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Hosseini SM, Borys B, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neural stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury repair: an update on recent preclinical and clinical advances. Brain 2024; 147:766-793. [PMID: 37975820 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of lifelong disabilities. Permanent sensory, motor and autonomic impairments after SCI are substantially attributed to degeneration of spinal cord neurons and axons, and disintegration of neural network. To date, minimal regenerative treatments are available for SCI with an unmet need for new therapies to reconstruct the damaged spinal cord neuron-glia network and restore connectivity with the supraspinal pathways. Multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) have a unique capacity to generate neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Due to this capacity, NPCs have been an attractive cell source for cellular therapies for SCI. Transplantation of NPCs has been extensively tested in preclinical models of SCI in the past two decades. These studies have identified opportunities and challenges associated with NPC therapies. While NPCs have the potential to promote neuroregeneration through various mechanisms, their low long-term survival and integration within the host injured spinal cord limit the functional benefits of NPC-based therapies for SCI. To address this challenge, combinatorial strategies have been developed to optimize the outcomes of NPC therapies by enriching SCI microenvironment through biomaterials, genetic and pharmacological therapies. In this review, we will provide an in-depth discussion on recent advances in preclinical NPC-based therapies for SCI. We will discuss modes of actions and mechanism by which engrafted NPCs contribute to the repair process and functional recovery. We will also provide an update on current clinical trials and new technologies that have facilitated preparation of medical-grade human NPCs suitable for transplantation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ben Borys
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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2
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Yin W, Mao X, Xu M, Chen M, Xue M, Su N, Yuan S, Liu Q. Epigenetic regulation in the commitment of progenitor cells during retinal development and regeneration. Differentiation 2023:S0301-4681(23)00023-3. [PMID: 37069005 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinal development is initiated by multipotent retinal progenitor cells, which undergo several rounds of cell divisions and subsequently terminal differentiation. Retinal regeneration is usually considered as the recapitulation of retinal development, which share common mechanisms underlying the cell cycle re-entry of adult retinal stem cells and the differentiation of retinal neurons. However, how proliferative retinal progenitor cells perform a precise transition to postmitotic retinal cell types during the process of development and regeneration remains elusive. It is proposed that both the intrinsic and extrinsic programming are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the spatio-temporal fate commitment. Epigenetic modifications and the regulatory mechanisms at both DNA and chromatin levels are also postulated to play an important role in the timing of differentiation of specific retinal cells. In the present review, we have summarized recent knowledge of epigenetic regulation that underlies the commitment of retinal progenitor cells in the settings of retinal development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Molecular Aspects of Hypoxic Stress Effects in Chronic Ethanol Exposure of Neuronal Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1655-1680. [PMID: 36826052 PMCID: PMC9955714 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of a clinical, pathophysiological context are used to understand molecular mechanisms and develop novel therapies. Previous studies revealed better outcomes for spinal cord injury chronic ethanol-consuming patients. This study evaluated cellular and molecular changes in a model mimicking spinal cord injury (hypoxic stress induced by treatment with deferoxamine or cobalt chloride) in chronic ethanol-consuming patients (ethanol-exposed neural cultures (SK-N-SH)) in order to explain the clinical paradigm of better outcomes for spinal cord injury chronic ethanol-consuming patients. The results show that long-term ethanol exposure has a cytotoxic effect, inducing apoptosis. At 24 h after the induction of hypoxic stress (by deferoxamine or cobalt chloride treatments), reduced ROS in long-term ethanol-exposed SK-N-SH cells was observed, which might be due to an adaptation to stressful conditions. In addition, the HIF-1α protein level was increased after hypoxic treatment of long-term ethanol-exposed cells, inducing fluctuations in its target metabolic enzymes proportionally with treatment intensity. The wound healing assay demonstrated that the cells recovered after stress conditions, showing that the ethanol-exposed cells that passed the acute step had the same proliferation profile as the cells unexposed to ethanol. Deferoxamine-treated cells displayed higher proliferative activity than the control cells in the proliferation-migration assay, emphasizing the neuroprotective effect. Cells have overcome the critical point of the alcohol-induced traumatic impact and adapted to ethanol (a chronic phenomenon), sustaining the regeneration process. However, further experiments are needed to ensure recovery efficiency is more effective in chronic ethanol exposure.
