1
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Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes form a vast family of molecules characterized by their finely tuned photochemical and photophysical properties. Their ability to undergo excited-state deactivation via photosubstitution reactions makes them quite unique in inorganic photochemistry. As a consequence, they have been used, in general, for building dynamic molecular systems responsive to light but, more particularly, in the field of oncology, as prodrugs for a new cancer treatment modality called photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Indeed, the ability of a coordination bond to be selectively broken under visible light irradiation offers fascinating perspectives in oncology: it is possible to make poorly toxic agents in the dark that become activated toward cancer cell killing by simple visible light irradiation of the compound inside a tumor. In this Perspective, we review the most important concepts behind the PACT idea, the relationship between ruthenium compounds used for PACT and those used for a related phototherapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and we discuss important questions about real-life applications of PACT in the clinic. We conclude this Perspective with important challenges in the field and an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Lu Z, Lightcap IV, Tennyson AG. An organometallic catalase mimic with exceptional activity, H 2O 2 stability, and catalase/peroxidase selectivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15493-15501. [PMID: 34473153 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-porphyrin and -salen redox therapeutics catalyze redox reactions involving O2˙-, H2O2, and other reactive oxygen species, thereby modulating cellular redox states. Many of these complexes perform catalase reactions via high-valent Mn-oxo or -hydroxo intermediates that oxidize H2O2 to O2, but these intermediates can also oxidize other molecules (e.g., thiols), which is peroxidase reactivity. Whether catalase or peroxidase reactivity predominates depends on the metal-ligand set and the local environment, complicating predictions of what therapeutic effects (e.g., promoting vs. suppressing apoptosis) a complex might produce in a given disease. We recently reported an organoruthenium complex (Ru1) that catalyzes ABTS˙- reduction to ABTS2- with H2O2 as the terminal reductant. Given that H2O2 is thermodynamically a stronger oxidant than ABTS˙-, we reasoned that the intermediate that reduced ABTS˙- would also be able to reduce H2O2 to H2O. Herein we demonstrate Ru1-catalyzed H2O2 disproportionation into O2 and H2O, exhibiting an 8,580-fold faster catalase TOF vs. peroxidase TOF, which is 89.2-fold greater than the highest value reported for a Mn-porphyin or -salen complex. Furthermore, Ru1 was 120-fold more stable to H2O2 than the best MnSOD mimic (TON = 4000 vs. 33.4) Mechanistic studies provide evidence that the mechanism for Ru1-catalyzed H2O2 disproportionation is conserved with the mechanism for ABTS˙- reduction. Therapeutic effects of redox catalysts can be predicted with greater accuracy for catalysts that exhibit exclusively catalase activity, thereby facilitating the development of future redox therapeutic strategies for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuomin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson University, USA.
| | - Ian V Lightcap
- Center for Sustainable Energy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Andrew G Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson University, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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3
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Goetzfried SK, Koenig SMC, Gallati CM, Gust R. Internal and External Influences on Stability and Ligand Exchange Reactions in Bromido[3-ethyl-4-aryl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2 H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8546-8553. [PMID: 34097405 PMCID: PMC8277168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The ligand scrambling
reaction of gold(I) complexes is a phenomenon
occurring primarily in L–AuI–X (L = phosphine, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and thiol; X = halide and
thiol) complexes and has been observed among others for e.g., the
bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) complex (7a),
which underwent ligand rearrangement in aqueous solutions. In this
study, we investigated the influence of substituents on the 4-aryl
ring of the related (NHC)AuIBr complexes (1a–9a) in terms of the conversion to the [(NHC)2AuI]+ (1b–9b) and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ (1c–9c) species. Furthermore,
the influence of external factors such as solvent, temperature, concentration,
and presence of halides (Cl–, Br–, and I–) or hydroxyl ions was studied to gain
a deeper understanding of the ligand rearrangement reaction. The substituent
on the 4-aryl ring has a marginal impact on the scrambling reaction.
