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Yalcin E, Hopkins N. Identity enactment as a social accomplishment: Shared identity and the provision of mutual support amongst pilgrims undertaking the Hajj. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39189444 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and survey research shows that a common group membership can result in increased levels of social support. Here we complement such research with qualitative data concerning the forms and function of such support. Specifically, we explore the mutual support reported by pilgrims undertaking the Hajj. This requires participants enact a series of identity-related beliefs and values (including specific rituals) in conditions that are practically and psychologically challenging. Using data obtained through semi-structured interviews (N = 33), we investigate how participants' shared identity facilitated their behavioural enactment of these identity-defining beliefs and values. We focus on how their shared understanding of their beliefs and values as Hajj pilgrims allowed various forms of support (psychological, material, informational, and behavioural) which helped participants translate their identity-related ideals into behaviour. Our analysis implies that a shared identity provides a frame of reference with which group members can recognize each other's identity-related concerns and what they need in order to enact their identity. In turn, it implies that in situations where there are practical and psychological constraints on behaviour, action in terms of one's social identity can be conceptualized as a joint accomplishment in which the mutual support of group members is key.
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Alzeer AH, Abuzinadah J. Beyond borders: Exploring the mental, emotional, and spiritual significance of Hajj. Ann Thorac Med 2024; 19:179-189. [PMID: 39144531 PMCID: PMC11321526 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_72_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
For Muslims all across the world, the desire to participate in the religious rites of the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) which stands as one of the five pillars of Islam is a heartfelt longing. It stands for the pinnacle of devotion and spiritual gratification, luring followers to the most sacred city in Islam for a life-changing journey of faith, comradery, and submission to Allah. Muslims hold Mecca in the highest regard; it is a source of endless inspiration and devotion throughout their lives, as seen by their desire to undertake the Hajj and Umrah. The pilgrimage encompasses a series of synchronized rituals and acts of worship, each holding its unique spiritual meaning, and serve as a powerful testament to the universal nature of Islamic teachings. These rituals have a significant impact on Muslims' mental and spiritual well-being. Hajj elicits a spectrum of feelings; creates unity, humility, and thankfulness; and encourages self-reflection as well as personal development. It also instills a sense of spiritual fulfillment. Hajj transcends personal boundaries, strengthening a pilgrim's sense of connection to the larger Muslim community that rejuvenates their hearts and souls toward the teaching of Islam. Hence, it is imperative to explore in depth this transformative journey, illuminating the mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions that bind Muslims across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz H. Alzeer
- Department of Critical Care, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jude Abuzinadah
- Social Department, Abuzinadah Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Yalcin E, Hopkins N. The role of identity-related beliefs in the appraisal and management of crowding: Insights from the Hajj. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:362-377. [PMID: 37665196 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In crowds, to the degree one identifies with other crowd members one likely experiences a sense of common purpose, social connection and mutual support. Such is the psychological significance of these correlates of a shared identity that even others' close physical proximity can be pleasurable. However, such pleasure in others' proximity cannot be assumed: physical crowding can bring practical challenges and so potentially disturb the positive experience of crowd membership. In the research reported here, we explore crowd members' reports of such challenges and the ways in which these were interpreted and managed through reference to the beliefs and values associated with crowd members' shared identity. Our data arise from semi-structured interviews (N = 33) with British Muslims after participating in the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia. Exploring these data sheds light on the ways in which identity-related beliefs and values can contribute to the maintenance of order and harmony even in situations where crowding could undermine the positive experience of others' proximity. Accordingly, our analysis advances our understanding of the self-organization and self-policing of crowds.
