1
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Szczepaniak G, Kapil K, Adida S, Kim K, Lin TC, Yilmaz G, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Well-Defined Multiblock Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22247-22256. [PMID: 39079042 PMCID: PMC11328128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Solid-phase polymer synthesis, historically rooted in peptide synthesis, has evolved into a powerful method for achieving sequence-controlled macromolecules. This study explores solid-phase polymer synthesis by covalently immobilizing growing polymer chains onto a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based resin, known as ChemMatrix (CM) resin. In contrast to traditional hydrophobic supports, CM resin's amphiphilic properties enable swelling in both polar and nonpolar solvents, simplifying filtration, washing, and drying processes. Combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with solid-phase techniques allowed for the grafting of well-defined block copolymers in high yields. This approach is attractive for sequence-controlled polymer synthesis, successfully synthesizing di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-block copolymers with excellent control over the molecular weight and dispersity. The study also delves into the limitations of achieving high molecular weights due to confinement within resin pores. Moreover, the versatility of the method is demonstrated through its applicability to various monomers in organic and aqueous media. This straightforward approach offers a rapid route to developing tailored block copolymers with unique structures and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Samuel Adida
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ting-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Xu J, Zhang P, Yuan Y, Hadjichristidis N. Elucidation of the Alternating Copolymerization Mechanism of Epoxides or Aziridines with Cyclic Anhydrides in the Presence of Halide Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218891. [PMID: 36734167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic halide salts in combination with metal or organic compound are the most common and essential catalysts in ring-opening copolymerizations (ROCOP). However, the role of organic halide salts was neglected. Here, we have uncovered the complex behavior of organic halides in ROCOP of epoxides or aziridine with cyclic anhydride. Coordination of the chain-ends to cations, electron-withdrawing effect, leaving ability of halide atoms, chain-end basicity/nucleophilicity, and terminal steric hindrance cause three types of side reactions: single-site transesterification, substitution, and elimination. Understanding the complex functions of organic halide salts in ROCOP led us to develop highly active and selective aminocyclopropenium chlorides as catalysts/initiators. Adjustable H-bonding interactions of aminocyclopropenium with propagating anions and epoxides create chain-end coordination process that generate highly reactive carboxylate and highly selective alkoxide chain-ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youyou Yuan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Rittinghaus RD, Herres-Pawlis S. Catalysts as Key Enablers for the Synthesis of Bioplastics with Sophisticated Architectures. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202222. [PMID: 36173968 PMCID: PMC10098652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers to environmental pollution and linear material flows. The most promising bioplastic polylactide (PLA) is already replacing conventional plastics in a number of applications. The properties of PLA, however, do not fit for all potential application areas, but they can be altered by the introduction of comonomers. The copolymerization of lactide (LA) with other lactones like ϵ-caprolactone (CL) has been established for several years. Nevertheless, controlling copolymerizations remains a challenge due to the high complexity of the system. Copolymerization of LA with other monomer classes is much less investigated, but has the chance to overcome the limitations in material properties that occur when only lactones are used. The crucial factor for all copolymerizations is the catalyst. It dominates the reaction kinetics and determines the resulting microstructure. In this review, copolymerization catalysts for LA are presented divided into catalysts for the synthesis of lactone block copolymers, lactone random copolymers, and multimechanistically synthesized copolymers. The selected catalysts are highlighted either owing to their industrially applicable polymerization conditions or their non-standard mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Xia X, Gao T, Li F, Suzuki R, Isono T, Satoh T. Sequential Polymerization from Complex Monomer Mixtures: Access to Multiblock Copolymers with Adjustable Sequence, Topology, and Gradient Strength. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tianle Gao
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Feng Li
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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5
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You H, Zhuo C, Yan S, Wang E, Cao H, Liu S, Wang X. CO 2 Deprotection-Mediated Switchable Polymerization for Precise Construction of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai You
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Kimpel J, Łagodzińska M, Häfele L, Carrodeguas LP, Williams CK. Block Poly(carbonate-ester) Ionomers as High-Performance and Recyclable Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210748. [PMID: 36178774 PMCID: PMC9828403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers based on polyesters/carbonates have the potential to maximize recyclability, degradability and renewable resource use. However, they often underperform and suffer from the familiar trade-off between strength and extensibility. Herein, we report well-defined reprocessable poly(ester-b-carbonate-b-ester) elastomers with impressive tensile strengths (60 MPa), elasticity (>800 %) and recovery (95 %). Plus, the ester/carbonate linkages are fully degradable and enable chemical recycling. The superior performances are attributed to three features: (1) Highly entangled soft segments; (2) Fully reversible strain-induced crystallization and (3) Precisely placed ZnII -carboxylates dynamically crosslinking the hard domains. The one-pot synthesis couples controlled cyclic monomer ring-opening polymerization and alternating epoxide/anhydride ring-opening copolymerization. Efficient convresion to ionomers is achieved by reacting vinyl-epoxides to install ZnII -carboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L. Gregory
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Matylda Łagodzińska
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Lisa Häfele
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Xia X, Gao T, Li F, Suzuki R, Isono T, Satoh T. Multidimensional Control of Repeating Unit/Sequence/Topology for One-Step Synthesis of Block Polymers from Monomer Mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17905-17915. [PMID: 36150017 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synchronously and thoroughly adjusting the chemical structure difference between two blocks of the diblock copolymer is very useful for designing materials but difficult to achieve via self-switchable alternating copolymerization. Here, we report self-switchable alternating copolymerization from a mixture of two different cyclic anhydrides, epoxides, and oxetanes, where a simple alkali metal carboxylate catalyst switches between ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclic anhydrides/epoxides and ROCOP of cyclic anhydrides/oxetanes, resulting in the formation of a perfect block tetrapolymer. By investigating the reactivity ratio of these comonomers, a reactivity gradient was established, enabling the precise synthesis of block copolymers with synchronous adjustment of each unit's chemical structure/sequence/topology. Consequently, a diblock tetrapolymer with two glass transition temperatures (Tg) can be easily produced by adjusting the difference in chemical structures between the two blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.,Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tianle Gao
