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Chira AM, Gray RD, Botero CA. Geography is not destiny: A quantitative test of Diamond's axis of orientation hypothesis. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2024; 6:e5. [PMID: 38274321 PMCID: PMC10808877 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Jared Diamond suggested that the unique East-West orientation of Eurasia facilitated the spread of cultural innovations and gave it substantial political, technological and military advantages over other continental regions. This controversial hypothesis assumes that innovations can spread more easily across similar habitats, and that environments tend to be more homogeneous at similar latitudes. The resulting prediction is that Eurasia is home to environmentally homogenous corridors that enable fast cultural transmission. Despite indirect evidence supporting Diamond's influential hypothesis, quantitative tests of its underlying assumptions are currently lacking. Here we address this critical gap by leveraging ecological, cultural and linguistic datasets at a global scale. Our analyses show that although societies that share similar ecologies are more likely to share cultural traits, the Eurasian continent is not significantly more ecologically homogeneous than other continental regions. Our findings highlight the perils of single factor explanations and remind us that even the most compelling ideas must be thoroughly tested to gain a solid understanding of the complex history of our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Chira
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Russell D. Gray
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A. Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Montero-Pons L, Rodríguez-Martín D, Esquinas C, García-Sierra R, Manresa-Domínguez JM, Reyes-Lacalle A, Cabedo-Ferreiro R, Vicente-Hernández M, Gómez Masvidal M, Toran-Monserrat P, Falguera-Puig G. Adolescents and Young Adults Evaluating a Website for Affective-Sexual Information and Education: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49962. [PMID: 37883153 PMCID: PMC10636610 DOI: 10.2196/49962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today's young people have long been demanding a paradigm shift in the emotional and sexual education they receive. While for them, affective-sexual and gender diversity is already a reality, the sexual and reproductive health professionals they encounter lack sufficient training. The digital devices and affective-sexual education websites aimed at today's young people must also be thoroughly evaluated. The website Sexe Joves is a website on sexuality by the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia (Spain). It is designed for people aged 14 to 25 years. It currently needs to undergo a process of evaluation. Affective-sexual education aimed at young people must stem from their participation and the whole range of sexual and gender diversity in order to reach the entire population equally. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the website Sexe Joves as a source of affective-sexual health information, education, and communication for young people. It takes into account sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and location within Catalonia (urban, semiurban, and rural areas). METHODS This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study that forms part of a larger mixed methods study. An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect data. In total, 1830 participants were included. The study was carried out simultaneously in all the territorial administrations of Catalonia. RESULTS Almost 30% of the sample obtained were young people who experience affective-sexual and gender diversity. Of those surveyed, only 14.2% (n=260) said they were familiar with the website and of these, 6.5% said they used it (n=114). The website content rated most indispensable was on sexual abuse, harassment, and violence, followed by sexually transmitted infections; 70.5% (n=1200) reported that they visit pornographic websites. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will contribute to the design of new strategies for the website Sexe Joves, a public health resource, in order to improve affective sexual education for young people. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.3390/ijerph192416586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montero-Pons
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Dolors Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Consolidated Research Group on Gender, Identity and Diversity, Barcelona, Spain
- Interuniversity Research Group on Gender, Diversity and health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esquinas
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rosa García-Sierra
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, Primary care Research Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Mataró, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Manresa-Domínguez
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, Primary care Research Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Mataró, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Azahara Reyes-Lacalle
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Sabadell, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rosa Cabedo-Ferreiro
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Granollers, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Granollers, Spain
| | - MªMercedes Vicente-Hernández
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Sant Adrià del Besòs, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Sant Adrià del Besòs, Spain
| | - Míriam Gómez Masvidal
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Mataró/Maresme, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Mataró, Spain
| | - Pere Toran-Monserrat
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, Primary care Research Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Mataró, Spain
- Primary Care Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Falguera-Puig
- Consolidated Research Group on Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Directorate, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Sabadell, Spain
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Lawson DW, Alami S, Somefun OD. Gendered conflict in the human family. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 5:e12. [PMID: 37587929 PMCID: PMC10426121 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict is a thriving area of animal behaviour research. Yet parallel research in the evolutionary human sciences remains underdeveloped and has become mired by controversy. In this special collection, we aim to invigorate the study of fitness-relevant conflicts between women and men, advocating for three synergistic research priorities. First, we argue that a commitment to diversity is required to innovate the field, achieve ethical research practice, and foster fruitful dialogue with neighbouring social sciences. Accordingly, we have prioritised issues of diversity as editors, aiming to stimulate new connections and perspectives. Second, we call for greater recognition that human sex/gender roles and accompanying conflict behaviours are both subject to natural selection and culturally determined. This motivates our shift in terminology from sexual to gendered conflict when addressing human behaviour, countering stubborn tendencies to essentialise differences between women and men and directing attention to the role of cultural practices, normative sanctions and social learning in structuring conflict battlegrounds. Finally, we draw attention to contemporary policy concerns, including the wellbeing consequences of marriage practices and the gendered implications of market integration. Focus on these themes, combined with attendance to the dangers of ethnocentrism, promises to inform culturally sensitive interventions promoting gender equality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lawson
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Sarah Alami
- The School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
