1
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Guo M, Jayakumar S, Luo M, Kong X, Li C, Li H, Chen J, Yang Q. The promotion effect of π-π interactions in Pd NPs catalysed selective hydrogenation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1770. [PMID: 35365621 PMCID: PMC8975908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of weak interactions to improve the catalytic performance of supported metal catalysts is an important strategy for catalysts design, but still remains a big challenge. In this work, the weak interactions nearby the Pd nanoparticles (NPs) are finely tuned by using a series of imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with different conjugation skeletons. The Pd NPs embedded in pyrene-COF are ca. 3 to 10-fold more active than those in COFs without pyrene in the hydrogenation of aromatic ketones/aldehydes, quinolines and nitrobenzene, though Pd have similar size and surface structure. With acetophenone (AP) hydrogenation as a model reaction, systematic studies imply that the π-π interaction of AP and pyrene rings in the vicinity of Pd NPs could significantly reduce the activation barrier in the rate-determining step. This work highlights the important role of non-covalent interactions beyond the active sites in modulating the catalytic performance of supported metal NPs. The non-covalent interactions play an important role in biocatalysis, but they have not been fully explored in metal-catalysed reactions. Herein, the authors present advanced understanding of the π-π interactions of covalent organic frameworks in Pd catalysed selective hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sanjeevi Jayakumar
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mengfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chunzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Qihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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2
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Vandervelden C, Jystad A, Peters B, Caricato M. Predicted Properties of Active Catalyst Sites on Amorphous Silica: Impact of Silica Preoptimization Protocol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Vandervelden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Amy Jystad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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3
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Plata JJ, Pacheco LC, Remesal ER, Masa MO, Vega L, Márquez AM, Odriozola JA, Sanz JF. Analysis of the variables that modify the robustness of Ti-SiO2 catalysts for alkene epoxidation: Role of silylation, deactivation and potential solutions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Perera AS, Trogadas P, Nigra MM, Yu H, Coppens MO. Optimization of mesoporous titanosilicate catalysts for cyclohexene epoxidation via statistically guided synthesis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2018; 53:7279-7293. [PMID: 31258177 PMCID: PMC6566288 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-2057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to improve the catalytic activity of titanosilicates is introduced. The Doehlert matrix (DM) statistical model was utilized to probe the synthetic parameters of mesoporous titanosilicate microspheres (MTSM), in order to increase their catalytic activity with a minimal number of experiments. Synthesis optimization was carried out by varying two parameters simultaneously: homogenizing temperature and surfactant weight. Thirteen different MTSM samples were synthesized in two sequential 'matrices' according to Doehlert conditions and were used to catalyse the epoxidation of cyclohexene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The samples (and the corresponding synthesis conditions) with superior catalytic activity in terms of product yield and selectivity were identified. In addition, this approach revealed the limiting values of each synthesis parameter, beyond which the material becomes catalytically ineffective. This study demonstrates that the DM approach can be broadly used as a powerful and time-efficient tool for investigating the optimal synthesis conditions of heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Perera
- Centre for Nature Inspired Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - P. Trogadas
- Centre for Nature Inspired Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - M. M. Nigra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - H. Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - M.-O. Coppens
- Centre for Nature Inspired Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
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5
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DFT comparison of the performance of bare Cu and Cu-alloyed Co single-atom catalyst for CO2 synthesizing of methanol. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Qiu M, Tao H, Li R, Li Y, Huang X, Chen W, Su W, Zhang Y. Insight into the mechanism for the methanol synthesis via the hydrogenation of CO2 over a Co-modified Cu(100) surface: A DFT study. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:134701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4963384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Huilin Tao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wenkai Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Wenyue Su
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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7
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Li J, Zhou S, Zhang J, Schlangen M, Usharani D, Shaik S, Schwarz H. Mechanistic Variants in Gas-Phase Metal-Oxide Mediated Activation of Methane at Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11368-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Li
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße
4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dandamudi Usharani
- Department