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Hopkins N, Ryan C, Portice J, Straßburger VM, Ahluwalia-McMeddes A, Dobai A, Pehrson S, Reicher S. Social identity enactment in a pandemic: Scottish Muslims' experiences of restricted access to communal spaces. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36715002 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive analysis of social identity cannot simply focus on individuals' cognitive self-definition. Rather it should also theorize the social conditions that affect individuals' opportunities to act in terms of those self-definitions. We argue that the social distancing interventions associated with Covid-19 provide an opportunity to explore the significance of otherwise taken-for-granted social factors which routinely support and sustain individuals' identity enactments. Using qualitative data gathered with 20 members of the Scottish Muslim community (19 diary entries and 20 post-diary interviews), we explore their experiences of restricted access to community-relevant social spaces (e.g., mosques and prayer rooms). Our analysis shows that while these regulations could result in new opportunities for Muslims' religious identity enactments, they also impeded their abilities to act in terms of their religious identification. Addressing such impediments, we develop our understanding of the contextual factors that shape individuals' abilities to enact identity-defining norms and values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Dobai
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Häusser J, Abdel Hadi S, Reichelt C, Mojzisch A. The reciprocal relationship between social identification and social support over time: A four-wave longitudinal study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:456-466. [PMID: 35758709 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that the positive effect of a shared social identity on health and well-being critically hinges on the interplay between social identity and social support. This interplay, however, is poorly understood. Building on Haslam et al., we argue that their relationship can be conceptualized as being reciprocal and dynamic with each variable influencing the other. The present study is the first to examine how the reciprocal relationship between social identification and perceived social support unfolds over time. In a sample of university freshmen (NT1 = 172), we examined this reciprocal relationship in a four-wave survey study spanning over a period of 13 months. In line with Haslam et al., the results revealed a self-reinforcing cycle with social identification at T1 being positively related to perceived social support at T2, which, in turn, was positively related to social identification at T3, which predicted perceived social support at T4. In conclusion, our study advances knowledge regarding the interplay between social identity and social support over time and, hence, contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the social cure effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Häusser
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Charlene Reichelt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Mojzisch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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De Moor EL, Cheng TY, Spitzer JE, Berger C, Carrizales A, Garandeau CF, Gerbino M, Hawk ST, Kaniušonytė G, Kumru A, Malonda E, Rovella A, Shen YL, Taylor LK, van Zalk M, Branje S, Carlo G, Padilla Walker L, Van der Graaff J. What Should I do and Who's to blame? A cross-national study on youth's attitudes and beliefs in times of COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279366. [PMID: 36542632 PMCID: PMC9770422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has had a major impact on youth. This study examined factors associated with youth's attitudes towards their government's response to the pandemic and their blaming of individuals from certain risk groups, ethnic backgrounds, and countries or regions. In a sample of 5,682 young adults (Mage = 22) from 14 countries, lower perceived burden due to COVID-19, more collectivistic and less individualistic values, and more empathy were associated with more positive attitudes towards the government and less blaming of individuals of certain groups. Youth's social identification with others in the pandemic mediated these associations in the same direction, apart from the COVID-19 burden on attitudes, which had a positive indirect effect. No evidence of country-level moderation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jenna E. Spitzer
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Berger
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexia Carrizales
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Gerbino
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Skyler T. Hawk
- Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goda Kaniušonytė
- Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asiye Kumru
- Department of Psychology, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elisabeth Malonda
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Rovella
- Psychology Department, San Luis National University, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Yuh-Ling Shen
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Laura K. Taylor
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maarten van Zalk
- Developmental Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Susan Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- School of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Padilla Walker
