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Morelli L, Havurinne V, Madeira D, Martins P, Cartaxana P, Cruz S. Photoprotective mechanisms in Elysia species hosting Acetabularia chloroplasts shed light on host-donor compatibility in photosynthetic sea slugs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14273. [PMID: 38566156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Sacoglossa sea slugs have garnered attention due to their ability to retain intracellular functional chloroplasts from algae, while degrading other algal cell components. While protective mechanisms that limit oxidative damage under excessive light are well documented in plants and algae, the photoprotective strategies employed by these photosynthetic sea slugs remain unresolved. Species within the genus Elysia are known to retain chloroplasts from various algal sources, but the extent to which the metabolic processes from the donor algae can be sustained by the sea slugs is unclear. By comparing responses to high-light conditions through kinetic analyses, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, this study shows significant differences between two photosynthetic Elysia species with chloroplasts derived from the green alga Acetabularia acetabulum. Notably, Elysia timida displayed remarkable tolerance to high-light stress and sophisticated photoprotective mechanisms such as an active xanthophyll cycle, efficient D1 protein recycling, accumulation of heat-shock proteins and α-tocopherol. In contrast, Elysia crispata exhibited absence or limitations in these photoprotective strategies. Our findings emphasize the intricate relationship between the host animal and the stolen chloroplasts, highlighting different capacities to protect the photosynthetic organelle from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Martins
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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He C, Berkowitz O, Hu S, Zhao Y, Qian K, Shou H, Whelan J, Wang Y. Co-regulation of mitochondrial and chloroplast function: Molecular components and mechanisms. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100496. [PMID: 36435968 PMCID: PMC9860188 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic interdependence, interactions, and coordination of functions between chloroplasts and mitochondria are established and intensively studied. However, less is known about the regulatory components that control these interactions and their responses to external stimuli. Here, we outline how chloroplastic and mitochondrial activities are coordinated via common components involved in signal transduction pathways, gene regulatory events, and post-transcriptional processes. The endoplasmic reticulum emerges as a point of convergence for both transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways that coordinate chloroplast and mitochondrial functions. Although the identification of molecular components and mechanisms of chloroplast and mitochondrial signaling increasingly suggests common players, this raises the question of how these allow for distinct organelle-specific downstream pathways. Outstanding questions with respect to the regulation of post-transcriptional pathways and the cell and/or tissue specificity of organelle signaling are crucial for understanding how these pathways are integrated at a whole-plant level to optimize plant growth and its response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunman He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shanshan Hu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Huixia Shou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - James Whelan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ren Y, Dong H, Duan E, Teng X, Zhao H, Chen R, Chen X, Lei J, Yang H, Tian Y, Chen L, Liu X, Liu S, Jiang L, Wang H, Wan J. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway regulates plastid-to-nucleus signaling by controlling plastid gene expression in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100411. [PMID: 35836377 PMCID: PMC9860167 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling coordinates nuclear gene expression with chloroplast developmental status and is essential for the photoautotrophic lifestyle of plants. Previous studies have established that tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) and plastid gene expression (PGE) play essential roles in plastid retrograde signaling during early chloroplast biogenesis; however, their functional relationship remains unknown. In this study, we generated a series of rice TPB-related gun (genome uncoupled) mutants and systematically analyzed their effects on nuclear and plastid gene expression under normal conditions or when subjected to treatments with norflurazon (NF; a noncompetitive inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis) and/or lincomycin (Lin; a specific inhibitor of plastid translation). We show that under NF treatment, expression of plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP)-transcribed genes is significantly reduced in the wild type but is derepressed in the TPB-related gun