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Goryainov S, Krylov A, Borodina U, Likhacheva A, Krylova S, Seryotkin Y, Bogdanov N, Vtyurin A, Grishina S. Raman study of decomposition of Na-bearing carbonates in water fluid at high P-T parameters. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124801. [PMID: 39053118 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The study of Na-carbonates stability and their transformations in aqueous carbonate fluid under high P-T conditions is relevant from the point of view of the understanding geochemical processes of the Na-assisted carbon circulation in the Earth's crust and subduction zones. In situ Raman study of Na-bearing carbonate-water-Fe-metal system in diamond anvil cell (DAC) at high P-T conditions revealed that carbonates decompose with abiogenic formation of formates and other organic compounds that differs from behavior of carbonates in dry system. XRD and FTIR methods have been used additionally to determine the phase composition. Na-bearing carbonates (nahcolite NaHCO3, shortite Na2Ca2(CO3)3 and cancrinite Na7Ca[(CO3)1.5Al6Si6O24]⋅2H2O) in aqueous fluid decompose to form simple carbonates and formates (as dominant organic molecules) at moderate P-T parameters (above ∼0.2 GPa, 200 °C). Our experimental results directly confirm the hypothesis of Horita and Berndt (Science, 1999) about possible yield of organic formates in the carbonate-water-metal system. Nahcolite NaHCO3 in aqueous fluid in the presence of Fe metal decomposes into anhydrous phases: natrite γ-Na2CO3, siderite, magnetite (due to dissolution of Fe steel gasket), Na-formate and likely organic molecular crystalline solvate of Na-formate and methyl formate. Shortite decays into anhydrous phases: aragonite CaCO3, Na-Ca-formates and an amorphous phase. Cancrinite decomposes to unidentified carbonate-alumonosilicate phases, Na-Ca-formates and unknown organic molecular crystal. Magnetite is also formed in this system due to dissolution of Fe steel gasket used in DAC. The present study provides a new insight in processes of abiogenic formation of organic matter from carbonates in the crust and upper mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Goryainov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexander Krylov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Akademgorodok, 50, bld. 38, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Ulyana Borodina
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anna Likhacheva
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Krylova
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Akademgorodok, 50, bld. 38, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Yurii Seryotkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita Bogdanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander Vtyurin
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Akademgorodok, 50, bld. 38, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Svetlana Grishina
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, prospect Acad. Koptyug 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Firdaus S, Amir M, Ahmad A, Ali A, Alam MJ, Dilshad S, Javed S, Ahmad M. A 3D copper (II) coordination polymer based on sulfanilic acid ligand (CP 1) for efficient biomolecular interaction with bovine serum albumin: spectroscopic, molecular modelling and DFT analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:8307-8321. [PMID: 37577966 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2245068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Several biochemical reactions occur during the interaction of metal complexes and proteins due to conformational modifications in the structure of the protein, which provide fundamental knowledge of the effect, mechanism, and transport of many drugs throughout the body. Here, we report the synthesis, identification, and impact of the 3-dimensional Copper(II)sulfanilic acid coordination polymer (CP 1) on interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The CP 1 was synthesized via a simple hot stirring method, and the single crystal XRD confirms the effective bonding interactions between metal and organic ligand, forming a crystalline polymeric chain and the topological study shows the sql type of underlying net topology. Powder XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were also performed. Moreover, DFT/B3LYP calculations provide chemical precision for the resulting complex. Further, the changes that occur in the secondary structure of protein when CP 1 binds with BSA as well as its binding capacity were investigated via circular dichroism analysis and spectroscopic methods such as UV-absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The CP 1/BSA complex melting point was also measured, and its temperature-dependent heat denaturation was studied along with molecular docking.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Firdaus
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aiman Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arif Ali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Jane Alam