of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Lise-Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Thornburg NE, Nauert SL, Thompson AB, Notestein JM. Synthesis−Structure–Function Relationships of Silica-Supported Niobium(V) Catalysts for Alkene Epoxidation with H2O2. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Thornburg
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological
Institute E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott L. Nauert
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological
Institute E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony B. Thompson
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological
Institute E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Justin M. Notestein
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological
Institute E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Li J, Zhou S, Zhang J, Schlangen M, Weiske T, Usharani D, Shaik S, Schwarz H. Electronic Origins of the Variable Efficiency of Room-Temperature Methane Activation by Homo- and Heteronuclear Cluster Oxide Cations [XYO2]+ (X, Y = Al, Si, Mg): Competition between Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Hydrogen-Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7973-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Li
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße
4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dandamudi Usharani
- Department
of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Lise-Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Logsdail AJ, Downing CA, Keal TW, Sherwood P, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA. Modelling the chemistry of Mn-doped MgO for bulk and (100) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28648-28660. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the energetic properties of Mn-doped MgO bulk and (100) surfaces using a QM/MM embedding computational method, calculating the formation energy for doped systems, as well as for surface defects, and the subsequent effect on chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Logsdail
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Christopher A. Downing
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Thomas W. Keal
- Scientific Computing Department
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory
- Warrington
- UK
| | - Paul Sherwood
- Scientific Computing Department
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory
- Warrington
- UK
| | - Alexey A. Sokol
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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11
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Asatryan R, Ruckenstein E. Effect of “Reducible” Titania Promotion on the Mechanism of H-Migration in Pd/SiO2 Clusters. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Martínez-Suárez L, Siemer N, Frenzel J, Marx D. Reaction Network of Methanol Synthesis over Cu/ZnO Nanocatalysts. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martínez-Suárez
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr−Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Niklas Siemer
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr−Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Frenzel
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr−Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr−Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Monza E, Lucas MF, Camarero S, Alejaldre LC, Martínez AT, Guallar V. Insights into Laccase Engineering from Molecular Simulations: Toward a Binding-Focused Strategy. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1447-1453. [PMID: 26263150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular determinants of enzyme performance is of primary importance for the rational design of ad hoc mutants. A novel approach, which combines efficient conformational sampling and quick reactivity scoring, is used here to shed light on how substrate oxidation was improved during the directed evolution experiment of a fungal laccase (from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus), an industrially relevant class of oxidoreductases. It is found that the enhanced activity of the evolved enzyme is mainly the result of substrate arrangement in the active site, with no important change in the redox potential of the T1 copper. Mutations at the active site shift the binding mode into a more buried substrate position and provide a more favorable electrostatic environment for substrate oxidation. As a consequence, engineering the binding event seems to be a viable way to in silico evolution of oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Monza
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Fatima Lucas
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorea C Alejaldre
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- §Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Peters B, Scott SL. Single atom catalysts on amorphous supports: A quenched disorder perspective. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:104708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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15
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Eaton TR, Boston AM, Thompson AB, Gray KA, Notestein JM. Counting Active Sites on Titanium Oxide-Silica Catalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Activation through In Situ Poisoning with Phenylphosphonic Acid. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Schwarz H. How and Why Do Cluster Size, Charge State, and Ligands Affect the Course of Metal-Mediated Gas-Phase Activation of Methane? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Kwapien K, Paier J, Sauer J, Geske M, Zavyalova U, Horn R, Schwach P, Trunschke A, Schlögl R. Zentren der Methanaktivierung auf Oberflächen von Lithium-dotiertem MgO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Kwapien K, Paier J, Sauer J, Geske M, Zavyalova U, Horn R, Schwach P, Trunschke A, Schlögl R. Sites for Methane Activation on Lithium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8774-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Thomas JM. The concept, reality and utility of single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:7647-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The large-pores of this metal–organic framework allow bulky reactants to be catalytically converted at single-site active centres situated at the inner surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