Out of the investigated organic solvents (dimethylformamide (DMF),
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and acetonitrile
(ACN)), only ACN separates single complex molecules. In all other
solvents, relatively stable ((NHC)AuIBr)2 dimers
are present. The addition of water to ACN solutions forces the formation
of such dimeric units, starting the transformation to [(NHC)2AuI]+ and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+. The rate-determining step is the release
of Br– from a T-shape intermediate because an excess
of KBr terminates this reaction. Furthermore, it is obvious that only
single molecules react with halides. The aurophilic interactions between
two (NHC)AuIBr molecules are too strong in the presence
of water and largely impeded reaction with halides. As a single molecule,
the reaction with Cl– (e.g., in a 0.9% NaCl solution)
is notable, while I– even leads to a fast and quantitative
conversion to (NHC)AuII and finally to [(NHC)2AuI]+. Internal
and external factors of the ligand scrambling reaction
in (NHC)AuIBr complexes were investigated by the means
of HPLC. The data represent the impact of substituents, temperature,
solvent, concentration and addition of halides on the conversion to
the respective [(NHC)2AuI]+ and the
oxidation to the [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Katharina Goetzfried
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sophie Marie Charlotte Koenig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Caroline Marie Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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4
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Targeting drug delivery with light: A highly focused approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:94-107. [PMID: 33486009 PMCID: PMC8127392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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5
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Karges J, Kuang S, Ong YC, Chao H, Gasser G. One‐ and Two‐Photon Phototherapeutic Effects of Ru
II
Polypyridine Complexes in the Hypoxic Centre of Large Multicellular Tumor Spheroids and Tumor‐Bearing Mice**. Chemistry 2020; 27:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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6
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of the Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex with Pluronic F‐127/Poloxamer‐407 for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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7
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Visible Light-Responsive Dynamic Biomaterials: Going Deeper and Triggering More. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901553. [PMID: 32100475 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive materials have been widely used in vitro for controlled therapeutic delivery and to direct 4D cell fate. Extension of the approaches into a bodily setting requires use of low-energy, long-wavelength light that penetrates deeper into and through complex tissue. This review details recent reports of photoactive small molecules and proteins that absorb visible and/or near-infrared light, opening the door to exciting new applications in multiplexed and in vivo regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington 3781 Okanogan Lane NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington 3781 Okanogan Lane NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington 3720 15th Ave NE Seattle WA 98105 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine University of Washington 850 Republican Street Seattle WA 98109 USA
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute University of Washington 3946 W Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
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8
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Karges J, Heinemann F, Jakubaszek M, Maschietto F, Subecz C, Dotou M, Vinck R, Blacque O, Tharaud M, Goud B, Viñuelas Zahı́nos E, Spingler B, Ciofini I, Gasser G. Rationally Designed Long-Wavelength Absorbing Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6578-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franz Heinemann
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Subecz
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mazzarine Dotou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilio Viñuelas Zahı́nos
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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9
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Karges J, Yempala T, Tharaud M, Gibson D, Gasser G. A Multi-action and Multi-target Ru II -Pt IV Conjugate Combining Cancer-Activated Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy to Overcome Drug Resistant Cancers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7069-7075. [PMID: 32017379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PtII complexes are commonly used to treat cancer. To reduce their side effects and improve their pharmacological properties, PtIV complexes are being developed as prodrug candidates that are activated by reduction in cancer cells. Concomitantly, RuII polypyridine complexes have gained much attention as photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy due to their attractive characteristics. In this article, a novel PtIV -RuII conjugate, which combines cancer activated chemotherapy with PDT, is presented. Upon entering the cancer cell, the PtIV centre is reduced to PtII and the axial ligands including the RuII complex and phenylbutyrate are released. As each component has its individual targets, the conjugate exerts a multi-target and multi-action effect with (photo-)cytotoxicity values upon irradiation up to 595 nm in the low nanomolar range in various (drug resistant) 2D monolayer cancer cells and 3D multicellular tumour spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thirumal Yempala
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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10
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Karges J, Yempala T, Tharaud M, Gibson D, Gasser G. A Multi‐action and Multi‐target Ru
II
–Pt
IV
Conjugate Combining Cancer‐Activated Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy to Overcome Drug Resistant Cancers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Thirumal Yempala
