte and cannot be used to compare electrodes across literature where different Jcut-off values have been used. A linear fit method is described which is less affected by the experimental conditions in a given measurement system. This enables a more accurate comparison of the relative electrochemical window from various diamond electrode types from reported results. Through comparison of polished and unpolished BDD electrodes, with hydrogen and oxygen surface terminations, it is determined that the electrochemical window of BDD electrodes narrows as temperature increases; activation energies are reported.
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36
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Colasuonno F, Gentile FS, Mackrodt W, Ferrari AM, Platonenko A, Dovesi R. Interstitial defects in diamond: A quantum mechanical simulation of their EPR constants and vibrational spectra. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:024119. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0014368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Colasuonno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvio Gentile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - William Mackrodt
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alexander Platonenko
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Roberto Dovesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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37
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Conversion of diamond polishing powder to high-density isotropic nano-crystalline graphite through spark plasma sintering. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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38
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Gorthy R, Krumdieck S, Bishop C. Process-Induced Nanostructures on Anatase Single Crystals via Pulsed-Pressure MOCVD. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071668. [PMID: 32260155 PMCID: PMC7178303 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent global pandemic of COVID-19 highlights the urgent need for practical applications of anti-microbial coatings on touch-surfaces. Nanostructured TiO2 is a promising candidate for the passive reduction of transmission when applied to handles, push-plates and switches in hospitals. Here we report control of the nanostructure dimension of the mille-feuille crystal plates in anatase columnar crystals as a function of the coating thickness. This nanoplate thickness is key to achieving the large aspect ratio of surface area to migration path length. TiO2 solid coatings were prepared by pulsed-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (pp-MOCVD) under the same deposition temperature and mass flux, with thickness ranging from 1.3-16 mm, by varying the number of precursor pulses. SEM and STEM were used to measure the mille-feuille plate width which is believed to be a key functional nano-dimension for photocatalytic activity. Competitive growth produces a larger columnar crystal diameter with thickness. The question is if the nano-dimension also increases with columnar crystal size. We report that the nano-dimension increases with the film thickness, ranging from 17-42 nm. The results of this study can be used to design a coating which has co-optimized thickness for durability and nano-dimension for enhanced photocatalytic properties.
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39
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Chen N, Liu M, He P. Influence of Adhesive Strength, Fatigue Strength and Contact Mechanics on the Drilling Performance of Diamond Coating. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061402. [PMID: 32204491 PMCID: PMC7143378 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive strength of the coating significantly affects the lifetime of the coating. However, it is still inevitable for the coating, even with strong adhesive strength, to peel off from the substrate after working for a while. In this work, fatigue and wear behaviors were employed to analyze the effect on the mechanics of coating and contribute to a fundamental understanding of peeling of the coating. A small-size Co-cemented tungsten carbide drill bit was selected as the examined substrate to fabricate the diamond coating. Roughening pretreatment with a diamond slurry combined with ultrasonic vibration was performed for the substrate surface to enhance adhesive strength. Meanwhile, a diamond coating without roughening pretreatment was also fabricated for comparison. The lifetime and quality of the coating were evaluated by the drilling test. Although the diamond coating could grow on the substrates with and without roughening pretreatment, the diamond coating with roughening pretreatment possessed a higher lifetime and stronger wear resistance than that without roughening pretreatment. We found that both substrates with and without roughening pretreatment exhibited a coarse surface, whereas the roughening pretreatment could remove the original machined surface of the substrate and thus make the near surface with numerous integrated crystalline grains become the new topmost surface. This increased the contact area and surface energy of the interface, leading to the improvement of adhesive strength. Finally, fatigue strength and contact mechanics were studied to trace the changes in the stress of the diamond coating in the whole process of drilling from a theoretical point of view. We suggest that fatigue strength and contact mechanics may play vital roles on the durability and peeling of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naichao Chen
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (M.L.); (P.H.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-35303902; Fax: +86-21-35303902
| | - Musen Liu
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (M.L.); (P.H.)
| | - Ping He
- School Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (M.L.); (P.H.)