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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Koçak H, Tuncay İ. Evaluation of trauma cases in different types of mass gathering events. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2022; 28:781-789. [PMID: 35652867 PMCID: PMC10443015 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2021.17971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several factors affecting trauma cases in mass gatherings (MG). Event type, mood of the crowd, age, gender and educational background are among these factors. It is to identify the relationship between the event types of trauma cases and temperature variables observed in MG. METHODS It is a descriptive epidemiological study. The universe of the research consists of 112 emergency medical service records (ambulance) in organizations such as Çanakkale Victory and Martyrs' Memorial Day (ÇVMMD), Zeytinli Rock Fest, Deaflympics, and European Youth Olympic Winter Festival (EYOF). For the statistical evaluations of the study, frequency analysis, Chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. RESULTS Within the scope of the research, 474 emergency medical service cases were examined. About 49.5% (n=235) of the cases took place at the DEAFOLIMPICS. About 57.6% (n=273) of the cases are male. The age average of the cases is 30.3±16.5 (Min: 0, Max: 92). When the pre-diagnosis range at the ÇVMMD is examined, it is seen that 27.7% (n=20) of the cases are trauma cases while 72.2% (n=52) are non-trauma cases. Among the trauma cases, the most frequently observed ones are soft-tissue trauma, multi-trauma, lower limb injury, and head trauma. When the other cases are examined, the most common ones are angina pectoris, nausea-vomiting, asthma, and ache. In the research, 38.3% (n=90) of the cases at the DEAFOLIMPICS are trauma cases, while 61.7% (n=145) are non-trauma cases. While the trauma cases mostly consist of soft-tissue injury and lower limb injury, the non-trauma cases include nausea-vomiting and upper respiratory infections. While the trauma cases were caused by multi-trauma, sharp object injury, soft-tissue injury, and head trauma, the pre-diagnosis of the non-trauma cases mainly included mental confusion and behavioral disorder due to use of alcohol; conversion; behavioral changes due to use of substance and drug use; hypotension; and allergic reaction. CONCLUSION As a consequence of the logistic regression modeling, the trauma cases were found to be 1.6 times (p<0.05) higher in men than women and 9.5 times more in those who participated in the EYOF event than those who participated in the ÇVMMD event (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Koçak
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Institute of Health Sciences, Disaster Medicine Doctorate Program, İstanbul-Turkey
| | - İbrahim Tuncay
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul-Turkey
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Smith K, Templeton A. Social identity processes associated with perceived risk at pilot sporting events during COVID‐19. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1376-1399. [PMID: 35426451 PMCID: PMC9111804 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that shared social identification and expected support from others can reduce the extent to which attendees of mass events perceive that others pose health risks. This study evaluated the social identity processes associated with perceived risk at UK pilot sporting events held during COVID‐19, including the government Events Research Programme. An online survey (N = 2029) measured attendee perceptions that other spectators adhered to safety measures, shared social identity with other attendees, expectations that others would provide support, and the perceived risk of germ spread from other attendees. Results indicate that for football attendees, seeing others adhering to COVID‐19 safety measures was associated with lower perceived risk and this was partially mediated via increased shared social identity and expected support. However, the sequential mediations were non‐significant for rugby and horse racing events. The decreased perceived risk for football and rugby attendees highlights the importance of understanding social identity processes at mass events to increase safety. The non‐significant associations between shared social identity and perceived risk and between expected support and perceived risk for both the rugby and the horse racing highlights the need to further research risk perceptions across a range of mass event contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Smith
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Anne Templeton
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Bartolucci A, Templeton A, Bernardini G. How distant? An experimental analysis of students' COVID-19 exposure and physical distancing in university buildings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2022; 70:102752. [PMID: 34976714 PMCID: PMC8714244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Closed university buildings proved to be one of the main hot spots for virus transmission during pandemics. As shown during the COVID-19 pandemic, physical distancing is one of the most effective measures to limit such transmission. As universities prepare to manage in-class activities, students' adherence to physical distancing requirements is a priority topic. Unfortunately, while physical distancing in classrooms can be easily managed, the movement of students inside common spaces can pose high risk of close proximity. This paper provides an experimental analysis of unidirectional student movement inside a case-study university building to investigate how physical distancing requirements impact student movement and grouping behaviour. Results show general adherence with the minimum required physical distancing guidance, but spaces such as corridors pose higher risk of exposure than doorways. Doorway width, in combination with group behaviour, affect the students' capacity to keep the recommended physical distance. Furthermore, questionnaire results show that students report higher perceived vulnerability while moving along corridors. Evidence-based results can support decision-makers in understanding individuals' exposure to COVID-19 in universities and researchers in developing behavioural models in preparation of future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolucci
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs (ISGA), Leiden University, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - A Templeton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - G Bernardini
- Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICEA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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10