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Chira AM, Kirby K, Epperlein T, Bräuer J. Function predicts how people treat their dogs in a global sample. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4954. [PMID: 36973319 PMCID: PMC10042878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs have an extraordinary relationship with humans. We understand, communicate, and cooperate remarkably with our dogs. But almost all we know about dog-human bonds, dog behaviour, and dog cognition is limited to Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) societies. WEIRD dogs are kept for a variety of functions, and these can influence their relationship with their owner, as well as their behaviour and performance in problem-solving tasks. But are such associations representative worldwide? Here we address this by collecting data on the function and perception of dogs in 124 globally distributed societies using the eHRAF cross-cultural database. We hypothesize that keeping dogs for multiple purposes and/or employing dogs for highly cooperative or high investment functions (e.g., herding, guarding of herds, hunting) will lead to closer dog-human bonds: increased primary caregiving (or positive care), decreased negative treatment, and attributing personhood to dogs. Our results show that indeed, the number of functions associates positively with close dog-human interactions. Further, we find increased odds of positive care in societies that use herding dogs (an effect not replicated for hunting), and increased odds of dog personhood in cultures that keep dogs for hunting. Unexpectedly, we see a substantial decrease of dog negative treatment in societies that use watchdogs. Overall, our study shows the mechanistic link between function and the characteristics of dog-human bonds in a global sample. These results are a first step towards challenging the notion that all dogs are the same, and open questions about how function and associated cultural correlates could fuel departures from the 'typical' behaviour and social-cognitive skills we commonly associate with our canine friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Chira
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Kirby
- Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Theresa Epperlein
- Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Bräuer
- Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Sheehan O, Watts J, Gray RD, Bulbulia J, Claessens S, Ringen EJ, Atkinson QD. Coevolution of religious and political authority in Austronesian societies. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:38-45. [PMID: 36357777 PMCID: PMC9883158 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Authority, an institutionalized form of social power, is one of the defining features of the large-scale societies that evolved during the Holocene. Religious and political authority have deep histories in human societies and are clearly interdependent, but the nature of their relationship and its evolution over time is contested. We purpose-built an ethnographic dataset of 97 Austronesian societies and used phylogenetic methods to address two long-standing questions about the evolution of religious and political authority: first, how these two institutions have coevolved, and second, whether religious and political authority have tended to become more or less differentiated. We found evidence for mutual interdependence between religious and political authority but no evidence for or against a long-term pattern of differentiation or unification in systems of religious and political authority. Our results provide insight into how political and religious authority have worked synergistically over millennia during the evolution of large-scale societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sheehan
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Joseph Watts
- grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Religion Programme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ,grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Centre for Research on Evolution, Belief, and Behaviour, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Russell D. Gray
- grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bulbulia
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343School of Humanities, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ,grid.267827.e0000 0001 2292 3111School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Scott Claessens
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erik J. Ringen
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Quentin D. Atkinson
- grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lynch R, Loehr J, Lummaa V, Honkola T, Pettay J, Vesakoski O. Socio-cultural similarity with host population rather than ecological similarity predicts success and failure of human migrations. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212298. [PMID: 35042412 PMCID: PMC8767215 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographers argue that human migration patterns are shaped by people moving to better environments. More recently, however, evolutionary theorists have argued that people move to similar environments to which they are culturally adapted. While previous studies analysing which factors affect migration patterns have focused almost exclusively on successful migrations, here we take advantage of a natural experiment during World War II in which an entire population was forcibly displaced but were then allowed to return home to compare successful with unsuccessful migrations. We test two competing hypotheses: (1) individuals who relocate to environments that are superior to their place of origin will be more likely to remain-The Better Environment Hypothesis or (2) individuals who relocate to environments that are similar to their place of origin will be more likely to remain-The Similar Environment Hypothesis. Using detailed records recording the social, cultural, linguistic and ecological conditions of the origin and destination locations, we find that cultural similarity (e.g. linguistic similarity and marrying within one's own minority ethnic group)-rather than ecological differences-are the best predictors of successful migrations. These results suggest that social relationships, empowered by cultural similarity with the host population, play a critical role in successful migrations and provide limited support for the similar environment hypothesis. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of comparing unsuccessful with successful migrations in efforts understand the engines of human dispersal and suggest that the primary obstacles to human migrations and successful range expansion are sociocultural rather than ecological.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lynch
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Anthropology, 410 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J. Loehr
- University of Helsinki, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1 PO Box 65, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. Lummaa
- University of Turku, Department of Biology, Vesilinnantie, 5, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - T. Honkola
- University of Turku, Department of Biology, Vesilinnantie, 5, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - J. Pettay
- University of Turku, Department of Biology, Vesilinnantie, 5, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - O. Vesakoski
- University of Turku, Department of Biology, Vesilinnantie, 5, Turku 20014, Finland
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7
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Leisterer-Peoples SM, Ross CT, Greenhill SJ, Hardecker S, Haun DBM. Games and enculturation: A cross-cultural analysis of cooperative goal structures in Austronesian games. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259746. [PMID: 34818365 PMCID: PMC8612520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While most animals play, only humans play games. As animal play serves to teach offspring important life-skills in a safe scenario, human games might, in similar ways, teach important culturally relevant skills. Humans in all cultures play games; however, it is not clear whether variation in the characteristics of games across cultural groups is related to group-level attributes. Here we investigate specifically whether the cooperativeness of games covaries with socio-ecological differences across cultural groups. We hypothesize that cultural groups that engage in frequent inter-group conflict, cooperative sustenance acquisition, or that have less stratified social structures, might more frequently play cooperative games as compared to groups that do not share these characteristics. To test these hypotheses, we gathered data from the ethnographic record on 25 ethnolinguistic groups in the Austronesian language family. We show that cultural groups with higher levels of inter-group conflict and cooperative land-based hunting play cooperative games more frequently than other groups. Additionally, cultural groups with higher levels of intra-group conflict play competitive games more frequently than other groups. These findings indicate that games are not randomly distributed among cultures, but rather relate to the socio-ecological settings of the cultural groups that practice them. We argue that games serve as training grounds for group-specific norms and values and thereby have an important function in enculturation during childhood. Moreover, games might server an important role in the maintenance of cultural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Leisterer-Peoples
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody T. Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Daniel B. M. Haun