- Institute for Drug Research School of Pharmacy The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91120 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research School of Pharmacy The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91120 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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11
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Blasco S, Bright SA, McManus GJ, Orellana G, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Water-soluble amphiphilic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes as potential light-activated therapeutic agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9332-9335. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new water-soluble amphiphilic Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes were synthesised and their photophysical and photobiological properties evaluated; both complexes showed a rapid cellular uptake and phototoxicity against HeLa cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Gavin J. McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - John M. Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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12
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Lameijer LN, van de Griend C, Hopkins SL, Volbeda AG, Askes SHC, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Photochemical Resolution of a Thermally Inert Cyclometalated Ru(phbpy)(N-N)(Sulfoxide) + Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:352-362. [PMID: 30525567 PMCID: PMC6331141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work a photosubstitution strategy is presented that can
be used for the isolation of chiral organometallic complexes. A series
of five cyclometalated complexes Ru(phbpy)(N−N)(DMSO-κS)](PF6) ([1]PF6-[5]PF6) were synthesized and characterized, where Hphbpy = 6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl,
and N–N = bpy (2,2′-bipyridine), phen (1,10-phenanthroline),
dpq (pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, or dppn
(benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a,2′,3′-c]phenazine), respectively. Due to the asymmetry of the
cyclometalated phbpy– ligand, the corresponding
[Ru(phbpy)(N–N)(DMSO-κS)]+complexes are chiral.
The exceptional thermal inertness of the Ru–S bond made chiral
resolution of these complexes by thermal ligand exchange impossible.
However, photosubstitution by visible light irradiation in acetonitrile
was possible for three of the five complexes ([1]PF6-[3]PF6). Further thermal coordination
of the chiral sulfoxide (R)-methyl p-tolylsulfoxide to the photoproduct [Ru(phbpy)(phen)(NCMe)]PF6, followed by reverse phase HPLC, led to the separation and
characterization of the two diastereoisomers of [Ru(phbpy)(phen)(MeSO(C7H7))]PF6, thus providing a new photochemical
approach toward the synthesis of chiral cyclometalated ruthenium(II)
complexes. Full photochemical, electrochemical, and frontier orbital
characterization of the cyclometalated complexes [1]PF6-[5]PF6 was performed to explain why
[4]PF6 and [5]PF6 are
photochemically inert while [1]PF6-[3]PF6 perform selective photosubstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Corjan van de Griend
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Samantha L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Geert Volbeda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sven H C Askes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small molecule X-ray facility, Department of Chemistry , John Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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13
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Cuello-Garibo JA, James CC, Siegler MA, Hopkins SL, Bonnet S. Selective Preparation of a Heteroleptic Cyclometallated Ruthenium Complex Capable of Undergoing Photosubstitution of a Bidentate Ligand. Chemistry 2018; 25:1260-1268. [PMID: 30318782 PMCID: PMC6392132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometallated ruthenium complexes typically exhibit red‐shifted absorption bands and lower photolability compared to their polypyridyl analogues. They also have lower symmetry, which sometimes makes their synthesis challenging. In this work, the coordination of four N,S bidentate ligands, 3‐(methylthio)propylamine (mtpa), 2‐(methylthio)ethylamine (mtea), 2‐(methylthio)ethyl‐2‐pyridine (mtep), and 2‐(methylthio)methylpyridine (mtmp), to the cyclometallated precursor [Ru(bpy)(phpy)(CH3CN)2]+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, Hphpy=2‐phenylpyridine) has been investigated, furnishing the corresponding heteroleptic complexes [Ru(bpy)(phpy)(N,S)]PF6 ([2]PF6–[5]PF6, respectively). The stereoselectivity of the synthesis strongly depended on the size of the ring formed by the Ru‐coordinated N,S ligand, with [2]PF6 and [4]PF6 being formed stereoselectively, but [3]PF6 and [5]PF6 being obtained as mixtures of inseparable isomers. The exact stereochemistry of the air‐stable complex [4]PF6 was established by a combination of DFT, 2D NMR, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallographic studies. Finally, [4]PF6 was found to be photosubstitutionally active under irradiation with green light in acetonitrile, which makes it the first cyclometallated ruthenium complex capable of undergoing selective photosubstitution of a bidentate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catriona C James
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Samantha L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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15