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Morton TA, Power SA. Coming together after standing apart: What predicts felt safety in the post-coronavirus crowd? Soc Sci Med 2021; 293:114649. [PMID: 34906827 PMCID: PMC8665825 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Over a year after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, and the ensuing COVID-19 pandemic with its lockdowns and social distancing requirements, being together with others again seems possible. Against this backdrop, important questions arise about how to safely manage gatherings of large numbers of unrelated people – like festivals, concerts and sporting matches – and how individuals contemplating involvement in such events feel about the risks presented. Methods To begin answering these questions, the current research surveyed would-be attendees at one of Europe's largest outdoor music festivals (n = 18353). Drawing on social psychological theories of crowd behavior and risk perception, we explored the identity processes that contributed to individual feelings of safety within the planned event. Results The results show that shared identity with other festival goers and the perception of collectivistic (versus individualistic) values as defining of that festival, contributed to more trust in relevant others, stronger expectations that others would behave with safety rather than risk, and through these increased comfort with, and acceptance of the risks presented by, the planned festival. Conclusion These results highlight identity forces that might be leveraged for crowd management in the context of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Morton
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Séamus A Power
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Such risk is affected by a combination of strategic functions and crowd conditions. This work traces, for the first time, the state-of-the-art consolidated Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs). Solid RMRS regulatory frameworks from all over the world are collected. The results show how classification criteria distinguish them by attack targets and typologies, effectiveness over time/space, and physical implementation versus management-based deployment. Nevertheless, these criteria seem to be too fragmented, failing in pursuing RMRSs selection in a holistic outlook. Thus, a new classification adopting the BE composing elements (physical elements, layout, access/surveillance systems, safety/security management) as key-factors is provided. Features, dependencies and coordination among them are discussed in a sustainability-based perspective, by showing how the main challenges for RMRSs’ design concern applicability, redundancy, and users’ emergency support. Safety/security management strategies have the overall highest sustainability level and play a pivotal role with respect to the other BE composing elements, which should be planned in reference to them. In addition, a human-centred approach (individuals’ interactions with BEs and RMRSs) will also be needed. These results will support efforts to include simulation-oriented approaches into RMRSs selection, effectiveness and feasibility analyses.
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Drury J. Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 35:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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The emergence of locally adaptive institutions: Insights from traditional social structures of East African pastoralists. Biosystems 2020; 198:104257. [PMID: 32987143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans inhabit the widest range of ecological and social niches of any mammal. Yet each ecological and social environment presents a set of challenges that we must solve in order to successfully inhabit it. We are able to do so by building institutions that can flexibly respond to changing circumstances. Institutions that solve adaptive challenges necessary for human sociality, such as how to resolve conflicts, find mates, and extract and distribute resources, are termed locally adaptive institutions. The design of locally adaptive institutions promotes coordination and cooperation among unrelated individuals, reflecting the constraints of the particular ecological and social challenges to which they are responsive. Institutions generally are enabled by a suite of social and psychological mechanisms, including norm compliance, self-interested design, selective imitation, and cultural group selection among others. The development of locally adaptive institutions are likely to be especially shaped by self-interested design in which agents are sensitive to the payoffs from various norms and choose to enforce and follow those which they anticipate to be most beneficial to themselves. Exogenous shocks, including the advent of material and cultural technologies, population pressures, or even group conflict can contribute to the modification of existing social institutions and the development of new social structures. Using several case examples from traditional east African pastoralist societies, I illustrate how ecological and social pressures shape the development of social norms that underlie locally adaptive social institutions and facilitate continued cooperation in the face of change at scales ranging from local to global.
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Neville FG, Novelli D, Drury J, Reicher SD. Shared social identity transforms social relations in imaginary crowds. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220936759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present three studies that address the difference between physical and psychological groups, the conditions that create a transformation from the one into the other, and the psychological processes underlying this transformation. In Study 1 we demonstrate correlations between shared social identity, desired physical proximity to others, and positive emotions in the company of others. Study 2, employing a between-subjects design, finds that an event that creates shared fate, such as the breakdown of a train, leads to greater comfort in social interactions (e.g., ease of conversation) and comfort in sensual interactions (e.g., tolerance of physical touch) with other passengers, and that this occurs through an increase in shared social identity but not through social identification. Study 3 obtains similar findings using a within-subjects design. In combination, these studies provide consistent evidence for the role of shared social identity in the emergence of psychological groups from physical groups.