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Zmigrod L, Ebert T, Götz FM, Rentfrow PJ. The psychological and socio-political consequences of infectious diseases: Authoritarianism, governance, and nonzoonotic (human-to-human) infection transmission. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
What are the socio-political consequences of infectious diseases? Humans have evolved to avoid disease and infection, resulting in a set of psychological mechanisms that promote disease-avoidance, referred to as the behavioral immune system (BIS). One manifestation of the BIS is the cautious avoidance of unfamiliar, foreign, or potentially contaminating stimuli. Specifically, when disease infection risk is salient or prevalent, authoritarian attitudes can emerge that seek to avoid and reject foreign outgroups while favoring homogenous, familiar ingroups. In the largest study conducted on the topic to date (N > 240,000), elevated regional levels of infectious pathogens were related to more authoritarian attitudes on three geographical levels: across U.S. metropolitan regions, U.S. states, and cross-culturally across 47 countries. The link between pathogen prevalence and authoritarian psychological dispositions predicted conservative voting behavior in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election and more authoritarian governance and state laws, in which one group of people imposes asymmetrical laws on others in a hierarchical structure. Furthermore, cross-cultural analysis illustrated that the relationship between infectious diseases and authoritarianism was pronounced for infectious diseases that can be acquired from other humans (nonzoonotic), and does not generalize to other infectious diseases that can only be acquired from non-human species (zoonotic diseases). At a time of heightened awareness of infectious diseases, the current findings are important reminders that public health and ecology can have ramifications for socio-political attitudes by shaping how citizens vote and are governed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Long Ma
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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10
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Teixidor-Toneu I, Kool A, Greenhill SJ, Kjesrud K, Sandstedt JJ, Manzanilla V, Jordan FM. Historical, archaeological and linguistic evidence test the phylogenetic inference of Viking-Age plant use. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200086. [PMID: 33993763 PMCID: PMC8126462 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, past plant knowledge serves as a case study to highlight the promise and challenges of interdisciplinary data collection and interpretation in cultural evolution. Plants are central to human life and yet, apart from the role of major crops, people-plant relations have been marginal to the study of culture. Archaeological, linguistic, and historical evidence are often limited when it comes to studying the past role of plants. This is the case in the Nordic countries, where extensive collections of various plant use records are absent until the 1700s. Here, we test if relatively recent ethnobotanical data can be used to trace back ancient plant knowledge in the Nordic countries. Phylogenetic inferences of ancestral states are evaluated against historical, linguistic, and archaeobotanical evidence. The exercise allows us to discuss the opportunities and shortcomings of using phylogenetic comparative methods to study past botanical knowledge. We propose a 'triangulation method' that not only combines multiple lines of evidence, but also quantitative and qualitative approaches. This article is part of the theme issue 'Foundations of cultural evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Teixidor-Toneu
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Sars' Gate 1, 0562 Oslo, Norway
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneleen Kool
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Sars' Gate 1, 0562 Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max-Planck-Institut fur Menschheitsgeschichte, 07745 Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Karoline Kjesrud
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, St Olavs Gate 29, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jade J. Sandstedt
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Sars' Gate 1, 0562 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Manzanilla
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Sars' Gate 1, 0562 Oslo, Norway
- BaseClear, Sylviusweg 74, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona M. Jordan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
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11
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Lukas D, Towner M, Borgerhoff Mulder M. The potential to infer the historical pattern of cultural macroevolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200057. [PMID: 33993769 PMCID: PMC8126461 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses increasingly take centre-stage in our understanding of the processes shaping patterns of cultural diversity and cultural evolution over time. Just as biologists explain the origins and maintenance of trait differences among organisms using phylogenetic methods, so anthropologists studying cultural macroevolutionary processes use phylogenetic methods to uncover the history of human populations and the dynamics of culturally transmitted traits. In this paper, we revisit concerns with the validity of these methods. Specifically, we use simulations to reveal how properties of the sample (size, missing data), properties of the tree (shape) and properties of the traits (rate of change, number of variants, transmission mode) might influence the inferences that can be drawn about trait distributions across a given phylogeny and the power to discern alternative histories. Our approach shows that in two example datasets specific combinations of properties of the sample, of the tree and of the trait can lead to potentially high rates of Type I and Type II errors. We offer this simulation tool to help assess the potential impact of this list of persistent perils in future cultural macroevolutionary work. This article is part of the theme issue 'Foundations of cultural evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lukas
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Towner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Gavrilets S, Richerson PJ, de Waal FBM. Celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Descent of Man. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 3:e17. [PMID: 37588527 PMCID: PMC10427289 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Gavrilets
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, Center for the Dynamics of Social Complexity, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Peter J Richerson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Frans B. M. de Waal
- Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
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13
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Tong J, Yu W, Fan X, Sun X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang T. Impact of Group Art Therapy Using Traditional Chinese Materials on Self-Efficacy and Social Function for Individuals Diagnosed With Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2021; 11:571124. [PMID: 33551897 PMCID: PMC7855174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of group art therapy using traditional Chinese materials on improving the self-efficacy and social function of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. In China, little research has been conducted on patients to measure the effectiveness of group art therapy, especially using traditional Chinese materials. To address this research gap, 104 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were tested in a group art therapy program that included 30 treatment sessions and used a wide variety of materials, including traditional Chinese materials, such as Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, Chinese embroidery, and Chinese beads. The effect of art therapy was analyzed using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Scale of Social Skills for Psychiatric Inpatients (SSPI). This study demonstrates that group art therapy using traditional Chinese materials can improve self-efficacy and social function, reducing social and life function problems, and promote the recovery of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Abstract
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
The authors deploy an epistemic framework to represent culture and model the acquisition of cultural behavior. Yet, the framing inherits familiar problems with explaining the acquisition of norms. Such problems are conspicuous with regard to human societies where norms are ubiquitous. This creates a new difficulty for the authors in explaining change to mutually exclusive organizational structures of human life.
