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Titelboim D, Rothwell NJ, Lord OT, Harniman RL, Melbourne LA, Schmidt DN. Unexpected increase in structural integrity caused by thermally induced dwarfism in large benthic foraminifera. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231280. [PMID: 38601028 PMCID: PMC11004679 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to negatively impact calcification and change the structural integrity of biogenic carbonates, influencing their protective function. We assess the impacts of warming on the morphology and crystallography of Amphistegina lobifera, an abundant benthic foraminifera species in shallow environments. Specimens from a thermally disturbed field area, mimicking future warming, are about 50% smaller compared with a control location. Differences in the position of the ν1 Raman mode of shells between the sites, which serves as a proxy for Mg content and calcification temperature, indicate that calcification is negatively impacted when temperatures are below the thermal range facilitating calcification. To test the impact of thermal stress on the Young's modulus of calcite which contributes to structural integrity, we quantify elasticity changes in large benthic foraminifera by applying atomic force microscopy to a different genus, Operculina ammonoides, cultured under optimal and high temperatures. Building on these observations of size and the sensitivity analysis for temperature-induced change in elasticity, we used finite element analysis to show that structural integrity is increased with reduced size and is largely insensitive to calcite elasticity. Our results indicate that warming-induced dwarfism creates shells that are more resistant to fracture because they are smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Titelboim
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Oliver T. Lord
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Leanne A. Melbourne
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Walters GL, Kemp SJ, Hemingway JD, Johnston DT, Hodell DA. Clay hydroxyl isotopes show an enhanced hydrologic cycle during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7885. [PMID: 36550174 PMCID: PMC9780225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was an abrupt global warming event associated with a large injection of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, as evidenced by a diagnostic carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Evidence also suggests substantial hydrologic perturbations, but details have been hampered by a lack of appropriate proxies. To address this shortcoming, here we isolate and measure the isotopic composition of hydroxyl groups (OH-) in clay minerals from a highly expanded PETM section in the North Sea Basin, together with their bulk oxygen isotope composition. At this location, we show that hydroxyl O- and H-isotopes are less influenced than bulk values by clay compositional changes due to mixing and/or inherited signals and thus better track hydrologic variability. We find that clay OH- hydrogen-isotope values (δ2HOH) decrease slowly prior to the PETM and then abruptly by ∼8‰ at the CIE onset. Coincident with an increase in relative kaolinite content, this indicates increased rainfall and weathering and implies an enhanced hydrologic cycle response to global warming, particularly during the early stages of the PETM. Subsequently, δ2HOH returns to pre-PETM values well before the end of the CIE, suggesting hydrologic changes in the North Sea were short-lived relative to carbon-cycle perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Walters
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ UK
| | - Simon J. Kemp
- grid.474329.f0000 0001 1956 5915British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG12 5GG UK
| | - Jordon D. Hemingway
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David T. Johnston
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - David A. Hodell
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ UK
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Peijnenburg KTCA, Janssen AW, Wall-Palmer D, Goetze E, Maas AE, Todd JA, Marlétaz F. The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25609-25617. [PMID: 32973093 PMCID: PMC7568333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920918117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropods are a group of planktonic gastropods that are widely regarded as biological indicators for assessing the impacts of ocean acidification. Their aragonitic shells are highly sensitive to acute changes in ocean chemistry. However, to gain insight into their potential to adapt to current climate change, we need to accurately reconstruct their evolutionary history and assess their responses to past changes in the Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we resolve the phylogeny and timing of pteropod evolution with a phylogenomic dataset (2,654 genes) incorporating new data for 21 pteropod species and revised fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered molecular support for a division between "sea butterflies" (Thecosomata; mucus-web feeders) and "sea angels" (Gymnosomata; active predators). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled, and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Hence, these clades originated prior to and subsequently survived major global change events, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the closest analog to modern-day ocean acidification and warming. Our findings indicate that planktonic aragonitic calcifiers have shown resilience to perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle over evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie W Janssen
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Amy E Maas
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. Georges GE01, Bermuda
| | - Jonathan A Todd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son 904-0495, Japan
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4
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Davis CV, Livsey CM, Palmer HM, Hull PM, Thomas E, Hill TM, Benitez-Nelson CR. Extensive morphological variability in asexually produced planktic foraminifera. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb8930. [PMID: 32937545 PMCID: PMC10662364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine protists are integral to the structure and function of pelagic ecosystems and marine carbon cycling, with rhizarian biomass alone accounting for more than half of all mesozooplankton in the oligotrophic oceans. Yet, understanding how their environment shapes diversity within species and across taxa is limited by a paucity of observations of heritability and life history. Here, we present observations of asexual reproduction, morphologic plasticity, and ontogeny in the planktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in laboratory culture. Our results demonstrate that planktic foraminifera reproduce both sexually and asexually and demonstrate extensive phenotypic plasticity in response to nonheritable factors. These two processes fundamentally explain the rapid spatial and temporal response of even imperceptibly low populations of planktic foraminifera to optimal conditions and the diversity and ubiquity of these species across the range of environmental conditions that occur in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V Davis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Caitlin M Livsey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hannah M Palmer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pincelli M Hull