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4
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Wang YW, Hu N, Li XH. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Brain Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948818. [PMID: 35846370 PMCID: PMC9283755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing the mechanisms of neural development and the pathogenesis of neural diseases are one of the most challenging missions in life science. Pluripotent stem cells derived brain organoids mimic the development, maturation, signal generation, and function of human brains, providing unique advantage for neurology. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and multielectrode array independently revealed the similarity between brain organoids and immature human brain at early developmental stages, in the context of gene transcription and dynamic network of neuronal signals. Brain organoids provided the unique opportunity to investigate the underlying mechanism of neural differentiation, senescence, and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarized the latest knowledge and technology in the brain organoid field, the current and potential applications in disease models and pre-clinic studies, with emphasizing the importance of transcriptional and epigenetic analysis.
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5
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Sinha P, Rani A, Kumar A, Riva A, Brant JO, Foster TC. Examination of CA1 Hippocampal DNA Methylation as a Mechanism for Closing of Estrogen's Critical Window. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:717032. [PMID: 34421577 PMCID: PMC8371553 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.717032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical window for estrogen replacement therapy, beyond which estradiol (E2) fails to enhance cognition and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function, and E2-responsive transcription decreases. Much less attention has been given to the mechanism for closing of the critical window, which is thought to involve the decline in estrogen signaling cascades, possibly involving epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. This study investigated changes in DNA methylation in region CA1 of the hippocampus of ovariectomized female rats over the course of brain aging and in response to E2-treatment, using whole genome bisulfite sequencing. Differential methylation of CpG and non-CpG (CHG and CHH) sites and associated genes were characterized in aged controls (AC), middle-age controls (MC), and young controls (YC) and differential methylation in response to E2-treatment (T) was examined in each age group (AT-AC, MT-MC, and YT-YC). Possible candidate genes for the closing of the critical window were defined as those that were hypomethylated by E2-treatment in younger animals, but were unresponsive in aged animals. Gene ontology categories for possible critical window genes were linked to response to hormones (Adcyap1, Agtr2, Apob, Ahr, Andpro, Calm2, Cyp4a2, Htr1b, Nr3c2, Pitx2, Pth, Pdk4, Slc2a2, Tnc, and Wnt5a), including G-protein receptor signaling (Gpr22 and Rgs4). Other possible critical window genes were linked to glutamate synapses (Nedd4, Grm1, Grm7, and Grin3a). These results suggest that decreased E2 signaling with advanced age, and/or prolonged E2 deprivation, results in methylation of E2-responsive genes, including those involved in rapid E2 signaling, which may limit subsequent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alberto Riva
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jason Orr Brant
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Regenerative Medicine Approaches in Bioengineering Female Reproductive Tissues. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:1573-1595. [PMID: 33877644 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diseases, disorders, and dysfunctions of the female reproductive tract tissues can result in either infertility and/or hormonal imbalance. Current treatment options are limited and often do not result in tissue function restoration, requiring alternative therapeutic approaches. Regenerative medicine offers potential new therapies through the bioengineering of female reproductive tissues. This review focuses on some of the current technologies that could address the restoration of functional female reproductive tissues, including the use of stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds, bio-printing, and bio-fabrication of tissues or organoids. The use of these approaches could also be used to address issues in infertility. Strategies such as cell-based hormone replacement therapy could provide a more natural means of restoring normal ovarian physiology. Engineering of reproductive tissues and organs could serve as a powerful tool for correcting developmental anomalies. Organ-on-a-chip technologies could be used to perform drug screening for personalized medicine approaches and scientific investigations of the complex physiological interactions between the female reproductive tissues and other organ systems. While some of these technologies have already been developed, others have not been translated for clinical application. The continuous evolution of biomaterials and techniques, advances in bioprinting, along with emerging ideas for new approaches, shows a promising future for treating female reproductive tract-related disorders and dysfunctions.