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16
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Ahedo V, Caro J, Bortolini E, Zurro D, Madella M, Galán JM. Quantifying the relationship between food sharing practices and socio-ecological variables in small-scale societies: A cross-cultural multi-methodological approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216302. [PMID: 31141510 PMCID: PMC6541262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a cross-cultural study of the relationship among the subsistence strategies, the environmental setting and the food sharing practices of 22 modern small-scale societies located in America (n = 18) and Siberia (n = 4). Ecological, geographical and economic variables of these societies were extracted from specialized literature and the publicly available D-PLACE database. The approach proposed comprises a variety of quantitative methods, ranging from exploratory techniques aimed at capturing relationships of any type between variables, to network theory and supervised-learning predictive modelling. Results provided by all techniques consistently show that the differences observed in food sharing practices across the sampled populations cannot be explained just by the differential distribution of ecological, geographical and economic variables. Food sharing has to be interpreted as a more complex cultural phenomenon, whose variation over time and space cannot be ascribed only to local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Ahedo
- Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Caro
- Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Débora Zurro
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Madella
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - José Manuel Galán
- INSISOC, Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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17
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Teixidor-Toneu I, Jordan FM, Hawkins JA. Comparative phylogenetic methods and the cultural evolution of medicinal plant use. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:754-761. [PMID: 30202108 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human life depends on plant biodiversity and the ways in which plants are used are culturally determined. Whilst anthropologists have used phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) to gain an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the evolution of political, religious, social and material culture, plant use has been almost entirely neglected. Medicinal plants are of special interest because of their role in maintaining people's health across the world. PCMs in particular, and cultural evolutionary theory in general, provide a framework in which to study the diversity of medicinal plant applications cross-culturally, and to infer changes in plant use over time. These methods can be applied to single medicinal plants as well as the entire set of plants used by a culture for medicine, and they account for the non-independence of data when testing for floristic, cultural or other drivers of plant use. With cultural, biological and linguistic diversity under threat, gaining a deeper and broader understanding of the variation of medicinal plant use through time and space is pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Teixidor-Toneu
- University of Reading, School of Biological Sciences, Reading, Berkshire, UK
- Universitetet i Oslo, Naturhistorisk Museum, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fiona M Jordan
- University of Bristol, Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie A Hawkins
- University of Reading, School of Biological Sciences, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
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18
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Honkola T, Ruokolainen K, Syrjänen KJJ, Leino UP, Tammi I, Wahlberg N, Vesakoski O. Evolution within a language: environmental differences contribute to divergence of dialect groups. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:132. [PMID: 30176802 PMCID: PMC6122686 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The processes leading to the diversity of over 7000 present-day languages have been the subject of scholarly interest for centuries. Several factors have been suggested to contribute to the spatial segregation of speaker populations and the subsequent linguistic divergence. However, their formal testing and the quantification of their relative roles is still missing. We focussed here on the early stages of the linguistic divergence process, that is, the divergence of dialects, with a special focus on the ecological settings of the speaker populations. We adopted conceptual and statistical approaches from biological microevolution and parallelled intra-lingual variation with genetic variation within a species. We modelled the roles of geographical distance, differences in environmental and cultural conditions and in administrative history on linguistic divergence at two different levels: between municipal dialects (cf. in biology, between individuals) and between dialect groups (cf. in biology, between populations). Results We found that geographical distance and administrative history were important in separating municipal dialects. However, environmental and cultural differences contributed markedly to the divergence of dialect groups. In biology, increase in genetic differences between populations together with environmental differences may suggest genetic differentiation of populations through adaptation to the local environment. However, our interpretation of this result is not that language itself adapts to the environment. Instead, it is based on Homo sapiens being affected by its environment, and its capability to adapt culturally to various environmental conditions. The differences in cultural adaptations arising from environmental heterogeneity could have acted as nonphysical barriers and limited the contacts and communication between groups. As a result, linguistic differentiation may emerge over time in those speaker populations which are, at least partially, separated. Conclusions Given that the dialects of isolated speaker populations may eventually evolve into different languages, our result suggests that cultural adaptation to local environment and the associated isolation of speaker populations have contributed to the emergence of the global patterns of linguistic diversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1238-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Honkola
