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Li Q, Wang L, Tang C, Wang X, Yu Z, Ping X, Ding M, Zheng L. Adipose Tissue Exosome circ_sxc Mediates the Modulatory of Adiposomes on Brain Aging by Inhibiting Brain dme-miR-87-3p. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:224-238. [PMID: 37597108 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aging of the brain usually leads to the decline of neurological processes and is a major risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including sleep disturbances and cognitive decline. Adipose tissue exosomes, as adipocyte-derived vesicles, may mediate the regulatory processes of adipose tissue on other organs, including the brain; however, the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the sleep-wake behavior of young (10 days) and old (40 days) Drosophila and found that older Drosophila showed increased sleep fragmentation, which is similar to mammalian aging characteristics. To investigate the cross-tissue regulatory mechanisms of adiposity on brain aging, we extracted 10-day and 40-day Drosophila adipose tissue exosomes and identified circRNAs with age-dependent expression differences by RNA-seq and differential analysis. Furthermore, by combining data from 3 datasets of the GEO database (GSE130158, GSE24992, and GSE184559), circ_sxc that was significantly downregulated with age was finally screened out. Moreover, dme-miR-87-3p, a conserved target of circ_sxc, accumulates in the brain with age and exhibits inhibitory effects in predicted binding relationships with neuroreceptor ligand genes. In summary, the current study showed that the Drosophila brain could obtain circ_sxc by uptake of adipose tissue exosomes which crossed the blood-brain barrier. And circ_sxc suppressed brain miR-87-3p expression through sponge adsorption, which in turn regulated the expression of neurological receptor ligand proteins (5-HT1B, GABA-B-R1, Rdl, Rh7, qvr, NaCP60E) and ensured brain neuronal synaptic signaling normal function of synaptic signaling. However, with aging, this regulatory mechanism is dysregulated by the downregulation of the adipose exosome circ_sxc, which contributes to the brain exhibiting sleep disturbances and other "aging" features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- The Center for Heart Development, State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Ping
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Loureiro AC, Araki AS, Bruno RV, Lima JBP, Ladeia-Andrade S, Santacoloma L, Martins AJ. Molecular diversity of genes related to biological rhythms (period and timeless) and insecticide resistance (Na V and ace-1) in Anopheles darlingi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220159. [PMID: 37436274 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a public health concern in the Amazonian Region, where Anopheles darlingi is the main vector of Plasmodium spp. Several studies hypothesised the existence of cryptic species in An. darlingi, considering variations in behaviour, morphological and genetic aspects. Determining their overall genetic background for vector competence, insecticide resistance, and other elements is essential to better guide strategies for malaria control. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the molecular diversity in genes related to behaviour and insecticide resistance, estimating genetic differentiation in An. darlingi populations from Amazonian localities in Brazil and Pacific Colombian region. METHODS We amplified, cloned and sequenced fragments of genes related to behaviour: timeless (tim) and period (per), and to insecticide resistance: voltage-gated sodium channel (Na V ) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) from 516 An. darlingi DNA samples from Manaus, Unini River, Jaú River and Porto Velho - Brazil, and Chocó - Colombia. We discriminated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), determined haplotypes and evaluate the phylogenetic relationship among the populations. FINDINGS The genes per, tim and ace-1 were more polymorphic than Na V . The classical kdr and ace-1 R mutations were not observed. Phylogenetic analyses suggested a significant differentiation between An. darlingi populations from Brazil and Colombia, except for the Na V gene. There was a geographic differentiation within Brazilian populations considering per and ace-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results add genetic data to the discussion about polymorphisms at population levels in An. darlingi. The search for insecticide resistance-related mechanisms should be extended to more populations, especially from localities with a vector control failure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordeiro Loureiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alejandra Saori Araki
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Vieira Bruno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Ladeia-Andrade
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Liliana Santacoloma
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Direção das Redes de Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Entomologia, Bogotá, Colômbia
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Renault D, Elfiky A, Mohamed A. Predicting the insecticide-driven mutations in a crop pest insect: Evidence for multiple polymorphisms of acetylcholinesterase gene with potential relevance for resistance to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18937-18955. [PMID: 36219281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious invasive herbivorous insect pest worldwide. The excessive use of pesticides has progressively selected B. tabaci specimens, reducing the effectiveness of the treatments, and ultimately ending in the selection of pesticide-resistant strains. The management of this crop pest has thus become challenging owing to the level of resistance to all major classes of recommended insecticides. Here, we used in silico techniques for detecting sequence polymorphisms in ace1 gene from naturally occurring B. tabaci variants, and monitor the presence and frequency of the detected putative mutations from 30 populations of the silverleaf whitefly from Egypt and Pakistan. We found several point mutations in ace1-type acetylcholinesterase (ace1) in the studied B. tabaci variants naturally occurring in the field. By comparing ace1 sequence data from an organophosphate-susceptible and an organophosphate-resistant strains of B. tabaci to ace1 sequence data retrieved from GenBank for that species and to nucleotide polymorphisms from other arthropods, we identified novel mutations that could potentially influence insecticide resistance. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses were performed to determine if the mutation-induced changes in form 1 acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) structure could confer resistance to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. Mutations had small effects on binding energy (ΔGb) interactions between mutant AChE1 and insecticides; they altered the conformation of the peripheral anionic site of AChE1, and modified the enzyme surface, and these changes have potential effects on the target-site sensitivity. Altogether, the results from this study provide information on genic variants of B. tabaci ace1 for future monitoring insecticide resistance development and report a potential case of environmentally driven gene variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, 6553, Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Abdo Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Cruz-Esteban S, Brito-Bonifacio I, Estrada-Valencia D, Garay-Serrano E. Mortality of Orius insidiosus by contact with spinosad in the laboratory as well as in the field and a perspective of these as controllers of Frankliniella occidentalis. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2022; 47:93-99. [PMID: 35800393 PMCID: PMC9184249 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d22-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orius insidiosus, known as the pirate bug, is widely distributed throughout the Americas. It is employed for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis in organic berry crops in Mexico. In conventional crops, spinosad is the main control method for this pest. The LD50 of spinosad on O. insidiosus was determined. In addition, we monitored the population density of F. occidentalis in blackberry crops under two types of management (biochemical+mass trapping, and biological control). The LD50 was 225.65 ppm 3.8 times greater than the 60 ppm dose commonly used in blackberry crops. Both types of control are efficient; however, spinosad is less effective and should be combined with other environmentally friendly strategies. The possibility of combining chromatic traps+spinosad application and chromatic traps+strategic release of O. insidiosus to effectively control thrips without compromising fruit quality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cruz-Esteban
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
- CONACyT, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Irais Brito-Bonifacio
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
| | - David Estrada-Valencia
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
| | - Edith Garay-Serrano
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
- CONACyT, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, México
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Li BJ, Wang KK, Chen DP, Yan Y, Cai XL, Chen HM, Dong K, Lin F, Xu HH. Distinct roles of two RDL GABA receptors in fipronil action in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1721-1733. [PMID: 33442958 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil blocks resistance to dieldrin (RDL) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in insects, thereby impairing inhibitory neurotransmission. Some insect species, such as the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), possess more than one Rdl gene. The involvement of multiple Rdls in fipronil toxicity and resistance remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of two Rdl genes, PxRdl1 and PxRdl2, in P. xylostella fipronil action. In Xenopus oocytes, PxRDL2 receptors were 40 times less sensitive to fipronil than PxRDL1. PxRDL2 receptors were also less sensitive to GABA compared with PxRDL1. Knockout of the fipronil-sensitive PxRdl1 reduced the fipronil potency 10-fold, whereas knockout of the fipronil-resistant PxRdl2 enhanced the fipronil potency 4.4-fold. Furthermore, in two fipronil-resistant diamondback moth field populations, PxRdl2 expression was elevated 3.7- and 4.1-fold compared with a susceptible strain, whereas PxRdl1 expression was comparable among the resistant and susceptible strains. Collectively, our results indicate antagonistic effects of PxRDL1 and PxRDL2 on fipronil action in vivo and suggest that enhanced expression of fipronil-resistant PxRdl2 is potentially a new mechanism of fipronil resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kun-Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu-Ling Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics Program and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Han-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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McComic SE, Rault LC, Anderson TD, Swale DR. Reduced neuronal sensitivity and susceptibility of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to pyrethroids in the absence of known knockdown mutations. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104652. [PMID: 32828370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological recordings were employed to quantify neuronal sensitivity to neurotoxic insecticides and assessed toxicity across field and laboratory fall armyworm (FAW) populations. Topical toxicity resistance ratios (RR) in field-collected FAW was 767-fold compared to laboratory strains and, importantly, a 1750-fold reduction in potency was observed for λ-cyhalothrin in neurophysiological assays. Field collected FAW were found to have a RR of 12 to chlorpyrifos when compared to the susceptible strain and was 8-fold less sensitive in neurophysiological assays. Surprisingly, there were no point mutations identified in the voltage-gated sodium channel known to cause pyrethroid resistance. For acetylcholinesterase, FAW had more than 80% of their nucleotide sequences consistent with A201 and F290 of the susceptible strains although 60% of the tested population was heterozygous for the G227A mutation. These data indicate that point mutations did not contribute to the high level of pyrethroid resistance and nerve insensitivity in this population of field collected FAW. Additionally, these data suggest the kdr phenotype only explains a portion of the heritable variation in FAW resistance and indicates kdr is not the only predictor of high pyrethroid resistance. Phenotypic assays, such as toxicity bioassays or neurophysiological recordings, using field-collected populations are necessary to reliably predict resistant phenotypes and product failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McComic
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
| | - Leslie C Rault
- University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States of America
| | - Troy D Anderson
- University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America.