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Gooday AJ, Schoenle A, Dolan JR, Arndt H. Protist diversity and function in the dark ocean - Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology with special emphasis on foraminiferans and naked protists. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125721. [PMID: 32575029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The dark ocean and the underlying deep seafloor together represent the largest environment on this planet, comprising about 80% of the oceanic volume and covering more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface, as well as hosting a major part of the total biosphere. Emerging evidence suggests that these vast pelagic and benthic habitats play a major role in ocean biogeochemistry and represent an "untapped reservoir" of high genetic and metabolic microbial diversity. Due to its huge volume, the water column of the dark ocean is the largest reservoir of organic carbon in the biosphere and likely plays a major role in the global carbon budget. The dark ocean and the seafloor beneath it are also home to a largely enigmatic food web comprising little-known and sometimes spectacular organisms, mainly prokaryotes and protists. This review considers the globally important role of pelagic and benthic protists across all protistan size classes in the deep-sea realm, with a focus on their taxonomy, diversity, and physiological properties, including their role in deep microbial food webs. We argue that, given the important contribution that protists must make to deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem processes, they should not be overlooked in biological studies of the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gooday
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK; Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Schoenle
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - John R Dolan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7093, Laboratoroire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Foster GL, Hull P, Lunt DJ, Zachos JC. Placing our current 'hyperthermal' in the context of rapid climate change in our geological past. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0086. [PMID: 30177567 PMCID: PMC6127387 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
'…there are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know.' Donald Rumsfeld 12th February 2002.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Hyperthermals: rapid and extreme global warming in our geological past'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin L Foster
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Pincelli Hull
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - James C Zachos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Shepherd JG, Brewer PG, Oschlies A, Watson AJ. Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world: introduction and overview. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017. [PMID: 28784707 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes of ocean ventilation rates and deoxygenation are two of the less obvious but important indirect impacts expected as a result of climate change on the oceans. They are expected to occur because of (i) the effects of increased stratification on ocean circulation and hence its ventilation, due to reduced upwelling, deep-water formation and turbulent mixing, (ii) reduced oxygenation through decreased oxygen solubility at higher surface temperature, and (iii) the effects of warming on biological production, respiration and remineralization. The potential socio-economic consequences of reduced oxygen levels on fisheries and ecosystems may be far-reaching and significant. At a Royal Society Discussion Meeting convened to discuss these matters, 12 oral presentations and 23 posters were presented, covering a wide range of the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the issue. Overall, it appears that there are still considerable discrepancies between the observations and model simulations of the relevant processes. Our current understanding of both the causes and consequences of reduced oxygen in the ocean, and our ability to represent them in models are therefore inadequate, and the reasons for this remain unclear. It is too early to say whether or not the socio-economic consequences are likely to be serious. However, the consequences are ecologically, biogeochemically and climatically potentially very significant, and further research on these indirect impacts of climate change via reduced ventilation and oxygenation of the oceans should be accorded a high priority.This article is part of the themed issue 'Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Shepherd
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Peter G Brewer
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA
| | - Andreas Oschlies
- GEOMAR/Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew J Watson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
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8
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Shepherd JG, Brewer PG, Oschlies A, Watson AJ. Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world: introduction and overview. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2017.0240. [PMID: 28784707 PMCID: PMC5559423 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes of ocean ventilation rates and deoxygenation are two of the less obvious but important indirect impacts expected as a result of climate change on the oceans. They are expected to occur because of (i) the effects of increased stratification on ocean circulation and hence its ventilation, due to reduced upwelling, deep-water formation and turbulent mixing, (ii) reduced oxygenation through decreased oxygen solubility at higher surface temperature, and (iii) the effects of warming on biological production, respiration and remineralization. The potential socio-economic consequences of reduced oxygen levels on fisheries and ecosystems may be far-reaching and significant. At a Royal Society Discussion Meeting convened to discuss these matters, 12 oral presentations and 23 posters were presented, covering a wide range of the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the issue. Overall, it appears that there are still considerable discrepancies between the observations and model simulations of the relevant processes. Our current understanding of both the causes and consequences of reduced oxygen in the ocean, and our ability to represent them in models are therefore inadequate, and the reasons for this remain unclear. It is too early to say whether or not the socio-economic consequences are likely to be serious. However, the consequences are ecologically, biogeochemically and climatically potentially very significant, and further research on these indirect impacts of climate change via reduced ventilation and oxygenation of the oceans should be accorded a high priority.This article is part of the themed issue 'Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Shepherd
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Peter G Brewer
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA
| | - Andreas Oschlies
- GEOMAR/Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew J Watson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
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