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumra Dilshad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Huang X, Li Y, Xie S, Zhao Q, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Sheng H, Zhao J. The Tandem Nitrate and CO 2 Reduction for Urea Electrosynthesis: Role of Surface N-Intermediates in CO 2 Capture and Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403980. [PMID: 38588065 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and nitrate offers a promising avenue to produce valuable chemicals through the using of greenhouse gas and nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, the generally proposed reaction pathway of concurrent CO2 and nitrate reduction for urea synthesis requires the catalysts to be both efficient in both CO2 and nitrate reduction, thus narrowing the selection range of suitable catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate a distinct mechanism in urea synthesis, a tandem NO3 - and CO2 reduction, in which the surface amino species generated by nitrate reduction play the role to capture free CO2 and subsequent initiate its activation. When using the TiO2 electrocatalyst derived from MIL-125-NH2, it intrinsically exhibits low activity in aqueous CO2 reduction, however, in the presence of both nitrate and CO2, this catalyst achieves an excellent urea yield rate of 43.37 mmol ⋅ g-1 ⋅ h-1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 48.88 % at -0.9 V vs. RHE in a flow cell. Even at a low CO2 level of 15 %, the Faradaic efficiency of urea synthesis remains robust at 42.33 %. The tandem reduction procedure was further confirmed by in situ spectroscopies and theoretical calculations. This research provides new insights into the selection and design of electrocatalysts for urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yangfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
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Vitkova A, Walker SJI, Sykulska-Lawrence H. The Impact of Extreme Low Temperatures on Raman Spectra of Amino Acids Relevant for the Search for Life on Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1271-1292. [PMID: 35972372 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy, an emerging technology for in situ space exploration, has been suggested for life detection for the Europa Lander Mission. However, obtaining spectra of samples from the europan icy shell requires measurements at temperatures down to -233°C, which will affect the Raman spectra of any potential biosignatures. In this study, we obtained Raman spectra of amino acids using a 785 nm Raman system at temperatures ranging down to -196°C, analogous to Europa's surface and near subsurface. Significant Raman band width narrowing and decreasing variance were observed at lower temperatures leading to higher-precision Raman measurements, which required higher spectral resolution that could be as high as 2 cm-1 for full identification of amino acids. Such spectral resolution is much higher than the resolution of contemporary Raman instruments for planetary exploration and may be particularly problematic for miniaturized instruments. Shifting of Raman bands to both higher and lower frequencies by as much as ∼25 cm-1 together with changes in the Raman band intensity were recorded. The emergence of new bands and diminishing of the original bands also occurred for some amino acids. A significantly increased fluorescence background was observed in spectra of fluorescent molecules (i.e., tryptophan). A link between the type of vibrational modes associated with Raman bands and the change in their Raman shift at extreme low temperatures was identified and described. This link offers an exciting new method of molecule identification solely based on the comparison of spectra collected at two different temperatures and could greatly improve the identification capabilities in Raman spectroscopy for a wide array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vitkova
- Astronautics Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J I Walker
- Astronautics Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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From Biodeterioration to Creativity: Bioreceptivity of Spruce Pine 87 Glass Batch by Fungi. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioreceptivity, and the consequent biodeterioration of contemporary glass, used by artists worldwide, was studied. The two main objectives were: first, to verify if fungi with some culture media would produce more damages than the same fungi without a nutritional source, and to verify if the two genera of fungi produce the same damage on the same glass. Colourless glass samples with Spruce Pine 87 Batch (SPB-87) composition were inoculated with two distinct fungal species, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger, separately: (i) half with fungal spores (simulating primary bioreceptivity), and (ii) half with fungi in a small portion of culture media (simulating organic matter that can be deposited on exposed glassworks, i.e., secondary bioreceptivity). The alteration of glass surfaces were analysed by Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS and µ-Raman. The mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum generated a higher amount of fingerprints, stains and iridescence, whereas Aspergillus niger produced more biopitting and crystals on the glass surface. However, both species damaged the glass to different degrees in 4 and 6 months after the inoculation, producing physico-chemical damage (e.g., iridescence, biopitting), and chemical alterations (e.g., depletion and deposition of elements and crystals). The primary bioreceptivity experiment of glass samples inoculated with Aspergillus niger results in less damage than in the case of secondary bioreceptivity, being almost similar for Penicillium chrysogenum. The new and in-depth understanding of the bioreceptivity and deterioration of post-modern glass art and cultural heritage provided here is of paramount importance for the scientific, conservation and artistic communities – to protect glass cultural materials, or seen by artists as innovative and inspirational ways of creating glass art in the future.