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20
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Schmidt TC, Paasche A, Grebner C, Ansorg K, Becker J, Lee W, Engels B. QM/MM investigations of organic chemistry oriented questions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 351:25-101. [PMID: 22392477 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
About 35 years after its first suggestion, QM/MM became the standard theoretical approach to investigate enzymatic structures and processes. The success is due to the ability of QM/MM to provide an accurate atomistic picture of enzymes and related processes. This picture can even be turned into a movie if nuclei-dynamics is taken into account to describe enzymatic processes. In the field of organic chemistry, QM/MM methods are used to a much lesser extent although almost all relevant processes happen in condensed matter or are influenced by complicated interactions between substrate and catalyst. There is less importance for theoretical organic chemistry since the influence of nonpolar solvents is rather weak and the effect of polar solvents can often be accurately described by continuum approaches. Catalytic processes (homogeneous and heterogeneous) can often be reduced to truncated model systems, which are so small that pure quantum-mechanical approaches can be employed. However, since QM/MM becomes more and more efficient due to the success in software and hardware developments, it is more and more used in theoretical organic chemistry to study effects which result from the molecular nature of the environment. It is shown by many examples discussed in this review that the influence can be tremendous, even for nonpolar reactions. The importance of environmental effects in theoretical spectroscopy was already known. Due to its benefits, QM/MM can be expected to experience ongoing growth for the next decade.In the present chapter we give an overview of QM/MM developments and their importance in theoretical organic chemistry, and review applications which give impressions of the possibilities and the importance of the relevant effects. Since there is already a bunch of excellent reviews dealing with QM/MM, we will discuss fundamental ingredients and developments of QM/MM very briefly with a focus on very recent progress. For the applications we follow a similar strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Schmidt
- Institut für Phys. und Theor. Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Downing CA, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA. The reactivity of CO2on the MgO(100) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:184-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Sun M, Zhang J, Putaj P, Caps V, Lefebvre F, Pelletier J, Basset JM. Catalytic Oxidation of Light Alkanes (C1–C4) by Heteropoly Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 114:981-1019. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Research
and Development Center, Saudi Aramco Oil Company, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Piotr Putaj
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organométallique de Surface, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11
Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Frédéric Lefebvre
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organométallique de Surface, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11
Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Goldsmith BR, Sanderson ED, Bean D, Peters B. Isolated catalyst sites on amorphous supports: A systematic algorithm for understanding heterogeneities in structure and reactivity. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:204105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Dietl N, Troiani A, Schlangen M, Ursini O, Angelini G, Apeloig Y, de Petris G, Schwarz H. Mechanistic Aspects of Gas-Phase Hydrogen-Atom Transfer from Methane to [CO].+and [SiO].+: Why Do They Differ? Chemistry 2013; 19:6662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Dietl N, Zhang X, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Gas-phase reactions of cationic vanadium-phosphorus oxide clusters with C2H(x) (x=4, 6): a DFT-based analysis of reactivity patterns. Chemistry 2013; 19:3017-28. [PMID: 23322620 PMCID: PMC3743165 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The reactivities of the adamantane-like heteronuclear vanadium-phosphorus oxygen cluster ions [V(x)P(4-x)O(10)](.+) (x=0, 2-4) towards hydrocarbons strongly depend on the V/P ratio of the clusters. Possible mechanisms for the gas-phase reactions of these heteronuclear cations with ethene and ethane have been elucidated by means of DFT-based calculations; homolytic C-H bond activation constitutes the initial step, and for all systems the P-O(.) unit of the clusters serves as the reactive site. More complex oxidation processes, such as oxygen-atom transfer to, or oxidative dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbons require the presence of a vanadium atom to provide the electronic prerequisites which are necessary to bring about the 2e(-) reduction of the cationic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dietl
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30-314-21102 E-mail:
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30-314-21102 E-mail:
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen 518055 (P. R. China)
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOlshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany)
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOlshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany)
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30-314-21102 E-mail:
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30-314-21102 E-mail:
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589 (Saudi Arabia) E-mail:
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26
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Tiozzo C, Bisio C, Carniato F, Gallo A, Scott SL, Psaro R, Guidotti M. Niobium–silica catalysts for the selective epoxidation of cyclic alkenes: the generation of the active site by grafting niobocene dichloride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:13354-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Dutta G, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA, Keal TW, Sherwood P. Activation of Carbon Dioxide over Zinc Oxide by Localised Electrons. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3453-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Rokob TA, Rulíšek L. Curvature correction for microiterative optimizations with QM/MM electronic embedding. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1197-206. [PMID: 22344958 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common methods to treat the electrostatic effect of the environment in QM/MM calculations is to include the MM atoms as point charges in the QM Hamiltonian. In this case, a microiterative geometry optimization ignoring the QM contributions to the forces in the relaxation of the environment cannot yield exact stationary points. One solution that has been suggested in the literature is based on using a constant additive correction to the MM gradient during the microiterations, determined in the preceding macroiteration. Here, we analyze the convergence properties of the gradient correction method and point out that a smooth relaxation is not ensured if the curvature of the approximate, MM-based description of the potential energy surface of the environment is too small in comparison with the exact one. We suggest a computationally cheap second-order correction that uses an estimated Hessian from the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method to tackle the problems caused by the too small curvature. Test calculations on four metalloenzymatic systems (∼100 QM atoms, ∼2000 relaxed MM atoms, ∼20,000 atoms in total) show that our approach efficiently restores the convergence where gradient correction alone would lead to oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor András Rokob
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
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29
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Thomas JM. The societal significance of catalysis and the growing practical importance of single-site heterogeneous catalysts. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of single-site heterogeneous catalysis, herein defined and extensively illustrated, offers a strategy for the design of new solid catalysts. By capitalizing on the opportunities presented by nanoporous materials to assemble a wide range of new, well-defined, catalytically active centres, it is possible to bring about numerous environmentally benign processes that can replace traditional methods of chemical production. The latter often employs aggressive, corrosive or hazardous reagents. By using both microporous (less than 20 Å diameter) and mesoporous solids (20–500 Å diameter), abundant scope exists for the construction and application of shape-selective, regio-selective and enantioselective catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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30
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Dietl N, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Thermal Hydrogen-Atom Transfer from Methane: The Role of Radicals and Spin States in Oxo-Cluster Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5544-55. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Dietl N, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Thermische Wasserstoffabstraktion aus Methan - zur Rolle von Radikalen und Spinzuständen in der Chemie von Oxoclustern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Corà F, Gómez-Hortigüela L, Catlow CRA. Aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in Mn-doped aluminophosphates: a computational perspective to understand mechanism and selectivity. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the mechanism and energetics for the aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons catalysed by Mn-doped nanoporous aluminophosphates with the AFI structure (Mn-APO-5), obtained computationally using electronic structure techniques. Calculations have been performed employing hybrid exchange density functional theory methods under periodic boundary conditions. The active sites of the catalyst are tetrahedral Mn ions isomorphously replacing Al in the microporous crystalline framework of the AlPO host. Since all Al sites in AFI are symmetry equivalent, all Mn dopants are in an identical chemical and structural environment, and hence satisfy the definition of a single-site heterogeneous catalyst. We focus in particular on the atomic-level origin of selectivity in this catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furio Corà
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Luis Gómez-Hortigüela
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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33
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Sabbe MK, Reyniers MF, Reuter K. First-principles kinetic modeling in heterogeneous catalysis: an industrial perspective on best-practice, gaps and needs. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Arndt S, Laugel G, Levchenko S, Horn R, Baerns M, Scheffler M, Schlögl R, Schomäcker R. A Critical Assessment of Li/MgO-Based Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2011.613330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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35
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Mechanism and kinetics for methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 over Cu and Cu/oxide surfaces: Recent investigations by first-principles-based simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-011-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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37