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Feng Li
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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8
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Gregory GL, Gao H, Liu B, Gao X, Rees GJ, Pasta M, Bruce PG, Williams CK. Buffering Volume Change in Solid-State Battery Composite Cathodes with CO 2-Derived Block Polycarbonate Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17477-17486. [PMID: 36122375 PMCID: PMC9523710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers designed with a specific combination of electrochemical, mechanical, and chemical properties could help overcome challenges limiting practical all-solid-state batteries for high-performance next-generation energy storage devices. In composite cathodes, comprising active cathode material, inorganic solid electrolyte, and carbon, battery longevity is limited by active particle volume changes occurring on charge/discharge. To overcome this, impractical high pressures are applied to maintain interfacial contact. Herein, block polymers designed to address these issues combine ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and suitable elastomeric mechanical properties, including adhesion. The block polymers have "hard-soft-hard", ABA, block structures, where the soft "B" block is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), known to promote ionic conductivity, and the hard "A" block is a CO2-derived polycarbonate, poly(4-vinyl cyclohexene oxide carbonate), which provides mechanical rigidity and enhances oxidative stability. ABA block polymers featuring controllable PEO and polycarbonate lengths are straightforwardly prepared using hydroxyl telechelic PEO as a macroinitiator for CO2/epoxide ring-opening copolymerization and a well-controlled Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst. The influence of block polymer composition upon electrochemical and mechanical properties is investigated, with phosphonic acid functionalities being installed in the polycarbonate domains for adhesive properties. Three lead polymer materials are identified; these materials show an ambient ionic conductivity of 10 -4 S cm-1, lithium-ion transport (tLi+ 0.3-0.62), oxidative stability (>4 V vs Li+/Li), and elastomeric or plastomer properties (G' 0.1-67 MPa). The best block polymers are used in composite cathodes with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 active material and Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte-the resulting solid-state batteries demonstrate greater capacity retention than equivalent cells featuring no polymer or commercial polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Gregory
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Xiangwen Gao
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Gregory J Rees
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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9
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Xie H, Feng J, Yang X, Zhao Y, Song P, Wang H, Xu Z. One‐pot sequence‐selective synthesis of polylactone‐containing block terpolymers based on renewable terpenoid‐derived monomer and a simple organocatalyst. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Jiabing Feng
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
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10
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Della Monica F, Capacchione C. Recent Advancements in Metal‐Catalysts Design for CO2/Epoxide Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita ITALY
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Università degli Studi di Salerno Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli" via Giovanni Paolo II 84081 Fisciano SA ITALY
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11
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Master of Chaos and Order: Opposite Microstructures of PCL-co-PGA-co-PLA Accessible by a Single Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112853. [PMID: 34984790 PMCID: PMC9305917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One catalyst, two reaction set-ups, three monomers and unlimited macromolecular microstructural designs: The iron guanidine complex [FeCl2 (TMG5NMe2 asme)] (1) polymerizes lactide faster than the industrially used Sn(Oct)2 and shows high activity towards glycolide and ϵ-caprolactone. Its distinguished features enable the synthesis of both block and random-like copolymers in the melt by a simple change of the polymerization set-up. Sequential addition of monomers yields highly ordered block copolymers including the symmetrical PLA-b-PGA-b-PCL-b-PGA-b-PLA pentablock copolymers, while polymerizations of monomer mixtures feature enhanced transesterifications and pave the way to di- and terpolymers with highly dispersed repeating unit distributions. A robust catalyst active under industrially applicable conditions and producing copolymers with desired microstructures is a major step towards biocompatible polymers with tailor-made properties as alternatives for traditional plastics on the way towards a sustainable, circular material flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of ChemistryTel Aviv UniversityRamat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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12
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Kontrolle über Chaos und Ordnung: Gegensätzliche Mikrostrukturen von PCL‐
co
‐PGA‐
co
‐PLA durch einen einzigen Katalysator zugänglich**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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13
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Xia X, Suzuki R, Gao T, Isono T, Satoh T. One-step synthesis of sequence-controlled multiblock polymers with up to 11 segments from monomer mixture. Nat Commun 2022; 13:163. [PMID: 35013294 PMCID: PMC8748456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Switchable polymerization holds considerable potential for the synthesis of highly sequence-controlled multiblock. To date, this method has been limited to three-component systems, which enables the straightforward synthesis of multiblock polymers with less than five blocks. Herein, we report a self-switchable polymerization enabled by simple alkali metal carboxylate catalysts that directly polymerize six-component mixtures into multiblock polymers consisting of up to 11 blocks. Without an external trigger, the catalyst polymerization spontaneously connects five catalytic cycles in an orderly manner, involving four anhydride/epoxide ring-opening copolymerizations and one L-lactide ring-opening polymerization, creating a one-step synthetic pathway. Following this autotandem catalysis, reasonable combinations of different catalytic cycles allow the direct preparation of diverse, sequence-controlled, multiblock copolymers even containing various hyperbranched architectures. This method shows considerable promise in the synthesis of sequentially and architecturally complex polymers, with high monomer sequence control that provides the potential for designing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tianle Gao
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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14