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Melo Costa M, Campos KB, Brito LP, Roux E, Melo Rodovalho C, Bellinato DF, Lima JBP, Martins AJ. Kdr genotyping in Aedes aegypti from Brazil on a nation-wide scale from 2017 to 2018. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13267. [PMID: 32764661 PMCID: PMC7414026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is currently a threat to the control of Aedes agypti, the main vector of arboviruses in urban centers. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV), known as kdr (knockdown resistance), constitute an important selection mechanism for resistance against pyrethroids. In the present study, we investigated the kdr distribution for the Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys alterations in Ae. aegypti from 123 Brazilian municipalities, based on SNP genotyping assays in over 5,500 mosquitoes. The alleles NaVS (1016Val+ + 1534Phe+), NaVR1 (1016Val+ + 1534Cyskdr) and NaVR2 (1016Ilekdr + 1534Cyskdr) were consistently observed, whereas kdr alleles have rapidly spread and increased in frequency. NaVS was the less frequent allele, mostly found in Northeastern populations. The highest allelic frequencies were observed for NaVR1, especially in the North, which was fixed in one Amazonian population. The double kdr NaVR2 was more prevalent in the Central-west and South-eastern populations. We introduce the 'kdr index', which revealed significant spatial patterns highlighting two to three distinct Brazilian regions. The 410L kdr mutation was additionally evaluated in 25 localities, evidencing that it generally occurs in the NaVR2 allele. This nationwide screening of a genetic mechanism for insecticide resistance is an important indication on how pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti is evolving in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Melo Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kauara Brito Campos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Brito
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Roux
- ESPACE-DEV, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université de La Réunion, Université de la Guyane and Université des Antilles, Montpellier, France
- Laboratório Misto Internacional "Sentinela", FIOCRUZ, UnB, IRD, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynara Melo Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Fernandes Bellinato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Laboratório Misto Internacional "Sentinela", FIOCRUZ, UnB, IRD, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Tancredi A, Papandrea D, Marconcini M, Carballar-Lejarazu R, Casas-Martinez M, Lo E, Chen XG, Malacrida AR, Bonizzoni M. Tracing temporal and geographic distribution of resistance to pyrethroids in the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008350. [PMID: 32569337 PMCID: PMC7332087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arboviral vector Aedes albopictus became established on all continents except Antarctica in the past 50 years. A consequence of its rapid global invasion is the transmission of diseases previously confined to the tropics and subtropics occurring in temperate regions of the world, including the re-emergence of chikungunya and dengue in Europe. Application of pyrethroids is among the most widely-used interventions for vector control, especially in the presence of an arboviral outbreak. Studies are emerging that reveal phenotypic resistance and monitor mutations at the target site, the para sodium channel gene, primarily on a local scale. METHODS A total of 512 Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from twelve geographic sites, including those from the native home range and invaded areas, were sampled between 2011 and 2018, and were analyzed at five codons of the para sodium channel gene with mutations predictive of resistance phenotype. Additionally, to test for the origin of unique kdr mutations in Mexico, we analyzed the genetic connectivity of southern Mexico mosquitoes with mosquitoes from home range, the Reunion Island, America and Europe. RESULTS We detected mutations at all tested positions of the para sodium channel gene, with heterozygotes predominating and rare instance of double mutants. We observed an increase in the distribution and frequency of F1534C/L/S mutations in the ancestral China population and populations in the Mediterranean Greece, the appearance of the V1016G/I mutations as early as 2011 in Italy and mutations at position 410 and 989 in Mexico. The analyses of the distribution pattern of kdr alleles and haplotype network analyses showed evidence for multiple origins of all kdr mutations. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide the most-up-to-date survey on the geographic and temporal distribution of pyrethroid-predictive mutations in Ae. albopictus by combining kdr genotyping on current and historical samples with published data. While we confirm low levels of pyrethroid resistance in most analyzed samples, we find increasing frequencies of F1534C/S and V1016G in China and Greece or Italy, respectively. The observed patterns of kdr allele distribution support the hypothesis that on site emergence of resistance has contributed more than spread of resistance through mosquito migration/invasions to the current widespread of kdr alleles, emphasizing the importance of local surveillance programs and resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tancredi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Davide Papandrea
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Michele Marconcini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | | | - Mauricio Casas-Martinez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University of Guangzhou, China
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
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9
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Cosme LV, Gloria-Soria A, Caccone A, Powell JR, Martins AJ. Evolution of kdr haplotypes in worldwide populations of Aedes aegypti: Independent origins of the F1534C kdr mutation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008219. [PMID: 32298261 PMCID: PMC7188295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and urban yellow fever. Insecticides are often the most effective tools to rapidly decrease the density of vector populations, especially during arbovirus disease outbreaks. However, the intense use of insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, has selected for resistant mosquito populations worldwide. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) are among the principal mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, also known as “knockdown resistance,” kdr. Here we report studies on the origin and dispersion of kdr haplotypes in samples of Ae. aegypti from its worldwide distribution. We amplified the IIS6 and IIIS6 NaV segments from pools of Ae. aegypti populations from 15 countries, in South and North America, Africa, Asia, Pacific, and Australia. The amplicons were barcoded and sequenced using NGS Ion Torrent. Output data were filtered and analyzed using the bioinformatic pipeline Seekdeep to determine frequencies of the IIS6 and IIIS6 haplotypes per population. Phylogenetic relationships among the haplotypes were used to infer whether the kdr mutations have a single or multiple origin. We found 26 and 18 haplotypes, respectively for the IIS6 and IIIS6 segments, among which were the known kdr mutations 989P, 1011M, 1016I and 1016G (IIS6), 1520I, and 1534C (IIIS6). The highest diversity of haplotypes was found in African samples. Kdr mutations 1011M and 1016I were found only in American and African populations, 989P + 1016G and 1520I + 1534C in Asia, while 1534C was present in samples from all continents, except Australia. Based primarily on the intron sequence, IIS6 haplotypes were subdivided into two well-defined clades (A and B). Subsequent phasing of the IIS6 + IIIS6 haplotypes indicates two distinct origins for the 1534C kdr mutation. These results provide evidence of kdr mutations arising de novo at specific locations within the Ae. aegypti geographic distribution. In addition, our results suggest that the 1534C kdr mutation had at least two independent origins. We can thus conclude that insecticide selection pressure with DDT and more recently with pyrethroids is selecting for independent convergent mutations in NaV. Insecticide resistance is a global threat for the control of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of aboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV), known as kdr, are one of the principal mechanisms related to resistance to pyrethroids, the class of insecticide most employed worldwide inside and around residences. We investigate whether the same kdr mutations found in Ae. aegypti populations from distinct regions of the world have a common origin and subsequently dispersed or if they emerged in unrelated populations at distinct moments. By evaluating the sequences of two fragments of the NaV gene, obtained from DNA collections of Ae. aegypti from several countries, we found at least two independent origins for the F1534C kdr mutation in American, African and Asian populations. There was no evidence for multiple origins of the common kdr mutations V1016I and P989S + V1016G, which were exclusive to American and Asian populations. Our results increase our knowledge of insecticide resistance evolution in one of the main arboviral mosquito vectors of major global diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Gloria-Soria