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Cooman T, Trejos T, Romero AH, Arroyo LE. Implementing machine learning for the identification and classification of compound and mixtures in portable Raman instruments. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Muslim M, Kamaal S, Mehkoom M, Jane Alam M, Afzal SM, Ahmad M. A Proton‐Transfer Complex Containing 5‐Hydroxy‐isophthalic Acid with 3,3′‐(Piperazine‐1,4‐diylbis (methylene)) Dibenzonitrile: Structural Topology, Hirshfeld Analysis, NLO, and DFT Studies. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Muslim
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology ZHCET Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
| | - Saima Kamaal
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology ZHCET Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
| | - Mohd Mehkoom
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
| | - Mohammad Jane Alam
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
| | - S. M. Afzal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology ZHCET Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh U.P-202002 India
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Ettabib MA, Marti A, Liu Z, Bowden BM, Zervas MN, Bartlett PN, Wilkinson JS. Waveguide Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Biosensing: A Review. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2025-2045. [PMID: 34114813 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Waveguide enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) utilizes simple, robust, high-index contrast dielectric waveguides to generate a strong evanescent field, through which laser light interacts with analytes residing on the surface of the waveguide. It offers a powerful tool for the direct identification and reproducible quantification of biochemical species and an alternative to surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) without reliance on fragile noble metal nanostructures. The advent of low-cost laser diodes, compact spectrometers, and recent progress in material engineering, nanofabrication techniques, and software modeling tools have made realizing portable and cheap WERS Raman systems with high sensitivity a realistic possibility. This review highlights the latest progress in WERS technology and summarizes recent demonstrations and applications. Following an introduction to the fundamentals of WERS, the theoretical framework that underpins the WERS principles is presented. The main WERS design considerations are then discussed, and a review of the available approaches for the modification of waveguide surfaces for the attachment of different biorecognition elements is provided. The review concludes by discussing and contrasting the performance of recent WERS implementations, thereby providing a future roadmap of WERS technology where the key opportunities and challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ettabib
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Almudena Marti
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Liu
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany M. Bowden
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis N. Zervas
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Wilkinson
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Veneranda M, Lopez-Reyes G, Manrique-Martinez JA, Sanz-Arranz A, Medina J, Pérez C, Quintana C, Moral A, Rodríguez JA, Zafra J, Nieto Calzada L, Rull F. Raman spectroscopy and planetary exploration: Testing the ExoMars/RLS system at the Tabernas Desert (Spain). Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Zhi B, Yao X, Wu M, Mensch A, Cui Y, Deng J, Duchimaza-Heredia JJ, Trerayapiwat KJ, Niehaus T, Nishimoto Y, Frank BP, Zhang Y, Lewis RE, Kappel EA, Hamers RJ, Fairbrother HD, Orr G, Murphy CJ, Cui Q, Haynes CL. Multicolor polymeric carbon dots: synthesis, separation and polyamide-supported molecular fluorescence. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2441-2455. [PMID: 34164010 PMCID: PMC8179321 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05743f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicolor carbon dots (CDs) have been developed recently and demonstrate great potential in bio-imaging, sensing, and LEDs. However, the fluorescence mechanism of their tunable colors is still under debate, and efficient separation methods are still challenging. Herein, we synthesized multicolor polymeric CDs through solvothermal treatment of citric acid and urea in formamide. Automated reversed-phase column separation was used to achieve fractions with distinct colors, including blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange and red. This work explores the physicochemical properties and fluorescence origins of the red, green, and blue fractions in depth with combined experimental and computational methods. Three dominant fluorescence mechanism hypotheses were evaluated by comparing time-dependent density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculation results to measured characteristics. We find that blue fluorescence likely comes from embedded small molecules trapped in carbonaceous cages, while pyrene analogs are the most likely origin for emission at other wavelengths, especially in the red. Also important, upon interaction with live cells, different CD color fractions are trafficked to different sub-cellular locations. Super-resolution imaging shows that the blue CDs were found in a variety of organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, while the red CDs were primarily localized in lysosomes. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the photoluminescence mechanism of multicolor CDs and help to guide future design and applications of these promising nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Arielle Mensch
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Juan J Duchimaza-Heredia
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | | | - Thomas Niehaus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Benjamin P Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Riley E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Elaine A Kappel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | | | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA.,Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
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Košek F, Culka A, Rousaki A, Vandenabeele P, Jehlička J. Evaluation of handheld and portable Raman spectrometers with different laser excitation wavelengths for the detection and characterization of organic minerals. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118818. [PMID: 32862060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic minerals occur rather rarely in some types of peat bogs, sedimentary geological environments, and hydrothermal veins. Commonly, calcium oxalates are produced by several plants, terpenoids are often associated with conifers. Because of the organic precursor, these minerals, from the smallest group of the mineralogical system, are sometimes considered as biomarkers. Potential detection of these compounds has high relevance in the fields of exobiology or geobiology. Here we show the potential of four portable Raman spectrometers, using different excitation wavelengths and technologies (operating at 532, 785, and 1064nm together with an advanced spectrometer using the sequentially shifted excitation (SSE) technology), for the rapid and non-destructive identification of these phases. For the organic minerals investigated here, the most intense Raman bands are generally detected at the expected wavenumber positions ±1-4cm-1 in the region 100-2000cm-1 in the spectra obtained from all spectrometers. Additionally, two spectrometers (the 532nm instrument and the SSE) are