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Schwarz H. Chemistry with methane: concepts rather than recipes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10096-115. [PMID: 21656876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Four seemingly simple transformations related to the chemistry of methane will be addressed from mechanistic and conceptual points of view: 1) metal-mediated dehydrogenation to form metal carbene complexes, 2) the hydrogen-atom abstraction step in the oxidative dimerization of methane, 3) the mechanisms of the CH(4)→CH(3)OH conversion, and 4) the initial bond scission (C-H vs. O-H) as well as the rate-limiting step in the selective CH(3)OH→CH(2)O oxidation. State-of-the-art gas-phase experiments, in conjunction with electronic-structure calculations, permit identification of the elementary reactions at a molecular level and thus allow us to unravel detailed mechanistic aspects. Where appropriate, these results are compared with findings from related studies in solution or on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Keal TW, Sherwood P, Dutta G, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA. Characterization of hydrogen dissociation over aluminium-doped zinc oxide using an efficient massively parallel framework for QM/MM calculations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A task-farm parallelization framework has been implemented in the ChemShell computational chemistry environment to provide a facility for parallelizing common chemical calculations, including finite-difference Hessian evaluation, the nudged elastic band method for reaction path optimization, and population-based methods for global optimization. The optimization methods are provided by a parallel interface to the DL-FIND optimization library. As ChemShell can already exploit parallel external programs for energy and gradient evaluations, the new methods result in a two-level approach to parallelization that gives significantly improved performance for massively parallel calculations. For typical systems, speed-up factors of five to eight times have been observed compared with non-task-farmed calculations. The task-farming version of ChemShell has been used to study the heterolytic dissociation of a hydrogen molecule over a polar oxygen-terminated surface of aluminium-doped zinc oxide using an embedded cluster hybrid QM/MM approach. We calculate a 42 kcal mol
−1
heat of reaction and a 30 kcal mol
−1
activation energy, which is equivalent to a high backward reaction barrier of 72 kcal mol
−1
per H
2
molecule, in close agreement with temperature programmed desorption experiments. The dissociation path includes a stable intermediate comprising a hydride ion in an oxygen vacancy and physisorbed atomic hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Keal
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Paul Sherwood
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Gargi Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Alexey A. Sokol
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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39
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Dietl N, Höckendorf RF, Schlangen M, Lerch M, Beyer MK, Schwarz H. Generation, Reactivity Towards Hydrocarbons, and Electronic Structure of Heteronuclear Vanadium Phosphorous Oxygen Cluster Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Xuereb DJ, Raja R. Design strategies for engineering selectivity in bio-inspired heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cy00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Catlow CRA, Guo ZX, Miskufova M, Shevlin SA, Smith AGH, Sokol AA, Walsh A, Wilson DJ, Woodley SM. Advances in computational studies of energy materials. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:3379-3456. [PMID: 20566517 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We review recent developments and applications of computational modelling techniques in the field of materials for energy technologies including hydrogen production and storage, energy storage and conversion, and light absorption and emission. In addition, we present new work on an Sn2TiO4 photocatalyst containing an Sn(II) lone pair, new interatomic potential models for SrTiO3 and GaN, an exploration of defects in the kesterite/stannite-structured solar cell absorber Cu2ZnSnS4, and report details of the incorporation of hydrogen into Ag2O and Cu2O. Special attention is paid to the modelling of nanostructured systems, including ceria (CeO2, mixed Ce(x)O(y) and Ce2O3) and group 13 sesquioxides. We consider applications based on both interatomic potential and electronic structure methodologies; and we illustrate the increasingly quantitative and predictive nature of modelling in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R A Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, 3rd Floor, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, University College London, , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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42
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Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Density functional theory for transition metals and transition metal chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10757-816. [PMID: 19924312 DOI: 10.1039/b907148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1063] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce density functional theory and review recent progress in its application to transition metal chemistry. Topics covered include local, meta, hybrid, hybrid meta, and range-separated functionals, band theory, software, validation tests, and applications to spin states, magnetic exchange coupling, spectra, structure, reactivity, and catalysis, including molecules, clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces, and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA.