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7
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Chellini L, Frezza V, Paronetto MP. Dissecting the transcriptional regulatory networks of promoter-associated noncoding RNAs in development and cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:51. [PMID: 32183847 PMCID: PMC7079525 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In-depth analysis of global RNA sequencing has enabled a comprehensive overview of cellular transcriptomes and revealed the pervasive transcription of divergent RNAs from promoter regions across eukaryotic genomes. These studies disclosed that genomes encode a vast repertoire of RNAs beyond the well-known protein-coding messenger RNAs. Furthermore, they have provided novel insights into the regulation of eukaryotic epigenomes, and transcriptomes, including the identification of novel classes of noncoding transcripts, such as the promoter-associated noncoding RNAs (pancRNAs). PancRNAs are defined as transcripts transcribed within few hundred bases from the transcription start sites (TSSs) of protein-coding or non-coding genes. Unlike the long trans-acting ncRNAs that regulate expression of target genes located in different chromosomal domains and displaying their function both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, the pancRNAs operate as cis-acting elements in the transcriptional regulation of neighboring genes. PancRNAs are very recently emerging as key players in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression programs in development and diseases. Herein, we review the complex epigenetic network driven by pancRNAs in eukaryotic cells, their impact on physiological and pathological states, which render them promising targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Chellini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Frezza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Kandilya D, Maskomani S, Shyamasundar S, Tambyah PA, Shiao Yng C, Lee RCH, Hande MP, Mallilankaraman K, Chu JJH, Dheen ST. Zika virus alters DNA methylation status of genes involved in Hippo signaling pathway in human neural progenitor cells. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1143-1161. [PMID: 31234652 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was aimed to understand if Zika virus (ZIKV) alters the DNA methylome of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). Materials & methods: Whole genome DNA methylation profiling was performed using human methylationEPIC array in control and ZIKV infected hNPCs. Results & conclusion: ZIKV infection altered the DNA methylation of several genes such as WWTR1 (TAZ) and RASSF1 of Hippo signaling pathway which regulates organ size during brain development, and decreased the expression of several centrosomal-related microcephaly genes, and genes involved in stemness and differentiation in human neural progenitor cells. Overall, ZIKV downregulated the Hippo signaling pathway genes which perturb the stemness and differentiation process in hNPCs, which could form the basis for ZIKV-induced microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kandilya
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Silambarasan Maskomani
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Sukanya Shyamasundar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Chan Shiao Yng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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9
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Rushing GV, Bollig MK, Ihrie RA. Heterogeneity of Neural Stem Cells in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:1-30. [PMID: 31487016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, heterogeneity is explored in the context of the ventricular-subventricular zone, the largest stem cell niche in the mammalian brain. This niche generates up to 10,000 new neurons daily in adult mice and extends over a large spatial area with dorso-ventral and medio-lateral subdivisions. The stem cells of the ventricular-subventricular zone can be subdivided by their anatomical position and transcriptional profile, and the stem cell lineage can also be further subdivided into stages of pre- and post-natal quiescence and activation. Beyond the stem cells proper, additional differences exist in their interactions with other cellular constituents of the niche, including neurons, vasculature, and cerebrospinal fluid. These variations in stem cell potential and local interactions are discussed, as well as unanswered questions within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle V Rushing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Madelyn K Bollig
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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Directing neuronal cell fate in vitro : Achievements and challenges. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:42-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Lee AR, Gan Y, Tang Y, Dong X. A novel mechanism of SRRM4 in promoting neuroendocrine prostate cancer development via a pluripotency gene network. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:167-177. [PMID: 30100395 PMCID: PMC6154886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) cells can undergo lineage switching to neuroendocrine cells and develop into therapy-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). While genomic/epigenetic alterations are shown to induce neuroendocrine differentiation via an intermediate stem-like state, RNA splicing factor SRRM4 can transform AdPC cells into NEPC xenografts through a direct neuroendocrine transdifferentiation mechanism. Whether SRRM4 can also regulate a stem-cell gene network for NEPC development remains unclear. Methods Multiple AdPC cell models were transduced by lentiviral vectors encoding SRRM4. SRRM4-mediated RNA splicing and neuroendocrine differentiation of cells and xenografts were determined by qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Cell morphology, proliferation, and colony formation rates were also studied. SRRM4 transcriptome in the DU145 cell model was profiled by AmpliSeq and analyzed by gene enrichment studies. Findings SRRM4 induces an overall NEPC-specific RNA splicing program in multiple cell models but creates heterogeneous transcriptomes. SRRM4-transduced DU145 cells present the most dramatic neuronal morphological changes, accelerated cell proliferation, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis. The derived xenografts show classic phenotypes