capable of detecting Raman bands in the higher wavenumber shift region of 2000-3500cm-1, allowing the more detailed characterization and differentiation of the related phases. From this work, and on the basis of the experimental data obtained, it is clear that the longer laser excitation wavelengths are more preferable for organic minerals identification due to the better mitigation of fluorescence emission. In contrast, the Raman spectrometer equipped with the shortest excitation wavelength (532nm) gives a significantly higher spectral resolution and a more detailed discrimination of the Raman bands, provided that the conditions of general lower level of fluorescence emission are met. The results presented in the current study complement the knowledge on minerals and biomarkers of relevance for Martian environments which have been measured with mobile Raman spectrometers. The outcome creates a solid base towards the use of lightweight mobile Raman systems that can be used outdoors and on terrestrial outcrops. Moreover, these results and conclusions are of use for the further development of dedicated spectrometers destined for the instrumental suites on planetary rovers, in the frame of the forthcoming exobiology focused missions to Mars to be launched by NASA and ESA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Košek
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Rousaki
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Jehlička
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Sinclair J, Dai G, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Brown A, Rivard E. Insight into the Decomposition Mechanism of Donor-Acceptor Complexes of EH 2 (E = Ge and Sn) and Access to Germanium Thin Films from Solution. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10996-11008. [PMID: 32686404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electron-donating N-heterocyclic carbenes (Lewis bases, LB) and electron-accepting Lewis acids (LA) have been used in tandem to yield donor-acceptor complexes of inorganic tetrelenes LB·EH2·LA (E = Si, Ge, and Sn). Herein, we introduce the new germanium (II) dihydride adducts ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 (ImMe2 = (HCNMe)2C:) and ImiPr2Me2·GeH2·BH3 (ImiPr2Me2 = (MeCNiPr)2C:), with the former complex containing nearly 40 wt % germanium. The thermal release of bulk germanium from ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 (and its deuterated isotopologue ImMe2·GeD2·BD3) was examined in solution, and a combined kinetic and computational investigation was undertaken to probe the mechanism by which Ge is liberated. Moreover, the thermolysis of ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 in solution cleanly affords conformal nanodimensional layers of germanium as thin films of variable thicknesses (20-70 nm) on silicon wafers. We also conducted a computational investigation into potential decomposition pathways for the germanium(II)- and tin(II)-dihydride complexes NHC·EH2·BH3 (NHC = [(HCNR)2C:]; R = 2,6-iPr2C6H3 (Dipp), Me, and H; and E = Ge and Sn). Overall, this study introduces a mild and convenient solution-only protocol for the deposition of thin films of Ge, a widely used semiconductor in materials research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Guoliang Dai
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 2215009 Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Hussain A, Sun DW, Pu H. SERS detection of urea and ammonium sulfate adulterants in milk with coffee ring effect. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:851-862. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1591643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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14
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Spikmans V. The evolution of environmental forensics: From laboratory to field analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Val Spikmans
- Western Sydney University School of Science and Health Penrith NSW Australia
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15
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Shkolyar S, Eshelman EJ, Farmer JD, Hamilton D, Daly MG, Youngbull C. Detecting Kerogen as a Biosignature Using Colocated UV Time-Gated Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:431-453. [PMID: 29624103 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Mars 2020 mission will analyze samples in situ and identify any that could have preserved biosignatures in ancient habitable environments for later return to Earth. Highest priority targeted samples include aqueously formed sedimentary lithologies. On Earth, such lithologies can contain fossil biosignatures as aromatic carbon (kerogen). In this study, we analyzed nonextracted kerogen in a diverse suite of natural, complex samples using colocated UV excitation (266 nm) time-gated (UV-TG) Raman and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopies. We interrogated kerogen and its host matrix in samples to (1) explore the capabilities of UV-TG Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies for detecting kerogen in high-priority targets in the search for possible biosignatures on Mars; (2) assess the effectiveness of time gating and UV laser wavelength in reducing fluorescence in Raman spectra; and (3) identify sample-specific issues that could challenge rover-based identifications of kerogen using UV-TG Raman spectroscopy. We found that ungated UV Raman spectroscopy is suited to identify diagnostic kerogen Raman bands without interfering fluorescence and that UV fluorescence spectroscopy is suited to identify kerogen. These results highlight the value of combining colocated Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies, similar to those obtainable by SHERLOC on Mars 2020, to strengthen the confidence of kerogen detection as a potential biosignature in complex natural samples. Key Words: Raman spectroscopy-Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy-Mars Sample Return-Mars 2020 mission-Kerogen-Biosignatures. Astrobiology 18, 431-453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shkolyar
- 1 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
- 2 Current address: Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Evan J Eshelman
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack D Farmer
- 1 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
| | - David Hamilton
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Daly
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cody Youngbull
- 4 Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana , Polson, Montana
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16
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Abedin MN, Bradley AT, Misra AK, Bai Y, Hines GD, Sharma SK. Standoff ultracompact micro-Raman sensor for planetary surface explorations. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:62-68. [PMID: 29328119 PMCID: PMC6650773 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an innovative standoff ultracompact micro-Raman instrument that would solve some of the limitations of traditional micro-Raman systems to provide a superior instrument for future NASA missions. This active remote sensor system, based on a 532 nm laser and a miniature spectrometer, is capable of inspection and identification of minerals, organics, and biogenic materials within several centimeters (2-20 cm) at a high 10 μm resolution. The sensor system is based on inelastic (Raman) light scattering and laser-induced fluorescence. We report on micro-Raman spectroscopy development and demonstration of the standoff Raman measurements by acquiring Raman spectra in daylight at a 10 cm target distance with a small line-shaped laser spot size of 17.3 μm (width) by 5 mm (height).