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring-Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202104495. [PMID: 34015162 PMCID: PMC9298364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemicals, show controllable monomer-polymer equilibria and properties spanning plastics, elastomers, fibres, resins, foams, coatings, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures. Their current and future applications span packaging, house-hold goods, clothing, automotive components, electronics, optical materials, sensors, and medical products. An interesting route to these polymers is the catalysed ring-opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of heterocycles and heteroallenes. It is a living polymerization, occurs with high atom economy, and creates precise, new polymer structures inaccessible by traditional methods. In the last decade there has been a renaissance in research and increasing examples of commercial products made using ROCOP. It is better known in the production of polycarbonates and polyesters, but is also a powerful route to make N-, S-, and other heteroatom-containing polymers, including polyamides, polycarbamates, and polythioesters. This Review presents an overview of the different catalysts, monomer combinations, and polymer classes that can be accessed by heterocycle/heteroallene ROCOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford ChemistryChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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15
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring‐Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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16
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Lin L, Chen X, Xiang H, Chang M, Xu Y, Zhao H, Meng Y. Construction of triblock copolyesters via one-step switchable terpolymerization of epoxides, phthalic anhydride and ε-caprolactone using dual urea/organic base catalysts. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective and efficient system of ureas/organic bases toward the controlled self-switchable copolymerization of epoxide/PA/CL to obtain well-defined triblock polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limiao Lin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huanxin Xiang
- School of Materials Science & Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Min Chang
- School of Materials Science & Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yonghang Xu
- School of Materials Science & Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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17
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Kaler S, Jones MD. Recent advances in externally controlled ring-opening polymerisations. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1241-1256. [PMID: 34918735 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Switchable catalysis is a powerful tool in the polymer chemist's toolbox as it allows on demand access to a variety of polymer architectures. Switchable catalysts operate by the generation of a species which is chemically distinct in behaviour and structure to the precursor. This difference in catalytic activity has been exploited to allow spatiotemporal control over polymerisations in the synthesis of (co)polymers. Although switchable methodologies have been applied to other polymerisation mechanisms for quite some time, for ring opening polymerisation (ROP) reactions it is a relatively young area of research. Despite its infancy, the field is accelerating rapidly. Here, we review recent developments for selected external stimuli for ROP, including redox chemistry, light, allosteric and mechanical control. Furthermore, a brief review on switch catalysis involving exogeneous gases will also be provided, although this area differs from traditional switchable catalysis techniques. An outlook on the future of switchable catalysis is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Matthew D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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18
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He G, Li H, Zhao J. One‐Step Sequence‐Selective Synthesis of Block Copolyester from Mixed Phthalic Anhydride, Cyclohexene Oxide, and
δ
‐Valerolactone. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanchen He
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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19
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Rosetto G, Deacy AC, Williams CK. Mg(ii) heterodinuclear catalysts delivering carbon dioxide derived multi-block polymers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12315-12325. [PMID: 34603661 PMCID: PMC8480424 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide derived polymers are emerging as useful materials for applications spanning packaging, construction, house-hold goods and automotive components. To accelerate and broaden their uptake requires both more active and selective catalysts and greater structural diversity for the carbon dioxide derived polymers. Here, highly active catalysts show controllable selectivity for the enchainment of mixtures of epoxide, anhydride, carbon dioxide and lactone. Firstly, metal dependent selectivity differences are uncovered using a series of dinuclear catalysts, Mg(ii)Mg(ii), Zn(ii)Zn(ii), Mg(ii)Zn(ii), and Mg(ii)Co(ii), each exposed to mixtures of bio-derived tricyclic anhydride, cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide (1 bar). Depending upon the metal combinations, different block structures are possible with Zn(ii)Zn(ii) yielding poly(ester-b-carbonate); Mg(ii)Mg(ii) or Mg(ii)Co(ii) catalysts delivering poly(carbonate-b-ester); and Mg(ii)Zn(ii) furnishing a random copolymer. These results indicate that carbon dioxide insertion reactions follow the order Co(ii) > Mg(ii) > Zn(ii). Using the most active and selective catalyst, Mg(ii)Co(ii), and exploiting reversible on/off switches between carbon dioxide/nitrogen at 1 bar delivers precision triblock (ABA), pentablock (BABAB) and heptablock (ABABABA) polymers (where A = poly(cyclohexylene oxide-alt-tricyclic anhydride), PE; B = poly(cyclohexene carbonate), PCHC). The Mg(ii)Co(ii) catalyst also selectively polymerizes a mixture of anhydride, carbon dioxide, cyclohexene oxide and ε-caprolactone to deliver a CBABC pentablock copolymer (A = PE, B = PCHC C = poly(caprolactone), PCL). The catalysts combine high activity and selectivity to deliver new polymers featuring regularly placed carbon dioxide and biomass derived linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Rosetto
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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20
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Diment WT, Gregory GL, Kerr RWF, Phanopoulos A, Buchard A, Williams CK. Catalytic Synergy Using Al(III) and Group 1 Metals to Accelerate Epoxide and Anhydride Ring-Opening Copolymerizations. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred T. Diment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ryan W. F. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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21