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15
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Bonell C, Melendez-Torres GJ, Viner RM, Rogers MB, Whitworth M, Rutter H, Rubin GJ, Patton G. An evidence-based theory of change for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in reopened schools. Health Place 2020; 64:102398. [PMID: 32736311 PMCID: PMC7373015 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Schools have closed worldwide as part of measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission but are beginning to reopen in some countries. Various measures are being pursued to minimise transmission but existing guidance has not developed a comprehensive framework or theory of change. We present a framework informed by the occupational health hierarchy of control and a theory of change informed by realist approaches. We present measures focused on elimination, substitution, engineering, administration, education and personal protective equipment. We theorise that such measures offer a means of disrupting SARS-CoV-2 transmission via routes involving fomites, faeco-oral routes, droplets and aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bonell
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Russell M Viner
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, Bath University, Bath, UK.
| | | | - George Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Alnabulsi H, Drury J, Vignoles VL, Oogink S. Understanding the impact of the Hajj: Explaining experiences of self‐change at a religious mass gathering. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Alnabulsi
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Department of Urban Design Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj Research Umm Al‐Qura University Mecca Saudi Arabia
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | | | - Sander Oogink
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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17
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Pinter-Wollman N, Penn A, Theraulaz G, Fiore SM. Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0232. [PMID: 29967298 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Built structures, such as animal nests or buildings that humans occupy, serve two overarching purposes: shelter and a space where individuals interact. The former has dominated much of the discussion in the literature. But, as the study of collective behaviour expands, it is time to elucidate the role of the built environment in shaping collective outcomes. Collective behaviour in social animals emerges from interactions, and collective cognition in humans emerges from communication and coordination. These collective actions have vast economic implications in human societies and critical fitness consequences in animal systems. Despite the obvious influence of space on interactions, because spatial proximity is necessary for an interaction to occur, spatial constraints are rarely considered in studies of collective behaviour or collective cognition. An interdisciplinary exchange between behavioural ecologists, evolutionary biologists, cognitive scientists, social scientists, architects and engineers can facilitate a productive exchange of ideas, methods and theory that could lead us to uncover unifying principles and novel research approaches and questions in studies of animal and human collective behaviour. This article, along with those in this theme issue aims to formalize and catalyse this interdisciplinary exchange.This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Pinter-Wollman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan Penn
- The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London WC1H 0QB, UK
| | - Guy Theraulaz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stephen M Fiore
- Department of Philosophy and the Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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Hopkins N, Reicher S, Stevenson C, Pandey K, Shankar S, Tewari S. Social relations in crowds: Recognition, validation and solidarity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Hopkins
- School of Social Sciences University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | - Kavita Pandey
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences Allahabad University Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shail Shankar
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shruti Tewari
- Indian Institute of Management Indore Madhya Pradesh India
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Drury J, Carter H, Cocking C, Ntontis E, Tekin Guven S, Amlôt R. Facilitating Collective Psychosocial Resilience in the Public in Emergencies: Twelve Recommendations Based on the Social Identity Approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31214561 PMCID: PMC6558061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence demonstrates the centrality of social psychology to the behavior of members of the public as immediate responders in emergencies. Such public behavior is a function of social psychological processes—in particular identities and norms. In addition, what the authorities and relevant professional groups assume about the social psychology of people in emergencies shapes policy and practice in preparedness, response, and recovery. These assumptions therefore have consequences for the public's ability to act as immediate responders. In this Policy and Practice Review, we will do three things. First, we will overview research on the behavior of survivors of emergencies and disasters, drawing out key factors known to explain the extent to which survivors cooperate in these events and contribute to safe collective outcomes. We will demonstrate the utility of the social identity approach as an overarching framework for explaining the major mechanisms of collective supportive behavior among survivors in emergencies. Second, we will critically review recent and current UK government agency guidance on emergency response, focusing particularly on what is stated about the role of survivors in emergencies and disasters. This review will suggest that the “community resilience” agenda has only been partly realized in practice, but that the social identity approach is progressing this. Third, we will derive from the research literature and from dialogue with groups involved in emergencies a set of 12 recommendations for both emergency managers and members of the public affected by emergencies and disasters. These focus on the crucial need to build shared identity and to communicate, and the connection between these two aims. Including our recommendations within emergency guidance and training will facilitate collective psychosocial resilience, which refers to the way a shared identity allows groups of survivors to express and expect solidarity and cohesion, and thereby to coordinate and draw upon collective sources of support. In sum, this evidence-base and the recommendations we derive from it will help professionals involved in emergency management to support public resilient behaviors and will help the public to develop and maintain their own capacity for such resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Carter
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cocking
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Politics, and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Selin Tekin Guven
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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