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17
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Malherbe C, Hutchinson IB, Ingley R, Boom A, Carr AS, Edwards H, Vertruyen B, Gilbert B, Eppe G. On the Habitability of Desert Varnish: A Combined Study by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Methylated Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:1123-1137. [PMID: 29039682 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the ESA ExoMars and NASA Mars 2020 missions will be launched to Mars to search for evidence of past and present life. In preparation for these missions, terrestrial analog samples of rock formations on Mars are studied in detail in order to optimize the scientific information that the analytical instrumentation will return. Desert varnishes are thin mineral coatings found on rocks in arid and semi-arid environments on Earth that are recognized as analog samples. During the formation of desert varnishes (which takes many hundreds of years), organic matter is incorporated, and microorganisms may also play an active role in the formation process. During this study, four complementary analytical techniques proposed for Mars missions (X-ray diffraction [XRD], Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [Py-GC-MS]) were used to interrogate samples of desert varnish and describe their capacity to sustain life under extreme scenarios. For the first time, both the geochemistry and the organic compounds associated with desert varnish are described with the use of identical sets of samples. XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements were used to nondestructively interrogate the mineralogy of the samples. In addition, the use of Raman spectroscopy instruments enabled the detection of β-carotene, a highly Raman-active biomarker. The content and the nature of the organic material in the samples were further investigated with elemental analysis and methylated Py-GC-MS, and a bacterial origin was determined to be likely. In the context of planetary exploration, we describe the habitable nature of desert varnish based on the biogeochemical composition of the samples. Possible interference of the geological substrate on the detectability of pyrolysis products is also suggested. Key Words: Desert varnish-Habitability-Raman spectroscopy-Py-GC-MS-XRD-ExoMars-Planetary science. Astrobiology 17, 1123-1137.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malherbe
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
- 2 Laboratory of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - I B Hutchinson
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - R Ingley
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - A Boom
- 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - A S Carr
- 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - H Edwards
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - B Vertruyen
- 4 LCIS/GREENMAT, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - B Gilbert
- 2 Laboratory of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - G Eppe
- 2 Laboratory of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
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Domagal-Goldman SD, Wright KE, Adamala K, Arina de la Rubia L, Bond J, Dartnell LR, Goldman AD, Lynch K, Naud ME, Paulino-Lima IG, Singer K, Walther-Antonio M, Abrevaya XC, Anderson R, Arney G, Atri D, Azúa-Bustos A, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Brennecka GA, Carns R, Chopra A, Colangelo-Lillis J, Crockett CJ, DeMarines J, Frank EA, Frantz C, de la Fuente E, Galante D, Glass J, Gleeson D, Glein CR, Goldblatt C, Horak R, Horodyskyj L, Kaçar B, Kereszturi A, Knowles E, Mayeur P, McGlynn S, Miguel Y, Montgomery M, Neish C, Noack L, Rugheimer S, Stüeken EE, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Imari Walker S, Wong T. The Astrobiology Primer v2.0. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:561-653. [PMID: 27532777 PMCID: PMC5008114 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Domagal-Goldman
- 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- 2 Virtual Planetary Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- 3 University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado, USA
- 4 Present address: UK Space Agency, UK
| | - Katarzyna Adamala
- 5 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jade Bond
- 7 Department of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kennda Lynch
- 10 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Naud
- 11 Institute for research on exoplanets (iREx) , Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ivan G Paulino-Lima
- 12 Universities Space Research Association , Mountain View, California, USA
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- 14 Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ximena C Abrevaya
- 16 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE) , UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rika Anderson
- 17 Department of Biology, Carleton College , Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giada Arney
- 18 University of Washington Astronomy Department and Astrobiology Program , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dimitra Atri
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Bowman
- 19 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Regina Carns
- 22 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya Chopra
- 23 Planetary Science Institute, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jesse Colangelo-Lillis
- 24 Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University , and the McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Julia DeMarines
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carie Frantz
- 27 Department of Geosciences, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah, USA
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente
- 28 IAM-Departamento de Fisica, CUCEI , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Douglas Galante
- 29 Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Glass
- 30 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | | | | | - Colin Goldblatt
- 33 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Rachel Horak
- 34 American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Betül Kaçar
- 36 Harvard University , Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- 37 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Knowles
- 38 Johnson & Wales University , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Mayeur
- 39 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shawn McGlynn
- 40 Earth Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamila Miguel
- 41 Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR 7293, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Neish
- 43 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Lena Noack