- Department of Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics, Jakobi 2, University of Tartu, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kalle Ruokolainen
- Department of Geography and Geology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaj J J Syrjänen
- Faculty of Communication Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Unni-Päivä Leino
- Faculty of Communication Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Tammi
- Faculty of Communication Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Council of Tampere Region, FI-33201 Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 37, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Outi Vesakoski
- Department of Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Hawkins JA, Teixidor-Toneu I. Defining 'Ethnobotanical Convergence'. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:639-640. [PMID: 28662819 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Hawkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - Irene Teixidor-Toneu
- School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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20
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Buckley CD, Boudot E. The evolution of an ancient technology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170208. [PMID: 28573032 PMCID: PMC5451833 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate pattern and process in the transmission of traditional weaving cultures in East and Southeast Asia. Our investigation covers a range of scales, from the experiences of individual weavers ('micro') to the broad-scale patterns of loom technologies across the region ('macro'). Using published sources, we build an empirical model of cultural transmission (encompassing individual weavers, the household and the community), focussing on where cultural information resides and how it is replicated and how transmission errors are detected and eliminated. We compare this model with macro-level outcomes in the form of a new dataset of weaving loom technologies across a broad area of East and Southeast Asia. The lineages of technologies that we have uncovered display evidence for branching, hybridization (reticulation), stasis in some lineages, rapid change in others and the coexistence of both simple and complex forms. There are some striking parallels with biological evolution and information theory. There is sufficient detail and resolution in our findings to enable us to begin to critique theoretical models and assumptions that have been produced during the last few decades to describe the evolution of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Boudot
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France
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21
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Abstract
Recent studies of the evolution of religion have revealed the cognitive underpinnings of belief in supernatural agents, the role of ritual in promoting cooperation, and the contribution of morally punishing high gods to the growth and stabilization of human society. The universality of religion across human society points to a deep evolutionary past. However, specific traits of nascent religiosity, and the sequence in which they emerged, have remained unknown. Here we reconstruct the evolution of religious beliefs and behaviors in early modern humans using a global sample of hunter-gatherers and seven traits describing hunter-gatherer religiosity: animism, belief in an afterlife, shamanism, ancestor worship, high gods, and worship of ancestors or high gods who are active in human affairs. We reconstruct ancestral character states using a time-calibrated supertree based on published phylogenetic trees and linguistic classification and then test for correlated evolution between the characters and for the direction of cultural change. Results indicate that the oldest trait of religion, present in the most recent common ancestor of present-day hunter-gatherers, was animism, in agreement with long-standing beliefs about the fundamental role of this trait. Belief in an afterlife emerged, followed by shamanism and ancestor worship. Ancestor spirits or high gods who are active in human affairs were absent in early humans, suggesting a deep history for the egalitarian nature of hunter-gatherer societies. There is a significant positive relationship between most characters investigated, but the trait “high gods” stands apart, suggesting that belief in a single creator deity can emerge in a society regardless of other aspects of its religion.
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22
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Tamura K, Ihara Y. Quantifying cultural macro-evolution: a case study of the hinoeuma fertility drop. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The naming of colors has long been a topic of interest in the study of human culture and cognition. Color term research has asked diverse questions about thought and communication, but no previous research has used an evolutionary framework. We show that there is broad support for the most influential theory of color term development (that most strongly represented by Berlin and Kay [Berlin B, Kay P (1969) (Univ of California Press, Berkeley, CA)]); however, we find extensive evidence for the loss (as well as gain) of color terms. We find alternative trajectories of color term evolution beyond those considered in the standard theories. These results not only refine our knowledge of how humans lexicalize the color space and how the systems change over time; they illustrate the promise of phylogenetic methods within the domain of cognitive science, and they show how language change interacts with human perception.