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Synthesis, characterization, and structures of ruthenium(II) complexes with multiple solvato ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Zeng L, Gupta P, Chen Y, Wang E, Ji L, Chao H, Chen ZS. The development of anticancer ruthenium(ii) complexes: from single molecule compounds to nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5771-5804. [PMID: 28654103 PMCID: PMC5624840 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is rapidly becoming the top killer in the world. Most of the FDA approved anticancer drugs are organic molecules, while metallodrugs are very scarce. The advent of the first metal based therapeutic agent, cisplatin, launched a new era in the application of transition metal complexes for therapeutic design. Due to their unique and versatile biochemical properties, ruthenium-based compounds have emerged as promising anti-cancer agents that serve as alternatives to cisplatin and its derivertives. Ruthenium(iii) complexes have successfully been used in clinical research and their mechanisms of anticancer action have been reported in large volumes over the past few decades. Ruthenium(ii) complexes have also attracted significant attention as anticancer candidates; however, only a few of them have been reported comprehensively. In this review, we discuss the development of ruthenium(ii) complexes as anticancer candidates and biocatalysts, including arene ruthenium complexes, polypyridyl ruthenium complexes, and ruthenium nanomaterial complexes. This review focuses on the likely mechanisms of action of ruthenium(ii)-based anticancer drugs and the relationship between their chemical structures and biological properties. This review also highlights the catalytic activity and the photoinduced activation of ruthenium(ii) complexes, their targeted delivery, and their activity in nanomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
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17
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Needham RJ, Sanchez‐Cano C, Zhang X, Romero‐Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Cooper MS, Meszaros L, Clarkson GJ, Blower PJ, Sadler PJ. In-Cell Activation of Organo-Osmium(II) Anticancer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1017-1020. [PMID: 28000997 PMCID: PMC5412917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The family of iodido OsII arene phenylazopyridine complexes [Os(η6 -p-cym)(5-R1 -pyridylazo-4-R2 -phenyl))I]+ (where p-cym=para-cymene) exhibit potent sub-micromolar antiproliferative activity towards human cancer cells and are active in vivo. Their chemical behavior is distinct from that of cisplatin: they do not readily hydrolyze, nor bind to DNA bases. We report here a mechanism by which they are activated in cancer cells, involving release of the I- ligand in the presence of glutathione (GSH). The X-ray crystal structures of two active complexes are reported, 1-I (R1 =OEt, R2 =H) and 2-I (R1 =H, R2 =NMe2 ). They were labelled with the radionuclide 131 I (β- /γ emitter, t1/2 8.02 d), and their activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. 1-[131 I] and 2-[131 I] exhibit good stability in both phosphate-buffered saline and blood serum. In contrast, once taken up by MCF-7 cells, the iodide ligand is rapidly pumped out. Intriguingly, GSH catalyzes their hydrolysis. The resulting hydroxido complexes can form thiolato and sulfenato adducts with GSH, and react with H2 O2 generating hydroxyl radicals. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of action of these organo-osmium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Cooper
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Levente Meszaros
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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Molas Saborit J, Caubet A, Brissos RF, Korrodi-Gregório L, Pérez-Tomás R, Martínez M, Gamez P. pH-Driven preparation of two related platinum(ii) complexes exhibiting distinct cytotoxic properties. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11214-11222. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02127e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A distinct cytotoxic/DNA interaction behaviour has been observed for a pair of aqua/hydroxido/chlorido equilibrium related PtII complex structures. The equilibrium is shifted between {PtII(NN)} and {PtII(NNO)} cores as a function of pCl and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Molas Saborit
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Amparo Caubet
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Rosa F. Brissos
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Barcelona
- 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
- Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Barcelona
- 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
- Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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19
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Needham RJ, Sanchez-Cano C, Zhang X, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Cooper MS, Meszaros L, Clarkson GJ, Blower PJ, Sadler PJ. In-Cell Activation of Organo-Osmium(II) Anticancer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Cooper
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Levente Meszaros
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Rapp T, Phillips SR, Dmochowski IJ. Kinetics and Photochemistry of Ruthenium Bisbipyridine Diacetonitrile Complexes: An Interdisciplinary Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory Exercise. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2016. [PMID: 28649139 PMCID: PMC5477777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can be widely applied across disciplines in the undergraduate curriculum. Ruthenium photochemistry has advanced many fields including dye-sensitized solar cells, photoredox catalysis, light-driven water oxidation, and biological electron transfer. Equally promising are ruthenium polypyridyl complexes that provide a sterically bulky, photolabile moiety for transiently "caging" biologically active molecules. Photouncaging involves the use of visible (1-photon) or near-IR (2-photon) light to break one or more bonds between ruthenium and coordinated ligand(s), which can occur on short time scales and in high quantum yields. In this work we demonstrate the use of a model "caged" acetonitrile complex, Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)2(acetonitrile)2, or RuMeCN in an advanced synthesis and physical chemistry laboratory. Students made RuMeCN in an advanced synthesis laboratory course and performed UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The following semester students investigated RuMeCN photolysis kinetics in a physical chemistry laboratory. These two exercises may also be combined to create a 2-week module in an advanced undergraduate laboratory course.