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Lindeboom W, Fraser DAX, Durr CB, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear Zn(II), Mg(II) or Co(III) with Na(I) Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide and Cyclohexene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerizations. Chemistry 2021; 27:12224-12231. [PMID: 34133043 PMCID: PMC8456860 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series heterodinuclear catalysts, operating without co-catalyst, show good performances for the ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide. The complexes feature a macrocyclic ligand designed to coordinate metals such as Zn(II), Mg(II) or Co(III), in a Schiff base 'pocket', and Na(I) in a modified crown-ether binding 'pocket'. The 11 new catalysts are used to explore the influences of the metal combinations and ligand backbones over catalytic activity and selectivity. The highest performance catalyst features the Co(III)Na(I) combination, [N,N'-bis(3,3'-triethylene glycol salicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamino cobalt(III) di(acetate)]sodium (7), and it shows both excellent activity and selectivity at 1 bar carbon dioxide pressure (TOF=1590 h-1 , >99 % polymer selectivity, 1 : 10: 4000, 100 °C), as well as high activity at higher carbon dioxide pressure (TOF=4343 h-1 , 20 bar, 1 : 10 : 25000). Its rate law shows a first order dependence on both catalyst and cyclohexene oxide concentrations and a zeroth order for carbon dioxide pressure, over the range 10-40 bar. These new catalysts eliminate any need for ionic or Lewis base co-catalyst and instead exploit the coordination of earth-abundant and inexpensive Na(I) adjacent to a second metal to deliver efficient catalysis. They highlight the potential for well-designed ancillary ligands and inexpensive Group 1 metals to deliver high performance heterodinuclear catalysts for carbon dioxide copolymerizations and, in future, these catalysts may also show promise in other alternating copolymerization and carbon dioxide utilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
| | - Duncan A. X. Fraser
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
| | - Christopher B. Durr
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
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22
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Abstract
The synthesis of polymeric materials starting from CO2 as a feedstock is an active task of research. In particular, the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides via ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) offers a simple, efficient route to synthesize aliphatic polycarbonates (APC). In many cases, APC display poor physical and chemical properties, limiting their range of application. The terpolymerization of CO2 with epoxides and organic anhydrides or cyclic esters offers the possibility, combining the ROCOP with ring-opening polymerization (ROP), to access a wide range of materials containing polycarbonate and polyester segments along the polymer chain, showing enhanced properties with respect to the simple APC. This review will cover the last advancements in the field, evidencing the crucial role of the catalytic system in determining the microstructural features of the final polymer.
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23
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Yuntawattana N, Gregory GL, Carrodeguas LP, Williams CK. Switchable Polymerization Catalysis Using a Tin(II) Catalyst and Commercial Monomers to Toughen Poly(l-lactide). ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:774-779. [PMID: 34306820 PMCID: PMC8296665 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable plastics sourced without virgin petrochemicals, that are easily recyclable and with potential for degradation at end of life, are urgently needed. Here, copolymersand blends meeting these criteria are efficiently prepared using a single catalyst and existing commercial monomers l-lactide, propylene oxide, and maleic anhydride. The selective, one-reactor polymerization applies an industry-relevant tin(II) catalyst. Tapered, miscible block polyesters are formed with alkene groups which are postfunctionalized to modulate the polymer glass transition temperature. The polymers are blended at desirable low weight fractions (2 wt %) with commercial poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), increasing toughness, and elongation at break without compromising the elastic modulus, tensile strength, or thermal properties. The selective polymerization catalysis, using commercial monomers and catalyst, provides a straightforward means to improve bioplastics performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Yuntawattana
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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24
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Deacy A, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Chen TTD, Williams CK. Sequence Control from Mixtures: Switchable Polymerization Catalysis and Future Materials Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10021-10040. [PMID: 34190553 PMCID: PMC8297863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for higher-performing polymeric materials counterbalanced by the need for sustainability throughout the life cycle. Copolymers comprising ester, carbonate, or ether linkages could fulfill some of this demand as their monomer-polymer chemistry is closer to equilibrium, facilitating (bio)degradation and recycling; many monomers are or could be sourced from renewables or waste. Here, an efficient and broadly applicable route to make such copolymers is discussed, a form of switchable polymerization catalysis which exploits a single catalyst, switched between different catalytic cycles, to prepare block sequence selective copolymers from monomer mixtures. This perspective presents the principles of this catalysis, catalyst design criteria, the selectivity and structural copolymer characterization tools, and the properties of the resulting copolymers. Uses as thermoplastic elastomers, toughened plastics, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures, and for programmed degradation, among others, are discussed. The state-of-the-art research into both catalysis and products, as well as future challenges and directions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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25
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Xia X, Suzuki R, Takojima K, Jiang DH, Isono T, Satoh T. Smart Access to Sequentially and Architecturally Controlled Block Polymers via a Simple Catalytic Polymerization System. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takojima
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Dai-Hua Jiang
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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26
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Amphiphilic copolymers in biomedical applications: Synthesis routes and property control. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111952. [PMID: 33812580 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The request of new materials, matching strict requirements to be applied in precision and patient-specific medicine, is pushing for the synthesis of more and more complex block copolymers. Amphiphilic block copolymers are emerging in the biomedical field due to their great potential in terms of stimuli responsiveness, drug loading capabilities and reversible thermal gelation. Amphiphilicity guarantees self-assembly and thermoreversibility, while grafting polymers offers the possibility of combining blocks with various properties in one single material. These features make amphiphilic block copolymers excellent candidates for fine tuning drug delivery, gene therapy and for designing injectable hydrogels for tissue engineering. This manuscript revises the main techniques developed in the last decade for the synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers for biomedical application. Strategies for fine tuning the properties of these novel materials during synthesis are discussed. A deep knowledge of the synthesis techniques and their effect on the performance and the biocompatibility of these polymers is the first step to move them from the lab to the bench. Current results predict a bright future for these materials in paving the way towards a smarter, less invasive, while more effective, medicine.