- 44 Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- 45 Department of Astronomy, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 46 University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- 47 University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 48 University of California , Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Sara Imari Walker
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 50 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Wong
- 51 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Shou W, Chao B, Ahmad ZU, Gang DD. Ordered mesoporous carbon preparation by thein situradical polymerization of acrylamide and its application for resorcinol removal. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
| | - Bing Chao
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
| | - Zaki Uddin Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
| | - Daniel Dianchen Gang
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
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Malherbe C, Ingley R, Hutchinson I, Edwards H, Carr AS, Harris L, Boom A. Biogeological Analysis of Desert Varnish Using Portable Raman Spectrometers. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:442-452. [PMID: 26060982 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Desert varnishes are thin, dark mineral coatings found on some rocks in arid or semi-arid environments on Earth. Microorganisms may play an active role in their formation, which takes many hundreds of years. Their mineral matrix may facilitate the preservation of organic matter and is therefore of great relevance to martian exploration. Miniaturized Raman spectrometers (which allow nondestructive analysis of the molecular composition of a specimen) will equip rovers in forthcoming planetary exploration missions. In that context, and for the first time, portable Raman spectrometers operating in the green visible (532 nm as currently baselined for flight) and in the near-infrared (785 nm) were used in this study to investigate the composition (and substrate) of several samples of desert varnish. Rock samples that were suspected (and later confirmed) to be coated with desert varnish were recovered from two sites in the Mojave Desert, USA. The portable spectrometers were operated in flight-representative acquisition modes to identify the key molecular components of the varnish. The results demonstrate that the coatings typically comprise silicate minerals such as quartz, plagioclase feldspars, clays, ferric oxides, and hydroxides and that successful characterization of the samples can be achieved by using flightlike portable spectrometers for both the 532 and 785 nm excitation sources. In the context of searching for spectral signatures and identifying molecules that indicate the presence of extant and/or extinct life, we also report the detection of β-carotene in some of the samples. Analysis complications caused by the presence of rare earth element photoluminescence (which overlaps with and overwhelms the organic Raman signal when a 785 nm laser is employed) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Malherbe
- 1 Laboratory of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
- 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Ingley
- 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Hutchinson
- 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Howell Edwards
- 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew S Carr
- 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Liam Harris
- 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Arnoud Boom
- 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
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21
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Gasda PJ, Acosta-Maeda TE, Lucey PG, Misra AK, Sharma SK, Taylor GJ. Next generation laser-based standoff spectroscopy techniques for Mars exploration. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:173-92. [PMID: 25587811 DOI: 10.1366/14-07483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the recent Mars 2020 Rover Science Definition Team Report, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has sought the capability to detect and identify elements, minerals, and most importantly, biosignatures, at fine scales for the preparation of a retrievable cache of samples. The current Mars rover, the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity, has a remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument, a type of quantitative elemental analysis, called the Chemistry Camera (ChemCam) that has shown that laser-induced spectroscopy instruments are not only feasible for space exploration, but are reliable and complementary to traditional elemental analysis instruments such as the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer. The superb track record of ChemCam has paved the way for other laser-induced spectroscopy instruments, such as Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. We have developed a prototype remote LIBS-Raman-fluorescence instrument, Q-switched laser-induced time-resolved spectroscopy (QuaLITy), which is approximately 70 000 times more efficient at recording signals than a commercially available LIBS instrument. The increase in detection limits and sensitivity is due to our development of a directly coupled system, the use of an intensified charge-coupled device image detector, and a pulsed laser that allows for time-resolved measurements. We compare the LIBS capabilities of our system with an Ocean Optics spectrometer instrument at 7 m and 5 m distance. An increase in signal-to-noise ratio of at least an order of magnitude allows for greater quantitative analysis of the elements in a LIBS spectrum with 200-300 μm spatial resolution at 7 m, a Raman instrument capable of 1 mm spatial resolution at 3 m, and bioorganic fluorescence detection at longer distances. Thus, the new QuaLITy instrument fulfills all of the NASA expectations for proposed instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gasda
- Hawai'i Institute for Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, 1680 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
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22