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24
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Zhou K, Bowern C. Quantifying uncertainty in the phylogenetics of Australian numeral systems. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1278. [PMID: 26378214 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have long been interested in the evolution of culture and the ways in which change in cultural systems can be reconstructed and tracked. Within the realm of language, these questions are increasingly investigated with Bayesian phylogenetic methods. However, such work in cultural phylogenetics could be improved by more explicit quantification of reconstruction and transition probabilities. We apply such methods to numerals in the languages of Australia. As a large phylogeny with almost universal 'low-limit' systems, Australian languages are ideal for investigating numeral change over time. We reconstruct the most likely extent of the system at the root and use that information to explore the ways numerals evolve. We show that these systems do not increment serially, but most commonly vary their upper limits between 3 and 5. While there is evidence for rapid system elaboration beyond the lower limits, languages lose numerals as well as gain them. We investigate the ways larger numerals build on smaller bases, and show that there is a general tendency to both gain and replace 4 by combining 2 + 2 (rather than inventing a new unanalysable word 'four'). We develop a series of methods for quantifying and visualizing the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Claire Bowern
- Department of Linguistics, Yale University, 370 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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25
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Duda P, Jan Zrzavý. Human population history revealed by a supertree approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29890. [PMID: 27431856 PMCID: PMC4949479 DOI: 10.1038/srep29890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades numerous new trees of modern human populations have been published extensively but little attention has been paid to formal phylogenetic synthesis. We utilized the "matrix representation with parsimony" (MRP) method to infer a composite phylogeny (supertree) of modern human populations, based on 257 genetic/genomic, as well as linguistic, phylogenetic trees and 44 admixture plots from 200 published studies (1990-2014). The resulting supertree topology includes the most basal position of S African Khoisan followed by C African Pygmies, and the paraphyletic section of all other sub-Saharan peoples. The sub-Saharan African section is basal to the monophyletic clade consisting of the N African-W Eurasian assemblage and the consistently monophyletic Eastern superclade (Sahul-Oceanian, E Asian, and Beringian-American peoples). This topology, dominated by genetic data, is well-resolved and robust to parameter set changes, with a few unstable areas (e.g., West Eurasia, Sahul-Melanesia) reflecting the existing phylogenetic controversies. A few populations were identified as highly unstable "wildcard taxa" (e.g. Andamanese, Malagasy). The linguistic classification fits rather poorly on the supertree topology, supporting a view that direct coevolution between genes and languages is far from universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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26
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Kirby KR, Gray RD, Greenhill SJ, Jordan FM, Gomes-Ng S, Bibiko HJ, Blasi DE, Botero CA, Bowern C, Ember CR, Leehr D, Low BS, McCarter J, Divale W, Gavin MC. D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158391. [PMID: 27391016 PMCID: PMC4938595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Kirby
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Russell D Gray
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon J Greenhill
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fiona M Jordan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans-Jörg Bibiko
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Damián E Blasi
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Psycholinguistics Laboratory, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Claire Bowern
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Carol R Ember
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Dan Leehr
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Bobbi S Low
- University of Michigan School of Natural Resources & Environment, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joe McCarter
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, United States of America
| | - William Divale
- York College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael C Gavin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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27
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Matthews LJ, Passmore S, Richard PM, Gray RD, Atkinson QD. Shared Cultural History as a Predictor of Political and Economic Changes among Nation States. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152979. [PMID: 27110713 PMCID: PMC4844133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Political and economic risks arise from social phenomena that spread within and across countries. Regime changes, protest movements, and stock market and default shocks can have ramifications across the globe. Quantitative models have made great strides at predicting these events in recent decades but incorporate few explicitly measured cultural variables. However, in recent years cultural evolutionary theory has emerged as a major paradigm to understand the inheritance and diffusion of human cultural variation. Here, we combine these two strands of research by proposing that measures of socio-linguistic affiliation derived from language phylogenies track variation in cultural norms that influence how political and economic changes diffuse across the globe. First, we show that changes over time in a country's democratic or autocratic character correlate with simultaneous changes among their socio-linguistic affiliations more than with changes of spatially proximate countries. Second, we find that models of changes in sovereign default status favor including socio-linguistic affiliations in addition to spatial data. These findings suggest that better measurement of cultural networks could be profoundly useful to policy makers who wish to diversify commercial, social, and other forms of investment across political and economic risks on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Matthews
- RAND Corporation, 20 Park Plaza, Suite 920, Boston, MA, 02116, United States of America
- Activate Networks, Inc., 1 Newton Executive Park, Suite 100, Newton, MA, 02462, United States of America
| | - Sam Passmore
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul M. Richard
- Activate Networks, Inc., 1 Newton Executive Park, Suite 100, Newton, MA, 02462, United States of America
| | - Russell D. Gray
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Quentin D. Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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28
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Guillon M, Mace R. A Phylogenetic Comparative Study of Bantu Kinship Terminology Finds Limited Support for Its Co-Evolution with Social Organisation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147920. [PMID: 27008364 PMCID: PMC4805278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of kin into structured groups is a diverse phenomenon which is ubiquitous in human culture. For populations which are organized into large agropastoral groupings of sedentary residence but not governed within the context of a centralised state, such as our study sample of 83 historical Bantu-speaking groups of sub-Saharan Africa, cultural kinship norms guide all aspects of everyday life and social organization. Such rules operate in part through the use of differing terminological referential systems of familial organization. Although the cross-cultural study of kinship terminology was foundational in Anthropology, few modern studies have made use of statistical advances to further our sparse understanding of the structuring and diversification of terminological systems of kinship over time. In this study we use Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods of phylogenetic comparison to investigate the evolution of Bantu kinship terminology and reconstruct the ancestral state and diversification of cousin terminology in this family of sub-Saharan ethnolinguistic groups. Using a phylogenetic tree of Bantu languages, we then test the prominent hypothesis that structured variation in systems of cousin terminology has co-evolved alongside adaptive change in patterns of descent organization, as well as rules of residence. We find limited support for this hypothesis, and argue that the shaping of systems of kinship terminology is a multifactorial process, concluding with possible avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtille Guillon
- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth Mace
- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Ross RM, Atkinson QD. Folktale transmission in the Arctic provides evidence for high bandwidth social learning among hunter–gatherer groups. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Evolutionary anthropology provides a powerful theoretical framework for understanding how both current environments and legacies of past selection shape human behavioral diversity. This integrative and pluralistic field, combining ethnographic, demographic, and sociological methods, has provided new insights into the ultimate forces and proximate pathways that guide human adaptation and variation. Here, we present the argument that evolutionary anthropological studies of human behavior also hold great, largely untapped, potential to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of social and public health policy. Focusing on the key anthropological themes of reproduction, production, and distribution we highlight classic and recent research demonstrating the value of an evolutionary perspective to improving human well-being. The challenge now comes in transforming relevance into action and, for that, evolutionary behavioral anthropologists will need to forge deeper connections with other applied social scientists and policy-makers. We are hopeful that these developments are underway and that, with the current tide of enthusiasm for evidence-based approaches to policy, evolutionary anthropology is well positioned to make a strong contribution.