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Av Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, INCT-EM, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Santos VSV, Pereira BB. Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 23:13-26. [PMID: 31709913 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1689878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterized as a highly valuable bioactive natural product, spinosad is a pesticide with a complex chemical structure, composed of spinosyn A and D, molecules synthesized by the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. The larvicidal activity of spinosad was postulated to be a promising approach to combat crop pests and control species responsible to transmit mosquito-borne illness, including Aedes aegypti. Although initially deemed as relatively safe for non-target organisms and highly effective against insects and crop pests, recent studies focused on the toxicity profile detected the occurrence of side effects in different living species. Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe the properties and characteristics of spinosad. In addition to indicating potential adverse effects on living organisms, alternative uses of the biopesticide as a mixture with different compounds are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Dobler S, Wagschal V, Pietsch N, Dahdouli N, Meinzer F, Romey-Glüsing R, Schütte K. New ways to acquire resistance: imperfect convergence in insect adaptations to a potent plant toxin. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190883. [PMID: 31387508 PMCID: PMC6710594 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of insensitivity to the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides has become a model in the study of convergent evolution, as five taxonomic orders of insects use the same few similar amino acid substitutions in the otherwise highly conserved Na,K-ATPase α. We show here that insensitivity in pyrgomorphid grasshoppers evolved along a slightly divergent path. As in other lineages, duplication of the Na,K-ATPase α gene paved the way for subfunctionalization: one copy maintains the ancestral, sensitive state, while the other copy is resistant. Nonetheless, in contrast with all other investigated insects, the grasshoppers' resistant copy shows length variation by two amino acids in the first extracellular loop, the main part of the cardiac glycoside-binding pocket. RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that this copy is predominantly expressed in tissues exposed to the toxins, while the ancestral copy predominates in the nervous tissue. Functional tests with genetically engineered Drosophila Na,K-ATPases bearing the first extracellular loop of the pyrgomorphid genes showed the derived form to be highly resistant, while the ancestral state is sensitive. Thus, we report convergence in gene duplication and in the gene targets for toxin insensitivity; however, the means to the phenotypic end have been novel in pyrgomorphid grasshoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vera Wagschal
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Dahdouli
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fee Meinzer
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renja Romey-Glüsing
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schütte
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Faria VG, Martins NE, Schlötterer C, Sucena É. Readapting to DCV Infection without Wolbachia: Frequency Changes of Drosophila Antiviral Alleles Can Replace Endosymbiont Protection. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1783-1791. [PMID: 29947761 PMCID: PMC6054199 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now ample evidence that endosymbionts can contribute to host adaptation to environmental challenges. However, how endosymbiont presence affects the adaptive trajectory and outcome of the host is yet largely unexplored. In Drosophila, Wolbachia confers protection to RNA virus infection, an effect that differs between Wolbachia strains and can be targeted by selection. Adaptation to RNA virus infections is mediated by both Wolbachia and the host, raising the question of whether adaptive genetic changes in the host vary with the presence/absence of the endosymbiont. Here, we address this question using a polymorphic D. melanogaster population previously adapted to DCV infection for 35 generations in the presence of Wolbachia, from which we removed the endosymbiont and followed survival over the subsequent 20 generations of infection. After an initial severe drop, survival frequencies upon DCV selection increased significantly, as seen before in the presence of Wolbachia. Whole-genome sequencing, revealed that the major genes involved in the first selection experiment, pastrel and Ubc-E2H, continued to be selected in Wolbachia-free D. melanogaster, with the frequencies of protective alleles being closer to fixation in the absence of Wolbachia. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in Wolbachia infection status may be sufficient to maintain polymorphisms even in the absence of costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor G Faria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da quinta grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,Zoological Institute, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nelson E Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da quinta grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da quinta grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, edifício C2, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Turner CB, Marshall CW, Cooper VS. Parallel genetic adaptation across environments differing in mode of growth or resource availability. Evol Lett 2018; 2:355-367. [PMID: 30283687 PMCID: PMC6121802 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution experiments have demonstrated high levels of genetic parallelism between populations evolving in identical environments. However, natural populations evolve in complex environments that can vary in many ways, likely sharing some characteristics but not others. Here, we ask whether shared selection pressures drive parallel evolution across distinct environments. We addressed this question in experimentally evolved populations founded from a clone of the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia. These populations evolved for 90 days (approximately 600 generations) under all combinations of high or low carbon availability and selection for either planktonic or biofilm modes of growth. Populations that evolved in environments with shared selection pressures (either level of carbon availability or mode of growth) were more genetically similar to each other than populations from environments that shared neither characteristic. However, not all shared selection pressures led to parallel evolution. Genetic parallelism between low-carbon biofilm and low-carbon planktonic populations was very low despite shared selection for growth under low-carbon conditions, suggesting that evolution in low-carbon environments may generate stronger trade-offs between biofilm and planktonic modes of growth. For all environments, a population's fitness in a particular environment was positively correlated with the genetic similarity between that population and the populations that evolved in that particular environment. Although genetic similarity was low between low-carbon environments, overall, evolution in similar environments led to higher levels of genetic parallelism and that genetic parallelism, in turn, was correlated with fitness in a particular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Turner
- Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| | | | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
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Levels of Resistance to Pyrethroid among Distinct kdr Alleles in Aedes aegypti Laboratory Lines and Frequency of kdr Alleles in 27 Natural Populations from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2410819. [PMID: 30112367 PMCID: PMC6077680 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2410819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Several mutations in voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) have been identified in Aedes aegypti populations worldwide. However, only few are related to knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, most of which with variations in the 1016 and 1534 NaV sites. In Brazil, at least two NaV alleles are known: NaVR1, with a substitution in the 1534 (1016 Val+ + 1534 Ilekdr) and NaVR2, with substitutions in both 1016 and sites (1016Ilekdr + 1534Cyskdr). There is also the duplication in the NaV gene, with one copy carrying the substitution Ile1011Met, although its effects on pyrethroid resistance remain to be clarified. Our goals in this study were (1) to determine the role of each kdr NaV allele and the duplication on pyrethroid resistance and (2) to screen the frequency of the kdr alleles in 27 several natural Ae. aegypti populations from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Methods Pyrethroid resistance was evaluated by a knockdown time (KdT) assay, an adaptation of the WHO test tubes with paper impregnated with deltamethrin. We used laboratory-selected Ae. aegypti lineages: R1R1 and R2R2 (homozygous for the kdr NaVR1 and NaVR2 alleles, respectively), Dup (with duplication in the NaV gene), Rockefeller (the susceptibility reference control), and F1 hybrids among them. Genotyping of both 1016 and 1534 NaV sites was performed in 811 Ae. aegypti sampled from 27 localities from Rio de Janeiro (17), Niterói (6) and Nova Iguaçu (4) cities, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a TaqMan real time PCR approach. Results The laboratory lineages R1R1, R2R2, and R1R2 were the only ones that needed more than 60 minutes to knock down all the insects exposed to the pyrethroid, being the KdT R2R2 > R1R2 > R1R1, corroborating the recessive nature of the kdr mutations. Frequency of kdr alleles NaVR1 and NaVR2 in field-caught mosquitoes varied from 0 to 52% and 43 to 86%, respectively, evidencing high levels of “resistant genotypes” (R1R1, R1R2, and R2R2), which together summed 60 to 100% in Ae. aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro. Conclusions The NaVR1 and NaVR2 kdr alleles confer resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in homozygotes and R1R2 heterozygotes, being the R2R2 most resistant genotype. The allele containing duplication in the NaV gene, with a mutation in the 1011 site, did not confer resistance under the tested conditions. The frequencies of the “resistant genotypes” are elevated in Ae. aegypti natural populations from Rio de Janeiro.