similar to clinical NEPC. Whole transcriptome analyses further reveal that SRRM4 induces a pluripotency gene network consisting of the stem-cell differentiation gene, SOX2. While SRRM4 overexpression enhances SOX2 expression in both time- and dose-dependent manners in DU145 cells, RNA depletion of SOX2 compromises SRRM4-mediated stimulation of pluripotency genes. More importantly, this SRRM4-SOX2 axis is present in a subset of NEPC patient cohorts, patient-derived xenografts, and clinically relevant transgenic mouse models. Interpretation We report a novel mechanism by which SRRM4 drives NEPC progression via a pluripotency gene network. Fund Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Nature Science Foundation of China, and China Scholar Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yu Gan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Xiangya Hospital, Department of Urology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Third Xiangya Hospital, Department of Urology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Third Xiangya Hospital, Department of Urology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Jahn HM, Kasakow CV, Helfer A, Michely J, Verkhratsky A, Maurer HH, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. Refined protocols of tamoxifen injection for inducible DNA recombination in mouse astroglia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5913. [PMID: 29651133 PMCID: PMC5897555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible DNA recombination of floxed alleles in vivo by liver metabolites of tamoxifen (TAM) is an important tool to study gene functions. Here, we describe protocols for optimal DNA recombination in astrocytes, based on the GLAST-CreERT2/loxP system. In addition, we demonstrate that quantification of genomic recombination allows to determine the proportion of cell types in various brain regions. We analyzed the presence and clearance of TAM and its metabolites (N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen) in brain and serum of mice by liquid chromatographic-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) and assessed optimal injection protocols by quantitative RT-PCR of several floxed target genes (p2ry1, gria1, gabbr1 and Rosa26-tdTomato locus). Maximal recombination could be achieved in cortex and cerebellum by single daily injections for five and three consecutive days, respectively. Furthermore, quantifying the loss of floxed alleles predicted the percentage of GLAST-positive cells (astroglia) per brain region. We found that astrocytes contributed 20 to 30% of the total cell number in cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and optic nerve, while in the cerebellum Bergmann glia, velate astrocytes and white matter astrocytes accounted only for 8% of all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jahn
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmen V Kasakow
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Helfer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Julian Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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13
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Liu D, Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph N, Al-Hawwas M, Zhou XF, Liao H. Small Molecules for Neural Stem Cell Induction. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:297-312. [PMID: 29343174 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from other somatic cells has provided great hopes for transplantation therapies. However, these cells still cannot be used for clinical application due to the low reprogramming and differentiation efficiency beside the risk of mutagenesis and tumor formation. Compared to iPSCs, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are easier to terminally differentiate into neural cells and safe; thus, iNSCs hold more opportunities than iPSCs to treat neural diseases. On the other hand, recent studies have showed that small molecules (SMs) can dramatically improve the efficiency of reprogramming and SMs alone can even convert one kind of somatic cells into another, which is much safer and more effective than transcription factor-based methods. In this study, we provide a review of SMs that are generally used in recent neural stem cell induction studies, and discuss the main mechanisms and pathways of each SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Liu
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China .,2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Nimshitha Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia .,3 Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Mohammed Al-Hawwas
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Hong Liao
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
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14
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Zink A, Priller J, Prigione A. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Uncovering the Role of Mitochondria in Human Brain Function and Dysfunction. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:891-903. [PMID: 29458125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are a known pathogenetic mechanism of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, mutations in genes encoding for components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cause mitochondrial diseases, which commonly exhibit neurological symptoms. Mitochondria are therefore critical for the functionality of the human nervous system. The importance of mitochondria stems from their key roles in cellular metabolism, calcium handling, redox and protein homeostasis, and overall cellular homeostasis through their dynamic network. Here, we describe how the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) may help in addressing the physiological and pathological relevance of mitochondria for the human nervous system. PSCs allow the generation of patient-derived neurons and glia and the identification of gene-specific and mutation-specific cellular phenotypes via genome engineering approaches. We discuss the recent advances in PSC-based modeling of brain diseases and the current challenges of the field. We anticipate that the careful use of PSCs will improve our understanding of the impact of mitochondria in neurological and psychiatric disorders and the search for effective therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Zink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; UK Dementia Research Institute