mutants. We further demonstrate that the derepressed expression of PEP-transcribed genes may be caused by increased expression of the PEP core subunit and nuclear-encoded sigma factors and by elevated copy numbers of plastid genome per haploid genome. In addition, we show that expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) and PEP-transcribed genes is correlated in the rice TPB-related gun mutants, with or without NF or Lin treatment. A similar correlation between PhANGs and PGE is also observed in the Arabidopsis gun4 and gun5 mutants. Moreover, we show that increased expression of PEP-transcribed plastid genes is necessary for the gun phenotype in NF-treated TPB-related gun mutants. Further, we provide evidence that these TPB-related GUN genes act upstream of GUN1 in the regulation of retrograde signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the TPB-related GUN genes control retrograde plastid signaling by regulating the PGE-dependent retrograde signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Rongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China; National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
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Griffin JHC, Toledo-Ortiz G. Plant photoreceptors and their signalling components in chloroplastic anterograde and retrograde communication. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7126-7138. [PMID: 35640572 PMCID: PMC9675593 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The red phytochrome and blue cryptochrome plant photoreceptors play essential roles in promoting genome-wide changes in nuclear and chloroplastic gene expression for photomorphogenesis, plastid development, and greening. While their importance in anterograde signalling has been long recognized, the molecular mechanisms involved remain under active investigation. More recently, the intertwining of the light signalling cascades with the retrograde signals for the optimization of chloroplast functions has been acknowledged. Advances in the field support the participation of phytochromes, cryptochromes, and key light-modulated transcription factors, including HY5 and the PIFs, in the regulation of chloroplastic biochemical pathways that produce retrograde signals, including the tetrapyrroles and the chloroplastic MEP-isoprenoids. Interestingly, in a feedback loop, the photoreceptors and their signalling components are targets themselves of these retrograde signals, aimed at optimizing photomorphogenesis to the status of the chloroplasts, with GUN proteins functioning at the convergence points. High light and shade are also conditions where the photoreceptors tune growth responses to chloroplast functions. Interestingly, photoreceptors and retrograde signals also converge in the modulation of dual-localized proteins (chloroplastic/nuclear) including WHIRLY and HEMERA/pTAC12, whose functions are required for the optimization of photosynthetic activities in changing environments and are proposed to act themselves as retrograde signals.
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Kochetova GV, Avercheva OV, Bassarskaya EM, Zhigalova TV. Light quality as a driver of photosynthetic apparatus development. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:779-803. [PMID: 36124269 PMCID: PMC9481803 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light provides energy for photosynthesis and also acts as an important environmental signal. During their evolution, plants acquired sophisticated sensory systems for light perception and light-dependent regulation of their growth and development in accordance with the local light environment. Under natural conditions, plants adapted by using their light sensors to finely distinguish direct sunlight and dark in the soil, deep grey shade under the upper soil layer or litter, green shade under the canopy and even lateral green reflectance from neighbours. Light perception also allows plants to evaluate in detail the weather, time of day, day length and thus the season. However, in artificial lighting conditions, plants are confronted with fundamentally different lighting conditions. The advent of new light sources - light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit narrow-band light - allows growing plants with light of different spectral bands or their combinations. This sets the task of finding out how light of different quality affects the development and functioning of plants, and in particular, their photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), which is one of the basic processes determining plant yield. In this review, we briefly describe how plants perceive environment light signals by their five families of photoreceptors and by the PSA as a particular light sensor, and how they use this information to form their PSA under artificial narrow-band LED-based lighting of different spectral composition. We consider light regulation of the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic complexes and chloroplast ATP synthase function, PSA photoprotection mechanisms, carbon assimilation reactions and stomatal development and function.