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.Rainey PB, Remigi P, Farr AD, Lind PA. Darwin was right: where now for experimental evolution? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 47:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Agrawal AA. Toward a Predictive Framework for Convergent Evolution: Integrating Natural History, Genetic Mechanisms, and Consequences for the Diversity of Life. Am Nat 2017; 190:S1-S12. [PMID: 28731831 DOI: 10.1086/692111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A charm of biology as a scientific discipline is the diversity of life. Although this diversity can make laws of biology challenging to discover, several repeated patterns and general principles govern evolutionary diversification. Convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar phenotypes, has been at the heart of one approach to understand generality in the evolutionary process. Yet understanding when and why organismal traits and strategies repeatedly evolve has been a central challenge. These issues were the focus of the American Society of Naturalists Vice Presidential Symposium in 2016 and are the subject of this collection of articles. Although naturalists have long made inferences about convergent evolution and its importance, there has been confusion in the interpretation of the pattern of convergence. Does convergence primarily indicate adaptation or constraint? How often should convergence be expected? Are there general principles that would allow us to predict where and when and by what mechanisms convergent evolution should occur? What role does natural history play in advancing our understanding of general evolutionary principles? In this introductory article, I address these questions, review several generalizations about convergent evolution that have emerged over the past 15 years, and present a framework for advancing the study and interpretation of convergence. Perhaps the most important emerging conclusion is that the genetic mechanisms of convergent evolution are phylogenetically conserved; that is, more closely related species tend to share the same genetic basis of traits, even when independently evolved. Finally, I highlight how the articles in this special issue further develop concepts, methodologies, and case studies at the frontier of our understanding of the causes and consequences of convergent evolution.
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Synergistic and compensatory effects of two point mutations conferring target-site resistance to fipronil in the insect GABA receptor RDL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32335. [PMID: 27557781 PMCID: PMC4997714 DOI: 10.1038/srep32335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance can arise from a variety of mechanisms, including changes to the target site, but is often associated with substantial fitness costs to insects. Here we describe two resistance-associated target-site mutations that have synergistic and compensatory effects that combine to produce high and persistent levels of resistance to fipronil, an insecticide targeting on γ-aminobytyric acid (GABA) receptors. In Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest of rice crops in many parts of Asia, we have identified a single point mutation (A302S) in the GABA receptor RDL that has been identified previously in other species and which confers low levels of resistance to fipronil (23-fold) in N. lugans. In addition, we have identified a second resistance-associated RDL mutation (R300Q) that, in combination with A302S, is associated with much higher levels of resistance (237-fold). The R300Q mutation has not been detected in the absence of A302S in either laboratory-selected or field populations, presumably due to the high fitness cost associated with this mutation. Significantly, it appears that the A302S mutation is able to compensate for deleterious effects of R300Q mutation on fitness cost. These findings identify a novel resistance mechanism and may have important implications for the spread of insecticide resistance.
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18
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Zimmer CT, Garrood WT, Puinean AM, Eckel-Zimmer M, Williamson MS, Davies TGE, Bass C. A CRISPR/Cas9 mediated point mutation in the alpha 6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor confers resistance to spinosad in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 73:62-9. [PMID: 27117524 PMCID: PMC4876769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinosad, a widely used and economically important insecticide, targets the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system. Several studies have associated loss of function mutations in the insect nAChR α6 subunit with resistance to spinosad, and in the process identified this particular subunit as the specific target site. More recently a single non-synonymous point mutation, that does not result in loss of function, was identified in spinosad resistant strains of three insect species that results in an amino acid substitution (G275E) of the nAChR α6 subunit. The causal role of this mutation has been called into question as, to date, functional evidence proving its involvement in resistance has been limited to the study of vertebrate receptors. Here we use the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing platform to introduce the G275E mutation into the nAChR α6 subunit of Drosophila melanogaster. Reverse transcriptase-PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation in Dα6 transcripts of mutant flies and verified that it does not disrupt the normal splicing of the two exons in close vicinity to the mutation site. A marked decrease in sensitivity to spinosad (66-fold) was observed in flies with the mutation compared to flies of the same genetic background minus the mutation, clearly demonstrating the functional role of this amino acid substitution in resistance to spinosad. Although the resistance levels observed are 4.7-fold lower than exhibited by a fly strain with a null mutation of Dα6, they are nevertheless predicated to be sufficient to result in resistance to spinosad at recommended field rates. Reciprocal crossings with susceptible fly strains followed by spinosad bioassays revealed G275E is inherited as an incompletely recessive trait, thus resembling the mode of inheritance described for this mutation in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. This study both resolves a debate on the functional significance of a target-site mutation and provides an example of how recent advances in genome editing can be harnessed to study insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T Zimmer
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - William T Garrood
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK
| | - A Mirel Puinean
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK
| | - Manuela Eckel-Zimmer
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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Abstract
To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to convergent or parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that contribute to adaptive protein evolution may represent a biased subset of all possible beneficial mutations owing to mutation bias and/or variation in the magnitude of deleterious pleiotropy. A key finding is that the fitness effects of amino acid mutations are often conditional on genetic background. This context dependence (epistasis) can reduce the probability of convergence and parallelism because it reduces the number of possible mutations that are unconditionally acceptable in divergent genetic backgrounds. Here, I review factors that influence the probability of replicated evolution at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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20
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:475-98. [PMID: 26982444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for example, the β-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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AlSuhaibani E, Voudouris CC, Al-Atiyat R, Kotzamumin A, Vontas J, Margaritopoulos JT. Identification of a point mutation in the ace1 gene of Therioaphis trifolli maculata and detection of insecticide resistance by a diagnostic PCR-RFLP assay. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:712-716. [PMID: 26278202 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are important agricultural pests worldwide. Their control is largely based on chemical insecticides. One species that shows important invasive abilities and host-plant-related differences is Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). T. trifolii maculata, also known as spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA), can be very injurious to alfalfa crops in certain regions, such as in Saudi Arabia for effective control it is essential to diagnose and monitor the resistance mechanisms in the SAA populations. In the present study, we analysed acetylcholinesterase (ace) target site insensitivity mechanisms. A 650 bp length DNA containing the putative acetylcholinesterase (ace1) precursor was obtained and compared with other Hemipteran species. The sequences of many individual aphids collected from alfalfa crops in Saudi Arabia were analysed for the presence of resistance mutations: no resistance mutations were found at the resistance mutation loci 302; however, the presence of a serine-phenylalanine substitution (S431F) was identified in one individual. The S431F substitution, has been shown to confer significant levels of both organophosphate and carbamate resistance in other aphid species, and is now found for the first time in T. trifolii. We subsequently developed a simple polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays for the S431F mutation, using a TaqI restriction site destroyed by the S431F mutation. The novel diagnostic assay may support the implementation of Insecticide Resistance Management strategies, for the control of SAA in alfalfa crops in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E AlSuhaibani
- Zoology Department,King Saud University,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - C C Voudouris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,University of Thessaly,41221 Larissa,Greece
| | - R Al-Atiyat
- Animal production Department,King Saud University,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Kotzamumin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,University of Thessaly,41221 Larissa,Greece
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas,73100 Heraklion,Greece
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Doğaç E, Kandemir İ, Taşkın V. Geographical distribution and frequencies of organophosphate-resistant Ace alleles and morphometric variations in olive fruit fly populations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1529-1539. [PMID: 25491602 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Mediterranean basin, organophosphate (OP) insecticides have been used intensively to control olive fly populations. Acetylcholinesterase (Ace) is the molecular target of OP insecticides, and three resistance-associated mutations that confer different levels of OP insensitivity have been identified. In this study, genotypes of olive fly Ace were determined in field-collected populations from broad geographical areas in Turkey. In addition, the levels of asymmetry of wing and leg characters were compared in these populations. RESULTS Our study revealed the existence of a genetically smooth stratification pattern in OP resistance allele distribution in the olive fly populations of Turkey. In contrast to earlier findings, the frequency of Δ3Q was found to be lower in the Aegean region, where the populations have been subjected to high selection pressure. Results based on the morphological differences among the samples revealed a similar pattern for both sides and did not demonstrate a clear separation. CONCLUSION The frequencies and geographic range of resistance alleles indicate that they were selected in the Aegean coast of Turkey and then spread westward towards Europe. One possible explanation for the absence of morphological asymmetry in olive fly samples might be the presence of modifier allele(s) that compensate for the increase in asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Doğaç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University, Kotekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - İrfan Kandemir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vatan Taşkın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University, Kotekli, Muğla, Turkey
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Muthusamy R, Shivakumar M. Involvement of metabolic resistance and F1534C kdr mutation in the pyrethroid resistance mechanisms of Aedes aegypti in India. Acta Trop 2015; 148:137-41. [PMID: 25944353 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance poses a serious problem for worldwide mosquito control programs. Resistance to insecticides can be caused by an increased metabolic detoxification of the insecticide and/or by target site insensitivity. In the present study, we estimated the tolerance of Indian Aedes aegypti populations using adult bioassays that revealed high resistance levels of the field populations to permethrin (RR-6, 5.8 and 5.1 folds) compared to our susceptible population. Enzymatic assays revealed increased activities of glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase enzymes in the field populations comparatively to the susceptible population. PBO synergist assays did not confirm that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase metabolic detoxification acted as a major cause of resistance. Hence the role of target site resistance was therefore investigated. A single substitution Phe1534Cys in the voltage gated sodium channel was found in domain III, segment 6 (III-S6) of the resistance populations (allele frequency=0.59, 0.51 and 0.47) suggesting its potential role in permethrin resistance in A. aegypti.