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40
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Kowalska M, Paprocki K, Szybowicz M, Wrzyszczyński A, Łoś S, Fabisiak K. Electrochemical sensitivity of undoped CVD diamond films as function of their crystalline quality. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Liu YH, Loh CW, Zhang JL, Wu FL, Qi M, Hei LF, Lv FX, Lv YL, Ge T, Li YQ, Fu ZH. Proton irradiation tests of single crystal diamond detector at CIAE. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Baluchová S, Taylor A, Mortet V, Sedláková S, Klimša L, Kopeček J, Hák O, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Porous boron doped diamond for dopamine sensing: Effect of boron doping level on morphology and electrochemical performance. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Wachter N, Aquino JM, Denadai M, Barreiro JC, Silva AJ, Cass QB, Bocchi N, Rocha-Filho RC. Electrochemical degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in a flow reactor using distinct BDD anodes: Reaction kinetics, identification and toxicity of the degradation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:461-470. [PMID: 31228848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The performances of distinct BDD anodes (boron doping of 100, 500 and 2500 ppm, with sp3/sp2 carbon ratios of 215, 325, and 284, respectively) in the electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin - CIP (0.5 L of 50 mg L-1 in 0.10 M Na2SO4, at 25 °C) were comparatively assessed using a recirculating flow system with a filter-press reactor. Performance was assessed by monitoring the CIP and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, oxidation intermediates, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as a function of electrolysis time. CIP removal was strongly affected by the solution pH (kept fixed), flow conditions, and current density; similar trends were obtained independently of the BDD anode used, but the BDD100 anode yielded the best results. Enhanced mass transport was achieved at a low flow rate by promoting the solution turbulence within the reactor. The fastest complete CIP removal (within 20 min) was attained at j = 30 mA cm-2, pH = 10.0, and qV = 2.5 L min-1 + bypass turbulence promotion. TOC removal was practically accomplished only after 10 h of electrolysis, with quite similar performances by the distinct BDD anodes. Five initial oxidation intermediates were identified (263 ≤ m/z ≤ 348), whereas only two terminal oxidation intermediates were detected (oxamic and formic acids). The antimicrobial activity of the electrolyzed CIP solution was almost completely removed within 10 h of electrolysis. The characteristics of the BDD anodes only had a marked effect on the CIP removal rate (best performance by the least-doped anode), contrasting with other data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihara Wachter
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José Mario Aquino
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Denadai
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Barreiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone 1100,Ed. Química Ambiental, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adilson José Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nerilso Bocchi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Romeu C Rocha-Filho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4952. [PMID: 31666507 PMCID: PMC6821813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At subduction zones, most diamonds form by carbon saturation in hydrous fluids released from lithospheric plates on equilibration with mantle rocks. Although organic molecules are predicted among dissolved species which are the source for carbon in diamonds, their occurrence is not demonstrated in nature, and the physical model for crustal diamond formation is debated. Here, using Raman microspectroscopy, I determine the structure of carbon-based phases inside fluid inclusions in diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps. The results provide direct evidence that diamond surfaces are coated by sp2-, and sp3-bonded amorphous carbon and functional groups of carboxylic acids (e.g., carboxyl, carboxylate, methyl, and methylene), indicating the geosynthesis of organic compounds in deep hydrous fluids. Moreover, this study suggests diamond nucleation via metastable molecular precursors. As a possible scenario, with carbon saturation by reduction of carboxylate groups, I consider tetrahedral H-terminated C groups as templates for the growth of sp3-structured carbon. Diamonds can give us clues to the processes regulating deep carbon transport within the Earth. Here, the author discovers evidence from diamond coatings that organic compounds exist at great depth in Earth’s interior, and furthermore, that organic molecules may provide scaffolds for diamond nucleation and growth.
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45
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McLaughlin MHS, Pakpour‐Tabrizi AC, Jackman RB. Diamond Electrodes for High Sensitivity Mercury Detection in the Aquatic Environment: Influence of Surface Preparation and Gold Nanoparticle Activity. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve H. S. McLaughlin
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity College London 17–19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - Alexander C. Pakpour‐Tabrizi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity College London 17–19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - Richard B. Jackman
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity College London 17–19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
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46
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Yang KH, Narayan RJ. Biocompatibility and functionalization of diamond for neural applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Yang N, You T, Gao Y, Lu S, Yin P. One-Step Preparation Method of Flexible Metafilms on the Water-Oil Interface: Self-Assembly Surface Plasmon Structures for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4626-4633. [PMID: 30892046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated a one-step method for the first time to fabricate self-assembled gold nanoparticle (AuNP) metafilms at the water-toluene interface by adding polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene as the support layer. The thiolated polyethylene glycol and ethanol were used to tune the surface charge density on the AuNPs, constructing a balanced situation at the water-toluene interface. The flexible (AuNP) metafilm can be easily obtained after evaporation of the toluene phase and further used as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for trace thiram detection. The SERS sensitivity was tested using standard Raman probes such as crystal violet and malachite green, both with the detect concentration reaching 1 × 10-11 M. Moreover, the excellent reproducibility and elastic properties make the metafilm promising in practical detection. Hence, the trace thiram detection on an orange pericarp was inspected with the detection limit of 0.5 ppm (1 × 10-6 M) as well as a favorable linearity relation with a correlation coefficient of 0.979, exactly matching the realistic application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Tingting You
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yukun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Sichen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Penggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
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Bhaumik A, Narayan J. Direct conversion of carbon nanofibers into diamond nanofibers using nanosecond pulsed laser annealing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7208-7219. [PMID: 30888378 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show the direct conversion of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) into diamond nanofibers (DNFs) by irradiating CNFs with an ArF nanosecond laser at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The nanosecond laser pulses melt the tips of CNFs into a highly undercooled state, and their subsequent quenching results in the formation of DNFs. This formation of DNFs is dependent on the degree of undercooling which is controlled by nanosecond laser energy density and one-dimensional heat flow characteristics in CNFs. The conversion process starts at the top and extends with the number of pulses. Therefore, our highly non-equilibrium nanosecond laser processing opens a new avenue for the synthesis of exciting pure and doped diamond structures at ambient temperatures and pressures for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagh Bhaumik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA.