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27
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Zhang M, Liu L, Cong R, Dong J, Wu G, Wang F, Liu H, Zhang X. In-situ block copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with cyclohexene oxide and trimethylene carbonate via combination of coordinative chain transfer polymerization and ring opening polymerization by neodymium-based catalyst system. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Li X, Duan RL, Hu CY, Pang X, Deng MX. Copolymerization of lactide, epoxides and carbon dioxide: a highly efficient heterogeneous ternary catalyst system. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The controlled copolymerization of mixed monomers that usually imparts distinct advantages into single polymer chains and requires a single versatile catalyst remains a key challenge in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Ran-long Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Chen-yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Ming-xiao Deng
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- PR China
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29
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Diment WT, Stößer T, Kerr RWF, Phanopoulos A, Durr CB, Williams CK. Ortho-vanillin derived Al(iii) and Co(iii) catalyst systems for switchable catalysis using ε-decalactone, phthalic anhydride and cyclohexene oxide. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Switchable catalysis is a useful one-pot method to prepare block polyesters utilising a single catalyst exposed to a mixture of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Stößer
- Oxford Chemistry
- Chemical Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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30
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Li X, Hu CY, Duan RL, Liang ZZ, Pang X, Deng MX. Efficient ternary catalyst system for the copolymerization of lactide, epoxides and CO 2: new insights into the cooperative mechanism. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ternary catalyst systems (TCSs) are an emerging type of catalyst for the synthesis of multiblock copolymers of lactide (LA), epoxides and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Chen-yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Ran-long Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Zhuang-zhuang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Ming-xiao Deng
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- PR China
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31
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Chen TTD, Carrodeguas LP, Sulley GS, Gregory GL, Williams CK. Bio-based and Degradable Block Polyester Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23450-23455. [PMID: 32886833 PMCID: PMC7756385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of bio-based fully degradable block polyesters are pressure-sensitive adhesives. Bio-derived monomers are efficiently polymerized to make block polyesters with controlled compositions. They show moderate to high peel adhesions (4-13 N cm-1 ) and controllable storage and loss moduli, and they are removed by adhesive failure. Their properties compare favorably with commercial adhesives or bio-based polyester formulations but without the need for tackifier or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RdOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RdOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RdOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RdOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RdOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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32
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Chen TTD, Carrodeguas LP, Sulley GS, Gregory GL, Williams CK. Bio‐based and Degradable Block Polyester Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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33
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Song P, Chen Y, Li Y, Ma J, Wang L, Wang R. A One-Pot Strategy to Synthesize Block Copolyesters from Monomer Mixtures Using a Hydroxy-Functionized Ionic Liquid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000436. [PMID: 33052626 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One-pot transformation of monomer mixtures into block copolymers remains a key challenge. Herein, a metal-free route to prepare block copolymers from monomer mixtures by a hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquid of 3-(2-hydroxyl-ethyl)-1-methylimidazolium bromide (HEMIMB) is described. HEMIMB can bridge two catalytic cycles including ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of phthalic anhydride (PA) with epoxides and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide (LA), and enable a selective copolymerization from PA, LA, and epoxides. The selective copolymerization depends on the presence of PA in mixed feedstocks, exhibits the first ROAC of PA with epoxides and then ROP of LA to the formation of block polyesters in one-pot strategy. This work is beneficial to the development of metal-free catalysts for sequence-controlled polymerization that enable block architectures from mixtures of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yalun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yongli Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juping Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Rongmin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu ProvinceGansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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34
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Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Carrodeguas LP, Chen TTD, Santmarti A, Terrill NJ, Lee KY, Williams CK. Triblock polyester thermoplastic elastomers with semi-aromatic polymer end blocks by ring-opening copolymerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6567-6581. [PMID: 34094122 PMCID: PMC8159401 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers benefit from high elasticity and straightforward (re)processability; they are widely used across a multitude of sectors. Currently, the majority derive from oil, do not degrade or undergo chemical recycling. Here a new series of ABA triblock polyesters are synthesized and show high-performances as degradable thermoplastic elastomers; their composition is poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate)-b-poly(ε-decalactone)-b-poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate) {PE-PDL-PE}. The synthesis is accomplished using a zinc(ii)/magnesium(ii) catalyst, in a one-pot procedure where ε-decalactone ring-opening polymerization yielding dihydroxyl telechelic poly(ε-decalatone) (PDL, soft-block) occurs first and, then, addition of phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide ring-opening copolymerization delivers semi-aromatic polyester (PE, hard-block) end-blocks. The block compositions are straightforward to control, from the initial monomer stoichiometry, and conversions are high (85-98%). Two series of polyesters are prepared: (1) TBPE-1 