and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Single-cell transcriptomics of the developing lateral geniculate nucleus reveals insights into circuit assembly and refinement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1051-E1060. [PMID: 29343640 PMCID: PMC5798372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717871115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and nonneuronal cells in the developing brain dynamically regulate gene expression as neural connectivity is established. However, the specific gene programs activated in distinct cell populations during the assembly and refinement of many intact neuronal circuits have not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we take advantage of recent advances in transcriptomic profiling techniques to characterize gene expression in the postnatal developing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) at single-cell resolution. Our data reveal that genes involved in brain development are dynamically regulated in all major cell types of the LGN, suggesting that the establishment of neural connectivity depends upon functional collaboration between multiple neuronal and nonneuronal cell types in this brain region. Coordinated changes in gene expression underlie the early patterning and cell-type specification of the central nervous system. However, much less is known about how such changes contribute to later stages of circuit assembly and refinement. In this study, we employ single-cell RNA sequencing to develop a detailed, whole-transcriptome resource of gene expression across four time points in the developing dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a visual structure in the brain that undergoes a well-characterized program of postnatal circuit development. This approach identifies markers defining the major LGN cell types, including excitatory relay neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. Most cell types exhibit significant transcriptional changes across development, dynamically expressing genes involved in distinct processes including retinotopic mapping, synaptogenesis, myelination, and synaptic refinement. Our data suggest that genes associated with synapse and circuit development are expressed in a larger proportion of nonneuronal cell types than previously appreciated. Furthermore, we used this single-cell expression atlas to identify the Prkcd-Cre mouse line as a tool for selective manipulation of relay neurons during a late stage of sensory-driven synaptic refinement. This transcriptomic resource provides a cellular map of gene expression across several cell types of the LGN, and offers insight into the molecular mechanisms of circuit development in the postnatal brain.
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Lorenz C, Prigione A. Mitochondrial metabolism in early neural fate and its relevance for neuronal disease modeling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 49:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Zarei MH, Soodi M, Qasemian-Lemraski M, Jafarzadeh E, Taha MF. Study of the chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity using neural differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1510-1519. [PMID: 26018426 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most commonly used organophosphorus insecticide which causes neurodevelopmental toxicity. So far, animals have been used as ideal models for neurotoxicity studies, but working with animals is very expensive, laborious, and ethically challenging. This has encouraged researchers to seek alternatives. During recent years, several studies have reported successful differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells to neurons. This has provided an excellent model for neurotoxicologic studies. In this study, neural differentiation of mouse adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was used as an in vitro model for investigation of CPF neurotoxicity. For this purpose, mouse ADSCs were cultured in a medium containing knockout serum replacement and were treated with different concentrations of CPF at several stages of differentiation. Cytotoxic effect of CPF and the expression of neuron-specific genes and proteins were studied in the differentiating ADSCs. Furthermore, the activity of acetylcholinesterase was assessed by Ellman assay at different stages of differentiation. This study showed that up to 500 μM CPF did not alter viability of the undifferentiated ADSCs, whereas viability of the differentiating cells decreased with 500 μM CPF. CPF upregulated the expression of some neuron-specific genes and seemed to decrease the number of β-tubulin III and MAP2 proteins-expressing cells. There was no detectable acetylcholine esterase activity in differentiated ADSCs. In summary, it was shown that CPF treatment can decrease the viability of ADSC-derived neurons and dysregulate the expression of some neuronal markers through acetylcholinesterase-independent mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1510-1519, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Zarei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Qasemian-Lemraski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Jafarzadeh
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fakhr Taha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Hirano K, Namihira M. New insight into LSD1 function in human cortical neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1249195. [PMID: 27900345 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1249195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex of primates has evolved massively and intricately in comparison to that of other species. Accumulating evidence indicates that this is caused by changes in cell biological features of neural stem cells (NSCs), which differentiate into neurons and glial cells during development. The fate of NSCs during rodent cortical development is stringently regulated by epigenetic factors, such as histone modification enzymes, but the role of these factors in human corticogenesis is largely unknown. We have recently discovered that a lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which catalyzes the demethylation of methyl groups in the histone tail, plays a unique role in human fetal NSCs (hfNSCs). We show that, unlike the role previously reported in mice, LSD1 in hfNSCs is necessary for neuronal differentiation and controls the expression of HEYL, one of the NOTCH target genes, by modulating the methylation level of histones on its promoter region. Interestingly, LSD1-regulation of Heyl expression is not observed in mouse NSCs. Furthermore, we first demonstrated that HEYL is able to maintain the undifferentiated state of hfNSCs. Our findings provide a new insight indicating that LSD1 may be a key player in the development and characterization of the evolved cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Hirano