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21
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Huang LL, Xu J, Jin YJ, Zhao DX, Xie HY. Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex-incorporated and folate-conjugated vehicle for cancer cell imaging and photoinduced inactivation. Analyst 2016; 141:2948-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02650d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A vehicle of photodynamic reagent [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+, which was incorporated into folate-conjugated liposomes, was constructed for the purpose of tumor-specific imaging and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yong-Jie Jin
- School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Dong-Xu Zhao
- School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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22
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Sainuddin T, McCain J, Pinto M, Yin H, Gibson J, Hetu M, McFarland SA. Organometallic Ru(II) Photosensitizers Derived from π-Expansive Cyclometalating Ligands: Surprising Theranostic PDT Effects. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:83-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Jordan Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
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Pefkianakis EK, Theodossiou TA, Toubanaki DK, Karagouni E, Falaras P, Papadopoulos K, Vougioukalakis GC. A Family of Potent Ru(II) Photosensitizers with Enhanced DNA Intercalation: Bimodal Photokillers. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1191-202. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Dimitra K. Toubanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; Athens Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; Athens Greece
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; NCSR Demokritos; Aghia Paraskevi Greece
| | - Kyriakos Papadopoulos
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; NCSR Demokritos; Aghia Paraskevi Greece
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Barbosa ASL, Werlé C, Colunga COO, Rodríguez CF, Toscano RA, Le Lagadec R, Pfeffer M. Further Insight into the Lability of MeCN Ligands of Cytotoxic Cycloruthenated Compounds: Evidence for the Antisymbiotic Effect Trans to the Carbon Atom at the Ru Center. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7617-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soraya Lima Barbosa
- Laboratoire de Chimie & Systémique Organo-Métallique of the Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Laboratoire de Chimie & Systémique Organo-Métallique of the Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Cecilia Franco Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruben Alfredo Toscano
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Michel Pfeffer
- Laboratoire de Chimie & Systémique Organo-Métallique of the Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Mari C, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Gasser G. Combination of Ru(ii) complexes and light: new frontiers in cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2660-2686. [PMID: 29308166 PMCID: PMC5639435 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic action of light, oxygen and a photosensitizer (PS) has found applications for decades in medicine under the name of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of skin diseases and, more recently, for the treatment of cancer. However, of the thirteen PSs currently approved for the treatment of cancer over more than 10 countries, only two contain a metal ion. This fact is rather surprising considering that nowadays around 50% of conventional chemotherapies involve the use of cisplatin and other platinum-containing drugs. In this perspective article, we review the opportunities brought by the use of Ru(ii) complexes as PSs in PDT. In addition, we also present the recent achievements in the application of Ru(ii) complexes in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). In this strategy, the presence of oxygen is not required to achieve cell toxicity. This is of significance since tumors are generally hypoxic. Importantly, this perspective article focuses particularly on the Ru(ii) complexes for which an in vitro biological evaluation has been performed and the mechanism of action (partially) unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