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Luo GH, Li XH, Zhang ZC, Liu BS, Huang SJ, Fang JC. Cloning of Two Acetylcholinesterase Genes and Analysis of Point Mutations Putatively Associated with Triazophos Resistance in Chilo auricilius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1289-1297. [PMID: 26470257 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the target of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides. Mutations in the AChE gene (ace) leading to decreased insecticide susceptibility is the main resistance mechanism in insects. In this study, two Chilo auricilius acetylcholinesterase genes, designated as Caace1 and Caace2, were cloned using RT-PCR and RACE. Caace1 cDNA is 2534 bp, with ORF of 2082 bp, and it encodes an acetylcholinesterase 1 (CaAChE1) protein comprising a calculated 693 amino acid (aa) residues. Caace2 cDNA contains 2280 bp, with a full-length ORF of 1917 bp, encoding acetylcholinesterase 2 (CaAChE2) comprising a calculated 638 aa residues. At the aa level, CaAChE1 displays the highest similarity (97%) with the Chilo suppressalis AChE1, and CaAChE2 shows the highest similarity with the C. suppressalis AChE2 (99%). From the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) PCR (RFLP-PCR) analysis, one mutation in Caace1, similar to the ace1 mutation associated with triazophos resistance in C. suppressalis, was detected. Detailed examination of field populations of C. auricilius indicated this resistance mutation in C. auricilius is still quite infrequent. Based on the assay of AChE activity and RFLP-PCR testing, an individual that contains resistance mutation has lower AChE activities, while the individual that does not contain the resistance mutation has higher AChE activities. This study provides a basis for future investigations into the mechanism of OP resistance in C. auricilius, as well as a guidance for C. auricilius control with reasonable choice of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shui-Jin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Ji-Chao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Silva APB, Santos JMM, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:450. [PMID: 25292318 PMCID: PMC4283120 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as 'kdr' (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of kdr mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for kdr in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of Plasmodium infection in kdr individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Silva
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Joselita Maria M Santos
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Ademir J Martins
- />Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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McGlothlin JW, Chuckalovcak JP, Janes DE, Edwards SV, Feldman CR, Brodie ED, Pfrender ME, Brodie ED. Parallel evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in three voltage-gated sodium channel genes in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2836-46. [PMID: 25135948 PMCID: PMC4209135 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of a gene family expressed in a single species often experience common selection pressures. Consequently, the molecular basis of complex adaptations may be expected to involve parallel evolutionary changes in multiple paralogs. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome library scans to investigate the evolution of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) family in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, a predator of highly toxic Taricha newts. Newts possess tetrodotoxin (TTX), which blocks Nav’s, arresting action potentials in nerves and muscle. Some Thamnophis populations have evolved resistance to extremely high levels of TTX. Previous work has identified amino acid sites in the skeletal muscle sodium channel Nav1.4 that confer resistance to TTX and vary across populations. We identify parallel evolution of TTX resistance in two additional Nav paralogs, Nav1.6 and 1.7, which are known to be expressed in the peripheral nervous system and should thus be exposed to ingested TTX. Each paralog contains at least one TTX-resistant substitution identical to a substitution previously identified in Nav1.4. These sites are fixed across populations, suggesting that the resistant peripheral nerves antedate resistant muscle. In contrast, three sodium channels expressed solely in the central nervous system (Nav1.1–1.3) showed no evidence of TTX resistance, consistent with protection from toxins by the blood–brain barrier. We also report the exon–intron structure of six Nav paralogs, the first such analysis for snake genes. Our results demonstrate that the molecular basis of adaptation may be both repeatable across members of a gene family and predictable based on functional considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W McGlothlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Department of Biology, University of Virginia
| | - John P Chuckalovcak
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA
| | - Daniel E Janes
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Division of Genetics and Developmental Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
| | | | | | - Michael E Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame
| | - Edmund D Brodie
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia Mountain Lake Biological Station, University of Virginia
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27
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Celiker H, Gore J. Clustering in community structure across replicate ecosystems following a long-term bacterial evolution experiment. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4643. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Bass C, Puinean AM, Zimmer CT, Denholm I, Field LM, Foster SP, Gutbrod O, Nauen R, Slater R, Williamson MS. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:41-51. [PMID: 24855024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae is a globally distributed crop pest with a host range of over 400 species including many economically important crop plants. The intensive use of insecticides to control this species over many years has led to populations that are now resistant to several classes of insecticide. Work spanning over 40 years has shown that M. persicae has a remarkable ability to evolve mechanisms that avoid or overcome the toxic effect of insecticides with at least seven independent mechanisms of resistance described in this species to date. The array of novel resistance mechanisms, including several 'first examples', that have evolved in this species represents an important case study for the evolution of insecticide resistance and also rapid adaptive change in insects more generally. In this review we summarise the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in M. persicae and the insights study of this topic has provided on how resistance evolves, the selectivity of insecticides, and the link between resistance and host plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bass
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Alin M Puinean
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ian Denholm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Linda M Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Stephen P Foster
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Oliver Gutbrod
- Bayer CropScience AG, Research Technologies, D40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer CropScience AG, Pest Control Biology, D40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Russell Slater