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Narayan J, Bhaumik A, Sachan R, Haque A, Gupta S, Pant P. Direct conversion of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes into diamond nanofibers and the subsequent growth of large-sized diamonds. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2238-2248. [PMID: 30656311 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08823c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a pulsed laser annealing method to convert carbon fibers and nanotubes into diamond fibers at ambient temperature and pressure in air. The conversion of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes into diamond nanofibers involves melting in a super undercooled state using nanosecond laser pulses, and quenching rapidly to convert into phase-pure diamond. The conversion process occurs at ambient temperature and pressure, and can be carried out in air. The structure of diamond fibers has been confirmed by selected-area electron diffraction in transmission electron microscopy, electron-back-scatter-diffraction in high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, all showing characteristic diffraction lines for the diamond structure. The bonding characteristics were determined by Raman spectroscopy with a strong peak near 1332 cm-1, and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopy with a characteristic peak at 292 eV for σ* for sp3 bonding and the absence of π* for sp2 bonding. The Raman peak at 1332 cm-1 downshifts to 1321 cm-1 for diamond nanofibers due to the phonon confinement in nanodiamonds. These laser-treated carbon fibers with diamond seeds are used to grow larger diamond crystallites further by using standard hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). We compare these results with those obtained without laser treating the carbon fibers. The details of diamond conversion and HFCVD growth are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA.
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Meijs S, McDonald M, Sørensen S, Rechendorff K, Fekete L, Klimša L, Petrák V, Rijkhoff N, Taylor A, Nesládek M, Pennisi CP. Diamond/Porous Titanium Nitride Electrodes With Superior Electrochemical Performance for Neural Interfacing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:171. [PMID: 30525031 PMCID: PMC6262293 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust devices for chronic neural stimulation demand electrode materials which exhibit high charge injection (Qinj) capacity and long-term stability. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown promise for neural stimulation applications, but their practical applications remain limited due to the poor charge transfer capability of diamond. In this work, we present an attractive approach to produce BDD electrodes with exceptionally high surface area using porous titanium nitride (TiN) as interlayer template. The TiN deposition parameters were systematically varied to fabricate a range of porous electrodes, which were subsequently coated by a BDD thin-film. The electrodes were investigated by surface analysis methods and electrochemical techniques before and after BDD deposition. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed a wide potential window in saline solution (between −1.3 and 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Electrodes with the highest thickness and porosity exhibited the lowest impedance magnitude and a charge storage capacity (CSC) of 253 mC/cm2, which largely exceeds the values previously reported for porous BDD electrodes. Electrodes with relatively thinner and less porous coatings displayed the highest pulsing capacitances (Cpulse), which would be more favorable for stimulation applications. Although BDD/TiN electrodes displayed a higher impedance magnitude and a lower Cpulse as compared to the bare TiN electrodes, the wider potential window likely allows for higher Qinj without reaching unsafe potentials. The remarkable reduction in the impedance and improvement in the charge transfer capacity, together with the known properties of BDD films, makes this type of coating as an ideal candidate for development of reliable devices for chronic neural interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Meijs
- SMI, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Matthew McDonald
- Institute for Materials Research, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Søren Sørensen
- Materials Division, Danish Technological Institute, Århus, Denmark
| | | | - Ladislav Fekete
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Klimša
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Petrák
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nico Rijkhoff
- SMI, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miloš Nesládek
- Institute for Materials Research, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Cristian P Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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