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Griepenburg JC, Rapp TL, Carroll PJ, Eberwine J, Dmochowski IJ. Ruthenium-Caged Antisense Morpholinos for Regulating Gene Expression in Zebrafish Embryos. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2342-2346. [PMID: 26023327 PMCID: PMC4443914 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical approaches afford high spatiotemporal control over molecular structure and function, for broad applications in materials and biological science. Here, we present the first example of a visible light responsive ruthenium-based photolinker, Ru(bipyridine)2(3-ethynylpyridine)2 (RuBEP), which was reacted stoichiometrically with a 25mer DNA or morpholino (MO) oligonucleotide functionalized with 3' and 5' terminal azides, via Cu(I)-mediated [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition reactions. RuBEP-caged circular morpholinos (Ru-MOs) targeting two early developmental zebrafish genes, chordin and notail, were synthesized and tested in vivo. One-cell-stage zebrafish embryos microinjected with Ru-MO and incubated in the dark for 24 h developed normally, consistent with caging, whereas irradiation at 450 nm dissociated one 3-ethynylpyridine ligand (ϕ = 0.33) and uncaged the MO to achieve gene knockdown. As demonstrated, Ru photolinkers provide a versatile method for controlling structure and function of biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C. Griepenburg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , USA .
| | - Teresa L. Rapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , USA .
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , USA .
| | - James Eberwine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 37 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , USA
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , USA .
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Knoll JD, Turro C. Control and utilization of ruthenium and rhodium metal complex excited states for photoactivated cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2015; 282-283:110-126. [PMID: 25729089 PMCID: PMC4343038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of visible light to produce highly selective and potent drugs through photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds much potential in the treatment of cancer. PDT agents can be designed to follow an O2-dependent mechanism by producing highly reactive species such as 1O2 and/or an O2 independent mechanism through processes such as excited state electron transfer, covalent binding to DNA or photoinduced drug delivery. Ru(II)-polypyridyl and Rh2(II,II) complexes represent an important class of compounds that can be tailored to exhibit desired photophysical properties and photochemical reactivity by judicious selection of the ligand set. Complexes with relatively long-lived excited states and planar, intercalating ligands localize on the DNA strand and photocleave DNA through 1O2 production or guanine oxidation by the excited state of the chromophore. Photoinduced ligand substitution occurs through the population of triplet metal centered (3MC) excited states and facilitates covalent binding of the metal complex to DNA in a mode similar to cisplatin. Ligand photodissociation also provides a route to selective drug delivery. The ability to construct metal complexes with desired light absorbing and excited state properties by ligand variation enables the design of PDT agents that can potentially provide combination therapy from a single metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Albani BA, Peña B, Dunbar KR, Turro C. New cyclometallated Ru(II) complex for potential application in photochemotherapy? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:272-80. [PMID: 24220236 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to create a molecule that absorbs further into the optimum window for photochemotherapy (PCT), the new cyclometallated complex [Ru(biq)2(phpy)](PF6) (1, biq = 2,2'-biquinoline, phpy(-) = deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine) was synthesized, characterized and compared to the known photoactive complexes [Ru(biq)2(bpy)](PF6)2 (2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(biq)2(phen)](PF6)2 (3, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), both of which undergo exchange of one biq ligand when irradiated with red light in coordinating solvents. Excited state ligand dissociation in 2 and 3 is believed to be related to the steric hindrance afforded by the presence of two coordinated biq ligands. The ligand exchange quantum yield of 2 is ~2-fold greater than that of 3, which was shown to be cytotoxic when irradiated with visible light. Cyclometallation results in a red shift of the MLCT absorption maximum of ` by ~100 nm relative to those of 2 and 3, but, although 1 exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry, photoinduced ligand exchange does not occur. DFT calculations were used to aid in our understanding of the lack of photochemistry of 1 which is explained by the destabilization of the eg(σ*) orbitals upon cyclometallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Albani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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The Photochemistry of Transition Metal Complexes and Its Application in Biology and Medicine. LUMINESCENT AND PHOTOACTIVE TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS BIOMOLECULAR PROBES AND CELLULAR REAGENTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2014_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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