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Zimmer CT, Maiwald F, Schorn C, Bass C, Ott MC, Nauen R. A de novo transcriptome of European pollen beetle populations and its analysis, with special reference to insecticide action and resistance. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:511-26. [PMID: 24707894 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus is the most important coleopteran pest in European oilseed rape cultivation, annually infesting millions of hectares and responsible for substantial yield losses if not kept under economic damage thresholds. This species is primarily controlled with insecticides but has recently developed high levels of resistance to the pyrethroid class. The aim of the present study was to provide a transcriptomic resource to investigate mechanisms of resistance. cDNA was sequenced on both Roche (Indianapolis, IN, USA) and Illumina (LGC Genomics, Berlin, Germany) platforms, resulting in a total of ∼53 m reads which assembled into 43 396 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Manual annotation revealed good coverage of genes encoding insecticide target sites and detoxification enzymes. A total of 77 nonredundant cytochrome P450 genes were identified. Mapping of Illumina RNAseq sequences (from susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains) against the reference transcriptome identified a cytochrome P450 (CYP6BQ23) as highly overexpressed in pyrethroid resistance strains. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed the presence of a target-site resistance mutation (L1014F) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of one resistant strain. Our results provide new insights into the important genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in M. aeneus. Furthermore, a comprehensive EST resource is provided for future studies on insecticide modes of action and resistance mechanisms in pollen beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Zimmer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, Stuttgart, Germany; Bayer CropScience AG, Small Molecules Research, Monheim, Germany; Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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Srivastava H, Huong NT, Arunyawat U, Das A. Molecular population genetics of the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene in Anopheles minimus. Genetica 2014; 142:295-315. [PMID: 25038863 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Development of insecticide resistance (IR) in mosquito vectors is a primary huddle to malaria control program. Since IR has genetic basis, and genes constantly evolve with response to environment for adaptation to organisms, it is important to know evolutionary pattern of genes conferring IR in malaria vectors. The mosquito Anopheles minimus is a major malaria vector of the Southeast (SE) Asia and India and is susceptible to all insecticides, and thus of interest to know if natural selection has shaped variations in the gene conferring IR. If not, the DNA fragment of such a gene could be used to infer population structure and demography of this species of malaria vector. We have therefore sequenced a ~569 bp DNA segment of the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene (widely known to confer IR) in 123 individuals of An. minimus collected in 10 different locations (eight Indian, one Thai and one Vietnamese). Two Indian population samples were completely mono-morphic in the CPR gene. In general, low genetic diversity was found with no evidence of natural selection in this gene. The data were therefore analyzed to infer population structure and demography of this species. The 10 populations could be genetically differentiated into four different groups; the samples from Thailand and Vietnam contained high nucleotide diversity. All the 10 populations conform to demographic equilibrium model with signature of past population expansion in four populations. The results in general indicate that the An. minimus mosquitoes sampled in the two SE Asian localities contain several genetic characteristics of being parts of the ancestral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Srivastava
- Evolutionary Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Hardy MC. Resistance is not Futile: It Shapes Insecticide Discovery. INSECTS 2014; 5:227-42. [PMID: 26462586 PMCID: PMC4592624 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemical control compounds used for the management of insect pests have been much maligned, but still serve a critical role in protecting people and agricultural products from insect pests, as well as conserving biodiversity by eradicating invasive species. Although biological control can be an effective option for area-wide management of established pests, chemical control methods are important for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, as well as in export treatments, eradicating recently arrived invasive species, and minimizing population explosions of vectors of human disease. Cogitated research and development programs have continued the innovation of insecticides, with a particular focus on combating insecticide resistance. Recent developments in the fields of human health, protecting the global food supply, and biosecurity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Hardy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia .
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Linss JGB, Brito LP, Garcia GA, Araki AS, Bruno RV, Lima JBP, Valle D, Martins AJ. Distribution and dissemination of the Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys Kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti Brazilian natural populations. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:25. [PMID: 24428880 PMCID: PMC3912884 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, is being seriously threatened due to the development of pyrethroid resistance. Substitutions in the 1016 and 1534 sites of the voltage gated sodium channel (AaNaV), commonly known as kdr mutations, confer the mosquito with knockdown resistance. Our aim was to evaluate the allelic composition of natural populations of Brazilian Ae. aegypti at both kdr sites. METHODS The AaNaV IIIS6 region was cloned and sequenced from three Brazilian populations. Additionally, individual mosquitoes from 30 populations throughout the country were genotyped for 1016 and 1534 sites, based in allele-specific PCR. For individual genotypes both sites were considered as a single locus. RESULTS The 350 bp sequence spanning the IIIS6 region of the AaNaV gene revealed the occurrence of the kdr mutation Phe1534Cys in Brazil. Concerning the individual genotyping, beyond the susceptible wild-type (NaVS), two kdr alleles were identified: substitutions restricted to the 1534 position (NaVR1) or simultaneous substitutions in both 1016 and 1534 sites (NaVR2). A clear regional distribution pattern of these alleles was observed. The NaVR1kdr allele occurred in all localities, while NaVR2 was more frequent in the Central and Southeastern localities. Locations that were sampled multiple times in the course of a decade revealed an increase in frequency of the kdr mutations, mainly the double mutant allele NaVR2. Recent samples also indicate that NaVR2 is spreading towards the Northern region. CONCLUSIONS We have found that in addition to the previously reported Val1016Ile kdr mutation, the Phe1534Cys mutation also occurs in Brazil. Allelic composition at both sites was important to elucidate the actual distribution of kdr mutations throughout the country. Studies to determine gene flow and the fitness costs of these kdr alleles are underway and will be important to better understand the dynamics of Ae. aegypti pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Denise Valle
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Multiple insecticide resistances in the disease vector Culex p. quinquefasciatus from Western Indian Ocean. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77855. [PMID: 24204997 PMCID: PMC3804603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne diseases affect the Western Indian Ocean islands. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is one of these vectors and transmits filariasis, Rift Valley and West Nile viruses and the Japanese encephalitis. To limit the impact of these diseases on public health, considerable vector control efforts have been implemented since the 50s, mainly through the use of neurotoxic insecticides belonging to Organochlorines (OC), Organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroids (PYR) families. However, mosquito control failures have been reported on site, and they were probably due to the selection of resistant individuals in response to insecticide exposure. In this study, we used different approaches to establish a first regional assessment of the levels and mechanisms of resistance to various insecticides. Bioassays were used to evaluate resistance to various insecticides, enzyme activity was measured to assess the presence of metabolic resistances through elevated detoxification, and molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target-site mutations. These complementary approaches showed that resistance to the most used insecticides families (OC, OP and PYR) is widespread at a regional scale. However, the distribution of the different resistance genes is quite heterogeneous among the islands, some being found at high frequencies everywhere, others being frequent in some islands and absent in others. Moreover, two resistance alleles displayed clinal distributions in Mayotte and La Réunion, probably as a result of a heterogeneous selection due to local treatment practices. These widespread and diverse resistance mechanisms reduce the capacity of resistance management through classical strategies (e.g. insecticide rotation). In case of a disease outbreak, it could undermine the efforts of the vector control services, as only few compounds could be used. It thus becomes urgent to find alternatives to control populations of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus in the Indian Ocean.