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Kang C, Zhang Y, Cheng R, Kaiser E, Yang Q, Li T. Acclimating Cucumber Plants to Blue Supplemental Light Promotes Growth in Full Sunlight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:782465. [PMID: 34912362 PMCID: PMC8668241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Raising young plants is important for modern greenhouse production. Upon transfer from the raising to the production environment, young plants should maximize light use efficiency while minimizing deleterious effects associated with exposure to high light (HL) intensity. The light spectrum may be used to establish desired traits, but how plants acclimated to a given spectrum respond to HL intensity exposure is less well explored. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in low-intensity sunlight (control; ∼2.7 mol photons m-2 day-1) and were treated with white, red, blue, or green supplemental light (4.3 mol photons m-2 day-1) for 10 days. Photosynthetic capacity was highest in leaves treated with blue light, followed by white, red, and green, and was positively correlated with leaf thickness, nitrogen, and chlorophyll concentration. Acclimation to different spectra did not affect the rate of photosynthetic induction, but leaves grown under blue light showed faster induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under alternating HL and LL intensity. Blue-light-acclimated leaves showed reduced photoinhibition after HL intensity exposure, as indicated by a high maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (F v /F m ). Although plants grown under different supplemental light spectra for 10 days had similar shoot biomass, blue-light-grown plants (B-grown plants) showed a more compact morphology with smaller leaf areas and shorter stems. However, after subsequent, week-long exposure to full sunlight (10.7 mol photons m-2 day-1), B-grown plants showed similar leaf area and 15% higher shoot biomass, compared to plants that had been acclimated to other spectra. The faster growth rate in blue-light-acclimated plants compared to other plants was mainly due to a higher photosynthetic capacity and highly regulated NPQ performance under intermittent high solar light. Acclimation to blue supplemental light can improve light use efficiency and diminish photoinhibition under high solar light exposure, which can benefit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqian Kang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruifeng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lazzarin M, Meisenburg M, Meijer D, van Ieperen W, Marcelis LFM, Kappers IF, van der Krol AR, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. LEDs Make It Resilient: Effects on Plant Growth and Defense. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:496-508. [PMID: 33358304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light spectral composition influences plant growth and metabolism, and has important consequences for interactions with plant-feeding arthropods and their natural enemies. In greenhouse horticulture, light spectral composition can be precisely manipulated by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and LEDs are already used to optimize crop production and quality. However, because light quality also modulates plant secondary metabolism and defense, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms in the context of the growth-defense trade-off. We review the effects of the spectral composition of supplemental light currently used, or potentially used, in greenhouse horticulture on the mechanisms underlying plant growth and defense. This information is important for exploring opportunities to optimize crop performance and pest management, and thus for developing resilient crop-production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lazzarin
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Meisenburg
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Meijer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A R van der Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Low Light/Darkness as Stressors of Multifactor-Induced Senescence in Rice Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083936. [PMID: 33920407 PMCID: PMC8069932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, as an integral part of the final development stage for plants, primarily remobilizes nutrients from the sources to the sinks in response to different stressors. The premature senescence of leaves is a critical challenge that causes significant economic losses in terms of crop yields. Although low light causes losses of up to 50% and affects rice yield and quality, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Darkness-mediated premature leaf senescence is a well-studied stressor. It initiates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which have been implicated in chlorophyll breakdown and degradation. The molecular and biochemical regulatory mechanisms of premature leaf senescence show significant levels of redundant biomass in complex pathways. Thus, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of low-light/dark-induced senescence may be conducive to developing strategies for rice crop improvement. This review describes the recent molecular regulatory mechanisms associated with low-light response and dark-induced senescence (DIS), and their effects on plastid signaling and photosynthesis-mediated processes, chloroplast and protein degradation, as well as hormonal and transcriptional regulation in rice.
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Pfannschmidt T, Terry MJ, Van Aken O, Quiros PM. Retrograde signals from endosymbiotic organelles: a common control principle in eukaryotic cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190396. [PMID: 32362267 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic organelles of eukaryotic cells, the plastids, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, are highly integrated into cellular signalling networks. In both heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms, plastids and/or mitochondria require extensive organelle-to-nucleus communication in order to establish a coordinated expression of their own genomes with the nuclear genome, which encodes the majority of the components of these organelles. This goal is achieved by the use of a variety of signals that inform the cell nucleus about the number and developmental status of the organelles and their reaction to changing external environments. Such signals have been identified in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes (known as retrograde signalling and retrograde response, respectively) and, therefore, appear to be universal mechanisms acting in eukaryotes of all kingdoms. In particular, chloroplasts and mitochondria both harbour crucial redox reactions that are the basis of eukaryotic life and are, therefore, especially susceptible to stress from the environment, which they signal to the rest of the cell. These signals are crucial for cell survival, lifespan and environmental adjustment, and regulate quality control and targeted degradation of dysfunctional organelles, metabolic adjustments, and developmental signalling, as well as induction of apoptosis. The functional similarities between retrograde signalling pathways in autotrophic and non-autotrophic organisms are striking, suggesting the existence of common principles in signalling mechanisms or similarities in their evolution. Here, we provide a survey for the newcomers to this field of research and discuss the importance of retrograde signalling in the context of eukaryotic evolution. Furthermore, we discuss commonalities and differences in retrograde signalling mechanisms and propose retrograde signalling as a general signalling mechanism in eukaryotic cells that will be also of interest for the specialist. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew J Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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