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Culka A, Osterrothová K, Hutchinson I, Ingley R, McHugh M, Oren A, Edwards HGM, Jehlička J. Detection of pigments of halophilic endoliths from gypsum: Raman portable instrument and European Space Agency's prototype analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20140203. [PMID: 25368354 PMCID: PMC4223862 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A prototype instrument, under development at the University of Leicester, for the future European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars mission, was used for the analysis of microbial pigments within a stratified gypsum crust from a hypersaline saltern evaporation pond at Eilat (Israel). Additionally, the same samples were analysed using a miniaturized Raman spectrometer, featuring the same 532 nm excitation. The differences in the position of the specific bands, attributed to carotenoid pigments from different coloured layers, were minor when analysed by the ESA prototype instrument; therefore, making it difficult to distinguish among the different pigments. The portable Delta Nu Advantage instrument allowed for the discrimination of microbial carotenoids from the orange/green and purple layers. The purpose of this study was to complement previous laboratory results with new data and experience with portable or handheld Raman systems, even with a dedicated prototype Raman system for the exploration of Mars. The latter is equipped with an excitation wavelength falling within the carotenoid polyene resonance region. The ESA prototype Raman instrument detected the carotenoid pigments (biomarkers) with ease, although further detailed distinctions among them were not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Osterrothová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Hutchinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Ingley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melissa McHugh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Jan Jehlička
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Vandenabeele P, Edwards HGM, Jehlička J. The role of mobile instrumentation in novel applications of Raman spectroscopy: archaeometry, geosciences, and forensics. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2628-49. [PMID: 24382454 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of analytical Raman spectroscopy in the characterisation of materials associated with archaeologically excavated artefacts, forensic investigations of drugs of abuse, security and crime scenes, minerals and rocks and future astrobiological space missions are now well established; however, these applications have emphasised the need for new developments in the area of miniaturised instrumentation which extends the concept and breadth of the analytical requirement to facilitate the provision of data from 'in field' studies. In this respect, the apparently unrelated themes of art and archaeology, forensic science, geological science and astrobiology as covered by this review are unified broadly by the ability to record data nondestructively and without resorting to sampling and the subsequent transfer of samples to the analytical laboratory. In studies of works of art there has long been a requirement for on-site analysis, especially for valuable paintings held under strict museum security and for wall paintings which cannot physically be removed from their setting; similarly, the use of portable Raman spectroscopy in archaeological and geological field work as a first-pass screening device which obviates the necessity of multiple and wasteful specimen collection is high on the wish-list of practicing spectroscopists. As a first-pass screening probe for forensic crime scenes, Raman spectroscopy has proved to be of inestimable value for the early detection of dangerous and prohibited materials such as drugs of abuse, explosives and their chemical precursors, and banned contraband biomaterials such as ivories and animal products; in these applications the advantage of the Raman spectroscopic technique for the recognition of spectral signatures from mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds is paramount and not afforded by other less portable instrumental techniques. Finally, in astrobiological work, these requirements also apply but with the additional prerequisite for system operation remotely - often over distances of several hundred million kilometres - as part of instrumental suites on robotic spacecraft and planetary landers; this necessitates robust and reliable instrumentation for the observation of unique and characteristic spectral features from the planetary geological surface and subsurface which are dependent on the assignment of both biological and geological band signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vandenabeele
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Ali EMA, Edwards HGM. Analytical Raman spectroscopy in a forensic art context: the non-destructive discrimination of genuine and fake lapis lazuli. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:415-419. [PMID: 24287050 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation between genuine and fake lapis lazuli specimens using Raman spectroscopy is assessed using laboratory and portable instrumentation operating at two longer wavelengths of excitation in the near-infrared, namely 1064 and 785 nm. In spite of the differences between the spectra excited here in the near infrared and those reported in the literature using visible excitation, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy at longer wavelengths can provide a means of differentiating between the fakes studied here and genuine lapis lazuli. The Raman spectra obtained from portable instrumentation can also achieve this result, which will be relevant for the verification of specimens which cannot be removed from collections and for the identification of genuine lapis lazuli inlays in, for example, complex jewellery and furniture. The non-destructive and non-contact character of the technique offers a special role for portable Raman spectroscopy in forensic art analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam M A Ali
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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26
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Olcott Marshall A, Marshall CP. Field-based Raman spectroscopic analyses of an Ordovician stromatolite. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:814-20. [PMID: 24015783 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectrometers are being miniaturized for future life-detection missions on Mars. Field-portable Raman spectrometers, which have similar spectral parameters to the instruments being developed for Mars rovers, have been used to examine extant biosignatures, but they have not yet been used to examine ancient biosignatures. Here, a portable Raman spectrometer was used to analyze an Ordovician stromatolite at the outcrop, revealing both its mineralogy and the presence of sp² carbonaceous material. As stromatolites are often used as proof of the presence of life in Archean rocks and are searched for on Mars, the ability to analyze them in the field with no sample preparation has important ramifications for future Mars missions. However, these results also reveal that a 785 nm excitation source, rather than the 532 nm excitation source planned for future missions, might be a better choice in the search for fossil biosignatures.