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Remnant EJ, Good RT, Schmidt JM, Lumb C, Robin C, Daborn PJ, Batterham P. Gene duplication in the major insecticide target site, Rdl, in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14705-10. [PMID: 23959864 PMCID: PMC3767507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311341110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Resistance to Dieldrin gene, Rdl, encodes a GABA-gated chloride channel subunit that is targeted by cyclodiene and phenylpyrazole insecticides. The gene was first characterized in Drosophila melanogaster by genetic mapping of resistance to the cyclodiene dieldrin. The 4,000-fold resistance observed was due to a single amino acid replacement, Ala(301) to Ser. The equivalent change was subsequently identified in Rdl orthologs of a large range of resistant insect species. Here, we report identification of a duplication at the Rdl locus in D. melanogaster. The 113-kb duplication contains one WT copy of Rdl and a second copy with two point mutations: an Ala(301) to Ser resistance mutation and Met(360) to Ile replacement. Individuals with this duplication exhibit intermediate dieldrin resistance compared with single copy Ser(301) homozygotes, reduced temperature sensitivity, and altered RNA editing associated with the resistant allele. Ectopic recombination between Roo transposable elements is involved in generating this genomic rearrangement. The duplication phenotypes were confirmed by construction of a transgenic, artificial duplication integrating the 55.7-kb Rdl locus with a Ser(301) change into an Ala(301) background. Gene duplications can contribute significantly to the evolution of insecticide resistance, most commonly by increasing the amount of gene product produced. Here however, duplication of the Rdl target site creates permanent heterozygosity, providing unique potential for adaptive mutations to accrue in one copy, without abolishing the endogenous role of an essential gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Remnant
- Department of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Wang RX. Gene flow across a hybrid zone maintained by a weak heterogametic incompatibility and positive selection of incompatible alleles. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:386-98. [PMID: 23279645 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization between incipient species is more likely to produce sterile or inviable F(1) offspring in the heterogametic (XY or ZW) sex than in the homogametic (XX or ZZ) sex, a phenomenon known as Haldane's rule. Population dynamics associated with Haldane's rule may play an important role in early speciation of sexually reproducing organisms. The dynamics of the hybrid zone maintained by incomplete hybrid inferiority (sterility/inviability) in the heterogametic sex (a 'weak' Haldane's rule) caused by a Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility was modelled. The influences and interplays of the strengths of incompatibility, dispersal, density-dependent regulation (DDR) and local adaptation of incompatible alleles in a scenario of short-range dispersal (the stepping-stone model) were examined. It was found that a partial heterogametic hybrid incompatibility could efficiently impede gene flow and maintain characteristic clinal noncoincidence and discordance of alleles. Density-dependent regulation appears to be an important factor affecting hybrid zone dynamics: it can effectively skew the effects of the partial incompatibility and dispersal as measured by effective dispersal, clinal structures and density depression. Unexpectedly, local adaptation of incompatible alleles in the parental populations, which would be critical for the establishment of the incompatibility, exerts little effect on hybrid zone dynamics. These results strongly support the plausibility of the adaptive origin of hybrid incompatibility and ecological speciation: an adaptive mutation, if it confers a marginal fitness advantage in the local population and happens to cause epistatic inferiority in hybrids, could efficiently drive further genetic divergence that may result in the gene becoming an evolutionary hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-X Wang
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Strode C, de Melo-Santos M, Magalhães T, Araújo A, Ayres C. Expression profile of genes during resistance reversal in a temephos selected strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39439. [PMID: 22870187 PMCID: PMC3411583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most important disease vectors because it transmits two major arboviruses, dengue and yellow fever, which cause significant global morbidity and mortality. Chemical insecticides form the cornerstone of vector control. The organophosphate temephos a larvicide recommended by WHO for controlling Ae. aegypti, however, resistance to this compound has been reported in many countries, including Brazil. Methodology/Principal Findings The aim of this study was to identify genes implicated in metabolic resistance in an Ae. aegypti temephos resistant strain, named RecR, through microarray analysis. We utilized a custom ‘Ae. aegypti detox chip’ and validated microarray data through RT-PCR comparing susceptible and resistant individuals. In addition, we analyzed gene expression in 4th instar larvae from a reversed susceptible strain (RecRev), exposed and unexposed to temephos. The results obtained revealed a set of 13 and 6 genes significantly over expressed in resistant adult mosquitoes and larvae, respectively. One of these genes, the cytochrome P450 CYP6N12, was up-regulated in both stages. RT-PCR confirmed the microarray results and, additionally, showed no difference in gene expression between temephos exposed and unexposed RecRev mosquitoes. This suggested that the differences in the transcript profiles among the strains are heritable due to a selection process and are not caused by immediate insecticide exposure. Reversal of temephos resistance was demonstrated and, importantly, there was a positive correlation between a decrease in the resistance ratio and an accompanying decrease in the expression levels of previously over expressed genes. Some of the genes identified here have also been implicated in metabolic resistance in other mosquito species and insecticide resistant populations of Ae. aegypti. Conclusions/Significance The identification of gene expression signatures associated to insecticide resistance and their suppression could greatly aid the development of improved strategies of vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Strode
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Asih PB, Syahrani L, Rozi IE, Pratama NR, Marantina SS, Arsyad DS, Mangunwardoyo W, Hawley W, Laihad F, Shinta, Sukowati S, Lobo NF, Syafruddin D. Existence of the rdl mutant alleles among the anopheles malaria vector in Indonesia. Malar J 2012; 11:57. [PMID: 22364613 PMCID: PMC3311089 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride channel complex is known to be the target site of dieldrin, a cyclodiene insecticide. GABA-receptors, with a naturally occurring amino acid substitution, A302S/G in the putative ion-channel lining region, confer resistance to cyclodiene insecticides that includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin and endosulphan. METHODS A total of 154 mosquito samples from 10 provinces of malaria-endemic areas across Indonesia (Aceh, North Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Central Java, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, West Sulawesi, Molucca and North Molucca) were obtained and identified by species, using morphological characteristic. The DNA was individually extracted using chelex-ion exchanger and the DNA obtained was used for analyses using sequencing method. RESULTS Molecular analysis indicated 11% of the total 154 Anopheles samples examined, carried Rdl mutant alleles. All of the alleles were found in homozygous form. Rdl 302S allele was observed in Anopheles vagus (from Central Java, Lampung, and West Nusa Tenggara), Anopheles aconitus (from Central Java), Anopheles barbirostris (from Central Java and Lampung), Anopheles sundaicus (from North Sumatra and Lampung), Anopheles nigerrimus (from North Sumatra), whereas the 302 G allele was only found in Anopheles farauti from Molucca. CONCLUSION The existence of the Rdl mutant allele indicates that, either insecticide pressure on the Anopheles population in these areas might still be ongoing (though not directly associated with the malaria control programme) or that the mutant form of the Rdl allele is relatively stable in the absence of insecticide. Nonetheless, the finding suggests that integrated pest management is warranted in malaria-endemic areas where insecticides are widely used for other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puji Bs Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro, 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Mau YS, Collins PJ, Daglish GJ, Nayak MK, Pavic H, Ebert PR. The rph1 gene is a common contributor to the evolution of phosphine resistance in independent field isolates of Rhyzopertha dominica. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31541. [PMID: 22363668 PMCID: PMC3282749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphine is the only economically viable fumigant for routine control of insect pests of stored food products, but its continued use is now threatened by the world-wide emergence of high-level resistance in key pest species. Phosphine has a unique mode of action relative to well-characterised contact pesticides. Similarly, the selective pressures that lead to resistance against field sprays differ dramatically from those encountered during fumigation. The consequences of these differences have not been investigated adequately. We determine the genetic basis of phosphine resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica strains collected from New South Wales and South Australia and compare this with resistance in a previously characterised strain from Queensland. The resistance levels range from 225 and 100 times the baseline response of a sensitive reference strain. Moreover, molecular and phenotypic data indicate that high-level resistance was derived independently in each of the three widely separated geographical regions. Despite the independent origins, resistance was due to two interacting genes in each instance. Furthermore, complementation analysis reveals that all three strains contain an incompletely recessive resistance allele of the autosomal rph1 resistance gene. This is particularly noteworthy as a resistance allele at rph1 was previously proposed to be a necessary first step in the evolution of high-level resistance. Despite the capacity of phosphine to disrupt a wide range of enzymes and biological processes, it is remarkable that the initial step in the selection of resistance is so similar in isolated outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosep S. Mau
- School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia
| | - Patrick J. Collins
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Daglish
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Manoj K. Nayak
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hervoika Pavic
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Paul R. Ebert
- School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cellular electrophysiological systems, like developmental systems, appear to evolve primarily by means of regulatory evolution. It is suggested that electrophysiological systems share two key features with developmental systems that account for this dependence on regulatory evolution. For both systems, structural evolution has the potential to create significant problems of pleiotropy and both systems are predominantly computational in nature. It is concluded that the relative balance of physical and computational tasks that a biological system has to perform, combined with the probability that these tasks may have to change significantly during the course of evolution, will be major factors in determining the relative mix of regulatory and structural evolution that is observed for a given system. Physiological systems that directly interface with the environment will almost always perform some low-level physical task. In the majority of cases this will require evolution of protein function in order for the tasks themselves to evolve. For complex physiological systems a large fraction of their function will be devoted to high-level control functions that are predominantly computational in nature. In most cases regulatory evolution will be sufficient in order for these computational tasks to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rosati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. IV. Genetic constraints guide evolutionary trajectories in a parallel adaptive radiation. Genetics 2009; 183:1041-53. [PMID: 19704015 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for phenotypic evolution is dependent upon complex webs of functional interactions that connect genotype and phenotype. Wrinkly spreader (WS) genotypes arise repeatedly during the course of a model Pseudomonas adaptive radiation. Previous work showed that the evolution of WS variation was explained in part by spontaneous mutations in wspF, a component of the Wsp-signaling module, but also drew attention to the existence of unknown mutational causes. Here, we identify two new mutational pathways (Aws and Mws) that allow realization of the WS phenotype: in common with the Wsp module these pathways contain a di-guanylate cyclase-encoding gene subject to negative regulation. Together, mutations in the Wsp, Aws, and Mws regulatory modules account for the spectrum of WS phenotype-generating mutations found among a collection of 26 spontaneously arising WS genotypes obtained from independent adaptive radiations. Despite a large number of potential mutational pathways, the repeated discovery of mutations in a small number of loci (parallel evolution) prompted the construction of an ancestral genotype devoid of known (Wsp, Aws, and Mws) regulatory modules to see whether the types derived from this genotype could converge upon the WS phenotype via a novel route. Such types-with equivalent fitness effects-did emerge, although they took significantly longer to do so. Together our data provide an explanation for why WS evolution follows a limited number of mutational pathways and show how genetic architecture can bias the molecular variation presented to selection.