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Japan
| | - Masakazu Namihira
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Japan
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Li X, Bao X, Wang R. Neurogenesis-based epigenetic therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1043-53. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Reinhard J, Brösicke N, Theocharidis U, Faissner A. The extracellular matrix niche microenvironment of neural and cancer stem cells in the brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:174-183. [PMID: 27157088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrated that neural stem cells and cancer stem cells (NSCs/CSCs) share several overlapping characteristics such as self-renewal, multipotency and a comparable molecular repertoire. In addition to the intrinsic cellular properties, NSCs/CSCs favor a similar environment to acquire and maintain their characteristics. In the present review, we highlight the shared properties of NSCs and CSCs in regard to their extracellular microenvironment called the NSC/CSC niche. Moreover, we point out that extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and their complementary receptors influence the behavior of NSCs/CSCs as well as brain tumor progression. Here, we focus on the expression profile and functional importance of the ECM glycoprotein tenascin-C, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan DSD-1-PG/phosphacan but also on other important glycoprotein/proteoglycan constituents. Within this review, we specifically concentrate on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults and is associated with poor prognosis despite intense and aggressive surgical and therapeutic treatment. Recent studies indicate that GBM onset is driven by a subpopulation of CSCs that display self-renewal and recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Based on the CSC hypothesis the cancer arises just from a small subpopulation of self-sustaining cancer cells with the exclusive ability to self-renew and maintain the tumor. Besides the fundamental stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotency, GBM stem cells share further molecular characteristics with NSCs, which we would like to review in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Brösicke
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ursula Theocharidis
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Chen X, Du Z, Li X, Wang L, Wang F, Shi W, Hao A. Protein Palmitoylation Regulates Neural Stem Cell Differentiation by Modulation of EID1 Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5722-36. [PMID: 26497028 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The functional significance of palmitoylation in the switch between self-renewal and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is not well defined, and the underlying mechanisms of protein palmitoylation are not well understood. Here, mouse NSCs were used as a model system and cell behavior was monitored in the presence of the protein palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2BRO). Our data show that 2BRO impaired the differentiation of NSCs into both neurons and glia and impaired NSC cell cycle exit. Moreover, the results show that palmitoylation modified E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation one (EID1) and this modification regulated EID1 degradation and CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 histone acetyltransferase activity at the switch between self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. Our results extended the cellular role of palmitoylation, suggesting that it acts as a regulator in the acetylation-dependent gene expression network, and established the epigenetic regulatory function of palmitoylation in the switch between maintenance of multipotency and differentiation in NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Liu Y, Li F, Kong X, Tan B, Li Y, Duan Y, Blachier F, Hu CAA, Yin Y. Signaling Pathways Related to Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Concentration in Pig Skeletal Muscles Depend on the Dietary Protein Level, Genotype and Developmental Stages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138277. [PMID: 26394157 PMCID: PMC4578863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle growth is regulated by the homeostatic balance of the biosynthesis and degradation of muscle proteins. To elucidate the molecular interactions among diet, pig genotype, and physiological stage, we examined the effect of dietary protein concentration, pig genotype, and physiological stages on amino acid (AA) pools, protein deposition, and related signaling pathways in different types of skeletal muscles. The study used 48 Landrace pigs and 48 pure-bred Bama mini-pigs assigned to each of 2 dietary treatments: lower/GB (Chinese conventional diet)- or higher/NRC (National Research Council)-protein diet. Diets were fed from 5 weeks of age to respective market weights of each genotype. Samples of biceps femoris muscle (BFM, type I) and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM, type II) were collected at nursery, growing, and finishing phases according to the physiological stage of each genotype, to determine the AA concentrations, mRNA levels for growth-related genes in muscles, and protein abundances of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Our data showed that the concentrations of most AAs in LDM and BFM of pigs increased (P<0.05) gradually with increasing age. Bama mini-pigs had generally higher (P<0.05) muscle concentrations of flavor-related AA, including Met, Phe, Tyr, Pro, and Ser, compared with Landrace pigs. The mRNA levels for myogenic determining factor, myogenin, myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2 A, and myostatin of Bama mini-pigs were higher (P<0.05) than those of Landrace pigs, while total and phosphorylated protein levels for protein kinase B, mTOR, and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases (p70S6K), and ratios of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-AKT/AKT, and p-p70S6K/p70S6K were lower (P<0.05). There was a significant pig genotype-dependent effect of dietary protein on the levels for mTOR and p70S6K. When compared with the higher protein-NRC diet, the lower protein-GB diet increased (P<0.05) the levels for mTOR and p70S6K in Bama mini-pigs, but repressed (P<0.05) the level for p70S6K in Landrace pigs. The higher protein-NRC diet increased ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR in Landrace pigs. These findings indicated that the dynamic consequences of AA profile and protein deposition in muscle tissues are the concerted effort of distinctive genotype, nutrient status, age, and muscle type. Our results provide valuable information for animal feeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XK); (YY)