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Aguilar E, Ghirlanda S. Modeling the genealogy of a cultural trait. Theor Popul Biol 2015; 101:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shennan SJ, Crema ER, Kerig T. Isolation-by-distance, homophily, and “core” vs. “package” cultural evolution models in Neolithic Europe. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence. Behav Brain Sci 2014; 39:e30. [PMID: 25347943 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x1400106x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cooperation is highly unusual. We live in large groups composed mostly of non-relatives. Evolutionists have proposed a number of explanations for this pattern, including cultural group selection and extensions of more general processes such as reciprocity, kin selection, and multi-level selection acting on genes. Evolutionary processes are consilient; they affect several different empirical domains, such as patterns of behavior and the proximal drivers of that behavior. In this target article, we sketch the evidence from five domains that bear on the explanatory adequacy of cultural group selection and competing hypotheses to explain human cooperation. Does cultural transmission constitute an inheritance system that can evolve in a Darwinian fashion? Are the norms that underpin institutions among the cultural traits so transmitted? Do we observe sufficient variation at the level of groups of considerable size for group selection to be a plausible process? Do human groups compete, and do success and failure in competition depend upon cultural variation? Do we observe adaptations for cooperation in humans that most plausibly arose by cultural group selection? If the answer to one of these questions is "no," then we must look to other hypotheses. We present evidence, including quantitative evidence, that the answer to all of the questions is "yes" and argue that we must take the cultural group selection hypothesis seriously. If culturally transmitted systems of rules (institutions) that limit individual deviance organize cooperation in human societies, then it is not clear that any extant alternative to cultural group selection can be a complete explanation.
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Coalescence and fragmentation in the late Pleistocene archaeology of southernmost Africa. J Hum Evol 2014; 72:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Hawkins JA, Greenhill SJ, Pendry CA, Watson MF, Tuladhar-Douglas W, Baral SR, Savolainen V. The evolution of traditional knowledge: environment shapes medicinal plant use in Nepal. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132768. [PMID: 24523269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional knowledge is influenced by ancestry, inter-cultural diffusion and interaction with the natural environment. It is problematic to assess the contributions of these influences independently because closely related ethnic groups may also be geographically close, exposed to similar environments and able to exchange knowledge readily. Medicinal plant use is one of the most important components of traditional knowledge, since plants provide healthcare for up to 80% of the world's population. Here, we assess the significance of ancestry, geographical proximity of cultures and the environment in determining medicinal plant use for 12 ethnic groups in Nepal. Incorporating phylogenetic information to account for plant evolutionary relatedness, we calculate pairwise distances that describe differences in the ethnic groups' medicinal floras and floristic environments. We also determine linguistic relatedness and geographical separation for all pairs of ethnic groups. We show that medicinal uses are most similar when cultures are found in similar floristic environments. The correlation between medicinal flora and floristic environment was positive and strongly significant, in contrast to the effects of shared ancestry and geographical proximity. These findings demonstrate the importance of adaptation to local environments, even at small spatial scale, in shaping traditional knowledge during human cultural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, , Reading RG6 6BX, UK, Imperial College London, , Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK, Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia, School of Culture, History and Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, , Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK, School of Divinity, History and Philosophy, King's College, University of Aberdeen, , Aberdeen AB24 3UB, UK, Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, , PO Box 3708, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Güldemann
- Humboldt University Berlin / Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig
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40
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Brown GR, Richerson PJ. Applying evolutionary theory to human behaviour: past differences and current debates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10818-013-9166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Duda P, Zrzavý J. Evolution of life history and behavior in Hominidae: towards phylogenetic reconstruction of the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:424-46. [PMID: 23981863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the fundamental behavioral differences between humans and our closest living relatives is one of the central issues of evolutionary anthropology. The prominent, chimpanzee-based referential model of early hominin behavior has recently been challenged on the basis of broad multispecies comparisons and newly discovered fossil evidence. Here, we argue that while behavioral data on extant great apes are extremely relevant for reconstruction of ancestral behaviors, these behaviors should be reconstructed trait by trait using formal phylogenetic methods. Using the widely accepted hominoid phylogenetic tree, we perform a series of character optimization analyses using 65 selected life-history and behavioral characters for all extant hominid species. This analysis allows us to reconstruct the character states of the last common ancestors of Hominoidea, Hominidae, and the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor. Our analyses demonstrate that many fundamental behavioral and life-history attributes of hominids (including humans) are evidently ancient and likely inherited from the common ancestor of all hominids. However, numerous behaviors present in extant great apes represent their own terminal autapomorphies (both uniquely derived and homoplastic). Any evolutionary model that uses a single extant species to explain behavioral evolution of early hominins is therefore of limited use. In contrast, phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states is able to provide a detailed suite of behavioral, ecological and life-history characters for each hypothetical ancestor. The living great apes therefore play an important role for the confident identification of the traits found in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor, some of which are likely to represent behaviors of the fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic.