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Abstract
Combined quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) approaches have become the method of choice for modeling reactions in biomolecular systems. Quantum-mechanical (QM) methods are required for describing chemical reactions and other electronic processes, such as charge transfer or electronic excitation. However, QM methods are restricted to systems of up to a few hundred atoms. However, the size and conformational complexity of biopolymers calls for methods capable of treating up to several 100,000 atoms and allowing for simulations over time scales of tens of nanoseconds. This is achieved by highly efficient, force-field-based molecular mechanics (MM) methods. Thus to model large biomolecules the logical approach is to combine the two techniques and to use a QM method for the chemically active region (e.g., substrates and co-factors in an enzymatic reaction) and an MM treatment for the surroundings (e.g., protein and solvent). The resulting schemes are commonly referred to as combined or hybrid QM/MM methods. They enable the modeling of reactive biomolecular systems at a reasonable computational effort while providing the necessary accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Martin Senn
- Department of Chemistry, WestCHEM and University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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44
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Stare J, Henson NJ, Eckert J. Mechanistic Aspects of Propene Epoxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide. Catalytic Role of Water Molecules, External Electric Field, and Zeolite Framework of TS-1. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:833-46. [PMID: 19267473 DOI: 10.1021/ci800227n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Stare
- Theoretical Division and Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Neil J. Henson
- Theoretical Division and Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Juergen Eckert
- Theoretical Division and Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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45
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46
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Thomas JM, Hernandez-Garrido JC, Raja R, Bell RG. Nanoporous oxidic solids: the confluence of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2799-825. [DOI: 10.1039/b819249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Ligand and electronic-structure effects in metal-mediated gas-phase activation of methane: A cold approach to a hot problem. Dalton Trans 2009:10155-65. [DOI: 10.1039/b915165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Catlow CRA, French SA, Sokol AA, Al-Sunaidi AA, Woodley SM. Zinc oxide: A case study in contemporary computational solid state chemistry. J Comput Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21051 10.1002/jcc.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Catlow CRA, French SA, Sokol AA, Al-Sunaidi AA, Woodley SM. Zinc oxide: A case study in contemporary computational solid state chemistry. J Comput Chem 2008; 29:2234-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Thomas JM. Heterogeneous catalysis: enigmas, illusions, challenges, realities, and emergent strategies of design. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:182502. [PMID: 18532787 DOI: 10.1063/1.2832309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominantly this article deals with the question of how to design new solid catalysts for a variety of industrial and laboratory-orientated purposes. A generally applicable strategy, illustrated by numerous examples, is made possible based on the use of nanoporous materials on to the (high-area) inner surfaces of which well-defined (experimentally and computationally) active centers are placed in a spatially separated fashion. Such single-site catalysts, which have much in common with metal-centered homogenous catalysts and enzymes, enable a wide range of new catalysts to be designed for a variety of selective oxidations, hydrogenations, hydrations and hydrodewaxing, and other reactions that the "greening" of industrial processes demand. Examples are given of new shape-selective, regio-selective, and enantioselective catalysts, many of which operate under mild, environmentally benign conditions. Also considered are some of the reasons why detailed studies of adsorption and stoichiometric reactions at single-crystal surfaces have, disappointingly, not hitherto paved the way to the design and production of many new heterogeneous catalysts. Recent work of a theoretical and high-throughout nature, allied to some experimental studies of well-chosen model systems, holds promise for the identification of new catalysts for simple, but industrially important reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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