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Abstract
Ever since the integration of Mendelian genetics into evolutionary biology in the early 20th century, evolutionary geneticists have for the most part treated genes and mutations as generic entities. However, recent observations indicate that all genes are not equal in the eyes of evolution. Evolutionarily relevant mutations tend to accumulate in hotspot genes and at specific positions within genes. Genetic evolution is constrained by gene function, the structure of genetic networks, and population biology. The genetic basis of evolution may be predictable to some extent, and further understanding of this predictability requires incorporation of the specific functions and characteristics of genes into evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Stern
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Nardi F, Barazzuoli B, Ciolfi S, Carapelli A, Dallai R, Frati F. Acetylcholinesterase genes in the basal Hexapod Orchesella villosa. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:45-54. [PMID: 19016914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme of the cholinergic nerve system. Of the two forms found in insects, the predominant one is active in the synapses and is the target of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, while the role of the second is currently unknown. Two acetylcholinesterase cDNAs from the basal hexapod Orchesella villosa have been characterized and compared with others reported form insects. One form conforms well to the typical structure, while the other is characterized by an unusual 3' region. No amino acid mutation could be directly associated with known resistance mutations in other insect species or to a clear signal of selection in the distribution of alleles, although the action of some population process is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nardi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Italy.
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Fonseca-González I, Quiñones ML, McAllister J, Brogdon WG. Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with cross-r esistance between DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin in Anopheles darlingi Root 1926 populations from Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:18-26. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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The dominant cold-sensitive Out-cold mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have novel missense mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene paralytic. Genetics 2008; 180:873-84. [PMID: 18723887 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.090951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the molecular characterization of Out-cold (Ocd) mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, which produce a dominant, X-linked, cold-sensitive paralytic phenotype. From its initial 1.5-Mb cytological location within 13F1-16A2, P-element and SNP mapping reduced the Ocd critical region to <100 kb and to six candidate genes: hangover, CG9947, CG4420, eIF2a, Rbp2, and paralytic (para). Complementation testing with para null mutations strongly suggests Ocd and para are allelic, as does gene rescue of Ocd semilethality with a wild-type para transgene. Pesticide resistance and electrophysiological phenotypes of Ocd mutants support this conclusion. The para gene encodes a voltage-gated sodium channel. Sequencing the Ocd lines revealed mutations within highly conserved regions of the para coding sequence, in the transmembrane segment S6 of domain III (I1545M and T1551I), and in the linker between domains III and IV (G1571R), the location of the channel inactivation gate. The G1571R mutation is of particular interest as mutations of the orthologous residue (G1306) in the human skeletal muscle sodium channel gene SCN4A are associated with cases of periodic paralysis and myotonia, including the human cold-sensitive disorder paramyotonia congenita. The mechanisms by which sodium channel mutations cause cold sensitivity are not well understood. Therefore, in the absence of suitable vertebrate models, Ocd provides a system in which genetic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral tools can be exploited to determine mechanisms underlying sodium channel periodic paralyses.
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Kakani EG, Ioannides IM, Margaritopoulos JT, Seraphides NA, Skouras PJ, Tsitsipis JA, Mathiopoulos KD. A small deletion in the olive fly acetylcholinesterase gene associated with high levels of organophosphate resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 38:781-787. [PMID: 18625401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate resistance in the olive fly was previously shown to associate with two point mutations in the ace gene. The frequency of these mutations was monitored in Bactrocera oleae individuals of increasing resistance. In spite of the difference in resistance among the individuals, there was no correlation between mutation frequencies and resistance level, indicating that other factors may contribute to this variation. The search for additional mutations in the ace gene of highly resistant insects revealed a small deletion at the carboxyl terminal of the protein (termed Delta3Q). Significant correlation was shown between the mutation frequency and resistance level in natural populations. In addition, remaining activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) after dimethoate inhibition was higher in genotypes carrying the mutation. These results strongly suggest a role of Delta3Q in high levels of organophosphate (OP) resistance. Interestingly, the carboxyl terminal of AChE is normally cleaved and substituted by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. We hypothesize that Delta3Q may improve GPI anchoring, thus increasing the amount of AChE that reaches the synaptic cleft. In this way, despite the presence of insecticide, enough enzyme would remain in the cleft for its normal role of acetylcholine hydrolysis, allowing the insect to survive. This provides a previously un-described mechanism of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Kakani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, Larissa 41221, Greece
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Deng M, Luo X, Meng E, Xiao Y, Liang S. Inhibition of insect calcium channels by huwentoxin-V, a neurotoxin from Chinese tarantula Ornithoctonus huwena venom. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 582:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jost MC, Hillis DM, Lu Y, Kyle JW, Fozzard HA, Zakon HH. Toxin-resistant sodium channels: parallel adaptive evolution across a complete gene family. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:1016-24. [PMID: 18258611 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75% of vertebrate proteins belong to protein families encoded by multiple evolutionarily related genes, a pattern that emerged as a result of gene and genome duplications over the course of vertebrate evolution. In families of genes with similar or related functions, adaptation to a strong selective agent should involve multiple adaptive changes across the entire gene family. However, we know of no evolutionary studies that have explicitly addressed this point. Here, we show how 4 taxonomically diverse species of pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae) each evolved resistance to the guanidinium toxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) via parallel amino acid replacements across all 8 sodium channels present in teleost fish genomes. This resulted in diverse suites of coexisting sodium channel types that all confer varying degrees of toxin resistance, yet show remarkable convergence among genes and phylogenetically diverse species. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression of a vertebrate sodium channel, we also demonstrate that resistance to TTX/STX is enhanced up to 15-fold by single, frequently observed replacements at 2 sites that have not previously been implicated in toxin binding but show similar or identical replacements in pufferfishes and in distantly related vertebrate and nonvertebrate animals. This study presents an example of natural selection acting upon a complete gene family, repeatedly arriving at a diverse but limited number of adaptive changes within the same genome. To be maximally informative, we suggest that future studies of molecular adaptation should consider all functionally similar paralogs of the affected gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Clair Jost
- Sections of Integrative Biology and Neurobiology and Center for Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
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Li X, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 52:231-53. [PMID: 16925478 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1227] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic resistance in insects has evolved predominantly by increasing the metabolic capability of detoxificative systems and/or reducing xenobiotic target site sensitivity. In contrast to the limited range of nucleotide changes that lead to target site insensitivity, many molecular mechanisms lead to enhancements in xenobiotic metabolism. The genomic changes that lead to amplification, overexpression, and coding sequence variation in the three major groups of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are the focus of this review. A substantial number of the adaptive genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance that have been characterized to date are transposon mediated. Several lines of evidence suggest that P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance, and perhaps insecticide detoxification genes in general, may share an evolutionary association with genes involved in allelochemical metabolism. Differences in the selective regime imposed by allelochemicals and insecticides may account for the relative importance of regulatory or structural mutations in conferring resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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