to TBPE-5 feature an equivalent hard-block volume fraction (f hard = 0.4) and variable molar masses 40-100 kg mol-1; (2) TBPE-5 to TBPE-9 feature equivalent molar masses (∼100 kg mol-1) and variable hard-block volume fractions (0.12 < f hard < 0.4). Polymers are characterized using spectroscopies, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). They are amorphous, with two glass transition temperatures (∼-51 °C for PDL; +138 °C for PE), and block phase separation is confirmed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Tensile mechanical performances reveal thermoplastic elastomers (f hard < 0.4 and N > 1300) with linear stress-strain relationships, high ultimate tensile strengths (σ b = 1-5 MPa), very high elongations at break (ε b = 1000-1900%) and excellent elastic recoveries (98%). There is a wide operating temperature range (-51 to +138 °C), an operable processing temperature range (+100 to +200 °C) and excellent thermal stability (T d,5% ∼ 300 °C). The polymers are stable in aqueous environments, at room temperature, but are hydrolyzed upon gentle heating (60 °C) and treatment with an organic acid (para-toluene sulfonic acid) or a common lipase (Novozyme® 51032). The new block polyesters show significant potential as sustainable thermoplastic elastomers with better properties than well-known styrenic block copolymers or polylactide-derived elastomers. The straightforward synthesis allows for other commercially available and/or bio-derived lactones, epoxides and anhydrides to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Gregory
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory S Sulley
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | | - Thomas T D Chen
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Harwell OX11 0DE UK
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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35
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Understanding metal synergy in heterodinuclear catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Nat Chem 2020; 12:372-380. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Sulley G, Gregory GL, Chen TTD, Peña Carrodeguas L, Trott G, Santmarti A, Lee KY, Terrill NJ, Williams CK. Switchable Catalysis Improves the Properties of CO 2-Derived Polymers: Poly(cyclohexene carbonate- b-ε-decalactone- b-cyclohexene carbonate) Adhesives, Elastomers, and Toughened Plastics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4367-4378. [PMID: 32078313 PMCID: PMC7146851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization is an efficient way to add value to waste CO2 and to reduce pollution in polymer manufacturing. Using this process to make low molar mass polycarbonate polyols is a commercially relevant route to new thermosets and polyurethanes. In contrast, high molar mass polycarbonates, produced from CO2, generally under-deliver in terms of properties, and one of the most widely investigated, poly(cyclohexene carbonate), is limited by its low elongation at break and high brittleness. Here, a new catalytic polymerization process is reported that selectively and efficiently yields degradable ABA-block polymers, incorporating 6-23 wt % CO2. The polymers are synthesized using a new, highly active organometallic heterodinuclear Zn(II)/Mg(II) catalyst applied in a one-pot procedure together with biobased ε-decalactone, cyclohexene oxide, and carbon dioxide to make a series of poly(cyclohexene carbonate-b-decalactone-b-cyclohexene carbonate) [PCHC-PDL-PCHC]. The process is highly selective (CO2 selectivity >99% of theoretical value), allows for high monomer conversions (>90%), and yields polymers with predictable compositions, molar mass (from 38-71 kg mol-1), and forms dihydroxyl telechelic chains. These new materials improve upon the properties of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) and, specifically, they show good thermal stability (Td,5 ∼ 280 °C), high toughness (112 MJ m-3), and very high elongation at break (>900%). Materials properties are improved by precisely controlling both the quantity and location of carbon dioxide in the polymer chain. Preliminary studies show that polymers are stable in aqueous environments at room temperature over months, but they are rapidly degraded upon gentle heating in an acidic environment (60 °C, toluene, p-toluene sulfonic acid). The process is likely generally applicable to many other lactones, lactides, anhydrides, epoxides, and heterocumulenes and sets the scene for a host of new applications for CO2-derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
S. Sulley
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Gemma Trott
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Beamline
I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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37
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Niza E, Nieto-Jiménez C, Noblejas-López MDM, Bravo I, Castro-Osma JA, Cruz-Martínez FDL, Buchaca MMDS, Posadas I, Canales-Vázquez J, Lara-Sanchez A, Hermida-Merino D, Solano E, Ocaña A, Alonso-Moreno C. Poly(Cyclohexene Phthalate) Nanoparticles for Controlled Dasatinib Delivery in Breast Cancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1208. [PMID: 31461998 PMCID: PMC6780527 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect on the activity in breast cancer models of the small tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib (DAS), either alone or in combination with other antitumoral agents, has been recently explored. However, DAS is characterized by its low and highly pH-dependent solubility, which could lead to poor uptake of the drug limiting its tumoral efficacy. Thus far, the development of safe and efficient delivery vehicles of DAS to improve the therapeutic efficacy minimizing the toxicity profile is still required. In this work, a biodegradable and biocompatible polyester is assessed, for the first time, as raw material for the generation of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). NPs of 100 nm with a narrow polydispersity were formulated for the encapsulation of DAS. The enzymatic and cellular degradation of the new drug delivery system has been studied, and the toxicity and blood compatibility evaluated for its potential clinical use. The new material used for the generation of nanoparticles led to encapsulate DAS in an efficient manner with quicker release DAS profile when compared with the FDA-approved biopolymer Polylactide. The new DAS-loaded polymeric nanocarrier gave a superior efficacy when compared to free DAS with no difference in the mechanism of action. The new NPs shown to be a promising DAS delivery system to be further evaluated for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Niza
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristina Nieto-Jiménez
- Oncología traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Castilla, La Mancha, Spain
| | | | - Iván Bravo
- Dpto. Química Física. School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Antonio Castro-Osma
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13075 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marc Martínez de Sarasa Buchaca