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28
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Barnett MJ, Pearce DA, Cullen DC. Advances in the in-field detection of microorganisms in ice. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 81:133-67. [PMID: 22958529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The historic view of ice-bound ecosystems has been one of a predominantly lifeless environment, where microorganisms certainly exist but are assumed to be either completely inactive or in a state of long-term dormancy. However, this standpoint has been progressively overturned in the past 20years as studies have started to reveal the importance of microbial life in the functioning of these environments. Our present knowledge of the distribution, taxonomy, and metabolic activity of such microbial life has been derived primarily from laboratory-based analyses of collected field samples. To date, only a restricted range of life detection and characterization techniques have been applied in the field. Specific examples include direct observation and DNA-based techniques (microscopy, specific stains, and community profiling based on PCR amplification), the detection of biomarkers (such as adenosine triphosphate), and measurements of metabolism [through the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled isotopes or chemical alteration of fluorescent substrates (umbelliferones are also useful here)]. On-going improvements in technology mean that smaller and more robust life detection and characterization systems are continually being designed, manufactured, and adapted for in-field use. Adapting technology designed for other applications is the main source of new methodology, and the range of techniques is currently increasing rapidly. Here we review the current use of technology and techniques to detect and characterize microbial life within icy environments and specifically its deployment to in-field situations. We discuss the necessary considerations, limitations, and adaptations, review emerging technologies, and highlight the future potential. Successful application of these new techniques to in-field studies will certainly generate new insights into the way ice bound ecosystems function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Barnett
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Jehlička J, Vandenabeele P, Edwards HGM. Discrimination of zeolites and beryllium containing silicates using portable Raman spectroscometric equipment with near-infrared excitation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 86:341-346. [PMID: 22099060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper Raman spectra were obtained for a series of zeolites (thomsonite, stilbite, natrolite) and beryllium containing silicates (beryl, chrysoberyl, euclase, phenacite, bavenite, milarite) using a portable Raman specrometer with a 785 nm laser excitation to show the possibility to apply this setting for unambiguous detection and discrimination of these silicate minerals. Obtained spectra contain the most intense Raman bands at the same positions ±2-4 cm(-1) as reported in the literature. The use of these bands permits the unambiguous identification of these phases. Data show the possibility to discriminate individual species of similar whitish color and aspect. Measurements showed an excellent correspondence of Raman bands obtained using the portable system and a laboratory Raman microspectrometer (with the same excitation laser wavelenght). However, for several minerals of these groups (chrysoberyl, bertrandite, chiavennite) Raman spectra were not of sufficient quality to permit unambiguous identification. The reasons are discussed. Raman spectrum of chiavennite CaMnBe(2)Si(5)O(13)(OH)(2)·2(H(2)O) - a transformation product occurring together with bavenite on the surface of beryl crystals was obtained for the first time using the laboratory Raman spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jehlička
- Charles University in Prague, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Jehlička J, Culka A, Vandenabeele P, Edwards HGM. Critical evaluation of a handheld Raman spectrometer with near infrared (785nm) excitation for field identification of minerals. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 80:36-40. [PMID: 21292545 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Handheld Raman spectrometers (Ahura First Defender XL, Inspector Raman DeltaNu) permit the recording of acceptable and good quality spectra of a large majority of minerals outdoors and on outcrops. Raman spectra of minerals in the current study were obtained using instruments equipped with 785 nm diode lasers. Repetitive measurements carried out under an identical instrumental setup confirmed the reliability of the tested Raman spectrometers. Raman bands are found at correct wavenumber positions within ±3 cm(-1) compared to reference values in the literature. Taking into account several limitations such as the spatial resolution and problems with metallic and black and green minerals handheld Raman spectrometers equipped with 785 nm diode lasers can be applied successfully for the detection of minerals from the majority of classes of the mineralogical system. For the detection of biomarkers and biomolecules using Raman spectroscopy, e.g. for exobiological applications, the near infrared excitation can be considered as a preferred excitation. Areas of potential applications of the actual instruments include all kind of common geoscience work outdoors. Modified Raman systems can be proposed for studies of superficial or subsurface targets for Mars or Lunar investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jehlička
- Charles University in Prague, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Mineral Resources, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Bhirde AA, Liu G, Jin A, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Sousa AA, Leapman RD, Gutkind JS, Lee S, Chen X. Combining portable Raman probes with nanotubes for theranostic applications. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:310-21. [PMID: 21769298 PMCID: PMC3137983 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently portable Raman probes have emerged along with a variety of applications, including carbon nanotube (CNT) characterization. Aqueous dispersed CNTs have shown promise for biomedical applications such as drug/gene delivery vectors, photo-thermal therapy, and photoacoustic imaging. In this study we report the simultaneous detection and irradiation of carbon nanotubes in 2D monolayers of cancer cells and in 3D spheroids using a portable Raman probe. A portable handheld Raman instrument was utilized for dual purposes: as a CNT detector and as an irradiating laser source. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed aqueously using a lipid-polymer (LP) coating, which formed highly stable dispersions both in buffer and cell media. The LP coated SWCNT and MWCNT aqueous dispersions were characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The cellular uptake of the LP-dispersed SWCNTs and MWCNTs was observed using confocal microscopy, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-nanotube conjugates were found to be internalized by ovarian cancer cells by using Z-stack fluorescence confocal imaging. Biocompatibility of SWCNTs and MWCNTs was assessed using a cell viability MTT assay, which showed that the nanotube dispersions did not hinder the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells at the dosage tested. Ovarian cancer cells treated with SWCNTs and MWCNTs were simultaneously detected and irradiated live in 2D layers of cancer cells and in 3D environments using the portable Raman probe. An apoptotic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay carried out after laser irradiation confirmed that cell death occurred only in the presence of nanotube dispersions. We show for the first time that both SWCNTs and MWCNTs can be selectively irradiated and detected in cancer cells using a simple handheld Raman instrument. This approach could potentially be used to treat various diseases, including cancer.
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