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Roberts S, Winters J. Linguistic diversity and traffic accidents: lessons from statistical studies of cultural traits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70902. [PMID: 23967132 PMCID: PMC3743834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of digital databases of cultural and linguistic data, together with new statistical techniques becoming available has lead to a rise in so-called nomothetic studies [1]–[8]. These seek relationships between demographic variables and cultural traits from large, cross-cultural datasets. The insights from these studies are important for understanding how cultural traits evolve. While these studies are fascinating and are good at generating testable hypotheses, they may underestimate the probability of finding spurious correlations between cultural traits. Here we show that this kind of approach can find links between such unlikely cultural traits as traffic accidents, levels of extra-martial sex, political collectivism and linguistic diversity. This suggests that spurious correlations, due to historical descent, geographic diffusion or increased noise-to-signal ratios in large datasets, are much more likely than some studies admit. We suggest some criteria for the evaluation of nomothetic studies and some practical solutions to the problems. Since some of these studies are receiving media attention without a widespread understanding of the complexities of the issue, there is a risk that poorly controlled studies could affect policy. We hope to contribute towards a general skepticism for correlational studies by demonstrating the ease of finding apparently rigorous correlations between cultural traits. Despite this, we see well-controlled nomothetic studies as useful tools for the development of theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Roberts
- Seán Roberts Max Plank Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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O’Brien MJ, Collard M, Buchanan B, Boulanger MT. Trees, thickets, or something in between? Recent theoretical and empirical work in cultural phylogeny. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.825431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthropology has always had as one of its goals the explanation of human cultural diversity across space and through time. Over the past several decades, there has been a growing appreciation among anthropologists and other social scientists that the phylogenetic approaches that biologists have developed to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of species are useful tools for building and explaining patterns of human diversity. Phylogenetic methods offer a means of creating testable propositions of heritable continuity – how one thing is related to another in terms of descent. Such methods have now been applied to a wide range of cultural phenomena, including languages, projectile points, textiles, marital customs, and political organization. Here we discuss several cultural phylogenies and demonstrate how they were used to address long-standing anthropological issues. Even keeping in mind that phylogenetic trees are nothing more than hypotheses about evolutionary relationships, some researchers have argued that when it comes to cultural behaviors and their products, tree building is theoretically unwarranted. We examine the issues that critics raise and find that they in no way sound the death knell for cultural phylogenetic work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Collard
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University
| | - Briggs Buchanan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University
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Abstract
Languages evolve over space and time. Illuminating the evolutionary history of language is important because it provides a unique opportunity to shed light on the population history of the speakers. Spatial and temporal aspects of language evolution are particularly crucial for understanding demographic history, as they allow us to identify when and where the languages originated, as well as how they spread across the globe. Here we apply Bayesian phylogeographic methods to reconstruct spatiotemporal evolution of the Ainu language: an endangered language spoken by an indigenous group that once thrived in northern Japan. The conventional dual-structure model has long argued that modern Ainu are direct descendants of a single, Pleistocene human lineage from Southeast Asia, namely the Jomon people. In contrast, recent evidence from archaeological, anthropological and genetic evidence suggest that the Ainu are an outcome of significant genetic and cultural contributions from Siberian hunter-gatherers, the Okhotsk, who migrated into northern Hokkaido around 900-1600 years ago. Estimating from 19 Ainu language varieties preserved five decades ago, our analysis shows that they are descendants of a common ancestor who spread from northern Hokkaido around 1300 years ago. In addition to several lines of emerging evidence, our phylogeographic analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that recent expansion of the Okhotsk to northern Hokkaido had a profound impact on the origins of the Ainu people and their culture, and hence calls for a refinement to the dual-structure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lee
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Christopoulos G, Hong YY. Turning Two Uninvited Guests Into Prominent Speakers: Toward a Dynamic Culture Neuroscience. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.766951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Re-analysis of the data provided in the target article reveals a lack of evidence for a strong, universal relationship between parasite stress and the variables relating to sociality. Furthermore, even if associations between these variables do exist, the analyses presented here do not provide evidence for Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) proposed causal mechanism.
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Brown GR, Dickins TE, Sear R, Laland KN. Evolutionary accounts of human behavioural diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:313-24. [PMID: 21199836 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings persist in an extraordinary range of ecological settings, in the process exhibiting enormous behavioural diversity, both within and between populations. People vary in their social, mating and parental behaviour and have diverse and elaborate beliefs, traditions, norms and institutions. The aim of this theme issue is to ask whether, and how, evolutionary theory can help us to understand this diversity. In this introductory article, we provide a background to the debate surrounding how best to understand behavioural diversity using evolutionary models of human behaviour. In particular, we examine how diversity has been viewed by the main subdisciplines within the human evolutionary behavioural sciences, focusing in particular on the human behavioural ecology, evolutionary psychology and cultural evolution approaches. In addition to differences in focus and methodology, these subdisciplines have traditionally varied in the emphasis placed on human universals, ecological factors and socially learned behaviour, and on how they have addressed the issue of genetic variation. We reaffirm that evolutionary theory provides an essential framework for understanding behavioural diversity within and between human populations, but argue that greater integration between the subfields is critical to developing a satisfactory understanding of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Brown
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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Jordan FM. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Austronesian Sibling Terminologies. Hum Biol 2011; 83:297-321. [DOI: 10.3378/027.083.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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