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13075 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath CSIC-UCLM, Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jesús Canales-Vázquez
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sanchez
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13075 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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38
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Xue Z, Wang X, Xie X, Poli R. Oxygen‐Triggered Switchable Polymerization for the One‐Pot Synthesis of CO
2
‐Based Block Copolymers from Monomer Mixtures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) Université de Toulouse UPS, INPT 205, route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse France
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39
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Xue Z, Wang X, Xie X, Poli R. Oxygen-Triggered Switchable Polymerization for the One-Pot Synthesis of CO 2 -Based Block Copolymers from Monomer Mixtures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14311-14318. [PMID: 31282122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Switchable polymerization provides the opportunity to regulate polymer sequence and structure in a one-pot process from mixtures of monomers. Herein we report the use of O2 as an external stimulus to switch the polymerization mechanism from the radical polymerization of vinyl monomers mediated by (Salen)CoIII -R [Salen=N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine; R=alkyl] to the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 /epoxides. Critical to this process is unprecedented monooxygen insertion into the Co-C bond, as rationalized by DFT calculations, leading to the formation of (Salen)CoIII -O-R as an active species to initiate ROCOP. Diblock poly(vinyl acetate)-b-polycarbonate could be obtained by ROCOP of CO2 /epoxides with preactivation of (Salen)Co end-capped poly(vinyl acetate). Furthermore, a poly(vinyl acetate)-b-poly(methyl acrylate)-b-polycarbonate triblock copolymer was successfully synthesized by a (Salen)cobalt-mediated sequential polymerization with an O2 -triggered switch in a one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
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40
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Lai A, Hern ZC, Diaconescu PL. Switchable Ring‐Opening Polymerization by a Ferrocene Supported Aluminum Complex. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Zachary C. Hern
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Paula L. Diaconescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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41
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Stößer T, Sulley GS, Gregory GL, Williams CK. Easy access to oxygenated block polymers via switchable catalysis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2668. [PMID: 31209211 PMCID: PMC6572807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygenated block polyols are versatile, potentially bio-based and/or degradable materials widely applied in the manufacture of coatings, resins, polyurethanes and other products. Typical preparations involve multistep syntheses and/or macroinitiator approaches. Here, a straightforward and well-controlled one-pot synthesis of ABA triblocks, namely poly(ether-b-ester-b-ether), and ABCBA pentablocks, of the form poly(ester-b-ether-b-ester’-b-ether-b-ester), using a commercial chromium catalyst system is described. The polymerization catalysis exploits mechanistic switches between anhydride/epoxide ring-opening copolymerization, epoxide ring-opening polymerization and lactone ring-opening polymerization without requiring any external stimuli. Testing a range of anhydrides, epoxides and chain-transfer agents reveals some of the requirements and guidelines for successful catalysis. Following these rules of switch catalysis with multiple monomer additions allows the preparation of multiblock polymers of the form (ABA)n up to 15 blocks. Overall, this switchable catalysis delivers polyols in a straightforward and highly controlled manner. As proof of potential for the materials, methods to post-functionalize and/or couple the polyols to make higher polymers are demonstrated. Multiblock oxygenated polyols often show better properties than the constituent polyols, but their synthesis can be complex and difficult. Here a switchable catalysis concept is described which allows for the efficient preparation of multiblock poly(ether-b-ester) materials starting from mixtures of common monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stößer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gregory S Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Georgina L Gregory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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42
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Zhou Y, Hu C, Zhang T, Xu X, Duan R, Luo Y, Sun Z, Pang X, Chen X. One-Pot Synthesis of Diblock Polyesters by Catalytic Terpolymerization of Lactide, Epoxides, and Anhydrides. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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43
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Wei J, Diaconescu PL. Redox-Switchable Ring-Opening Polymerization with Ferrocene Derivatives. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:415-424. [PMID: 30707548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Switchable catalysts incorporate stimuli-responsive features and allow synthetic tasks that are difficult or impossible to accomplish in other ways. They mimic biological processes in that they can provide both spatial and temporal control, unlike most reactions promoted by human-made catalysts that usually occur according to carefully optimized conditions. In the area of switchable catalysis, redox-switchable ring-opening polymerization (ROP) has attracted much attention, emerging as a powerful strategy for the development of environmentally friendly biodegradable copolymers, especially those containing blocks with complementary properties. Controlling the sequence and regularity of each copolymeric building block can affect the material properties significantly since they are directly related to the respective microstructures. Such control can be exerted with a well-designed redox-switchable catalyst by timing the oxidation and reduction events. In highly selective systems, one form of the catalyst reacts with a monomer until the redox state of the catalyst is altered, at which point the altered state of the catalyst reacts with another monomer. The reaction time may be varied from one cycle to another to generate various designer multiblock copolymers. The first instance of redox-mediated ROP was described by N. Long and co-workers in 2006. This example, as well as many early reported redox-switchable catalysts, could only achieve an on/off switch of activity toward a single monomer or substrate. However, our efforts brought on a general strategy for designing redox-switchable metal complexes that can catalyze different reactions in two oxidation states. In recent years, our contributions