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - François Blachier
- INRA, CNRH-IdF, AgroParisTech, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Chien-An A. Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States of America
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Biology, Hunan Normal Univesity, Hunan, Changsha City, 410018, China
- Changsha Lvye Biotechnology Limited Company, Guangdong Hinapharm Group and WangDa Academician Workstation, Hunan, Changsha City, 41019, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XK); (YY)
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23
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Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon C, van Pelt AMM, Veiga A, Zambelli F. Stem cells in reproductive medicine: ready for the patient? Hum Reprod 2015. [PMID: 26202914 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are there effective and clinically validated stem cell-based therapies for reproductive diseases? SUMMARY ANSWER At the moment, clinically validated stem cell treatments for reproductive diseases and alterations are not available. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Research in stem cells and regenerative medicine is growing in scope, and its translation to the clinic is heralded by the recent initiation of controlled clinical trials with pluripotent derived cells. Unfortunately, stem cell 'treatments' are currently offered to patients outside of the controlled framework of scientifically sound research and regulated clinical trials. Both physicians and patients in reproductive medicine are often unsure about stem cells therapeutic options. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An international working group was assembled to review critically the available scientific literature in both the human species and animal models. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This review includes work published in English until December 2014, and available through Pubmed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A few areas of research in stem cell and reproductive medicine were identified: in vitro gamete production, endometrial regeneration, erectile dysfunction amelioration, vaginal reconstruction. The stem cells studied range from pluripotent (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) to monopotent stem cells, such as spermatogonial stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells. The vast majority of studies have been carried out in animal models, with data that are preliminary at best. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This review was not conducted in a systematic fashion, and reports in publications not indexed in Pubmed were not analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS A much broader clinical knowledge will have to be acquired before translation to the clinic of stem cell therapies in reproductive medicine; patients and physicians should be wary of unfounded claims of improvement of existing medical conditions; at the moment, effective stem cell treatment for reproductive diseases and alterations is not available. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Laboratory, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Simon
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), and Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Valencia University & INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Veiga
- Reproductive Medicine Service, Hospital Universitari Quiron Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain Stem Cell Bank, Centre for Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Zambelli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Unit, Bologna, Italy
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Hamazaki N, Uesaka M, Nakashima K, Agata K, Imamura T. Gene activation-associated long noncoding RNAs function in mouse preimplantation development. Development 2015; 142:910-20. [PMID: 25633350 PMCID: PMC4352986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In mice, zygotic activation occurs for a wide variety of genes, mainly at the 2-cell stage. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly being recognized as modulators of gene expression. In this study, directional RNA-seq of MII oocytes and 2-cell embryos identified more than 1000 divergently transcribed lncRNA/mRNA gene pairs. Expression of these bidirectional promoter-associated noncoding RNAs (pancRNAs) was strongly associated with the upregulation of their cognate genes. Conversely, knockdown of three abundant pancRNAs led to reduced mRNA expression, accompanied by sustained DNA methylation even in the presence of enzymes responsible for DNA demethylation. In particular, microinjection of siRNA against the abundant pancRNA partner of interleukin 17d (Il17d) mRNA at the 1-cell stage caused embryonic lethality, which was rescued by supplying IL17D protein in vitro at the 4-cell stage. Thus, this novel class of lncRNAs can modulate the transcription machinery in cis to activate zygotic genes and is important for preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Biophysics and Global COE Program, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uesaka
- Department of Biophysics and Global COE Program, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics and Global COE Program, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Department of Biophysics and Global COE Program, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Edelstein L, Smythies J, Noble D. Introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:rstb.2013.0501. [PMID: 25135962 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Smythies
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Denis Noble
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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