to this research field led to the synthesis of several multiblock copolymers prepared from biorenewable resources. This Account provides an overview of reported redox-switchable polymerization catalysts that allow for complementary reactivity in different oxidation states and highlights the potential of this strategy in preparing biodegradable materials. First, we define the field of redox-switchable catalysis and illustrate the design and significance of our ferrocene-chelating ligands, in which the oxidation state of iron in ferrocene can control the reactivity of the resulting metal complexes remotely. Next, we illustrate recent advances in the synthesis of new biodegradable copolymers including (1) how to tune the activity of the ROP catalysts by exploring various metal centers and ferrocene-based ligand combinations; (2) how to synthesize new multiblock copolymers of cyclic esters, epoxides, and carbonates by redox-switchable ROP; and (3) how to understand the mechanism of these reactions by discussing both experimental and theoretical investigations. By the application and development of redox-switchable strategies, various novel materials and reactions can be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paula L. Diaconescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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44
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Hua X, Liu X, Cui D. Sequence controlled copolymerization of lactide and a functional cyclic carbonate using stereoselective aluminum catalysts. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective aluminum complexes were applied for the ROP of LA and MAC producing functional copolyesters with quasi-diblock, tapered, gradient and random sequence distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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45
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Martínez de Sarasa Buchaca M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Martínez J, Alonso-Moreno C, Fernández-Baeza J, Tejeda J, Niza E, Castro-Osma JA, Otero A, Lara-Sánchez A. Alternating Copolymerization of Epoxides and Anhydrides Catalyzed by Aluminum Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17581-17589. [PMID: 31458360 PMCID: PMC6643587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of an organoaluminum catalytic system for the copolymerization of epoxides and anhydrides is presented. For this purpose, the influence of different variables in the process, such as catalysts, cocatalyst, solvent, or substrates, has been analyzed. Kinetic studies, a proposal for the catalytic mechanism, and full characterization of the copolymers obtained are also discussed. Finally, a new copolymer, poly(limonene succinate), obtained by the optimized catalytic system is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Martínez de Sarasa Buchaca
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Laboratorio
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, 6094411 Santiago-22, Chile
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Tejeda
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Enrique Niza
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Otero
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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46
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Ji H, Wang B, Pan L, Li Y. One‐Step Access to Sequence‐Controlled Block Copolymers by Self‐Switchable Organocatalytic Multicomponent Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He‐Yuan Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yue‐Sheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
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47
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Stößer T, Mulryan D, Williams CK. Switch Catalysis To Deliver Multi-Block Polyesters from Mixtures of Propene Oxide, Lactide, and Phthalic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16893-16897. [PMID: 30370965 PMCID: PMC6391959 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Switchable polymerisation catalysis enables block polymer sequence selectivity from monomer mixtures, resulting in the formation of multiblock polyesters. The aluminium salphen catalyst switches between two different polymerisation mechanisms and selectively enchains mixtures of commercially available monomers: lactide, phthalic anhydride, and propene oxide. Sequential monomer mixture additions yield multi-block polyesters featuring 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, and 27 blocks. The unparalleled catalytic selectivity can be used to access completely new multi-block polyesters relevant for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stößer
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Daniel Mulryan
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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48
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Stößer T, Mulryan D, Williams CK. Schaltbare Katalyse zur Herstellung von Multiblock‐Polyestern aus einer Mischung von Propylenoxid, Lactid und Phthalsäureanhydrid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stößer
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Daniel Mulryan
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryOxford UniversityChemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
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49
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Ji HY, Wang B, Pan L, Li YS. One-Step Access to Sequence-Controlled Block Copolymers by Self-Switchable Organocatalytic Multicomponent Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16888-16892. [PMID: 30417592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A one-step procedure for the self-switchable block copolymerization of monomer mixtures of epoxides, cyclic anhydrides, and lactide (LA) was developed by using simple organocatalysts without an external stimulus. This multicomponent polymerization bridges two catalytic cycles involving ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxides with anhydrides and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of LA, in which the presence/absence of anhydrides in mixed feedstocks switched the ROP of LA off/on. The self-switchable terpolymerization showed distinct noncoordinating and living nature, as well as perfect chemoselectivity. Different combinations of epoxides, anhydrides, and initiators enabled the generation of a variety of new block polyester polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yuan Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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50
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Gleede T, Rieger E, Blankenburg J, Klein K, Wurm FR. Fast Access to Amphiphilic Multiblock Architectures by the Anionic Copolymerization of Aziridines and Ethylene Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13407-13412. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Gleede
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Klein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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